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Table of Contents

  
  

                                 UNITED STATES                                  
                       SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION                       
                             Washington, D.C. 20549                             
                      ___________________________________                       
                                                                                
                                      FORM                                      
                                      10-Q                                      
(Mark One)

                                                                                            
   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934  

                         For the quarterly period ended                         
                               September 30, 2023                               
                                       OR                                       

                                                                                             
   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934  

                         For the transition period from                         
                                                                                
                                       to                                       
                                                                                
                            Commission file number:                             
                                     1-6003                                     
                                                                                
                                                                                
                 _____________________________________________                  
                                                                                
                           FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION                           
             (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)             

                                                                                                          
                            Delaware                                              36-1063330              
 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)      (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 

                             1415 West 22nd Street                              
                                       ,                                        
                                   Oak Brook                                    
                                       ,                                        
                                    Illinois                                    
                    (Address of principal executive offices)                    
                                     60523                                      
                                   (Zip code)                                   
                                       (                                        
                                      630                                       
                                       )                                        
                                    954-2000                                    
              (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)              
                                                                                
                                                                                
                 _____________________________________________                  
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

                                                                                                         
           Title of each class             Trading Symbol(s)   Name of each exchange on which registered 
 Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share          FSS                   New York Stock Exchange          

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports 
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the 
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to 
such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes


No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically 
every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of 
Regulation S-T ((s)232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or 
for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes


No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an 
accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an 
emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," 
"accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth 
company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

                                                                    
Large accelerated filer               Accelerated filer             
Non-accelerated filer                 Smaller reporting company     
Emerging growth company                                             
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the        
registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period    
for complying with any new or revised financial accounting          
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   
                                                                    
                                                                    

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined 
in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes

No

As of October 31, 2023, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant's 
common stock was
60,928,813
.

  
  

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Table of Contents
                           FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION                           
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS                                

                                                                                 
                                                                            Page 
PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION                                                 
Item 1.    Financial Statements (Unaudited)                                     2
           Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the              2
           Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022               
           Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for        3
           the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022           
           Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of                          4
           September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022                              
           Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for                  5
           the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022                     
           Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for        6
           the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022           
           Notes to Condensed Consolidated                                      8
           Financial Statements                                                  
           Note 1 - Summary of Significant                                      8
           Accounting Policies                                                   
                                                                                 
           Note 2                                                               9
           -                                                                     
           Acquisitions                                                          
           Note 3 - Revenue Recognition                                        13
           Note 4 - Inventories                                                13
           Note 5 - Debt                                                       14
                                                                                 
           Note 6                                                              15
           -                                                                     
           Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets                                  
           Note 7 - Income Taxes                                               16
           Note 8 - Pensions                                                   16
           Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies                              17
           Note 10 - Earnings Per Share                                        20
           Note 11 - Stockholders' Equity                                      20
           Note 12 - Segment Information                                       23
           Note 13 - Fair Value Measurements                                   23
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of                             26
           Financial Condition and Results of Operations                         
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative                                        35
           Disclosures About Market Risk                                         
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures                                             35
                                                                                 
PART II.   OTHER INFORMATION                                                     
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings                                                   36
Item 1A.   Risk Factors                                                        36
Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity                                        36
           Securities and Use of Proceeds                                        
Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities                                     36
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures                                             36
Item 5.    Other Information                                                   36
Item 6.    Exhibits                                                            37
                                                                                 
SIGNATURE                                                                      38

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Table of Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") is being filed by Federal 
Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to collectively as the 
"Company," "we," "our" or "us" herein, unless the context otherwise indicates) 
with the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission (the 
"SEC"), and includes comments made by management that may contain words such 
as "may," "will," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," 
"project," "estimate" and "objective" or similar terminology, or the negative 
thereof, concerning the Company's future financial performance, business 
strategy, plans, goals and objectives. These expressions are intended to 
identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the 
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), Section 21E of the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and the 
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements 
include information concerning the Company's possible or assumed future 
performance or results of operations and are not guarantees. While these 
statements are based on assumptions and judgments that management has made in 
light of industry experience as well as perceptions of historical trends, 
current conditions, expected future developments and other factors believed to 
be appropriate under the circumstances, they are subject to risks, 
uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results, 
performance or achievements to be materially different.
These risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond the Company's control, 
include the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A,
Risk Factors
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. These factors may not 
constitute all factors that could cause actual results to differ materially 
from those discussed in any forward-looking statement. The Company operates in 
a continually changing business environment and new factors emerge from time 
to time, including, for example, the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and the 
government response to the pandemic. The Company cannot predict such factors, 
nor can it assess the impact, if any, of such factors on its results of 
operations, financial condition or cash flow. Accordingly, forward-looking 
statements should not be relied upon as a predictor of actual results. The 
Company disclaims any responsibility to update any forward-looking statement 
provided in this Form 10-Q.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the 
Exchange Act and, as a result, is obligated to file Annual Reports on Form 
10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other 
reports and information with the SEC, as well as amendments to those reports. 
The Company makes these filings available free of charge through our website at

www.federalsignal.com
as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with, or 
furnished to, the SEC. Information on our website does not constitute part of 
this Form 10-Q. In addition, the SEC maintains a website at
www.sec.gov
that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information 
regarding issuers that file electronically.
                                       1                                        
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Table of Contents
                         PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION                          
Item 1.
Financial Statements (Unaudited).
                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
          CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)           

                                                                                                                  
                                                                Three Months Ended           Nine Months Ended    
                                                                  September 30,                September 30,      
(in millions, except per share data)                          2023             2022          2023          2022   
Net sales                                                   $ 446.4         $ 346.4       $ 1,274.3     $ 1,043.3 
                                                                                                                  
Cost of sales                                                 328.7           263.6           943.5         795.0 
                                                                                                                  
Gross profit                                                  117.7            82.8           330.8         248.3 
                                                                                                                  
Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses      50.6            39.8           156.0         125.5 
                                                                                                                  
Amortization expense                                            3.9             3.1            11.4           9.6 
                                                                                                                  
Acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits)         0.7             0.4             2.0             ( 
                                                                                                              1.0 
                                                                                                                ) 
                                                                                                                  
Operating income                                               62.5            39.5           161.4         114.2 
                                                                                                                  
Interest expense, net                                           5.1             2.7            15.4           5.9 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
Other expense (income), net                                     0.3             0.1             1.5             ( 
                                                                                                              0.6 
                                                                                                                ) 
Income before income taxes                                     57.1            36.7           144.5         108.9 
                                                                                                                  
Income tax expense                                             13.8             4.9            33.5          23.1 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
Net income                                                  $  43.3         $  31.8       $   111.0     $    85.8 
                                                                                                                  
Earnings per share:                                                                                               
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
Basic                                                       $  0.71         $  0.53       $    1.83     $    1.42 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
Diluted                                                        0.71            0.52            1.81          1.40 
                                                                                                                  
Weighted average common shares outstanding:                                                                       
Basic                                                          60.8            60.4            60.7          60.5 
                                                                                                                  
Diluted                                                        61.4            61.0            61.4          61.1 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
                                       2                                        
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Table of Contents
                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
     CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)      

                                                                                                                          
                                                                       Three Months Ended            Nine Months Ended    
                                                                         September 30,                 September 30,      
(in millions)                                                        2023             2022         2023            2022   
Net                                                                $ 43.3           $ 31.8       $ 111.0         $ 85.8   
income                                                                                                                    
Other comprehensive                                                                                                       
income (loss):                                                                                                            
Change in foreign currency                                              (                (             (              (   
translation adjustment                                                5.1             11.9           0.4           22.1   
                                                                        )                )             )              )   
Change in unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost      0.9              1.8           0.8            4.9   
related to pension benefit plans, net of income tax expense of $                                                          
0.3                                                                                                                       
, $                                                                                                                       
0.3                                                                                                                       
, $                                                                                                                       
0.3                                                                                                                       
and $                                                                                                                     
0.8                                                                                                                       
,                                                                                                                         
respectively                                                                                                              
Change in unrealized gain or loss on interest rate                    0.1              1.1             (            3.4   
swaps, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $                                                      0.2                  
0.0                                                                                                    )                  
, $                                                                                                                       
0.4                                                                                                                       
, $(                                                                                                                      
0.1                                                                                                                       
) and $                                                                                                                   
1.2                                                                                                                       
,                                                                                                                         
respectively                                                                                                              
Total other comprehensive                                               (                (           0.2              (   
(loss) income                                                         4.1              9.0                         13.8   
                                                                        )                )                            )   
Comprehensive                                                      $ 39.2           $ 22.8       $ 111.2         $ 72.0   
income                                                                                                                    

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
                                       3                                        
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Table of Contents
                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
                     CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS                      

                                                                                                         
                                                                         September 30,      December 31, 
                                                                             2023               2022     
(in millions, except per share data)                                      (Unaudited)                    
                                ASSETS                                                                   
Current assets:                                                                                          
Cash and cash equivalents                                                 $    41.0         $    47.5    
                                                                                                         
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $             213.3             173.8    
2.4                                                                                                      
and $                                                                                                    
2.5                                                                                                      
, respectively                                                                                           
Inventories                                                                   330.1             292.7    
                                                                                                         
Prepaid expenses and other current assets                                      19.3              17.4    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Total current assets                                                          603.7             531.4    
                                                                                                         
Properties and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $                188.3             179.3    
169.9                                                                                                    
and $                                                                                                    
156.4                                                                                                    
, respectively                                                                                           
Rental equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $                        130.3             109.1    
51.1                                                                                                     
and $                                                                                                    
45.4                                                                                                     
, respectively                                                                                           
Operating lease right-of-use assets                                            23.7              24.7    
                                                                                                         
Goodwill                                                                      473.6             453.4    
                                                                                                         
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $                       212.2             208.2    
66.8                                                                                                     
and $                                                                                                    
55.4                                                                                                     
, respectively                                                                                           
Deferred tax assets                                                            12.1               8.8    
                                                                                                         
Other long-term assets                                                         10.7               9.4    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Total assets                                                              $ 1,654.6         $ 1,524.3    
                                                                                                         
                 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY                                                    
Current liabilities:                                                                                     
                                                                                                         
Current portion of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations     $     3.9         $     1.5    
                                                                                                         
Accounts payable                                                               82.4              72.4    
                                                                                                         
Customer deposits                                                              27.6              25.4    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Accrued liabilities:                                                                                     
Compensation and withholding taxes                                             34.5              31.1    
                                                                                                         
Current operating lease liabilities                                             7.4               6.9    
                                                                                                         
Other current liabilities                                                      46.8              43.2    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Total current liabilities                                                     202.6             180.5    
                                                                                                         
Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations                            362.0             361.5    
                                                                                                         
Long-term operating lease liabilities                                          17.0              18.5    
                                                                                                         
Long-term pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities                 38.8              38.9    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Deferred tax liabilities                                                       56.7              51.0    
                                                                                                         
Other long-term liabilities                                                    21.6              13.0    
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
Total liabilities                                                             698.7             663.4    
                                                                                                         
Stockholders' equity:                                                                                    
Common stock, $                                                                69.9              69.5    
1                                                                                                        
par value per share,                                                                                     
90.0                                                                                                     
shares authorized,                                                                                       
69.9                                                                                                     
and                                                                                                      
69.5                                                                                                     
shares issued, respectively                                                                              
Capital in excess of par value                                                284.7             271.8    
                                                                                                         
Retained earnings                                                             875.5             782.2    
                                                                                                         
Treasury stock, at cost,                                                          (                 (    
9.0                                                                           190.4             178.6    
and                                                                               )                 )    
8.8                                                                                                      
shares, respectively                                                                                     
Accumulated other comprehensive loss                                              (                 (    
                                                                               83.8              84.0    
                                                                                  )                 )    
Total stockholders' equity                                                    955.9             860.9    
                                                                                                         
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity                                $ 1,654.6         $ 1,524.3    
                                                                                                         

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
                                       4                                        
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Table of Contents
                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
          CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)           

                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                   Nine Months Ended    
                                                                                                     September 30,      
(in millions)                                                                                    2023            2022   
Operating activities:                                                                                                   
Net income                                                                                     $ 111.0         $ 85.8   
                                                                                                                        
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:                                       
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Depreciation and amortization                                                                     45.1           40.7   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Stock-based compensation expense                                                                   8.9            7.5   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration                                                    (              -   
                                                                                                   0.2                  
                                                                                                     )                  
                                                                                                                        
Amortization of interest rate swap settlement gain                                                   (              -   
                                                                                                   1.8                  
                                                                                                     )                  
Deferred income taxes                                                                              2.0            0.3   
                                                                                                                        
Changes in operating assets and liabilities                                                          (              (   
                                                                                                  74.0          101.9   
                                                                                                     )              )   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Net cash provided by operating activities                                                         91.0           32.4   
                                                                                                                        
Investing activities:                                                                                                   
Purchases of properties and equipment                                                                (              (   
                                                                                                  21.4           45.6   
                                                                                                     )              )   
                                                                                                                        
Payments for acquisition-related activity, net of cash acquired                                      (              (   
                                                                                                  55.1            6.6   
                                                                                                     )              )   
                                                                                                                        
Other, net                                                                                         0.8            2.1   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Net cash used for investing activities                                                               (              (   
                                                                                                  75.7           50.1   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Financing activities:                                                                                                   
Increase in revolving lines of credit, net                                                         4.6           49.9   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Purchases of treasury stock                                                                          (              (   
                                                                                                   4.3           16.1   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Redemptions of common stock to satisfy withholding taxes related to stock-based compensation         (              (   
                                                                                                   5.6            3.0   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Payments for acquisition-related activity                                                            (              -   
                                                                                                   0.5                  
                                                                                                     )                  
Cash dividends paid to stockholders                                                                  (              (   
                                                                                                  17.7           16.4   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Proceeds from stock-based compensation activity                                                    2.3            0.1   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Other, net                                                                                           -              (   
                                                                                                                  0.1   
                                                                                                                    )   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities                                                 (           14.4   
                                                                                                  21.2                  
                                                                                                     )                  
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents                                (              (   
                                                                                                   0.6            1.7   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents                                                                (              (   
                                                                                                   6.5            5.0   
                                                                                                     )              )   
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year                                                    47.5           40.5   
                                                                                                                        
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period                                                     $  41.0         $ 35.5   
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                        

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
                                       5                                        
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Table of Contents
                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
     CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)      

                                                                                                                      
                                                          Three Months Ended September 30, 2023                       
(in millions)                       Common      Capital in      Retained      Treasury       Accumulated       Total  
                                    Stock       Excess of       Earnings       Stock            Other                 
                                                   Par                                      Comprehensive             
                                                  Value                                         Loss                  
Balance at July 1, 2023            $ 69.9       $ 280.9        $ 838.3       $     (          $    (          $ 923.9 
                                                                               185.5            79.7                  
                                                                                   )               )                  
Net income                                                        43.3                                           43.3 
                                                                                                                      
Total other comprehensive loss                                                                     (                ( 
                                                                                                 4.1              4.1 
                                                                                                   )                ) 
Cash dividends declared ($                                           (                                              ( 
0.10                                                               6.1                                            6.1 
per share)                                                           )                                              ) 
Stock-based payments:                                                                                                 
Stock-based compensation                            3.1                                                           3.1 
                                                                                                                      
Stock option exercises and other        -           0.7                            (                              0.1 
                                                                                 0.6                                  
                                                                                   )                                  
                                                                                                                      
Stock repurchase program                                                           (                                ( 
                                                                                 4.3                              4.3 
                                                                                   )                                ) 
Balance at September 30, 2023      $ 69.9       $ 284.7        $ 875.5       $     (          $    (          $ 955.9 
                                                                               190.4            83.8                  
                                                                                   )               )                  


                                                                                                                      
                                                          Three Months Ended September 30, 2022                       
(in millions)                       Common      Capital in      Retained      Treasury       Accumulated       Total  
                                    Stock       Excess of       Earnings       Stock            Other                 
                                                   Par                                      Comprehensive             
                                                  Value                                         Loss                  
Balance at July 1, 2022            $ 69.2       $ 262.4        $ 726.7       $     (          $    (          $ 809.1 
                                                                               170.2            79.0                  
                                                                                   )               )                  
Net income                                                        31.8                                           31.8 
                                                                                                                      
Total other comprehensive loss                                                                     (                ( 
                                                                                                 9.0              9.0 
                                                                                                   )                ) 
Cash dividends declared ($                                           (                                              ( 
0.09                                                               5.5                                            5.5 
per share)                                                           )                                              ) 
Stock-based payments:                                                                                                 
Stock-based compensation                            2.1                                                           2.1 
                                                                                                                      
Stock option exercises and other        -           0.6                            (                                ( 
                                                                                 1.1                              0.5 
                                                                                   )                                ) 
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                      
Balance at September 30, 2022      $ 69.2       $ 265.1        $ 753.0       $     (          $    (          $ 828.0 
                                                                               171.3            88.0                  
                                                                                   )               )                  


                                                                                                                         
                                                             Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023                        
(in millions)                          Common      Capital in      Retained      Treasury       Accumulated       Total  
                                       Stock       Excess of       Earnings       Stock            Other                 
                                                      Par                                      Comprehensive             
                                                     Value                                         Loss                  
Balance at January 1, 2023            $ 69.5       $ 271.8        $ 782.2       $     (          $    (          $ 860.9 
                                                                                  178.6            84.0                  
                                                                                      )               )                  
Net income                                                          111.0                                          111.0 
                                                                                                                         
Total other comprehensive income                                                                    0.2              0.2 
                                                                                                                         
Cash dividends declared ($                                              (                                              ( 
0.29                                                                 17.7                                           17.7 
per share)                                                              )                                              ) 
Stock-based payments:                                                                                                    
Stock-based compensation                               8.2                                                           8.2 
                                                                                                                         
Stock option exercises and other         0.3           4.8                            (                              0.9 
                                                                                    4.2                                  
                                                                                      )                                  
Performance share unit transactions      0.1             (                            (                                ( 
                                                       0.1                          3.3                              3.3 
                                                         )                            )                                ) 
Stock repurchase program                                                              (                                ( 
                                                                                    4.3                              4.3 
                                                                                      )                                ) 
Balance at September 30, 2023         $ 69.9       $ 284.7        $ 875.5       $     (          $    (          $ 955.9 
                                                                                  190.4            83.8                  
                                                                                      )               )                  

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                                                             Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022                        
(in millions)                          Common      Capital in      Retained      Treasury       Accumulated       Total  
                                       Stock       Excess of       Earnings       Stock            Other                 
                                                      Par                                      Comprehensive             
                                                     Value                                         Loss                  
Balance at January 1, 2022            $ 68.9       $ 256.7        $ 683.6       $     (          $    (          $ 784.0 
                                                                                  151.0            74.2                  
                                                                                      )               )                  
Net income                                                           85.8                                           85.8 
                                                                                                                         
Total other comprehensive loss                                                                        (                ( 
                                                                                                   13.8             13.8 
                                                                                                      )                ) 
Cash dividends declared ($                                              (                                              ( 
0.27                                                                 16.4                                           16.4 
per share)                                                              )                                              ) 
Stock-based payments:                                                                                                    
Stock-based compensation                               6.8                                                           6.8 
                                                                                                                         
Stock option exercises and other         0.2           1.7                            (                                ( 
                                                                                    2.9                              1.0 
                                                                                      )                                ) 
Performance share unit transactions      0.1             (                            (                                ( 
                                                       0.1                          1.3                              1.3 
                                                         )                            )                                ) 
Stock repurchase program                                                              (                                ( 
                                                                                   16.1                             16.1 
                                                                                      )                                ) 
Balance at September 30, 2022         $ 69.2       $ 265.1        $ 753.0       $     (          $    (          $ 828.0 
                                                                                  171.3            88.0                  
                                                                                      )               )                  

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
              NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS              
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 1 -
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization and Description of the Business
Federal Signal Corporation was founded in 1901 and was reincorporated as a 
Delaware corporation in 1969. References herein to the "Company," "we," "our" 
or "us" refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Products manufactured and services rendered by the Company are divided into
two
reportable segments: Environmental Solutions Group and Safety and Security 
Systems Group. The individual operating businesses are organized as such 
because they share certain characteristics, including technology, marketing, 
distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies. These 
segments are discussed in Note 12 - Segment Information.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements 
represent the consolidation of Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries 
included herein and have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules 
and regulations of the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange 
Commission (the "SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally 
included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally 
accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted 
pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the 
disclosures presented herein are adequate to ensure the information presented 
is not misleading. Except as otherwise noted, these condensed consolidated 
financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Company's 
accounting policies described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for 
the year ended December 31, 2022, and should be read in conjunction with those 
consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.
These condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and 
recurring adjustments that we considered necessary to present a fair statement 
of our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. Intercompany 
balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements 
should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be 
expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other 
things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A,
Risk Factors
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. While we label our 
quarterly information using a calendar convention whereby our first, second 
and third quarters are labeled as ending on March 31, June 30 and September 
30, respectively, it is our longstanding practice to establish interim 
quarterly closing dates based on a 13-week period ending on a Saturday, with 
our fiscal year ending on December 31. The effects of this practice are not 
material and exist only within a reporting year.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes
There are no new accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet adopted, that 
are expected to have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, 
financial position or cash flow.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. 
GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the 
reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) the disclosure of contingent 
assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements 
and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting 
period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no changes to the Company's significant accounting policies as 
disclosed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended 
December 31, 2022.
                                       8                                        
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 2 -
ACQUISITIONS
Acquisitions Completed in 2023
Acquisition of Trackless
On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all 
the assets and operations of Trackless Vehicles Limited and Trackless Vehicles 
Asset Corp, including the wholly-owned subsidiary Work Equipment Ltd. 
(collectively, "Trackless"), a leading Canadian manufacturer of off-road, 
multi-purpose tractors and attachments. The Company expects that the Trackless 
acquisition will further bolster its position as an industry leading 
diversified industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance 
and infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding 
products, and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.
The assets and liabilities of Trackless have been consolidated into the 
Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2023, and 
the post-acquisition results of operations have been included in the Condensed 
Consolidated Statements of Operations, within the Environmental Solutions 
Group.
The initial cash consideration paid by the Company to acquire Trackless was C$
56.3
million (approximately $
41.9
million), inclusive of certain closing adjustments, of which C$
1.0
million (approximately $
0.7
million) was received in the three months ended September 30, 2023. In 
addition, there is a contingent earn-out payment of up to C$
6.0
million (approximately $
4.5
million), based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a 
specified performance period. The purchase price was funded through existing 
cash and borrowings under the Company's credit agreement.
The acquisition is being accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards 
Codification ("ASC") 805,
Business Combinations
. Accordingly, the total purchase price has been allocated on a preliminary 
basis to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the 
acquisition based on their estimated fair values as of the completion of the 
acquisition. A single estimate of fair value results from a complex series of 
judgments about future events and uncertainties and relies heavily on 
estimates and assumptions. The Company's judgments used to determine the 
estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities 
assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact the Company's results 
of operations. The Company's purchase price allocation as of September 30, 
2023 reflects various provisional estimates that were based on the information 
that was available as of the acquisition date and the filing date of this Form 
10-Q. The Company believes that information provides a reasonable basis for 
estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; 
however, the determination of those fair values is not yet finalized. Thus, 
the preliminary measurements of fair value set forth in the table below are 
subject to change during the measurement period as valuations are finalized. 
The Company expects to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase price 
allocation as soon as practicable.
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired 
and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

                                                          
(in millions)                                             
Purchase price, inclusive of closing adjustments   $ 41.9 
                                                          
Estimated fair value of additional consideration      4.5 
(a)                                                       
Total consideration                                  46.4 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Accounts receivable                                   4.7 
                                                          
Inventories                                          14.3 
                                                          
Prepaid expenses and other current assets             0.1 
                                                          
Rental equipment                                      1.6 
                                                          
Properties and equipment                              4.4 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Customer relationships                               10.5 
(b)                                                       
Trade names                                           2.8 
(c)                                                       
Other intangible assets                               1.3 
                                                          
Accounts payable                                        ( 
                                                      1.5 
                                                        ) 
Accrued liabilities                                     ( 
                                                      0.5 
                                                        ) 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Net assets acquired                                   37.7
                                                          
Goodwill                                           $  8.7 
(d)                                                       

(a)    Represents the preliminary estimated fair value of the contingent 
earn-out payment as of the acquisition date, which is included in Other 
long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 
13 - Fair Value Measurements for discussion of the methodology used to 
determine the fair value of the contingent earn-out payment.
(b)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to customer 
relationships, which are considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, 
with a preliminary estimated useful life of approximately
12
years.
(c)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to trade names, which 
are considered to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.
(d)    Goodwill, which is primarily tax-deductible, has been allocated to the 
Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will 
primarily benefit this segment.
In the period between the April 3, 2023 closing date and September 30, 2023, 
Trackless generated $
19.6
million of net sales and $
4.3
million of operating income, before elimination of intercompany transactions.
Acquisition of Blasters
On January 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all 
the assets and operations of Blasters, Inc. and Blasters Technologies, LLC 
(collectively, "Blasters"), a leading U.S. manufacturer of truck-mounted 
waterblasting equipment. The Company expects that the Blasters acquisition 
will further bolster its position as an industry leading diversified 
industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance and 
infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding products, 
and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.
The assets and liabilities of Blasters have been consolidated into the 
Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2023, and 
the post-acquisition results of operations have been included in the Condensed 
Consolidated Statements of Operations, within the Environmental Solutions 
Group.
The initial cash consideration paid by the Company to acquire Blasters was $
13.0
million, inclusive of certain closing adjustments, of which $
0.2
million was received in October 2023. In addition, there is a contingent 
earn-out payment of up to $
8.0
million, based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a 
specified performance period. The purchase price was funded through existing 
cash and borrowings under the Company's credit agreement.
The acquisition is being accounted for in accordance with ASC 805,
Business Combinations
. The Company's purchase price allocation as of September 30, 2023 reflects 
various provisional estimates that were based on the information that was 
available as of the acquisition date and the filing date of this Form 10-Q. 
The Company believes that information provides a reasonable basis for 
estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; 
however, the determination of those fair values is not yet finalized. Thus, 
the preliminary measurements of fair value set forth in the table below are 
subject to change during the measurement period as valuations are finalized. 
The Company expects to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase price 
allocation as soon as practicable.
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired 
and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

                                                          
(in millions)                                             
Purchase price, inclusive of closing adjustments   $ 13.0 
                                                          
Estimated fair value of additional consideration      4.0 
(a)                                                       
Total consideration                                  17.0 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Accounts receivable                                   0.7 
                                                          
Inventories                                           4.6 
                                                          
Prepaid expenses and other current assets             0.1 
                                                          
                                                          
Properties and equipment                              1.1 
                                                          
                                                          
Operating lease right-of-use assets                   1.1 
(b)                                                       
                                                          
Customer relationships                                5.3 
(c)                                                       
Trade names                                           2.6 
(d)                                                       
Other intangible assets                               0.3 
                                                          
Operating lease liabilities                             ( 
(b)                                                   1.1 
                                                        ) 
Accounts payable                                        ( 
                                                      0.9 
                                                        ) 
Accrued liabilities                                     ( 
                                                      0.5 
                                                        ) 
Customer deposits                                       ( 
                                                      0.5 
                                                        ) 
Finance lease obligations                               ( 
                                                      0.1 
                                                        ) 
Net assets acquired                                   12.7
                                                          
Goodwill                                           $  4.3 
(e)                                                       

(a)    Represents the preliminary estimated fair value of the contingent 
earn-out payment as of the acquisition date, of which $
1.0
million is included in Other current liabilities and $
3.0
million is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed 
Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 13 - Fair Value Measurements for 
discussion of the methodology used to determine the fair value of the 
contingent earn-out payment.
(b)    In connection with the acquisition, the Company entered into a lease 
agreement for the Blasters facility, which is owned by affiliates of the 
sellers. The related-party lease contains a market-based annual rent of $

0.2
million, an initial lease term of
five
years, and options to renew.
(c)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to customer 
relationships, which are considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, 
with a preliminary estimated useful life of approximately
12
years.
(d)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to trade names, which 
are considered to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.
(e)    Goodwill, which is tax-deductible, has been allocated to the 
Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will 
primarily benefit this segment.
In the period between the January 3, 2023 closing date and September 30, 2023, 
Blasters generated $
14.4
million of net sales and $
1.0
million of operating income.
The 2023 acquisitions of Trackless and Blasters would not have been material 
to the Company's net sales or results of operations for the three and nine 
months ended September 30, 2022, either individually or in the aggregate. 
Accordingly, the Company's consolidated results do not differ materially from 
historical performance as a result of the acquisitions, and therefore, 
unaudited pro-forma results are not presented.
Acquisitions Completed in 2022
On October 3, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all 
the assets and operations of TowHaul
Corporation ("TowHaul"). TowHaul is a leading manufacturer of off-road towing 
and hauling equipment. The TowHaul acquisition bolstered the Company's 
position as an industry leading diversified industrial manufacturer of 
specialized vehicles for maintenance and infrastructure markets with leading 
brands of premium, value-adding products, and a strong supporting aftermarket 
platform.
The cash consideration paid by the Company to acquire TowHaul was $
43.3
million, which was funded through existing cash and borrowings under the 
Company's credit facility.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized 
measurement period adjustments, which primarily resulted from obtaining a 
third-party valuation of acquired intangible assets, that resulted in a $
7.5
million increase to the
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
carrying value of Goodwill from the $
12.9
million previously recorded as of December 31, 2022, with a corresponding 
reduction in the carrying value of acquired intangible assets. The measurement 
period adjustments did not have a material impact on the Company's Condensed 
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended 
September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the Company's purchase price 
allocation for the TowHaul acquisition is considered to be final.
The following table summarizes the fair value of assets acquired and 
liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

                                                          
(in millions)                                             
Purchase price, inclusive of closing adjustments   $ 43.3 
                                                          
                                                          
Total consideration                                  43.3 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Accounts receivable                                   1.5 
                                                          
Inventories                                           4.7 
                                                          
                                                          
Properties and equipment                              6.1 
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
Customer relationships                                6.9 
(a)                                                       
Trade names                                           5.7 
(b)                                                       
Other intangible assets                               1.0 
                                                          
Accounts payable                                        ( 
                                                      0.1 
                                                        ) 
Accrued liabilities                                     ( 
                                                      0.5 
                                                        ) 
Customer deposits                                       ( 
                                                      2.4 
                                                        ) 
                                                          
                                                          
Net assets acquired                                  22.9 
                                                          
                                                          
Goodwill                                           $ 20.4 
(c)                                                       

(a)    Represents the fair value assigned to customer relationships, which are 
considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, with an estimated useful 
life of
6
years.
(b)    Represents the fair value assigned to trade names, which are considered 
to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.
(c)    Goodwill, which is tax-deductible, has been allocated to the 
Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will 
primarily benefit this segment.
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 3 -
REVENUE RECOGNITION
The following table presents the Company's Net sales disaggregated by 
geographic region, based on the location of the end customer, and by major 
product line:

                                                                                             
                                           Three Months Ended           Nine Months Ended    
                                             September 30,                September 30,      
(in millions)                            2023             2022          2023          2022   
Geographic Region:                                                                           
U.S.                                   $ 340.0         $ 275.9       $   988.0     $   840.1 
                                                                                             
Canada                                    67.1            44.9           180.4         131.2 
                                                                                             
Europe/Other                              39.3            25.6           105.9          72.0 
                                                                                             
Total net sales                        $ 446.4         $ 346.4       $ 1,274.3     $ 1,043.3 
                                                                                             
Major Product Line:                                                                          
Environmental Solutions                                                                      
Vehicles and equipment                 $ 290.5         $ 214.8       $   820.8     $   668.0 
(a)                                                                                          
Parts                                     53.8            44.1           168.2         130.0 
                                                                                             
Rental income                             13.8            14.4            41.7          40.2 
(b)                                                                                          
Other                                     14.9            11.5            34.1          27.1 
(c)                                                                                          
Total                                    373.0           284.8         1,064.8         865.3 
                                                                                             
Safety and Security Systems                                                                  
Public safety and security equipment      44.2            36.3           126.8         109.9 
                                                                                             
Industrial signaling equipment            17.8            16.7            55.1          46.0 
                                                                                             
Warning systems                           11.4             8.6            27.6          22.1 
                                                                                             
                                                                                             
Total                                     73.4            61.6           209.5         178.0 
                                                                                             
Total net sales                        $ 446.4         $ 346.4       $ 1,274.3     $ 1,043.3 
                                                                                             

(a)
Includes net sales from the sale of new and used vehicles and equipment, 
including sales of rental equipment.
(b)
Represents income from vehicle and equipment lease arrangements with customers.
(c)
Primarily includes revenues from services, such as maintenance and repair 
work, and the sale of extended warranty contracts.
Contract Balances
The Company recognizes contract liabilities when cash payments, such as 
customer deposits, are received in advance of the Company's satisfaction of 
the related performance obligations.
Contract liabilities are recognized as Net sales when the related performance 
obligations are satisfied, which generally occurs within three to six months 
of the cash receipt.
Contract liability balances are not materially impacted by any other factors. 
The Company's contract liabilities were $
30.9
million and $
28.9
million as of
September 30, 2023
and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Contract assets, such as unbilled receivables, were not material as of any of 
the periods presented herein.
NOTE 4 -
INVENTORIES
The following table summarizes the components of Inventories:

                                                     
(in millions)        September 30,      December 31, 
                         2023               2022     
Finished goods         $ 121.4           $  97.5     
                                                     
Raw materials            172.3             164.3     
                                                     
Work in process           36.4              30.9     
                                                     
Total inventories      $ 330.1           $ 292.7     
(a)                                                  

(a) Amounts at September 30, 2023 include inventories acquired in the 
acquisitions of Blasters and Trackless - See Note 2 - Acquisitions.
                                       13                                       
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 5 -
DEBT
The following table summarizes the components of Long-term borrowings and 
finance lease obligations:

                                                                                                                  
(in millions)                                                                September 30,      December 31, 2022 
                                                                                 2023                             
                                                                                                                  
2022 Credit Agreement                                                          $ 364.2              $ 361.0       
(a)                                                                                                               
Finance lease obligations                                                          1.7                  2.0       
                                                                                                                  
Total borrowings and finance lease obligations, including current portion        365.9                363.0       
                                                                                                                  
Less: Current borrowings                                                           3.1                  0.8       
                                                                                                                  
Less: Current finance lease obligations                                            0.8                  0.7       
                                                                                                                  
Total long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations                       $ 362.0              $ 361.5       
                                                                                                                  

(a)
Defined as the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 21, 
2022, as amended.
As more fully described within Note 13 - Fair Value Measurements, the Company 
uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to 
measure fair value. The fair value of the Company's borrowings and finance 
lease obligations is based on interest rates that we believe are currently 
available to us for issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining 
maturities (Level 2 input). The carrying amounts of the Company's borrowings 
and finance lease obligations approximate their fair values as of September 
30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
The 2022 Credit Agreement is a senior secured credit facility which provides 
the Company and certain of its foreign subsidiaries access to an aggregate 
principal amount of $
800
million, consisting of (i) a revolving credit facility in an amount up to $
675
million (the "Revolver") and (ii) a term loan facility in an amount up to $
125
million. The 2022 Credit Agreement matures on October 21, 2027.
Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company's 
option, at a base rate or an Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate 
("SOFR"), Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple SONIA Rate (as 
each is defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an 
applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from
zero
to
0.75
% for base rate borrowings and
1.00
% to
1.75
% for Adjusted Term SOFR, Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple 
SONIA Rate borrowings. The Company must also pay a commitment fee to the 
lenders ranging between
0.10
% to
0.25
% per annum on the unused portion of the Revolver along with other standard 
fees. Applicable margin, issuance fees and other customary expenses are 
payable on outstanding letters of credit.
The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage 
ratio financial covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement that are measured at 
each fiscal quarter-end. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants 
as of September 30, 2023.
As of September 30, 2023, there was $
364.2
million of cash drawn and $
11.2
million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $
424.6
million of net availability for borrowings. As of December 31, 2022, there was $
361.0
million cash drawn and $
11.2
million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $
427.8
million of net availability for borrowings.
The following table summarizes the gross borrowings and gross payments under 
the Company's credit facilities:

                                                        
                       Nine Months Ended                
                         September 30,                  
(in millions)        2023            2022               
Gross borrowings   $ 134.3         $ 85.7               
                                                        
Gross payments       129.7           35.8               
                                                        

Interest Rate Swaps
On October 21, 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate swap (the "2022 
Swap") with a notional amount of $
75.0
million, as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on $
75.0
million of its variable-rate debt. The 2022 Swap is designated as a cash flow 
hedge, with an original maturity date of October 31, 2025.
On July 11, 2023, the Company entered into an additional interest rate swap 
(the "2023 Swap") with a notional amount of $
75.0
million, as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on $
75.0
million of its variable-rate debt. The 2023 Swap is designated as a cash flow 
hedge, with an original maturity date of August 1, 2025.
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       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
As a result of the application of hedge accounting treatment, all unrealized 
gains and losses related to the derivative instruments are recorded in 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into operations in 
the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedge 
effectiveness is assessed quarterly. The Company does not use derivative 
instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
The fair value of the Company's interest rate swaps is derived from a 
discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the 
interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) and measured on a recurring basis in our 
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Company's 
interest rate swaps was an asset of $
1.2
million and a liability of $
0.3
million, which were included in Other long-term assets and Other long-term 
liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. During 
the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, unrealized pre-tax gains 
of $
0.6
million and $
1.5
million, respectively, were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. 
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, unrealized pre-tax 
gains $
1.6
million and $
4.7
million, respectively, were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. 
No ineffectiveness was recorded in either period.
In connection with entering into the 2022 Credit Agreement in October 2022, 
the Company terminated an interest rate swap initially entered into in 2019, 
receiving proceeds of $
4.3
million upon settlement. The settlement gain was recorded in Accumulated other 
comprehensive loss and is being amortized into earnings ratably through the 
original maturity date of July 30, 2024. During the three and nine months 
ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized non-cash settlement gains of $

0.6
million and $
1.8
million, respectively, as a component of Interest expense, net on the 
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. At September 30, 2023 and 
December 31, 2022, an unrealized settlement gain of $
2.0
million and $
3.8
million, respectively, was included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on 
the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTE 6 -
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill, and the 
changes in the carrying amount of goodwill in the nine months ended September 
30, 2023, by segment:

                                                                                                           
(in millions)                                             Environmental      Safety & Security      Total  
                                                            Solutions             Systems                  
Balance at January 1, 2023                                  $ 343.8              $ 109.6           $ 453.4 
                                                                                                           
Acquisitions, including measurement period adjustments         20.5                    -              20.5 
                                                                                                           
Translation adjustments                                           -                    (                 ( 
                                                                                     0.3               0.3 
                                                                                       )                 ) 
Balance at September 30, 2023                               $ 364.3              $ 109.3           $ 473.6 
                                                                                                           

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amount and accumulated 
amortization of intangible assets for each major class of intangible assets:


                                                                                                           
                               September 30, 2023                            December 31, 2022             
(in                  Gross        Accumulated         Net          Gross        Accumulated         Net    
millions)           Carrying      Amortization      Carrying      Carrying      Amortization      Carrying 
                     Value                           Value         Value                           Value   
Definite-lived                                                                                             
intangible                                                                                                 
assets:                                                                                                    
Customer           $ 162.3          $    (         $  99.6       $ 153.7          $    (         $ 101.7   
relationships                         62.7                                          52.0                   
(a)                                      )                                             )                   
Other                  8.2               (             4.1           5.7               (             2.3   
(a)                                    4.1                                           3.4                   
                                         )                                             )                   
Total                170.5               (           103.7         159.4               (           104.0   
definite-lived                        66.8                                          55.4                   
intangible                               )                                             )                   
assets                                                                                                     
Indefinite-lived                                                                                           
intangible                                                                                                 
assets:                                                                                                    
Trade                104.2               -           104.2          99.9               -            99.9   
names                                                                                                      
Other                  4.3               -             4.3           4.3               -             4.3   
                                                                                                           
Total                108.5               -           108.5         104.2               -           104.2   
indefinite-lived                                                                                           
intangible                                                                                                 
assets                                                                                                     
Total              $ 279.0          $    (         $ 212.2       $ 263.6          $    (         $ 208.2   
intangible                            66.8                                          55.4                   
assets                                   )                                             )                   

(a)    Average useful life of customer relationships and other definite-lived 
intangible assets are estimated to be approximately
12
years and
6
years, respectively. The average useful life across all definite-lived 
intangible assets is estimated to be approximately
11
years.
The table above includes preliminary estimates of the fair value and useful 
lives of certain definite and indefinite-lived
                                       15                                       
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       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
intangible assets related to the acquisitions of Trackless and Blasters, which 
were completed during the second quarter of 2023, and the first quarter of 
2023, respectively. As further described in Note 2 - Acquisitions, the 
preliminary measurements of fair value included in the table above are subject 
to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party 
valuations are finalized.
Amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 
was $
3.9
million and $
3.1
million, respectively. Amortization expense for the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $
11.4
million and $
9.6
million, respectively.
The Company currently estimates that aggregate amortization expense will be 
approximately $
3.9
million for the remainder of 2023, $
15.5
million in 2024, $
15.5
million in 2025, $
15.3
million in 2026, $
14.4
million in 2027, and $
39.1
million thereafter. Actual amounts of amortization may differ from estimated 
amounts due to changes in foreign currency rates, measurement period 
adjustments for the Trackless and Blasters acquisitions, impairment of 
intangible assets and other events.
NOTE 7 -
INCOME TAXES
The Company recognized income tax expense of $
13.8
million and $
4.9
million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 
The increase in tax expense in the current-year quarter was largely due to 
higher pre-tax income levels and the non-recurrence of certain discrete tax 
benefits recognized in the prior-year quarter. During the three months ended 
September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a $
2.7
million tax benefit from the release of a valuation allowance that had 
previously been recorded against deferred tax assets associated with foreign 
tax credits in the U.S., and a $
1.1
million tax benefit associated with the release of a valuation allowance in 
the U.K. Including these items, the Company's effective tax rate for the three 
months ended September 30, 2023 was
24.2
%, compared to
13.4
% in the prior-year quarter.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized 
income tax expense of $
33.5
million and $
23.1
million, respectively. The increase in tax expense in the current-year period 
was largely due to higher pre-tax income levels and the non-recurrence of the 
discrete tax benefits recognized in the prior-year quarter, partially offset 
by a $
1.7
million increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based 
compensation activity and a $
0.6
million benefit associated with changes in tax reserves. Including these 
items, the Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 
30, 2023 was
23.2
%, compared to
21.2
% in the prior-year period.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company filed amended 
U.S. federal income tax returns for the 2015 through 2018 tax years to claim a 
worthless stock deduction. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate refund 
claim associated with the worthless stock deduction was $
13.4
million, including interest of $
1.6
million, and the Company recognized an offsetting increase to its liability 
for unrecognized tax benefits.
NOTE 8 -
PENSIONS
The following table summarizes the components of Net periodic pension expense 
(benefit):


                                                                                                                       
                                     U.S. Benefit Plan                               Non-U.S. Benefit Plan             
                           Three Months              Nine Months             Three Months              Nine Months     
                               Ended                    Ended                    Ended                    Ended        
                           September 30,            September 30,            September 30,            September 30,    
(in                     2023          2022       2023          2022       2023          2022       2023          2022  
millions)                                                                                                              
Service                $   -         $   -      $   -         $   -      $ 0.1         $ 0.1      $ 0.1         $ 0.1  
cost                                                                                                                   
Interest                 1.6           1.2        4.6           3.3        0.3           0.2        1.1           0.6  
cost                                                                                                                   
Amortization of          0.4           0.6        1.0           1.7        0.2           0.2        0.7           0.5  
actuarial loss                                                                                                         
Amortization of            -             -          -             -        0.1             -        0.1           0.1  
prior service cost                                                                                                     
Expected return            (             (          (             (          (             (          (             (  
on plan assets           1.9           1.7        5.7           5.2        0.6           0.5        1.6           1.5  
                           )             )          )             )          )             )          )             )  
Net periodic pension   $ 0.1         $ 0.1      $   (         $   (      $ 0.1         $   -      $ 0.4         $   (  
expense (benefit)                                 0.1           0.2                                               0.2  
                                                    )             )                                                 )  

The items that comprise Net periodic pension expense (benefit), other than 
service cost, are included as a component of Other expense (income), net on 
the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 9 -
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Financial Commitments
The Company provides indemnifications and other guarantees in the ordinary 
course of business, the terms of which range in duration and often are not 
explicitly defined. Specifically, the Company is occasionally required to 
provide letters of credit and bid and performance bonds to various customers, 
principally to act as security for retention levels related to casualty 
insurance policies and to guarantee the performance of subsidiaries that 
engage in export and domestic transactions. At September 30, 2023, the Company 
had outstanding performance and financial standby letters of credit, as well 
as outstanding bid and performance bonds, aggregating to $
25.6
million. If any such letters of credit or bonds are called, the Company would 
be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the letter of credit or bond. The 
Company believes the likelihood of any currently outstanding letter of credit 
or bond being called is remote.
The Company has transactions involving the sale of equipment to certain of its 
customers which include (i) guarantees to repurchase the equipment for a fixed 
price at a future date and (ii) guarantees to repurchase the equipment from 
the third-party lender in the event of default by the customer. As of 
September 30, 2023, both the single year and maximum potential cash payments 
the Company could be required to make to repurchase equipment under these 
agreements amounted to $
1.4
million. The Company's risk under these repurchase arrangements would be 
partially mitigated by the value of the products repurchased as part of the 
transaction. Historical cash requirements and losses associated with these 
obligations have not been significant but could increase if customer defaults 
exceed current expectations.
The Company has certain lease agreements for facilities owned by affiliates 
which include provisions requiring the Company to guarantee any remaining 
lease payments in the event of default. As of September 30, 2023, the total 
amount of future payments guaranteed under these agreements was approximately $

0.9
million. The Company believes the likelihood of defaulting on these leases is 
remote.
Product Warranties
The Company issues product performance warranties to customers with the sale 
of its products. The specific terms and conditions of these warranties vary 
depending upon the product sold and country in which the Company does 
business, with warranty periods generally ranging from
one
to
five years
. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic limited 
warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the 
sale of the related product is recognized. Factors that affect the Company's 
warranty liability include (i) the number of units under warranty, (ii) 
historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and (iii) costs per claim. 
The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty 
liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.
The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's warranty 
liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


                                          
(in millions)              2023      2022 
Balance at January 1      $ 9.3     $ 9.7 
                                          
Provisions to expense       5.7       5.3 
                                          
Acquisitions                0.1         - 
                                          
Payments                      (         ( 
                            5.8       5.9 
                              )         ) 
Balance at September 30   $ 9.3     $ 9.1 
                                          

Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to various claims, including pending and possible legal 
actions for product liability and other damages, and other matters arising in 
the ordinary course of the Company's business. On a quarterly basis, the 
Company reviews uninsured material legal claims against the Company and 
accrues for the costs of such claims as appropriate in the exercise of 
management's best judgment and experience. However, due to a lack of factual 
information available to the Company about a claim, or the procedural stage of 
a claim, it may not be possible for the Company to reasonably assess either 
the probability of a favorable or unfavorable outcome of the claim or to 
reasonably estimate the amount of loss should there be an unfavorable outcome. 
Therefore, for many claims, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a range of 
loss.
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                                  (Unaudited)                                   
The Company believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with 
counsel, that the outcome of such claims and actions will not have a material 
adverse effect on the Company's results of operations or financial condition. 
However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that 
the ultimate resolution of such matters, if unfavorable, could have a material 
adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition or 
cash flow.
Hearing Loss Litigation
The Company has been sued for monetary damages by firefighters claiming that 
exposure to the Company's sirens impaired their hearing and the sirens are 
therefore defective. Between 1999 and 2013,
40
cases were filed on behalf of a total of
2,816
plaintiffs in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. The trial of the first
27
of these plaintiffs' claims occurred in 2008, whereby a Cook County jury 
returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the Company. In 2009, a trial was 
held on behalf of
nine
Chicago firefighter plaintiffs and concluded with a verdict for the plaintiffs 
in varying amounts totaling $
0.4
million. Following appeals, the Company satisfied the judgments, resulting in 
the final dismissal of the cases. A third consolidated trial involving
eight
Chicago firefighter plaintiffs occurred in November 2011. The jury returned a 
unanimous verdict in favor of the Company. Thereafter, the trial court 
scheduled a fourth consolidated trial involving
three
firefighter plaintiffs. Prior to trial, the claims of
two
of the firefighter plaintiffs were dismissed, and on December 17, 2012, the 
jury entered a complete defense verdict for the Company. On December 20, 2021, 
the parties executed a settlement agreement to resolve claims of approximately
462
firefighters still involved in the litigation, agreeing to pay a lump sum of $
0.2
million based upon an assessment of firefighters who met minimal bilateral 
hearing loss standards. The estimated settlement amount was accrued by the 
Company. The settlement agreement did not require the payment of any attorney 
fees by the Company and provided that plaintiffs' attorney would withdraw from 
representing firefighters who did not agree to the settlement. In July 2022, 
the Company issued the settlement payment for eligible plaintiffs who 
submitted a release. The claims of all other eligible plaintiffs were 
dismissed for want of prosecution on August 5, 2022.
The Company also filed motions to dismiss cases involving firefighters who 
worked for fire departments located outside of Illinois based on improper 
venue. On February 24, 2017, the Circuit Court of Cook County dismissed the 
cases of
1,770
such firefighter plaintiffs. In 2017, the Company entered into a global 
settlement agreement (the "2017 Settlement Agreement") with two attorneys who 
represented approximately
1,090
of these plaintiffs offering to pay $
700
per plaintiff to settle these cases, and
717
plaintiffs accepted this offer as a final settlement. The 2017 Settlement 
Agreement did not require the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. The 
attorneys representing these plaintiffs agreed to withdraw from representing 
plaintiffs who did not respond to the settlement offer. It is the Company's 
position that the non-settling plaintiffs who failed to timely refile their 
cases are barred from doing so by the statute of limitations.
The Company was also sued on this issue outside of the Cook County, Illinois 
venue. Between 2007 and 2009, lawsuits involving
71
plaintiffs were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, 
Pennsylvania.
Three
of these cases were dismissed pursuant to pretrial motions,
one
case was voluntarily dismissed, and others were settled for nominal sums. 
Three trials were held in these cases. In the first trial, a jury returned a 
verdict for the plaintiff, finding that the Company's siren was not 
defectively designed but that the Company negligently constructed the siren. 
The jury awarded damages in an amount less than $
0.1
million. In 2010, a jury returned a defense verdict for the Company as to the 
claims of
nine
plaintiffs. In a third trial, the jury returned a defense verdict for the 
Company as to the claims of
nine
plaintiffs. Following the defense verdicts in the last
two
Philadelphia trials, in order to avoid the inconvenience, uncertainty and 
distraction of the lawsuits, the Company entered into a global settlement 
agreement (the "2010 Settlement Agreement") on behalf of
1,125
claimants (the "Claimants"). The 2010 Settlement Agreement provided that the 
Company pay a total amount of $
3.8
million to settle the claims (including the costs, fees and other expenses of 
the law firm in connection with its representation of the Claimants), subject 
to certain terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the 2010 Settlement 
Agreement. On April 22, 2011, the Company confirmed that the terms and 
conditions of the 2010 Settlement Agreement had been met and made an adjusted 
payment of $
3.6
million to conclude the settlement. The amount was based upon the Company's 
receipt of
1,069
signed releases provided by Claimants. The Company generally denies the 
allegations made in the lawsuits and denies that its products caused any 
injuries to the Claimants.
From 2007 through 2009, firefighters also brought hearing loss claims against 
the Company in New Jersey, Missouri, Maryland and Kings County, New York, all 
of which were dismissed prior to trial.
In 2012,
20
new cases were filed in Philadelphia on behalf of
20
Philadelphia firefighters against various defendants in addition to the Company.
Five
of these cases were dismissed. The first trial involving these cases occurred 
in December 2014 and involved
three
firefighter plaintiffs. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company. 
Following the trial, the parties agreed to settle cases involving
seven
firefighter plaintiffs for nominal amounts.
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                                  (Unaudited)                                   
In January 2015, plaintiffs' attorneys filed
two
new complaints in Philadelphia on behalf of approximately
70
additional firefighter plaintiffs.
One
of the complaints, which involved
11
firefighter plaintiffs from the District of Columbia, was removed to federal 
court in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs voluntarily 
dismissed all claims in that case on May 31, 2016. The Company thereafter 
moved to recover fees and costs in this case, asserting that plaintiffs' 
counsel failed to properly investigate the claims prior to filing suit. The 
Court granted the motion, awarding $
0.1
million to the Company, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third 
Circuit affirmed the decision awarding fees and costs to the Company. The 
Court granted the Company's motion to dismiss the remaining out-of-state 
firefighters. In 2015, another
nine
new cases involving a total of
193
firefighters were filed in Philadelphia. The court dismissed all claims filed 
by out-of-state firefighters, a decision affirmed by the appellate court.
In 2016 and 2017, plaintiffs filed new cases involving a total of
155
Philadelphia firefighters in Philadelphia state court, and the cases were 
transferred to the mass tort program in Philadelphia for pretrial purposes. In 
November 2017, a trial involving
one
Philadelphia firefighter occurred, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of 
the Company.
In 2014, an action was brought in the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, 
Pennsylvania on behalf of
61
firefighters against various defendants in addition to the Company. Also in 
2014,
20
lawsuits involving a total of
193
Buffalo Fire Department firefighters were filed in the Supreme Court of the 
State of New York, Erie County. In 2015, the Company was served with a 
complaint filed in Union County, New Jersey state court, involving
34
New Jersey firefighters. In 2016,
nine
cases were filed in Suffolk County, Massachusetts state court, naming the 
Company as a defendant. These cases involved
194
firefighters who lived and worked in the Boston area. In 2017, plaintiffs' 
attorneys filed additional hearing loss cases in Florida. Prior to a dismissal 
of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement discussed below, there was a 
total of
1084
firefighters involved in these cases.
In 2013, cases were filed in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on behalf of
247
plaintiff firefighters from Pittsburgh and against various defendants 
including the Company. In 2016, cases were filed against an additional

19
Pittsburgh firefighters. After the Company filed pretrial motions, the Court 
dismissed claims of
55
Pittsburgh firefighter plaintiffs. Prior to the first scheduled trial, the 
Court granted the Company's motion for summary judgment and dismissed all 
claims asserted by plaintiff firefighters involved in this trial. Following an 
appeal by the plaintiff firefighters, the appellate court affirmed this 
dismissal. A jury rendered a verdict in favor of the Company in 2017.
In 2017,
five
cases involving
70
firefighter plaintiffs were filed in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania.
A second trial involving Pittsburgh firefighters began in 2018. At the outset 
of this trial, plaintiffs' attorneys, who represent all firefighters who filed 
cases in Allegheny County, Philadelphia, Buffalo, New Jersey, Massachusetts, 
and Florida requested that the Company consider settlement of various cases. 
In March 2018, the parties agreed in principle on a framework (the "Settlement 
Framework") to resolve hearing loss claims and cases in all jurisdictions 
involved in the hearing loss litigation except Cook County, Illinois and 
Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania and a case involving
one
firefighter in New York City, cases being handled by different attorneys. The 
Company later settled the cases in Lackawanna County and settled the case 
involving
one
firefighter in New York City for nominal amounts.
In order to minimize the parties' respective legal costs and expenses during 
this settlement process, on July 5, 2018, the parties entered into a tolling 
agreement (the "Tolling Agreement"). Pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, 
counsel for the settling firefighters agreed to dismiss the pending lawsuits 
in all jurisdictions except for the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), 
Pennsylvania cases, and the Company agreed to a tolling of any statute of 
limitations applicable to the dismissed cases. The Tolling Agreement continued 
in place until the parties executed a global settlement agreement (the "2019 
Settlement Agreement") on November 4, 2019. After execution of the 2019 
Settlement Agreement, the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) cases were dismissed.

Pursuant to the Settlement Framework, the Company would pay $
700
to each firefighter who filed a lawsuit and is eligible to be part of the 
settlement and $
300
to each firefighter who has not yet filed a case and is eligible to be part of 
the settlement. To be eligible for settlement, among other things, 
firefighters must provide proof that they have high frequency noise-induced 
hearing loss. There are approximately
2,160
firefighters whose claims may be considered as part of this settlement, 
including approximately
921
firefighters who have ongoing filed lawsuits. The Settlement Framework was 
finalized in the 2019 Settlement Agreement. The 2019 Settlement Agreement 
requires plaintiffs' attorneys to withdraw from representing firefighters who 
elect not to participate in the settlement and does not include the payment of 
any attorney fees by the Company. Pursuant to the 2019 Settlement Agreement, 
the parties are now in the process of determining how many of the approximately

2,160
firefighters will be eligible to participate in the settlement.
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       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
As of September 30, 2023, the Company has recognized an estimated liability 
for the potential settlement amount under the Settlement Framework. While it 
is reasonably possible that the ultimate resolution of this matter may result 
in a loss in excess of the amount accrued, the incremental loss is not 
expected to be material.
NOTE 10 -
EARNINGS PER SHARE
The Company computes earnings per share ("EPS") in accordance with ASC 260,
Earnings per Share
, which requires that non-vested restricted stock containing non-forfeitable 
dividend rights should be treated as participating securities pursuant to the 
two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is reduced by the 
amount of dividends declared in the period for common stock and participating 
securities. The remaining undistributed earnings are then allocated to common 
stock and participating securities as if all of the net income for the period 
had been distributed. The amounts of distributed and undistributed earnings 
allocated to participating securities for the three and nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 and 2022 were insignificant and did not materially impact 
the calculation of basic or diluted EPS.
Basic EPS is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by 
the weighted average number of shares of common stock and non-vested 
restricted stock awards outstanding for the period.
Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common 
stock and non-vested restricted stock awards outstanding for the year, plus 
the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. 
The dilutive effect of common stock equivalents is determined using the more 
dilutive of the two-class method or alternative methods. The Company uses the 
treasury stock method to determine the potentially dilutive impact of our 
employee stock options and restricted stock units, and the contingently 
issuable method for our performance-based restricted stock unit awards.
For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, options to purchase
0.1
million shares of the Company's common stock had an anti-dilutive effect on 
EPS, and accordingly, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. For 
both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, options to purchase
0.3
million shares of the Company's common stock had an anti-dilutive effect on 
EPS, and accordingly, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
The following table reconciles Net income to basic and diluted EPS:

                                                                                                       
                                                    Three Months Ended            Nine Months Ended    
                                                      September 30,                 September 30,      
(in millions, except per share data)              2023             2022         2023            2022   
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                       
Net income                                      $ 43.3           $ 31.8       $ 111.0         $ 85.8   
                                                                                                       
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic       60.8             60.4          60.7           60.5   
                                                                                                       
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents        0.6              0.6           0.7            0.6   
                                                                                                       
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted     61.4             61.0          61.4           61.1   
                                                                                                       
Earnings per share:                                                                                    
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                       
Basic                                           $ 0.71           $ 0.53       $  1.83         $ 1.42   
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                       
Diluted                                           0.71             0.52          1.81           1.40   
                                                                                                       

NOTE 11 -
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Dividends
On February 14, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") declared 
a quarterly cash dividend of $
0.09
per common share. The dividend totaled $
5.5
million and was distributed on March 31, 2023 to stockholders of record at the 
close of business on March 17, 2023.
On April 25, 2023, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $
0.10
per common share. The dividend totaled $
6.1
million and was distributed on June 2, 2023 to stockholders of record at the 
close of business on May 19, 2023.
On July 24, 2023, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $
0.10
per common share. The dividend totaled $
6.1
million and was distributed on September 1, 2023 to stockholders of record at 
the close of business on August 18, 2023.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, dividends of $
5.5
million and $
16.4
million, respectively, were paid to stockholders.
On October 24, 2023, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $
0.10
per common share payable on December 1, 2023 to
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
stockholders of record at the close of business on November 17, 2023.
Stock Repurchase Program
In March 2020, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $
75.0
million of the Company's common stock, with the remaining authorization under 
our previously described repurchase program adopted in 2014 being subject to 
the March 2020 program. The stock repurchase program is intended primarily to 
facilitate purchases of Company stock as a means to provide cash returns to 
stockholders, enhance stockholder returns and manage the Company's capital 
structure. Under its stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to 
repurchase, from time to time, shares of its outstanding common stock. Stock 
repurchases by the Company are subject to market conditions and other factors 
and may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company 
repurchased
72,468
shares for a total of $
4.3
million under its stock repurchase programs.
No
shares were repurchased during the three months ended September 30, 2022. 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased
472,381
shares for a total of $
16.1
million.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following tables summarize the changes in each component of Accumulated 
other comprehensive loss, net of tax in the three months ended September 30, 
2023 and 2022:

                                                                                                                  
(in millions)                            Actuarial      Prior Service        Foreign         Interest       Total 
(a)                                       Losses            Costs           Currency        Rate Swaps            
                                                                           Translation                            
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.3         $    ( 
July 1, 2023                               68.7              2.0              11.3                           79.7 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 
Other comprehensive income                  0.3                -                 (             0.8              ( 
(loss) before reclassifications                                                5.1                            4.0 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated       0.5              0.1                 -               (              ( 
other comprehensive loss                                                                       0.7            0.1 
                                                                                                 )              ) 
Net current-period other                    0.8              0.1                 (             0.1              ( 
comprehensive income (loss)                                                    5.1                            4.1 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.4         $    ( 
September 30, 2023                         67.9              1.9              16.4                           83.8 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 


                                                                                                                  
(in millions)                            Actuarial      Prior Service        Foreign         Interest       Total 
(a)                                       Losses            Costs           Currency        Rate Swaps            
                                                                           Translation                            
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 1.8         $    ( 
July 1, 2022                               65.1              2.1              13.6                           79.0 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 
Other comprehensive income                  1.0              0.2                 (             1.0              ( 
(loss) before reclassifications                                               11.9                            9.7 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated       0.6                -                 -             0.1            0.7 
other comprehensive loss                                                                                          
Net current-period other                    1.6              0.2                 (             1.1              ( 
comprehensive income (loss)                                                   11.9                            9.0 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.9         $    ( 
September 30, 2022                         63.5              1.9              25.5                           88.0 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.
The following tables summarize the changes in each component of Accumulated 
other comprehensive loss, net of tax in the nine months ended September 30, 
2023 and 2022:

                                                                                                                  
(in millions)                            Actuarial      Prior Service        Foreign         Interest       Total 
(a)                                       Losses            Costs           Currency        Rate Swaps            
                                                                           Translation                            
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.6         $    ( 
January 1, 2023                            68.6              2.0              16.0                           84.0 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 
Other comprehensive (loss)                    (                -                 (             1.5            0.5 
income before reclassifications             0.6                                0.4                                
                                              )                                  )                                
Amounts reclassified from accumulated       1.3              0.1                 -               (              ( 
other comprehensive loss                                                                       1.7            0.3 
                                                                                                 )              ) 
Net current-period other                    0.7              0.1                 (               (            0.2 
comprehensive income (loss)                                                    0.4             0.2                
                                                                                 )               )                
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.4         $    ( 
September 30, 2023                         67.9              1.9              16.4                           83.8 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   

                                                                                                                  
(in millions)                            Actuarial      Prior Service        Foreign         Interest       Total 
(a)                                       Losses            Costs           Currency        Rate Swaps            
                                                                           Translation                            
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $   (         $    ( 
January 1, 2022                            67.9              2.4               3.4             0.5           74.2 
                                              )                )                 )               )              ) 
Other comprehensive income                  2.8              0.4                 (             3.0              ( 
(loss) before reclassifications                                               22.1                           15.9 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated       1.6              0.1                 -             0.4            2.1 
other comprehensive loss                                                                                          
Net current-period other                    4.4              0.5                 (             3.4              ( 
comprehensive income (loss)                                                   22.1                           13.8 
                                                                                 )                              ) 
Balance at                               $    (           $    (            $    (           $ 2.9         $    ( 
September 30, 2022                         63.5              1.9              25.5                           88.0 
                                              )                )                 )                              ) 

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.
The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from Accumulated other 
comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022 and the affected line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements 
of Operations:

                                                                                                                                    
Details about Accumulated Other                  Amount Reclassified from Accumulated            Affected Line Item in Condensed    
Comprehensive Loss Components                          Other Comprehensive Loss               Consolidated Statements of Operations 
                                       2023                      2022                    
(in millions)                                                                                                                       
(a)                                                                                                                                 
Amortization of actuarial losses                $    (                        $    (         Other expense                          
of defined benefit pension plans                   0.6                           0.8         (income), net                          
                                                     )                             )                                                
Amortization of prior service costs                  (                             -         Other expense                          
of defined benefit pension plans                   0.1                                       (income), net                          
                                                     )                                                                              
Interest                                           0.9                             (         Interest                               
rate swaps                                                                       0.2         expense, net                           
                                                                                   )                                                
Total                                              0.2                             (                                                
before tax                                                                       1.0                                                
                                                                                   )                                                
Income tax                                           (                           0.3         Income tax                             
(expense) benefit                                  0.1                                       expense                                
                                                     )                                                                              
Total reclassifications for                     $  0.1                        $    (                                                
the period, net of tax                                                           0.7                                                
                                                                                   )                                                

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.
The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from Accumulated other 
comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022 and the affected line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements 
of Operations:

                                                                                                                                    
Details about Accumulated Other                  Amount Reclassified from Accumulated            Affected Line Item in Condensed    
Comprehensive Loss Components                          Other Comprehensive Loss               Consolidated Statements of Operations 
                                       2023                      2022                    
(in millions)                                                                                                                       
(a)                                                                                                                                 
Amortization of actuarial losses                $    (                        $    (         Other expense                          
of defined benefit pension plans                   1.7                           2.2         (income), net                          
                                                     )                             )                                                
Amortization of prior service costs                  (                             (         Other expense                          
of defined benefit pension plans                   0.1                           0.1         (income), net                          
                                                     )                             )                                                
Interest                                           2.3                             (         Interest                               
rate swaps                                                                       0.5         expense, net                           
                                                                                   )                                                
Total                                              0.5                             (                                                
before tax                                                                       2.8                                                
                                                                                   )                                                
Income tax                                           (                           0.7         Income tax                             
(expense) benefit                                  0.2                                       expense                                
                                                     )                                                                              
Total reclassifications for                     $  0.3                        $    (                                                
the period, net of tax                                                           2.1                                                
                                                                                   )                                                

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.
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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
NOTE 12 -
SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company has
two
reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and 
Security Systems Group. Business units are organized under each reportable 
segment because they share certain characteristics, such as technology, 
marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term 
synergies.
The following tables summarize the Company's operations by segment, including 
Net sales, Operating income (loss), and Total assets:

                                                                                    
                                  Three Months Ended           Nine Months Ended    
                                    September 30,                September 30,      
(in millions)                   2023             2022          2023          2022   
Net sales:                                                                          
Environmental Solutions       $ 373.0         $ 284.8       $ 1,064.8     $   865.3 
                                                                                    
Safety and Security Systems      73.4            61.6           209.5         178.0 
                                                                                    
Total net sales               $ 446.4         $ 346.4       $ 1,274.3     $ 1,043.3 
                                                                                    
Operating income (loss):                                                            
Environmental Solutions       $  57.2         $  33.9       $   151.0     $    99.8 
                                                                                    
Safety and Security Systems      13.7            10.5            39.9          28.7 
                                                                                    
Corporate and eliminations          (               (               (             ( 
                                  8.4             4.9            29.5          14.3 
                                    )               )               )             ) 
Total operating income           62.5            39.5           161.4         114.2 
                                                                                    
Interest expense, net             5.1             2.7            15.4           5.9 
                                                                                    
                                                                                    
                                                                                    
Other expense (income), net       0.3             0.1             1.5             ( 
                                                                                0.6 
                                                                                  ) 
Income before income taxes    $  57.1         $  36.7       $   144.5     $   108.9 
                                                                                    


                                                                         
(in millions)                  September 30, 2023      December 31, 2022 
Total assets:                                                            
Environmental Solutions           $ 1,342.4               $ 1,206.4      
                                                                         
Safety and Security Systems           282.8                   279.3      
                                                                         
Corporate and eliminations             29.4                    38.6      
                                                                         
                                                                         
                                                                         
Total assets                      $ 1,654.6               $ 1,524.3      
                                                                         

NOTE 13 -
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the 
inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of 
observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable 
inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, 
while unobservable inputs reflect the Company's assumptions about valuation 
based on the best information available in the circumstances. The three levels 
of inputs are classified as follows:
.
Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
.
Level 2 - observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, 
such as quoted prices for markets that are not active, or other inputs that 
are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and
.
Level 3 - unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market 
activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or 
liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow 
methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches 
within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used 
for the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their 
classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents primarily consist of time-based deposits and interest-bearing 
instruments with maturities of three months or less. The Company classified 
cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments 
and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for 
identical assets.
Interest Rate Swaps
As described in Note 5 - Debt, the Company may, from time to time, execute 
interest rate swaps as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component 
on a portion of its floating-rate debt. The Company classifies its interest 
rate swaps as Level 2 due to the use of a discounted cash flow model based on 
the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) to 
calculate the fair value of the swaps.
Contingent Consideration
At September 30, 2023, the Company had contingent obligations to transfer up 
to $
7.5
million, $
8.0
million, and C$
6.0
million (approximately $
4.5
million), to the former owners of Deist Industries, Inc. and certain of its 
affiliates (collectively, "Deist"), Blasters, and Trackless, respectively, if 
specified financial results are met over future reporting periods (i.e., an 
earn-out). The Deist, Blasters, and Trackless acquisitions were completed on 
December 30, 2021, January 3, 2023, and April 3, 2023, respectively. The Deist 
and Trackless contingent earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to be paid 
following the third anniversary of the closing date. The Blasters contingent 
earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to paid annually, in each of the 
three years following the anniversary of the closing date. During the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023, the Company paid $
0.5
million to settle the contingent consideration obligation due to the former 
owners of Mark Rite Lines Equipment Company, Inc. ("MRL"), which was acquired 
on July 1, 2019.
Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each 
reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the 
consideration transferred. Subsequent changes in fair value are included as a 
component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) on the 
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company uses an income approach to value the contingent consideration 
liability based on the present value of risk-adjusted future cash flows under 
either a scenario-based or option-pricing method, as appropriate. Due to the 
lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs, such as 
prospective financial information or probabilities of future events as of 
September 30, 2023, the Company has classified the contingent consideration 
liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy outlined in ASC 820,
Fair Value Measurements
. As further described in Note 2 - Acquisitions, the Company has recognized a 
preliminary estimate of the fair value of the Blasters and Trackless 
contingent consideration liabilities as of the applicable acquisition date. 
Such preliminary estimates are subject to change during the measurement period 
as the applicable third-party valuations are finalized.
The following table summarizes the Company's assets and liabilities that are 
measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023:

                                                                                             
                                     Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using          
(in millions)               Level 1            Level 2            Level 3             Total  
Assets:                                                                                      
Cash equivalents            $ 7.4              $  -               $  -               $ 7.4   
                                                                                             
Interest rate swaps             -               1.2                  -                 1.2   
                                                                                             
Liabilities:                                                                                 
Contingent consideration        -                 -               10.4                10.4   
                                                                                             
                                                                                             

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
       NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)       
                                  (Unaudited)                                   
The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring 
Level 3 fair value measurements in the three months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022:

                                                                       
(in millions)                                          2023       2022 
Contingent consideration liability, at July 1         $ 10.5   ` $ 2.7 
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
Foreign currency translation                               (         - 
                                                         0.1           
                                                           )           
                                                                       
Contingent consideration liability, at September 30   $ 10.4     $ 2.7 
                                                                       

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring 
Level 3 fair value measurements in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022:

                                                                                        
(in millions)                                                           2023       2022 
Contingent consideration liability, at January 1                       $  2.7     $ 2.7 
                                                                                        
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions      8.5         - 
                                                                                        
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities                         (         - 
                                                                          0.5           
                                                                            )           
Foreign currency translation                                                (         - 
                                                                          0.1           
                                                                            )           
Total gains included in earnings                                            (         - 
(a)                                                                       0.2           
                                                                            )           
Contingent consideration liability, at September 30                    $ 10.4     $ 2.7 
                                                                                        

(a)    Included as a component of acquisition and integration-related expenses 
on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Item 2.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of 
Operations.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of 
Operations ("MD&A") is designed to provide information that is supplemental 
to, and should be read together with, the condensed consolidated financial 
statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Form 10-Q, as well as 
Federal Signal Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended 
December 31, 2022. References herein to the "Company," "we," "our," or "us" 
refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries. 
Information in MD&A is intended to assist the reader in obtaining an 
understanding of (i) the condensed consolidated financial statements, (ii) the 
Company's business segments and how the results of those segments impact the 
Company's results of operations and financial condition as a whole and (iii) 
how certain accounting principles affect the Company's condensed consolidated 
financial statements. The Company's results for interim periods should not be 
regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the 
entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk 
factors described under Part I, Item 1A,
Risk Factors
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.
Executive Summary
The Company is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of (i) vehicles and 
equipment for maintenance and infrastructure end-markets, including sewer 
cleaners, industrial vacuum loaders, vacuum- and hydro-excavation trucks 
(collectively, "safe-digging trucks"), street sweepers, waterblasting 
equipment, road-marking and line-removal equipment, dump truck bodies, 
trailers, metal extraction support equipment and multi-purpose tractors, and 
(ii) public safety equipment, such as vehicle lightbars and sirens, industrial 
signaling equipment, public warning systems and general alarm/public address 
systems. In addition, we engage in the sale of parts, service and repair, 
equipment rentals and training as part of a comprehensive aftermarket offering 
to our customer base. We operate 23 principal manufacturing facilities in five 
countries and provide products and integrated solutions to municipal, 
governmental, industrial and commercial customers in all regions of the world.

As described in Note 12 - Segment Information to the accompanying condensed 
consolidated financial statements, the Company's business units are organized 
in two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety 
and Security Systems Group.
Operating Results
Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $100.0 
million, or 29%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported a net 
sales increase of $88.2 million, or 31%, primarily due to increases in sales 
of sewer cleaners, street sweepers, refuse trucks, metal extraction support 
equipment, safe-digging trucks and industrial vacuum loaders of $18.1 million, 
$11.1 million, $10.1 million, $6.6 million, $6.5 million and $6.3 million, 
respectively. In addition, aftermarket revenues improved by $15.8 million. 
Within our Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $11.8 
million, or 19%, primarily due to improvements in sales of public safety 
equipment and warning systems of $7.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively.

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $231.0 
million, or 22%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported a net 
sales increase of $199.5 million, or 23%, primarily due to increases in sales 
of sewer cleaners, street sweepers, refuse trucks, metal extraction support 
equipment, multi-purpose tractors, industrial vacuum loaders and safe-digging 
trucks of $39.2 million, $27.8 million, $26.1 million, $19.8 million, $14.3 
million, $11.7 million and $9.8 million, respectively. In addition, 
aftermarket revenues improved by $47.2 million. Within our Safety and Security 
Systems Group, net sales increased by $31.5 million, or 18%, primarily due to 
improvements in sales of public safety equipment and industrial signaling 
equipment of $16.3 million and $10.2 million, respectively.
Operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$23.0 million, or 58%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by 
a $34.9 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by a $10.8 
million increase in Selling, Engineering, General and Administrative ("SEG&A") 
expenses, a $0.8 million increase in amortization expense, and a $0.3 million 
increase in acquisition and integration-related expenses. Consolidated 
operating margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 14.0%, 
compared to 11.4% in the prior-year quarter.
Operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$47.2 million, or 41%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by 
a $82.5 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by a $30.5 
million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $3.0 million increase in acquisition and 
integration-related expenses, and a $1.8 million increase in amortization 
expense. Consolidated operating margin for the nine months ended September 30, 
2023 was 12.7%, compared to 10.9% in the prior-year period.
                                       26                                       
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Income before income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2023 
increased by $20.4 million, or 56%, compared to the prior-year quarter. The 
increase resulted from the higher operating income, partially offset by a $2.4 
million increase in interest expense and a $0.2 million increase in other 
expense.
Income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 
increased by $35.6 million, or 33%, compared to the prior-year period. The 
increase resulted from the higher operating income, partially offset by a $9.5 
million increase in interest expense and a $2.1 million increase in other 
expense.
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $11.5 
million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned 
increase in income before taxes, partially offset by a $8.9 million increase 
in income tax expense. The effective tax rate for the three months ended 
September 30, 2023 was 24.2%, compared to 13.4% in the prior-year quarter.

Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $25.2 
million compared to the prior-year period, largely due to the aforementioned 
increase in income before taxes, partially offset by a $10.4 million increase 
in income tax expense. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 was 23.2%, compared to 21.2% in the prior-year period. We 
currently expect our full-year effective tax rate to be approximately 24%, 
excluding additional discrete items.
Total orders for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were $450 million, 
an increase of $68 million, or 18%, as compared to the prior-year quarter. Our 
Environmental Solutions Group reported total orders of $375 million in the 
three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $53 million, or 17% in 
comparison to the prior-year quarter. Orders in the three months ended 
September 30, 2023 within our Safety and Security Systems Group were $75 
million, an increase of $15 million, or 24%, compared to the prior-year 
quarter.
Total orders for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $1.41 billion, 
an increase of $157 million, or 13%, as compared to the prior-year period. Our 
Environmental Solutions Group reported total orders of $1.18 billion in the 
nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $119 million, or 11% in 
comparison to the prior-year period. Orders in the nine months ended September 
30, 2023 within our Safety and Security Systems Group were $226 million, an 
increase of $39 million, or 21%, compared to the prior-year period.
Our consolidated backlog at September 30, 2023 was $1.01 billion, an increase 
of $182 million, or 22%, compared to the prior-year quarter.
                                       27                                       
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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our Condensed Consolidated Statements of 
Operations and illustrates the key financial indicators used to assess our 
consolidated financial results:

                                                                                                                      
                              Three Months Ended September 30,                  Nine Months Ended September 30,       
($ in millions,           2023             2022              Change         2023              2022            Change  
except                                                                                                                
per share                                                                                                             
data)                                                                                                                 
Net                     $ 446.4          $ 346.4            $ 100.0      $ 1,274.3         $ 1,043.3         $ 231.0  
sales                                                                                                                 
Cost of                   328.7            263.6               65.1          943.5             795.0           148.5  
sales                                                                                                                 
Gross                     117.7             82.8               34.9          330.8             248.3            82.5  
profit                                                                                                                
Selling,                   50.6             39.8               10.8          156.0             125.5            30.5  
engineering, general                                                                                                  
and administrative                                                                                                    
expenses                                                                                                              
Amortization                3.9              3.1                0.8           11.4               9.6             1.8  
expense                                                                                                               
Acquisition and             0.7              0.4                0.3            2.0             (1.0)             3.0  
integration-related                                                                                                   
expenses                                                                                                              
(benefits)                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                      
Operating                  62.5             39.5               23.0          161.4             114.2            47.2  
income                                                                                                                
Interest                    5.1              2.7                2.4           15.4               5.9             9.5  
expense,                                                                                                              
net                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                      
Other                       0.3              0.1                0.2            1.5             (0.6)             2.1  
expense                                                                                                               
(income),                                                                                                             
net                                                                                                                   
Income                     57.1             36.7               20.4          144.5             108.9            35.6  
before                                                                                                                
income                                                                                                                
taxes                                                                                                                 
Income                     13.8              4.9                8.9           33.5              23.1            10.4  
tax                                                                                                                   
expense                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                      
Net                     $  43.3          $  31.8            $  11.5      $   111.0         $    85.8         $  25.2  
income                                                                                                                
Operating                                                                                                             
data:                                                                                                                 
Operating                  14.0 %           11.4 %              2.6 %         12.7 %            10.9 %           1.8 %
margin                                                                                                                
Diluted                 $  0.71          $  0.52            $  0.19      $    1.81         $    1.40         $  0.41  
earnings                                                                                                              
per                                                                                                                   
share                                                                                                                 
Total                     450.2            382.1               68.1        1,405.1           1,248.0           157.1  
orders                                                                                                                
Backlog                 1,005.8            824.1              181.7        1,005.8             824.1           181.7  
Depreciation               15.3             13.6                1.7           45.1              40.7             4.4  
and                                                                                                                   
amortization                                                                                                          

Net sales
Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $100.0 
million, or 29%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. The Environmental Solutions Group reported a net 
sales increase of $88.2 million, or 31%, primarily due to increases in sales 
of sewer cleaners, street sweepers, refuse trucks, metal extraction support 
equipment, safe-digging trucks and industrial vacuum loaders of $18.1 million, 
$11.1 million, $10.1 million, $6.6 million, $6.5 million and $6.3 million, 
respectively. In addition, aftermarket revenues improved by $15.8 million. 
Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $11.8 
million, or 19%, primarily due to improvements in sales of public safety 
equipment and warning systems of $7.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively.

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $231.0 
million, or 22%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. The Environmental Solutions Group reported a net 
sales increase of $199.5 million, or 23%, primarily due to increases in sales 
of sewer cleaners, street sweepers, refuse trucks, metal extraction support 
equipment, multi-purpose tractors, industrial vacuum loaders and safe-digging 
trucks of $39.2 million, $27.8 million, $26.1 million, $19.8 million, $14.3 
million, $11.7 million and $9.8 million, respectively. In addition, 
aftermarket revenues improved by $47.2 million. Within the Safety and Security 
Systems Group, net sales increased by $31.5 million, or 18%, primarily due to 
improvements in sales of public safety equipment and industrial signaling 
equipment of $16.3 million and $10.2 million, respectively.
Cost of sales
Cost of sales increased by $65.1 million, or 25%, for the three months ended 
September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to an 
increase of $58.2 million, or 26%, within the Environmental Solutions Group, 
primarily related to higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of 
acquisitions, and increased chassis costs. Within the Safety and Security 
Systems Group, cost of sales increased by $6.9 million, or 18%, primarily 
related to higher sales volumes.
Cost of sales increased by $148.5 million, or 19%, for the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year period, largely due to an 
increase of $132.4 million, or 19%, within the Environmental Solutions Group, 
primarily related to
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higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and increased 
chassis costs. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, cost of sales 
increased by $16.1 million, or 14%, primarily related to higher sales volumes.

Gross profit
Gross profit increased by $34.9 million, or 42%, for the three months ended 
September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a 
$30.0 million improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a $4.9 
million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group. Gross profit as 
a percentage of revenues ("gross profit margin") for the three months ended 
September 30, 2023 was 26.4%, compared to 23.9% in the prior-year quarter, 
primarily due to improvements within the Environmental Solutions Group and the 
Safety and Security Systems Group of 310 basis points and 70 basis points, 
respectively.
Gross profit increased by $82.5 million, or 33%, for the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to a $67.1 
million improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a $15.4 
million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group. Gross profit as 
a percentage of revenues ("gross profit margin") for the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 was 26.0%, compared to 23.8% in the prior-year period, 
primarily due to improvements within the Environmental Solutions Group and the 
Safety and Security Systems Group of 230 basis points and 180 basis points, 
respectively.
SEG&A expenses
SEG&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$10.8 million, or 27%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to 
increases of $5.5 million and $1.7 million within the Environmental Solutions 
Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group, respectively, in addition to 
a $3.6 million increase in Corporate SEG&A expenses. As a percentage of net 
sales, SEG&A expenses were 11.3% in the current-year quarter, compared to 
11.5% in the prior-year quarter.
SEG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $30.5 
million, or 24%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to 
increases of $13.1 million and $4.2 million within the Environmental Solutions 
Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group, respectively, in addition to 
a $13.2 million increase in Corporate SEG&A expenses. As a percentage of net 
sales, SEG&A expenses were 12.2% in the current-year period, compared to 12.0% 
in the prior-year period.
Operating income
Operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$23.0 million, or 58%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by 
the $34.9 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $10.8 
million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $0.8 million increase in amortization 
expense, and a $0.3 million increase in acquisition and integration-related 
expenses. Consolidated operating margin for the three months ended September 
30, 2023 was 14.0%, compared to 11.4% in the prior-year quarter.
Operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$47.2 million, or 41%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily driven by 
the $82.5 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $30.5 
million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $3.0 million increase in acquisition and 
integration-related expenses, and a $1.8 million increase in amortization 
expense. Consolidated operating margin for the nine months ended September 30, 
2023 was 12.7%, compared to 10.9% in the prior-year period.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 
increased by $2.4 million and $9.5 million, respectively, compared to the 
corresponding periods of the prior year, largely due to an increase in average 
debt levels and higher interest rates.
Other expense (income), net
Other expense, net, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$0.2 million, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher 
foreign currency transaction losses.
Other expense, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$2.1 million, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to an $0.8 
million increase in estimated environmental remediation costs associated with 
a business discontinued in 2009, a $0.7 million increase in net periodic 
pension expense and higher foreign currency transaction losses.
Income tax expense
The Company recognized income tax expense of $13.8 million and $4.9 million 
for the three months ended September 30, 2023
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and 2022, respectively. The increase in tax expense in the current-year 
quarter was largely due to higher pre-tax income levels and the non-recurrence 
of the discrete tax benefits recognized in the prior-year quarter. During the 
three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a $2.7 million 
tax benefit from the release of a valuation allowance that had previously been 
recorded against deferred tax assets associated with foreign tax credits in 
the U.S., and a $1.1 million tax benefit associated with the release of a 
valuation allowance in the U.K. Including these items, the Company's effective 
tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 24.2%, compared to 
13.4% in the prior-year quarter.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized 
income tax expense of $33.5 million and $23.1 million, respectively. The 
increase in tax expense in the current-year period was largely due to higher 
pre-tax income levels and the non-recurrence of the discrete tax benefits 
recognized in the prior-year quarter, partially offset by a $1.7 million 
increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation 
activity and a $0.6 million benefit associated with changes in tax reserves. 
Including these items, the Company's effective tax rate for the nine months 
ended September 30, 2023 was 23.2%, compared to 21.2% in the prior-year period.

Net income
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $11.5 
million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned 
improvement in operating income, partially offset by the $2.4 million increase 
in interest expense, a $8.9 million increase in income tax expense and the 
$0.2 million decrease in other income.
Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $25.2 
million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned 
improvement in operating income, partially offset by the $9.5 million increase 
in interest expense, a $10.4 million increase in income tax expense and the 
$2.1 million decrease in other income.
Environmental Solutions
The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group's operating 
results as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 
2022:


                                                                                                                               
                                       Three Months Ended September 30,                  Nine Months Ended September 30,       
($ in millions)                   2023               2022              Change        2023              2022            Change  
Net sales                       $ 373.0            $ 284.8            $ 88.2      $ 1,064.8         $   865.3         $ 199.5  
Operating income                   57.2               33.9              23.3          151.0              99.8            51.2  
Operating data:                                                                                                                
Operating margin                   15.3 %             11.9 %             3.4 %         14.2 %            11.5 %           2.7 %
Total orders                    $ 374.8            $ 321.4            $ 53.4      $ 1,179.2         $ 1,060.7         $ 118.5  
Backlog                           938.6              764.6             174.0          938.6             764.6           174.0  
Depreciation and amortization      14.3               12.5               1.8           41.8              37.5             4.3  

Three months ended September 30, 2023 vs. three months ended September 30, 2022
Total orders for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $53.4 
million, or 17%, compared to the prior-year quarter. U.S. orders increased by 
$39.0 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for sewer cleaners, 
dump truck bodies, industrial vacuum loaders and safe-digging trucks of $9.7 
million, $8.7 million, $7.6 million and $4.5 million, respectively. 
Additionally, aftermarket demand increased by $9.0 million. Partially 
offsetting these improvements was a $3.3 million reduction in orders for 
street sweepers. Non-U.S. orders increased by $14.4 million, largely due to a 
$7.8 million increase in aftermarket demand, as well as improvements in orders 
for sewer cleaners, safe-digging trucks and metal extraction support equipment 
of $4.4 million, $4.0 million and $3.2 million, respectively. Partially 
offsetting these improvements was a $5.9 million reduction in orders for 
refuse trucks.
N
et sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $88.2 
million, or 31%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, U.S. 
sales increased by $61.7 million, largely due to increases in sales of sewer 
cleaners, street sweepers, safe-digging trucks, industrial vacuum loaders and 
road-marking and line-removal equipment of $14.4 million, $11.3 million, $6.4 
million, $6.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively. Additionally, 
aftermarket revenues increased by $11.4 million. Non-U.S. sales increased by 
$26.5 million, largely due to a $4.4 million increase in aftermarket revenues, 
and increases in sales of refuse trucks, metal extraction support equipment 
and multi-purpose tractors of $8.2 million, $6.5 million and $4.6 million, 
respectively.
Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $58.2 
million, or 26%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily related to 
higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and increased 
chassis costs. Gross
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profit margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 24.2%, 
compared to 21.1% in the prior-year quarter, with the improvement primarily 
attributable to improved operating leverage from higher sales volumes and 
benefits from pricing actions, partially offset by an increase in lower margin 
chassis sales.
SEG&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $5.5 
million, or 24%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to 
additional costs from acquired businesses, as well as increases in sales 
commissions and incentive-based compensation expenses. As a percentage of net 
sales, SEG&A expenses were 7.6% in the current-year quarter, down from 8.1% in 
the prior-year quarter.
Operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$23.3 million, or 69%, compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to a 
$30.0 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $5.5 
million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $0.8 million increase in amortization 
expense, and a $0.4 million increase in acquisition and integration-related 
costs.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 vs. nine months ended September 30, 2022
Total orders for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $118.5 
million, or 11%, compared to the prior-year period. U.S. orders increased by 
$64.7 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for street sweepers, 
road-marking and line-removal equipment, safe-digging trucks, multi-purpose 
tractors and sewer cleaners of $18.5 million, $11.5 million, $11.1 million, 
$9.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. Additionally, aftermarket demand 
increased by $23.9 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was a 
$26.6 million reduction in orders for trailers. Non-U.S. orders increased by 
$53.8 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for refuse trucks, 
metal extraction support equipment, multi-purpose tractors and sewer cleaners 
of $24.4 million, $18.7 million, $4.9 million and $4.3 million, respectively. 
Additionally, aftermarket demand increased by $14.8 million. Partially 
offsetting these improvements was a $7.8 million reduction in street sweeper 
orders and a $7.4 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.
N
et sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $199.5 
million, or 23%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to higher 
sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, pricing actions and 
increased chassis sales. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, U.S. 
sales increased by $132.6 million, largely due to increases in sales of sewer 
cleaners, street sweepers, industrial vacuum loaders and safe-digging trucks 
of $33.1 million, $27.0 million, $11.7 million and $10.6 million, 
respectively, as well as a $28.9 million improvement in aftermarket revenues. 
Non-U.S. sales increased by $66.9 million, largely due to a $18.3 million 
improvement in aftermarket revenues and increases in sales of refuse trucks, 
metal extraction support equipment, multi-purpose tractors and sewer cleaners 
of $18.8 million, $18.4 million, $7.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively. 
Partially offsetting these improvements was a $6.2 million unfavorable foreign 
currency translation impact.
Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $132.4 
million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily related to 
higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and increased 
chassis costs, partially offset by a $6.0 million favorable foreign currency 
translation impact. Gross profit margin for the nine months ended September 
30, 2023 was 23.4%, compared to 21.1% in the prior-year period, with the 
improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher 
sales volumes and benefits from pricing actions, partially offset by an 
increase in lower margin chassis sales.
SEG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $13.1 
million, or 18%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to 
additional costs from acquired businesses, as well as increases in sales 
commissions and incentive-based compensation expenses. As a percentage of net 
sales, SEG&A expenses were 8.1% in the current-year period, down from 8.4% in 
the prior-year period.
Operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$51.2 million, or 51%, compared to the prior-year period, largely due to a 
$67.1 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $13.1 
million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $1.8 million increase in amortization 
expense, and a $1.0 million increase in acquisition and integration-related 
costs.
Backlog was $939 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $765 million at 
September 30, 2022.
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Safety and Security Systems
The following table summarizes the Safety and Security Systems Group's 
operating results as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 
2023 and 2022:


                                                                                                                               
                                       Three Months Ended September 30,                  Nine Months Ended September 30,       
($ in millions)                   2023              2022              Change        2023              2022              Change 
Net sales                       $ 73.4            $ 61.6             $ 11.8       $ 209.5           $ 178.0            $ 31.5  
Operating income                  13.7              10.5                3.2          39.9              28.7              11.2  
Operating data:                                                                                                                
Operating margin                  18.7 %            17.0 %              1.7  %       19.0 %            16.1 %             2.9 %
Total orders                    $ 75.4            $ 60.7             $ 14.7       $ 225.9           $ 187.3            $ 38.6  
Backlog                           67.2              59.5                7.7          67.2              59.5               7.7  
Depreciation and amortization      0.9               1.0              (0.1)           3.1               3.1                 -  

Three months ended September 30, 2023 vs. three months ended September 30, 2022
Total orders for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $14.7 
million, or 24%, compared to the prior-year quarter. U.S. orders increased by 
$9.5 million, primarily due to a $9.1 million improvement in orders for public 
safety equipment. Non-U.S. orders increased by $5.2 million, primarily due to 
improvements in orders for public safety equipment and industrial signaling 
equipment of $3.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively.
Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $11.8 
million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects 
of higher sales volumes and pricing actions.
U.S. sales increased by $2.3 million, driven by improvements in sales of 
public safety equipment and warning systems of $1.3 million and $1.0 million, 
respectively. Non-U.S. sales increased by $9.5 million, largely due to 
improvements in sales of public safety equipment and warning systems of $5.8 
million and $1.8 million, respectively.
Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $6.9 
million, or 18%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily related to 
higher sales volumes. Gross profit margin for the three months ended September 
30, 2023 was 37.6%, compared to 36.9% in the prior-year quarter, with the 
improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher 
sales volumes, benefits from pricing actions and lower freight costs.
SEG&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $1.7 
million, or 14%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher 
sales commissions and incentive-based compensation expense. As a percentage of 
net sales, SEG&A expenses decreased from 19.8% in the prior-year quarter, to 
18.9% in the current-year quarter.
Operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$3.2 million, or 30%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a 
$4.9 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $1.7 million 
increase in SEG&A expenses.
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 vs. nine months ended September 30, 2022
Total orders for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $38.6 
million, or 21%, compared with the prior-year period. U.S. orders increased by 
$16.0 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for public safety 
equipment and warning systems of $11.7 million and $2.6 million, respectively. 
Non-U.S. orders increased by $22.6 million, primarily due to a $19.9 million 
improvement in orders for public safety equipment, inclusive of a large fleet 
order from a customer in Mexico.
Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $31.5 
million, or 18%, compared to the prior-year period, inclusive of the effects 
of higher sales volumes and pricing actions.
U.S. sales increased by $15.2 million, driven by improvements in sales of 
public safety equipment, industrial signaling equipment and warning systems of 
$7.0 million, $4.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Non-U.S. sales 
increased by $16.3 million, largely due to improvements in sales of public 
safety equipment and industrial signaling equipment of $9.3 million and $5.8 
million, respectively.
Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $16.1 
million, or 14%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily related to 
higher sales volumes. Gross profit margin for the nine months ended September 
30, 2023 was 38.9%, compared to 37.1% in the prior-year period, with the 
improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher 
sales volumes, benefits from pricing actions and lower freight costs.
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SEG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $4.2 
million, or 11%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to higher 
sales commissions and incentive-based compensation expense. As a percentage of 
net sales, SEG&A expenses decreased from 21.0% in the prior-year period, to 
19.8% in the current-year period.
Operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 
$11.2 million, or 39%, compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to a 
$15.4 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $4.2 
million increase in SEG&A expenses.
Backlog was $67 million at September 30, 2023, compared to $60 million at 
September 30, 2022.
Corporate Expenses
Corporate operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 
were $8.4 million, compared to $4.9 million in the prior-year quarter, with 
the increase primarily due to increases in stock compensation, incentive-based 
compensation and medical costs.
Corporate operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were 
$29.5 million, compared to $14.3 million in the prior-year period, with the 
increase primarily due to higher post-retirement expenses, increases in 
medical, incentive-based compensation, stock compensation and information 
technology costs, as well as a $2.0 million increase in acquisition-related 
expenses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company 
received a favorable settlement of $1.9 million in a post-closing adjustment 
dispute associated with the 2021 acquisition of OSW Equipment & Repair, LLC. 
The related benefit was included as a component of Acquisition and 
integration-related expenses (benefits) on the Condensed Consolidated 
Statements of Operations.
Seasonality of Company's Business
Certain of the Company's businesses are susceptible to the influences of 
seasonal factors, including buying patterns, delivery patterns and 
productivity influences from holiday periods and weather. In general, the 
Company tends to have lower equipment sales in the first calendar quarter of 
each year compared to other quarters as a result of these factors. In 
addition, rental income and parts sales are generally higher in the second and 
third quarters of the year, because many of the Company's products are used 
for maintenance activities in North America, where usage is typically lower 
during periods of harsher weather conditions.
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Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company uses its cash flow from operations to fund growth and to make 
capital investments that sustain its operations, reduce costs, or both. Beyond 
these uses, remaining cash is used to pay down debt, repurchase shares, fund 
dividend payments and make pension contributions. The Company may also choose 
to invest in the acquisition of businesses. In the absence of significant 
unanticipated cash demands, we believe that the Company's existing cash 
balances, cash flow from operations and borrowings available under the 
Company's credit facility will provide funds sufficient for these purposes. As 
of September 30, 2023, there was $364.2 million of cash drawn and $11.2 
million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with 
$424.6 million of availability for borrowings. The net cash flows associated 
with the Company's rental equipment transactions are included in cash flow 
from operating activities.
The Company's cash and cash equivalents totaled $41.0 million and $47.5 
million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of 
September 30, 2023, $21.4 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by 
foreign subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside 
the U.S. typically are held in the currency of the country in which it is 
located. The Company uses this cash to fund the operating activities of its 
foreign subsidiaries and for further investment in foreign operations. 
Generally, the Company has considered such cash to be permanently reinvested 
in its foreign operations and the Company's current plans do not demonstrate a 
need to repatriate such cash to fund U.S. operations. However, in the event 
that these funds are needed to fund U.S. operations or to satisfy U.S. 
obligations, they generally could be repatriated. The repatriation of these 
funds may cause the Company to incur additional U.S. income tax expense, 
dependent on income tax laws and other circumstances at the time any such 
amounts are repatriated.
Net cash of $91.0 million was provided by operating activities in the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $32.4 million in the prior-year 
period, with the year-over-year increase primarily due to working capital 
improvements and higher net income, partially offset by increased rental fleet 
investments to support strong demand for rentals and used equipment and higher 
tax payments.
Net cash of $75.7 million was used for investing activities in the nine months 
ended September 30, 2023, compared to $50.1 million in the prior-year period. 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company made initial 
payments of $41.9 million and $13.2 million to acquire Trackless and Blasters, 
respectively, and funded $21.4 million of capital expenditures. During the 
nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company completed the purchase of 
its University Park, Illinois manufacturing facility for $27.8 million, funded 
$17.8 million of other capital expenditures, paid $4.3 million to acquire 
certain distribution rights from dealers, and paid $1.6 million to fund a 
post-closing adjustment related to the Deist acquisition.
Net cash of $21.2 million was used for financing activities in the nine months 
ended September 30, 2023, whereas in the prior-year period, net cash of $14.4 
million was provided by financing activities. In the nine months ended 
September 30, 2023, the Company increased debt borrowings by $4.6 million, 
funded cash dividends and share repurchases of $17.7 million and $4.3 million, 
respectively, and redeemed $5.6 million of stock in order to remit funds to 
tax authorities to satisfy employees' tax withholdings following the vesting 
of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options. During the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023, the Company also paid $0.5 million to settle 
the contingent consideration obligation due to the former owners of MRL, and 
received $2.3 million from stock option exercises. In the nine months ended 
September 30, 2022, the Company increased debt borrowings by $49.9 million, 
funded cash dividends and share repurchases of $16.4 million and $16.1 
million, respectively, and redeemed $3.0 million of stock in order to remit 
funds to tax authorities to satisfy employees' tax withholdings following the 
vesting of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options.
The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage 
ratio financial covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement that are measured at 
each fiscal quarter-end. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants 
as of September 30, 2023.
The Company anticipates that capital expenditures for 2023 will be in the 
range of $27 million to $30 million.
The Company believes that its financial resources and major sources of 
liquidity, including cash flow from operations and increased borrowing 
capacity, will be adequate to meet its operating needs, capital needs and 
financial commitments.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there have been no material 
changes in the Company's contractual obligations and off-balance sheet 
arrangements as described in Item 7,
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of 
Operations
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022.
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Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
See Item 7A,
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there have been no 
significant changes in our exposure to market risk.
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures.
As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, the Company's management, 
with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief 
Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of 
the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) 
or Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2023. Based on 
that evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial 
Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were 
effective as of September 30, 2023.
As a matter of practice, the Company's management continues to review and 
document internal control and procedures for financial reporting. From time to 
time, the Company may make changes aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the 
controls and ensuring that the systems evolve with the business. SEC guidance 
permits management to omit an assessment of internal control over financial 
reporting for an acquired business from management's assessment of internal 
control over financial reporting for a period not to exceed one year from the 
date of the acquisition. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the 
Company completed the acquisitions of Trackless and Blasters. As of September 
30, 2023, management has not yet fully assessed Trackless' or Blasters' 
internal control over financial reporting. Excluding the acquisitions of 
Trackless and Blasters, there were no changes in the Company's internal 
control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are 
reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over 
financial reporting during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
                                       35                                       
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Table of Contents
                           PART II. OTHER INFORMATION                           
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings.
The information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" in Note 9 - 
Commitments and Contingencies to the accompanying condensed consolidated 
financial statements as included in Part I of this Form 10-Q is incorporated 
herein by reference.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes in the Company's risk factors as described 
in Item 1A,
Risk Factors
, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 
2022.
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The following table provides a summary of the Company's repurchase activity 
for its common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023:

                                                                                                      
Period            Total        Average Price       Total Number of Shares       Maximum Dollar Value  
                Number of      Paid Per Share        Purchased as Part         of Shares That May Yet 
                 Shares                            of Publicly Announced       Be Purchased Under the 
                Purchased                            Plans or Programs         Plans or Programs (a)  
July 2023            -            $    -                        -                  $ 59,052,829       
(7/2/23                                                                                               
-                                                                                                     
8/5/23)                                                                                               
August          24,474           59.5166                   24,474                    57,596,219       
2023                                                                                                  
(8/6/23 -                                                                                             
9/2/23)                                                                                               
September       47,994           58.2742                   47,994                    54,799,407       
2023                                                                                                  
(9/3/23 -                                                                                             
9/30/23)                                                                                              

(a)    In March 2020, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to 
$75.0 million of the Company's common stock, with the remaining authorization 
under our previously described repurchase program adopted in 2014 being 
subject to the March 2020 program.
Item 3.
Defaults upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5.
Other Information.
On November 2, 2023, the Company issued a press release announcing its 
financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The 
presentation slides for the third quarter 2023 earnings call were also posted 
on the Company's website at that time. The full text of the third quarter 
financial results press release and earnings presentation are attached hereto 
as Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2, respectively, to this Form 10-Q.
                                       36                                       
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Table of Contents
Item 6.
Exhibits.

                                                                                               
3.1          Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company. Incorporated by             
             reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed April 30, 2010.          
                                                                                               
3.2          Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company. Incorporated by reference            
             to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed October 24, 2023.                  
                                                                                               
10.1*        Employment Letter dated as of September 1, 2023,                                  
             by and between the Company and Felix Boeschen.                                    
                                                                                               
31.1         CEO Certification under Section                                                   
             302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.                                                    
                                                                                               
31.2         CFO Certification under Section                                                   
             302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.                                                    
                                                                                               
32.1         CEO Certification of Periodic Report under                                        
             Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.                                            
                                                                                               
32.2         CFO Certification of Periodic Report under                                        
             Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.                                            
                                                                                               
99.1         Third Quarter Financial Results Press                                             
             Release, Dated November 2, 2023.                                                  
                                                                                               
99.2         Third Quarter Earnings                                                            
             Call Presentation Slides.                                                         
                                                                                               
101.INS      XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive  
             Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).    
                                                                                               
101.SCH      Inline XBRL Taxonomy                                                              
             Extension Schema Document.                                                        
                                                                                               
101.CAL      Inline XBRL Taxonomy                                                              
             Calculation Linkbase Document.                                                    
                                                                                               
101.DEF      Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension                                                    
             Definition Linkbase Document.                                                     
                                                                                               
101.LAB      Inline XBRL Taxonomy                                                              
             Label Linkbase Document.                                                          
                                                                                               
101.PRE      Inline XBRL Taxonomy                                                              
             Presentation Linkbase Document.                                                   
                                                                                               
104          Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted                                       
             as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).                                     

*Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed 
as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.
                                       37                                       
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Table of Contents
                                   SIGNATURE                                    
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities 
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed 
on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


                                                                              
                           Federal Signal Corporation                         
                                                                              
Date:   November 2, 2023   /s/ Ian A. Hudson                                  
                           Ian A. Hudson                                      
                           Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  
                           (Principal Financial Officer)                      

                                       38                                       
September 1, 2023 By E-Mail Mr. Felix Boeschen Re: Offer of Employment Dear 
Felix: On behalf of Federal Signal Corporation ("Company" or "Federal 
Signal"), it is with great pleasure that I present you with the following 
offer of employment in the position of Vice President, Corporate Strategy and 
Investor Relations, reporting to Jennifer Sherman, Federal Signal's President 
and CEO. We are delighted to welcome you to our executive leadership team. The 
precise terms of our offer are as follows: 1) Start Date: We would like you to 
begin your employment as soon as possible, on a date to be mutually agreed 
upon. 2) Base Salary: Your annual rate of base salary will be $325,000 per 
year, less taxes and withholdings, and will be paid on a semi- monthly basis, 
unless a more frequent pay period is required by applicable state law. As 
determined in the discretion of the Company and subject to budget and 
performance, you will be considered for an annual merit-based salary increase 
in March of 2024. 3) Annual Cash Incentive Bonus: In 2023, provided you agreed 
to the enclosed Terms of Employment Agreement, and that your Start Date is on 
or before September 30, 2023, you will be eligible to earn an annual cash 
incentive bonus through Federal Signal's Short-Term Incentive Bonus Plan 
("STIP") in accordance with its terms. Your bonus at target level of 
performance will be 40% of your base salary and your maximum bonus payout will 
be 80% of your base salary. For 2023, your bonus will be prorated based on 
your start date. Should your Start Date be on or after October 1, 2023, you 
will first become eligible for STIP in 2024. The STIP is designed to reward 
and motivate outstanding performance and is currently based on achievement of 
annual company/business unit and individual objectives. For 2023, company/ 
business unit objectives (pre-tax income and EBITDA margin) will account for 
80% and individual objectives will account for 20% of the bonus opportunity, 
respectively. Both the weighting and the applicable objectives are determined 
at the discretion of the Compensation and Benefits Committee ("CBC") of 
Federal Signal's Board of Directors in or around February of each performance 
year. In addition to satisfying company/business unit and individual 
objectives, you must be employed by the Company on the date bonuses are paid 
in order to earn a bonus. Bonus payments are subject to the approval of the 
CBC and Federal Signal's Board of Directors and generally occur in March 
following the calendar year to which the bonus applies. Your eligibility for 
and participation in the STIP in subsequent calendar years will be 
communicated to you in writing when such determinations are made by Federal 
Signal in its discretion. 4) Long-Term Equity Incentives: a) In 2024, you may 
be eligible to receive a long-term equity incentive award with an aggregate 
target grant date value of $160,000 as part of Federal Signal's annual grant 
cycle, subject to the discretion of the CBC. As currently structured for your 
role, 50% of these awards are comprised of Performance Share Units ("PSUs"), 
25% are comprised of Non- Qualified Stock Options ("NQSOs"), and 25% are 
comprised of RSAs. PSUs currently vest over a three-year period and are 
subject to meeting certain performance criteria over the same three-year 
period, which may result in performance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mr. Felix Boeschen September 1, 2023 Page 2 shares being earned anywhere 
between 0% and 240% of target. NQSOs vest ratably over a three-year period and 
restricted stock cliff vests at the end of a three-year period. Any such 
awards, the amount of such awards, and the terms and conditions applicable to 
such awards, will be made and announced, if at all, at the discretion of 
Federal Signal in connection with its annual grant cycle. This offer letter 
does not promise or guarantee a long-term incentive award in 2024 or in 
subsequent years. b) To receive these awards, you must enter into Award 
Agreements which contain the precise terms and conditions of such awards. 
Award Agreements will be presented to you as soon as administratively feasible 
after the grant date and include post-employment restrictions, including but 
not limited to non-competition and non-solicitation commitments. 5) Stock 
Ownership Guidelines/ Insider Trading: Based on your position, you are subject 
to Federal Signal's stock ownership guidelines ("SOGs"). Generally speaking, 
this means that, in order to trade in Federal Signal stock, you must attain 
and at all times thereafter maintain equity in Federal Signal's common stock 
valued at two (2) times your base salary. There is no time limit within which 
you must achieve target ownership under the SOGs. Additional stock holding 
requirements are imposed by the SOGs. In addition, your ability to trade in 
Federal Signal stock is regulated by its Insider Trading Policy and applicable 
law. Copies of Federal Signal's SOGs and Insider Trading Policy are enclosed 
with this letter. You must obtain pre-approval from the Company's General 
Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer prior to all transactions in Federal Signal 
stock. 6) Car Allowance: You will receive a monthly car allowance in the 
amount of $750 per month in accordance with Company policies and procedures. 
7) Relocation: The Company will reimburse you for reasonable relocation costs 
covered by our program, up to $50,000, including buy-out of your current lease 
if you are unable to sublet. Documentation of all expenses submitted is 
required prior to reimbursement. Relocation assistance is subject to the 
following repayment obligation should you terminate your employment within two 
(2) years of your Start Date: Termination Date Relocation Repayment Due 1-12 
months 100% 13-16 months 65% 17-20 months 50% 20-24 months 25% 25+ months 0% 
By accepting this offer of employment, you authorize Federal Signal to deduct 
any amount you owe from your final compensation. 8) Paid Time Off: a. 
Vacation. Vacation time is based upon the calendar year. You will accrue paid 
vacation at the rate of 1.67 days for each month worked up to a maximum 
accrual of twenty (20) vacation days each calendar year for your use in that 
same calendar year. Vacation time may be taken before it is earned, subject to 
your supervisor's approval and your agreement to re-pay the Company should 
your employment end with a negative vacation balance. Accrued but unused 
vacation does not carry-over, is forfeited, and is not compensable. The 
Company encourages you to use all of your vacation time. Vacation entitlement 
and accrual rates are subject to adjustment and modification at the discretion 
of the Company. b. Holidays. The Company recognizes eight (8) published paid 
holidays, subject to change in the Company's discretion.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mr. Felix Boeschen September 1, 2023 Page 3 c. Personal Days. You are entitled 
to one (1) paid personal day for your use in 2023. In subsequent years, you 
will be eligible for three (3) personal days or such other amount as 
determined by then-applicable Company policy. Unused personal days at the 
conclusion of the calendar year do not carry-over, are forfeited, and are not 
compensable. 9) Benefits: Subject to individual plan requirements, you are 
eligible to participate in Federal Signal's group health and welfare benefit 
programs on the first day of the month after your start date. Coverage options 
are outlined in the enclosed Benefits Summary Sheet. With the exception of the 
Federal Signal Corporation Retirement Savings Plan (in which you will be 
auto-enrolled as soon as administratively feasible following your date of 
hire), you must enroll within thirty (30) days of your date of hire in all 
benefit plans available to you or you waive coverage until the next open 
enrollment period. Participants in the Retirement Savings Plan may defer up to 
40% of eligible pay, up to the annual deferral or compensation limit. The 
Company matches your first 3% deferral at 100% and 50% of the next 2%, with a 
maximum match of 4%, including both pre-tax and Roth after-tax contributions. 
Additionally, the Company makes an additional service-based contribution, 
based on your years of service with the Company. You may also be eligible to 
participate in the non-qualified Federal Signal Corporation Savings 
Restoration Plan ("SRP") beginning in 2024. Participation in the SRP allows 
you to continue to make pre-tax deferrals and receive Company contributions 
after you have reached one or both of the annual 401k maximums. Benefit plans 
may be discontinued or modified at the discretion of Federal Signal. The terms 
of applicable benefit plan documents control the terms of your eligibility in 
the event of any discrepancy between the plan documents and any other 
materials. 10) Executive Change-in-Control Severance Agreement: Subject to BOD 
approval, you are being offered the opportunity to enter into the enclosed 
Tier II Executive Change-in-Control Severance Agreement ("CIC Agreement") with 
the Company. To accept this opportunity, you must return a signed CIC 
Agreement along with a signed copy of this offer letter. This offer is for 
at-will employment. This means that either you or the Company may choose to 
end the employment relationship at any time with or without cause, for any 
lawful reason or for no reason. This offer is not, nor shall it be construed 
to be, a guarantee or promise of employment for any specified or set period. 
This offer of employment, together with the grant of equity awards, STIP 
participation, and other consideration herein provided, is expressly 
conditioned upon you signing and adhering to the enclosed Terms of Employment 
Agreement which includes post- employment restrictions and obligations owed by 
you to Federal Signal and its affiliates. Felix, we hope you will accept this 
offer and look forward to working with you. To accept this offer, please sign 
and return to me this offer letter and the Terms of Employment Agreement on or 
before a date to be mutually agreed upon. If not accepted by you on or before 
that date, this offer shall be considered withdrawn. Best regards, /s/ Shirley 
S. Paulson Vice President, Human Resources Enclosures: Terms of Employment 
Agreement, Insider Trading Policy, Stock Ownership Guidelines, CIC Agreement 
cc: Jennifer L. Sherman
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mr. Felix Boeschen September 1, 2023 Page 4 Acceptance: I accept the offer set 
forth above. I further represent and warrant that there were no promises or 
guarantees made to me that are not contained in this offer letter. Felix 
Boeschen Date /s/ Felix Boeschen
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                                    EXHIBIT 31.1
CEO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
I, Jennifer L. Sherman, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Federal Signal 
Corporation;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement 
of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the 
statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements 
were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial 
information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects 
the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the 
registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for 
establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in 
Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over 
financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 
15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have:
(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such 
disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to 
ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its 
consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those 
entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being 
prepared;
(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such 
internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our 
supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of 
financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external 
purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and 
procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the 
effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the 
period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal 
control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most 
recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of 
an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to 
materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; 
and
5.    The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based 
on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to 
the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of 
directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or 
operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably 
likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, 
summarize and report financial information; and
(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other 
employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control 
over financial reporting.
Date: November 2, 2023


                                          
   /s/ Jennifer L. Sherman                
   Jennifer L. Sherman                    
   President and Chief Executive Officer  
   (Principal Executive Officer)          



                                                                    EXHIBIT 31.2
CFO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
I, Ian A. Hudson, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Federal Signal 
Corporation;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement 
of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the 
statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements 
were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial 
information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects 
the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the 
registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for 
establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in 
Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over 
financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 
15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have:
(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such 
disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to 
ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its 
consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those 
entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being 
prepared;
(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such 
internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our 
supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of 
financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external 
purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and 
procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the 
effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the 
period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal 
control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most 
recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of 
an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to 
materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; 
and
5.    The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based 
on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to 
the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of 
directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or 
operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably 
likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, 
summarize and report financial information; and
(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other 
employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control 
over financial reporting.
Date: November 2, 2023


                                                      
   /s/ Ian A. Hudson                                  
                                                      
   Ian A. Hudson                                      
   Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  
   (Principal Financial Officer)                      



                                                                    EXHIBIT 32.1
                           CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO                            
                 SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002                  
                            (18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350)                            
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Federal Signal Corporation (the 
"Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with 
the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, 
Jennifer L. Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, 
certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. 
Section 1350, that:
(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o 
(d)); and
(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all 
material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the 
Company.
Date: November 2, 2023


                                          
   /s/ Jennifer L. Sherman                
   Jennifer L. Sherman                    
   President and Chief Executive Officer  
                                         (
   Principal Executive Officer)           

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to (s) 906 of the 
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for 
purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or 
otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification shall 
also not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the 
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange act of 1934, as 
amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by 
reference.



                                                                    EXHIBIT 32.2
                           CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO                            
                 SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002                  
                            (18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350)                            
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Federal Signal Corporation (the 
"Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with 
the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, 
Ian A. Hudson, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the 
Company, certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 
18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:
(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o 
(d)); and
(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all 
material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the 
Company.
Date: November 2, 2023


                                                      
   /s/ Ian A. Hudson                                  
                                                      
   Ian A. Hudson                                      
   Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  
   (Principal Financial Officer)                      

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to (s) 906 of the 
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for 
purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or 
otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification shall 
also not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the 
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange act of 1934, as 
amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by 
reference.



                                                                    EXHIBIT 99.1

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
 Federal Signal Reports Third Quarter Results with 29% Net Sales Growth and 58% 
   Increase in Operating Income; Raises Full-Year Outlook and EBITDA Margin     
                                    Targets                                     
Oak Brook, Illinois,
November 2, 2023 - Federal Signal Corporation (NYSE:FSS) (the "Company"), a 
leader in environmental and safety solutions, today reported results for the 
third quarter ended September 30, 2023.
Third Quarter Highlights
.
Record net sales of $446 million, up $100 million, or 29%, from last year; 
organic growth of $80 million, or 23%
.
Operating income of $62.5 million, up $23.0 million, or 58%, from last year
.
GAAP EPS of $0.71, up $0.19, or 37%, from last year
.
Record adjusted EPS of $0.71, up $0.18, or 34%, from last year
.
Orders of $450 million, up $68 million, or 18%, from last year
.
Backlog of $1.01 billion, up $182 million, or 22%, from last year
.
Operating cash flow of $48 million, up $38 million, or 380%, from last year
.
Raises 2023 adjusted EPS* outlook to a new range of $2.44 to $2.52, from the 
prior range of $2.30 to $2.46
.
Increases low end of 2023 net sales outlook range by $30 million; new range of 
$1.68 billion to $1.72 billion
.
Raises Consolidated EBITDA margin target to a new range of 14% to 20%, from 
the previous range of 12% to 16%
.
Raises EBITDA margin target for the Environmental Solutions Group to a new 
range of 17% to 22%, from the previous range of 15% to 18%

Consolidated net sales for the third quarter were $446 million, the highest 
quarterly net sales in the Company's history, and an increase of $100 million, 
or 29%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Net income for the third quarter 
was $43.3 million, or $0.71 per diluted share, compared to $31.8 million, or 
$0.52 per diluted share, in the prior-year quarter.
The Company also reported adjusted net income for the third quarter of $43.8 
million, or $0.71 per diluted share, compared to $32.2 million, or $0.53 per 
diluted share, in the prior-year quarter. The Company is reporting adjusted 
results to facilitate comparisons of underlying performance on a year-over-year 
basis. A reconciliation of these and other non-GAAP measures is provided at 
the conclusion of this news release.
Double-Digit Improvement in Net Sales and Earnings in Record-Setting Quarter; 
Increasing EBITDA Margin Targets for the Environmental Solutions Group and the 
Company
"In another quarter of outstanding performance by our businesses, we reported 
new Company records for quarterly net sales and adjusted EPS, a 220-basis 
point year-over-year increase in adjusted EBITDA margin, an 18% increase in 
orders, and significant improvement in cash generation," commented Jennifer L. 
Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer. "Within our Environmental 
Solutions Group, an improving supply chain supported higher production levels, 
and with increased sales volumes, contributions from recent acquisitions, 
robust aftermarket demand, and strong price realization, we were able to 
deliver a 31% year-over-year net sales increase and a 300-basis point 
improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin. Our Safety and Security Systems Group 
also delivered another impressive quarter, with double-digit top line growth 
and an adjusted EBITDA margin of approximately 20%. With its consistently 
strong performance over the last several quarters, we are increasing the 
EBITDA margin target for our Environmental Solutions Group to a new range of 
17% to 22%, from the previous range of 15% to 18%. At the same time, we are 
increasing our consolidated EBITDA margin target to a new range of 14% to 20%, 
from the previous range of 12% to 16%."
In the Environmental Solutions Group, net sales for the third quarter were 
$373 million, up $88 million, or 31%, compared to the prior-year quarter. In 
the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales were $73 million, up $12 
million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter.

                                       1                                        

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Consolidated operating income for the third quarter was $62.5 million, up 
$23.0 million, or 58%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Consolidated 
operating margin for the third quarter was 14.0%, up from 11.4% in the 
prior-year quarter.
Consolidated adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and 
amortization ("adjusted EBITDA") for the third quarter was $78.5 million, up 
$25.0 million, or 47%, compared to the prior-year quarter, and consolidated 
adjusted EBITDA margin was 17.6%, up from 15.4% in the prior-year quarter.
In the Environmental Solutions Group, adjusted EBITDA for the third quarter 
was $72.0 million, up $25.5 million, or 55%, compared to the prior-year 
quarter, and its adjusted EBITDA margin was 19.3%, up from 16.3% last year. In 
the Safety and Security Systems Group, adjusted EBITDA for the third quarter 
was $14.6 million, up $3.1 million, or 27%, compared to the prior-year 
quarter, and its adjusted EBITDA margin was 19.9%, up from 18.7% last year.

Consolidated orders for the third quarter were $450 million, up $68 million, 
or 18%, compared to the prior-year quarter. With the strong momentum in 
customer demand, consolidated backlog at September 30, 2023 was $1.01 billion, 
an increase of $182 million, or 22%, from last year.
Increased Operating Cash Flow Further Strengthens Financial Position, 
Providing Flexibility to Fund Growth Opportunities and Cash Returns to 
Stockholders
Operating cash flow during the third quarter was $48 million, an increase of 
$38 million, or 380%, from the prior-year quarter. Cash generated from 
operations in the first nine months of this year totaled $91 million, an 
increase of $59 million, or 181%, compared to the prior-year period.
At September 30, 2023, consolidated debt was $366 million, total cash and cash 
equivalents were $41 million and the Company had $425 million of availability 
for borrowings under its credit facility.
"Our operating cash flow generation this quarter was outstanding, enabling us 
to pay down approximately $40 million of debt during the quarter," said 
Sherman. "So far this year, our operating cash flow has increased by 181% 
compared to last year, further strengthening our financial position, and 
providing significant flexibility to invest in organic growth initiatives, 
pursue additional strategic acquisitions, and fund cash returns to 
stockholders through dividends and opportunistic share repurchases."

The Company funded dividends of $6.1 million during the third quarter, 
reflecting a dividend of $0.10 per share, and recently announced a similar 
dividend that will be payable in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company also 
funded stock repurchases of $4.3 million during the third quarter.
Outlook
"Demand for our products and our aftermarket offerings remains exceptionally 
high," noted Sherman. "We continue to successfully execute against our 
strategic initiatives, and with our third quarter performance, our current 
backlog and improving supply chain conditions, we are raising our full-year 
adjusted EPS* outlook to a new range of $2.44 to $2.52, from the prior range 
of $2.30 to $2.46. We are also increasing the low end of our full-year net 
sales outlook range by $30 million, establishing a new range of $1.68 billion 
to $1.72 billion."
CONFERENCE CALL
Federal Signal will host its third quarter conference call on Thursday, 
November 2, 2023 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The call will last approximately 
one hour. The call may be accessed over the internet through Federal Signal's 
website at
www.federalsignal.com
or by dialing phone number 1-833-816-1432 and entering the pin number 
10183590. A replay will be available on Federal Signal's website shortly after 
the call.
About Federal Signal
Federal Signal Corporation (NYSE: FSS) builds and delivers equipment of 
unmatched quality that moves material, cleans infrastructure, and protects the 
communities where we work and live. Founded in 1901, Federal Signal is a 
leading global designer, manufacturer and supplier of products and total 
solutions that serve municipal, governmental, industrial and commercial 
customers. Headquartered in Oak Brook, Ill., with manufacturing facilities 
worldwide, the Company operates two groups: Environmental Solutions and Safety 
and Security Systems. For more information on Federal Signal, visit:
www.federalsignal.com
.
"Safe Harbor" Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 
1995
This release contains unaudited financial information and various 
forward-looking statements as of the date hereof and we undertake no 
obligation to update these forward-looking statements regardless of new 
developments or otherwise. Statements in this release that are not historical 
are forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to various risks 
and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from 
those stated. Such risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to: 
direct and indirect impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and the associated 
government response, risks and adverse economic

                                       2                                        

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effects associated with emerging geopolitical conflicts, product and price 
competition, supply chain disruptions, work stoppages, availability and 
pricing of raw materials, cybersecurity risks, risks associated with 
acquisitions such as integration of operations and achieving anticipated 
revenue and cost benefits, foreign currency exchange rate changes, interest 
rate changes, increased legal expenses and litigation results, legal and 
regulatory developments and other risks and uncertainties described in filings 
with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Contact:
Ian Hudson, Chief Financial Officer, +1-630-954-2000,
ihudson@federalsignal.com
* Adjusted earnings per share ("EPS") is a non-GAAP measure, which includes 
certain adjustments to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS. In the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023, we made adjustments to exclude the impact of 
acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and environmental 
remediation costs of a discontinued operation. In prior years, we have also 
made adjustments to exclude the impact of debt settlement charges and certain 
other unusual or non-recurring items. Should any similar items occur in the 
remainder of 2023, we would expect to exclude them from the determination of 
adjusted EPS. However, because of the underlying uncertainty in quantifying 
amounts which may not yet be known, a reconciliation of our Adjusted EPS 
outlook to the most applicable GAAP measure is excluded based on the 
unreasonable efforts exception in Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B).

                                       3                                        

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
          CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)           

                                                                                                                         
                                          Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
(in millions, except                      2023                       2022             2023                      2022     
per share data)                                                                                                          
Net                                     $ 446.4                    $ 346.4         $ 1,274.3                 $ 1,043.3   
sales                                                                                                                    
Cost of                                   328.7                      263.6             943.5                     795.0   
sales                                                                                                                    
Gross                                     117.7                       82.8             330.8                     248.3   
profit                                                                                                                   
Selling, engineering, general              50.6                       39.8             156.0                     125.5   
and administrative expenses                                                                                              
Amortization                                3.9                        3.1              11.4                       9.6   
expense                                                                                                                  
Acquisition and integration-related         0.7                        0.4               2.0                     (1.0)   
expenses (benefits)                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                         
Operating                                  62.5                       39.5             161.4                     114.2   
income                                                                                                                   
Interest                                    5.1                        2.7              15.4                       5.9   
expense, net                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Other expense                               0.3                        0.1               1.5                     (0.6)   
(income), net                                                                                                            
Income before                              57.1                       36.7             144.5                     108.9   
income taxes                                                                                                             
Income tax                                 13.8                        4.9              33.5                      23.1   
expense                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Net                                     $  43.3                    $  31.8         $   111.0                 $    85.8   
income                                                                                                                   
Earnings                                                                                                                 
per share:                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Basic                                   $  0.71                    $  0.53         $    1.83                 $    1.42   
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Diluted                                 $  0.71                    $  0.52         $    1.81                 $    1.40   
Weighted average common                                                                                                  
shares outstanding:                                                                                                      
Basic                                      60.8                       60.4              60.7                      60.5   
Diluted                                    61.4                       61.0              61.4                      61.1   
Cash dividends declared                 $  0.10                    $  0.09         $    0.29                 $    0.27   
per common share                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Operating data:                                                                                                          
Operating                                  14.0   %                   11.4   %          12.7  %                   10.9  %
margin                                                                                                                   
Adjusted                                $  78.5                    $  53.5         $   208.5                 $   153.9   
EBITDA                                                                                                                   
Adjusted                                   17.6   %                   15.4   %          16.4  %                   14.8  %
EBITDA margin                                                                                                            
Total                                   $ 450.2                    $ 382.1         $ 1,405.1                 $ 1,248.0   
orders                                                                                                                   
Backlog                                 1,005.8                      824.1           1,005.8                     824.1   
Depreciation and                           15.3                       13.6              45.1                      40.7   
amortization                                                                                                             


                                       4                                        

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
                     CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS                      

                                                                                         
                                                         September 30,      December 31, 
                                                             2023               2022     
(in millions, except                                      (Unaudited)                    
per share data)                                                                          
                        ASSETS                                                           
Current assets:                                                                          
Cash and cash                                             $    41.0         $    47.5    
equivalents                                                                              
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for                    213.3             173.8    
doubtful accounts of $2.4 and $2.5, respectively                                         
Inventories                                                   330.1             292.7    
Prepaid expenses and                                           19.3              17.4    
other current assets                                                                     
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
Total current assets                                          603.7             531.4    
Properties and equipment, net of accumulated                  188.3             179.3    
depreciation of $169.9 and $156.4, respectively                                          
Rental equipment, net of accumulated                          130.3             109.1    
depreciation of $51.1 and $45.4, respectively                                            
Operating lease                                                23.7              24.7    
right-of-use assets                                                                      
Goodwill                                                      473.6             453.4    
Intangible assets, net of accumulated                         212.2             208.2    
amortization of $66.8 and $55.4, respectively                                            
Deferred tax assets                                            12.1               8.8    
Other long-term assets                                         10.7               9.4    
                                                                                         
Total assets                                              $ 1,654.6         $ 1,524.3    
                    LIABILITIES AND                                                      
                 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY                                                    
Current liabilities:                                                                     
                                                                                         
Current portion of long-term borrowings                   $     3.9         $     1.5    
and finance lease obligations                                                            
Accounts payable                                               82.4              72.4    
Customer deposits                                              27.6              25.4    
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
Accrued liabilities:                                                                     
Compensation and                                               34.5              31.1    
withholding taxes                                                                        
Current operating                                               7.4               6.9    
lease liabilities                                                                        
Other current                                                  46.8              43.2    
liabilities                                                                              
                                                                                         
Total current                                                 202.6             180.5    
liabilities                                                                              
Long-term borrowings and                                      362.0             361.5    
finance lease obligations                                                                
Long-term operating                                            17.0              18.5    
lease liabilities                                                                        
Long-term pension and other                                    38.8              38.9    
postretirement benefit liabilities                                                       
                                                                                         
Deferred tax                                                   56.7              51.0    
liabilities                                                                              
Other long-term                                                21.6              13.0    
liabilities                                                                              
                                                                                         
Total liabilities                                             698.7             663.4    
Stockholders' equity:                                                                    
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 90.0 shares              69.9              69.5    
authorized, 69.9 and 69.5 shares issued, respectively                                    
Capital in excess                                             284.7             271.8    
of par value                                                                             
Retained earnings                                             875.5             782.2    
Treasury stock, at cost, 9.0                                (190.4)           (178.6)    
and 8.8 shares, respectively                                                             
Accumulated other                                            (83.8)            (84.0)    
comprehensive loss                                                                       
Total stockholders'                                           955.9             860.9    
equity                                                                                   
Total liabilities and                                     $ 1,654.6         $ 1,524.3    
stockholders' equity                                                                     


                                       5                                        

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
          CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)           

                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                 Nine Months Ended  
                                                                                                   September 30,    
(in millions)                                                                                    2023        2022   
Operating activities:                                                                                               
Net income                                                                                     $ 111.0       $ 85.8 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:                                   
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Depreciation and amortization                                                                     45.1         40.7 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Stock-based compensation expense                                                                   8.9          7.5 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration                                                (0.2)            - 
Amortization of interest rate swap settlement gain                                               (1.8)            - 
                                                                                                                    
Deferred income taxes                                                                              2.0          0.3 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities                                                     (74.0)      (101.9) 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Net cash provided by operating activities                                                         91.0         32.4 
Investing activities:                                                                                               
Purchases of properties and equipment                                                           (21.4)       (45.6) 
                                                                                                                    
Payments for acquisition-related activity, net of cash acquired                                 (55.1)        (6.6) 
                                                                                                                    
Other, net                                                                                         0.8          2.1 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Net cash used for investing activities                                                          (75.7)       (50.1) 
Financing activities:                                                                                               
Increase in revolving lines of credit, net                                                         4.6         49.9 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Purchases of treasury stock                                                                      (4.3)       (16.1) 
Redemptions of common stock to satisfy withholding taxes related to stock-based compensation     (5.6)        (3.0) 
Payments for acquisition-related activity                                                        (0.5)            - 
Cash dividends paid to stockholders                                                             (17.7)       (16.4) 
Proceeds from stock-based compensation activity                                                    2.3          0.1 
                                                                                                                    
Other, net                                                                                           -        (0.1) 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities                                            (21.2)         14.4 
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents                            (0.6)        (1.7) 
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents                                                            (6.5)        (5.0) 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year                                                    47.5         40.5 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period                                                     $  41.0       $ 35.5 
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    


                                       6                                        

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                  FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES                   
                           GROUP RESULTS (Unaudited)                            
The following tables summarize group operating results as of and for the three 
and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Environmental Solutions Group

                                                                                                                               
                                       Three Months Ended September 30,                  Nine Months Ended September 30,       
($ in millions)                   2023               2022              Change        2023              2022            Change  
Net sales                       $ 373.0            $ 284.8            $ 88.2      $ 1,064.8         $   865.3         $ 199.5  
Operating income                   57.2               33.9              23.3          151.0              99.8            51.2  
Adjusted EBITDA                    72.0               46.5              25.5          193.9             137.4            56.5  
Operating data:                                                                                                                
Operating margin                   15.3 %             11.9 %             3.4 %         14.2 %            11.5 %           2.7 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin             19.3 %             16.3 %             3.0 %         18.2 %            15.9 %           2.3 %
Total orders                    $ 374.8            $ 321.4            $ 53.4      $ 1,179.2         $ 1,060.7         $ 118.5  
Backlog                           938.6              764.6             174.0          938.6             764.6           174.0  
Depreciation and amortization      14.3               12.5               1.8           41.8              37.5             4.3  

Safety and Security Systems Group

                                                                                                                               
                                       Three Months Ended September 30,                  Nine Months Ended September 30,       
($ in millions)                   2023              2022              Change        2023              2022              Change 
Net sales                       $ 73.4            $ 61.6             $ 11.8       $ 209.5           $ 178.0            $ 31.5  
Operating income                  13.7              10.5                3.2          39.9              28.7              11.2  
Adjusted EBITDA                   14.6              11.5                3.1          43.0              31.8              11.2  
Operating data:                                                                                                                
Operating margin                  18.7 %            17.0 %              1.7  %       19.0 %            16.1 %             2.9 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin            19.9 %            18.7 %              1.2  %       20.5 %            17.9 %             2.6 %
Total orders                    $ 75.4            $ 60.7             $ 14.7       $ 225.9           $ 187.3            $ 38.6  
Backlog                           67.2              59.5                7.7          67.2              59.5               7.7  
Depreciation and amortization      0.9               1.0              (0.1)           3.1               3.1                 -  

Corporate Expenses
Corporate operating expenses were $8.4 million and $4.9 million for the three 
months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the nine months 
ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, corporate operating expenses were $29.5 
million and $14.3 million, respectively.

                                       7                                        

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                    SEC REGULATION G NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION                    
The financial measures presented below are unaudited and are not in accordance 
with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). The non-GAAP 
financial information presented herein should be considered supplemental to, 
and not a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in 
accordance with GAAP. The Company has provided this supplemental information 
to investors, analysts, and other interested parties to enable them to perform 
additional analyses of operating results, to illustrate the results of 
operations giving effect to the non-GAAP adjustments shown in the 
reconciliations below, and to provide an additional measure of performance 
which management considers in operating the business.
Adjusted Net Income and Earnings Per Share ("EPS"):
The Company believes that modifying its 2023 and 2022 net income and diluted 
EPS provides additional measures which are representative of the Company's 
underlying performance and improves the comparability of results across 
reporting periods. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022 adjustments were made to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS to 
exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) 
and environmental remediation costs of a discontinued operation, where 
applicable.


                                                                                                                         
                                          Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
(in millions)                             2023                       2022             2023                      2022     
Net income,                             $ 43.3                     $ 31.8           $ 111.0                   $ 85.8     
as reported                                                                                                              
Add:                                                                                                                     
Income tax                                13.8                        4.9              33.5                     23.1     
expense                                                                                                                  
Income before                             57.1                       36.7             144.5                    108.9     
income taxes                                                                                                             
Add:                                                                                                                     
Acquisition and integration-related        0.7                        0.4               2.0                    (1.0)     
expenses (benefits)                                                                                                      
Environmental remediation costs              -                          -               0.8                        -     
of a discontinued operation                                                                                              
(a)                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Adjusted income                           57.8                       37.1             147.3                    107.9     
before income taxes                                                                                                      
Adjusted income                         (14.0)                      (4.9)            (34.2)                   (22.8)     
tax expense                                                                                                              
(b)                                                                                                                      
Adjusted                                $ 43.8                     $ 32.2           $ 113.1                   $ 85.1     
net income                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                         
                                          Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
(dollars per                              2023                       2022             2023                      2022     
diluted share)                                                                                                           
EPS, as                                 $ 0.71                     $ 0.52           $  1.81                   $ 1.40     
reported                                                                                                                 
Add:                                                                                                                     
Income tax                                0.22                       0.08              0.55                     0.38     
expense                                                                                                                  
Income before                             0.93                       0.60              2.36                     1.78     
income taxes                                                                                                             
Add:                                                                                                                     
Acquisition and integration-related       0.01                       0.01              0.03                   (0.02)     
expenses (benefits)                                                                                                      
Environmental remediation costs              -                          -              0.01                        -     
of a discontinued operation                                                                                              
(a)                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Adjusted income                           0.94                       0.61              2.40                     1.76     
before income taxes                                                                                                      
Adjusted income                         (0.23)                     (0.08)            (0.56)                   (0.37)     
tax expense                                                                                                              
(b)                                                                                                                      
Adjusted                                $ 0.71                     $ 0.53           $  1.84                   $ 1.39     
EPS                                                                                                                      

(a)    Environmental remediation costs of a discontinued operation in the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023 relate to estimated environmental clean up 
costs at a facility associated with a business that was discontinued in 2009. 
Such charges are included as a component of Other expense (income), net on the 
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(b)    Adjusted income tax expense for the three and nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 and 2022 was recomputed after excluding the impact of 
acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and environmental 
remediation costs of a discontinued operation, where applicable.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin:
The Company uses adjusted EBITDA and the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to net sales 
("adjusted EBITDA margin"), at both the consolidated and segment level, as 
additional measures which are representative of its underlying performance and 
to improve the comparability of results across reporting periods. We believe 
that investors use versions of these metrics in a similar

                                       8                                        

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manner. For these reasons, the Company believes that adjusted EBITDA and 
adjusted EBITDA margin, at both the consolidated and segment level, are 
meaningful metrics to investors in evaluating the Company's underlying 
financial performance.
Consolidated adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total 
of net income, interest expense, acquisition and integration-related expenses 
(benefits), other income/expense, income tax expense, and depreciation and 
amortization expense, as applicable. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin is a 
non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, 
acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits), other income/expense, 
income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable, 
divided by net sales for the applicable period(s).
Segment adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of 
segment operating income, acquisition and integration-related expenses and 
depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable. Segment adjusted EBITDA 
margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of segment operating 
income, acquisition and integration-related expenses and depreciation and 
amortization expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable 
period(s). Segment operating income includes all revenues, costs and expenses 
directly related to the segment involved. In determining segment income, 
neither corporate nor interest expenses are included. Segment depreciation and 
amortization expense relates to those assets, both tangible and intangible, 
that are utilized by the respective segment.
Other companies may use different methods to calculate adjusted EBITDA and 
adjusted EBITDA margin.
Consolidated
The following table summarizes the Company's consolidated adjusted EBITDA and 
adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles net income to consolidated adjusted 
EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


                                                                                                                         
                                          Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
($ in millions)                           2023                       2022             2023                      2022     
Net                                     $  43.3                    $  31.8         $   111.0                 $    85.8   
income                                                                                                                   
Add:                                                                                                                     
Interest                                    5.1                        2.7              15.4                       5.9   
expense, net                                                                                                             
Acquisition and integration-related         0.7                        0.4               2.0                     (1.0)   
expenses (benefits)                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
Other expense                               0.3                        0.1               1.5                     (0.6)   
(income), net                                                                                                            
Income tax                                 13.8                        4.9              33.5                      23.1   
expense                                                                                                                  
Depreciation and                           15.3                       13.6              45.1                      40.7   
amortization                                                                                                             
Consolidated                            $  78.5                    $  53.5         $   208.5                 $   153.9   
adjusted EBITDA                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                         
Net                                     $ 446.4                    $ 346.4         $ 1,274.3                 $ 1,043.3   
sales                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                         
Consolidated adjusted                      17.6   %                   15.4   %          16.4  %                   14.8  %
EBITDA margin                                                                                                            


                                       9                                        

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Environmental Solutions Group
The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group's adjusted 
EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles operating income to adjusted 
EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

                                                                                                                                  
                                                   Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
($ in millions)                                    2023                       2022             2023                      2022     
Operating income                                 $  57.2                    $  33.9         $   151.0                  $  99.8    
Add:                                                                                                                              
Acquisition and integration-related expenses         0.5                        0.1               1.1                      0.1    
                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                  
Depreciation and amortization                       14.3                       12.5              41.8                     37.5    
Adjusted EBITDA                                  $  72.0                    $  46.5         $   193.9                  $ 137.4    
                                                                                                                                  
Net sales                                        $ 373.0                    $ 284.8         $ 1,064.8                  $ 865.3    
                                                                                                                                  
Adjusted EBITDA margin                              19.3   %                   16.3   %          18.2  %                  15.9   %

Safety and Security Systems Group
The following table summarizes the Safety and Security Systems Group's 
adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles operating income to 
adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 
2022:

                                                                                                                   
                                    Three Months Ended September 30,            Nine Months Ended September 30,    
($ in millions)                     2023                        2022            2023                      2022     
Operating income                  $ 13.7                      $ 10.5          $  39.9                   $  28.7    
Add:                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                   
Depreciation and amortization        0.9                         1.0              3.1                       3.1    
Adjusted EBITDA                   $ 14.6                      $ 11.5          $  43.0                   $  31.8    
                                                                                                                   
Net sales                         $ 73.4                      $ 61.6          $ 209.5                   $ 178.0    
                                                                                                                   
Adjusted EBITDA margin              19.9   %                    18.7   %         20.5   %                  17.9   %


                                       10                                       

Jennifer Sherman, President & Chief Executive Officer Ian Hudson, SVP, Chief 
Financial Officer Felix Boeschen, VP, Corporate Strategy & Investor Relations 
Federal Signal Q3 2023 Earnings Call November 2, 2023
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Safe Harbor This presentation contains unaudited financial information and 
various forward-looking statements as of the date hereof and we undertake no 
obligation to update these forward- looking statements regardless of new 
developments or otherwise. Statements in this presentation that are not 
historical are forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to 
various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary 
materially from those stated. Such risks and uncertainties include but are not 
limited to: direct and indirect impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and the 
associated government response, risks and adverse economic effects associated 
with emerging geopolitical conflicts, product and price competition, supply 
chain disruptions, work stoppages, availability and pricing of raw materials, 
cybersecurity risks, risks associated with acquisitions such as integration of 
operations and achieving anticipated revenue and cost benefits, foreign 
currency exchange rate changes, interest rate changes, increased legal 
expenses and litigation results, legal and regulatory developments and other 
risks and uncertainties described in filings with the Securities and Exchange 
Commission (SEC). This presentation also contains references to certain 
non-GAAP financial information. Such items are reconciled herein, in our 
earnings news release provided as of the date of this presentation or in other 
investor materials filed with the SEC. 2
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Q3 Highlights *  3* Comparisons versus Q3 of 2022 . Record net sales of $446 
M, up $100 M, or 29% . Organic growth of $80 M, or 23% . Operating income of 
$62.5 M, up $23.0 M, or 58% . Adjusted EBITDA of $78.5 M, up $25.0 M, or 47% . 
Adjusted EBITDA margin of 17.6%, compared to 15.4% . GAAP EPS of $0.71, up 
$0.19, or 37% . Record adjusted EPS of $0.71, up $0.18, or 34% . Orders of 
$450 M, up $68 M, or 18% . Backlog of $1.01 B, up $182 M, or 22%
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4 Group and Corporate Results  $ millions, except % Q3 2023 Q3 2022 % Change 
ESG Orders 374.8 321.4 17% Sales 373.0 284.8 31% Operating income 57.2 33.9 
69% Operating margin 15.3% 11.9% Adjusted EBITDA 72.0 46.5 55% Adjusted EBITDA 
margin 19.3% 16.3% SSG Orders 75.4 60.7 24% Sales 73.4 61.6 19% Operating 
income 13.7 10.5 30% Operating margin 18.7% 17.0% Adjusted EBITDA 14.6 11.5 
27% Adjusted EBITDA margin 19.9% 18.7% Corporate expenses 8.4 4.9 71% 
Consolidated Orders 450.2 382.1 18% Sales 446.4 346.4 29% Operating income 
62.5 39.5 58% Operating margin 14.0% 11.4% Adjusted EBITDA 78.5 53.5 47% 
Adjusted EBITDA margin 17.6% 15.4%
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Consolidated Statement of Operations  5 $ millions, except % and per share Q3 
2023 Q3 2022 $ Change % Change Net sales 446.4$ 346.4$ 100.0$ 29% Gross profit 
117.7 82.8 34.9 42% SEG&A expenses 50.6 39.8 10.8 27% Amortization expense 3.9 
3.1 0.8 26% Acquisition and integration related expenses 0.7 0.4 0.3 75% 
Operating income 62.5 39.5 23.0 58% Interest expense 5.1 2.7 2.4 89% Other 
expense, net 0.3 0.1 0.2 200% Income tax expense 13.8 4.9 8.9 182% Net income 
43.3 31.8 11.5 36% Diluted EPS 0.71$ 0.52$ 0.19$ 37% Diluted adjusted EPS 
0.71$ 0.53$ 0.18$ 34% Gross Margin 26.4% 23.9% SEG&A expenses as a % of net 
sales 11.3% 11.5% Effective tax rate 24.2% 13.4%
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6 Adjusted Earnings per Share ($ in millions) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Net income, 
as reported 43.3$ 31.8$ 111.0$ 85.8$ Add: Income tax expense 13.8 4.9 33.5 
23.1 Income before income taxes 57.1 36.7 144.5 108.9 Add: Acquisition and 
integration-related expenses (benefits) 0.7 0.4 2.0 (1.0) Environmental 
remediation costs of a discontinued operation (1) - - 0.8 - Adjusted income 
before income taxes 57.8 37.1 147.3 107.9 Adjusted income tax expense (2) 
(14.0) (4.9) (34.2) (22.8) Adjusted net income 43.8$ 32.2$ 113.1$ 85.1$ 
Diluted EPS, as reported 0.71$ 0.52$ 1.81$ 1.40$ Adjusted diluted EPS 0.71$ 
0.53$ 1.84$ 1.39$ Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 
30, (2) Adjusted income tax expense for the three and nine months ended 
September 30, 2023 and 2022 w as recomputed after excluding the impact of 
acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and environmental 
remediation costs of a discontinued operation, w here applicable. (1) 
Environmental remediation costs of a discontinued operation in the nine months 
ended September 30, 2023 relate to estimated environmental clean up costs at a 
facility associated w ith a business that w as discontinued in 2009. Such 
charges are included as a component of Other expense, net on the Condensed 
Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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7 Financial Strength and Flexibility * * Dollar amounts as of, or for the 
quarter ending 9/30/2023, unless otherwise noted ** Net debt is a non-GAAP 
measure and is computed as total debt of $365.9 M, less total cash and cash 
equivalents of $41.0 M . Cash and cash equivalents of $41 M . Net debt of 
~$325 M ** . In October 2022, executed a five-year, $800 M revolving credit 
facility, with opportunity to increase further by the greater of (i) $400 M or 
(ii) 100% of TTM consolidated EBITDA, subject to lenders approval . ~$425 M of 
availability under revolving credit facility . Net debt leverage remains low . 
Compliant with all covenants with significant headroom Strong capital 
structure . Generated ~$48 M of cash from operations in Q3 2023, up ~$38 M vs. 
Q3 2022 . YTD operating cash flow of ~$91 M, up 181% vs. prior year . Paid 
down ~$40 M of debt during Q3 . Anticipating cap ex of $27 M-$30 M in 2023, 
including investments in our plants to add capacity and gain efficiencies 
through automation . Completed Blasters, Inc. acquisition in January 2023 for 
initial sum of ~$13 M . Completed Trackless Vehicles acquisition in April 2023 
for initial sum of ~$42 M . Paid $6.1 M for dividends, reflecting a dividend 
of $0.10 per share; recently declared similar dividend for Q4 2023 . During 
Q3, paid $4.3 M to repurchase ~72k shares (average price of $58.69); ~$55 M of 
authorization remaining under current share repurchase program (~2% of market 
cap) Healthy cash flow and access to cash facilitate organic growth 
investment, M&A and cash returns to stockholders
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CEO Remarks - Q3 Performance 8 . Impressive execution by both groups 
contributed to another record-setting quarter . Environmental Solutions Group 
highlights:  YoY net sales growth of 31%  300-basis point improvement in 
adjusted EBITDA margin  Production output continues to improve with combined 
Q3 production at our two largest facilities up 19% YoY . Safety and Security 
Systems Group highlights:  YoY net sales growth of 19%  120-basis point 
improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin . Generated significant cash from 
operations in the quarter with cash conversion of ~110%* * Computed as net 
cash provided by operating activities/net income
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CEO Remarks - Market Conditions 9 . Demand for our products and aftermarket 
offerings remains exceptionally high, as evidenced by Q3 orders of $450 M, up 
18% YoY . Backlog remains unchanged from Q2 2023 at ~$1.01 B (up 22% YoY) . 
Order strength broad based across public funded & industrial end-markets . 
Public funding for infrastructure investments continues to fuel strong demand  
American Rescue Plan Act  Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act  Inflation 
Reduction Act . Strategic growth strategy is working  Safe Digging order 
strength (+33% YoY)  Aftermarket revenue +19% YoY  Active M&A pipeline  On 
track to realize $3M+ in synergies between Ground Force & TowHaul in FY23 . 
New product development focus remains  Booked several EV sweeper orders in Q3

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(U S$ in m ill io ns ) Adjusted EBITDA1 Adjusted EBITDA Margin1 . Initially 
launched EBITDA margin targets for groups and Company overall in 2017 
consistent with multi-year growth strategy . Margin targets intended to be 
annual, through-the-cycle targets . Since 2017, we have consistently operated 
within, or above, 12-16% consolidated target range, including during the 
pandemic . Historical EBITDA margin performance places FSS in top tier of 
specialty vehicle peers 1) Non-GAAP Measures. See Appendix for additional 
information, including reconciliation to GAAP measures. CEO Remarks - 
Historical Margin Performance 10
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. As we look ahead and consistent with the execution of our key strategic 
objectives of (i) operational excellence, (ii) organic growth initiatives, and 
(iii) value-added M&A, we are today raising our EBITDA margin targets for ESG 
and the Company overall . Introducing new Consolidated EBITDA Margin Target: 
14 - 20% (increased from 12-16%) . Introducing new ESG EBITDA Margin Target: 
17 - 22% (increased from 15-18%) . SSG EBITDA Margin Target: 17 - 21% 
(previously increased from 15-18% in Q1 2023) . Margin targets intended to be 
annual, through-the-cycle targets CEO Remarks - Increasing Margin Targets . 
Codification of Federal Signal operating system . 80/20 philosophies . Lean 
initiatives Operational Excellence Organic Growth Initiatives ValueAdded M&A . 
Benefits from recent facility/capacity investments . Aftermarket growth . Safe 
Digging growth . New Product Development . Accretive M&A; focused on niche 
market- leading companies . Generate synergies by leveraging existing 
distribution & manufacturing capabilities 11
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Raising 2023 Outlook Raising Full-Year Adjusted EPS* Outlook to a new range of 
$2.44 to $2.52, from the previous range of $2.30 to $2.46 Would represent 
highest EPS in Company's history and YoY growth of 24%-29%, despite aggregate 
headwind of ~$0.20 from higher interest expense and increase in effective tax 
rate 12  Also raising low end of full-year net sales outlook by $30 M, 
establishing new range of $1.68 B to $1.72 B  Represents YoY growth of 17% - 
20% vs. $1.43 B in 2022  Double-digit improvement in pre-tax earnings  
Depreciation and amortization expense of ~$60 M - $62 M  Capital expenditures 
of $27 M to $30 M  Interest expense of ~$20-21 M; YoY EPS headwind of ~$0.13 
Key Assumptions  Effective tax rate of ~24%, excluding additional discrete 
items; YoY EPS headwind of ~$0.07  ~61-62 M weighted average shares 
outstanding  No significant deterioration in current supply chain environment; 
assumes continued supply chain improvement in Q4 2023, with steady flow of 
customer-provided chassis  No significant increase in current input costs 
*Adjusted earnings per share ("EPS") is a non-GAAP measure, which includes 
certain adjustments to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS. In the nine 
months ended September 30, 2023, we made adjustments to exclude the impact of 
acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and environmental 
remediation costs of a discontinued operation. In prior years, we have also 
made adjustments to exclude the impact of debt settlement charges and certain 
other unusual or non-recurring items. Should any similar items occur in the 
remainder of 2023, we would expect to exclude them from the determination of 
adjusted EPS. However, because of the underlying uncertainty in quantifying 
amounts which may not yet be known, a reconciliation of our Adjusted EPS 
outlook to the most applicable GAAP measure is excluded based on the 
unreasonable efforts exception in Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B).
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Federal Signal Q3 2023 Earnings Call 13 Q&A November 2, 2023 Jennifer Sherman, 
President & Chief Executive Officer Ian Hudson, SVP, Chief Financial Officer 
Felix Boeschen, VP, Corporate Strategy & Investor Relations
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Investor Information Stock Ticker - NYSE:FSS Company website: federalsignal.com/
investors HEADQUARTERS 1415 West 22nd Street, Suite 1100 Oak Brook, IL 60523 
INVESTOR RELATIONS 630-954-2000 Felix Boeschen VP, Corporate Strategy and 
Investor Relations fboeschen@federalsignal.com 14
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Federal Signal Q3 2023 Earnings Call 15 Appendix
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Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (Q3 2023 vs. Q3 2022) 16 $ millions, except % Q3 
2023 Q3 2022 Net income 43.3$ 31.8$ Add: Interest expense 5.1 2.7 Acquisition 
and integration-related expenses 0.7 0.4 Other expense, net 0.3 0.1 Income tax 
expense 13.8 4.9 Depreciation and amortization 15.3 13.6 Consolidated adjusted 
EBITDA 78.5$ 53.5$ Net Sales 446.4$ 346.4$ Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin 
17.6% 15.4%
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Segment Adjusted EBITDA  (Q3 2023 vs. Q3 2022) 17 ESG $ millions, except % Q3 
2023 Q3 2022 Operating Income 57.2$ 33.9$ Add: Acquisition and integration-relat
ed expenses 0.5 0.1 Depreciation and amortization 14.3 12.5 Adjusted EBITDA 
72.0$ 46.5$ Net Sales 373.0$ 284.8$ Adjusted EBITDA margin 19.3% 16.3% SSG $ 
millions, except % Q3 2023 Q3 2022 Operating Income 13.7$ 10.5$ Add: 
Depreciation and amortization 0.9 1.0 Adjusted EBITDA 14.6$ 11.5$ Net Sales 
73.4$ 61.6$ Adjusted EBITDA margin 19.9% 18.7%
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Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (20162023 LTM) 18 LTM ($ in millions) 2016 2017 
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Q3 2023 Net income 39.4 60.5$ 93.7$ 108.4$ 96.1$ 
100.6$ 120.4$ 145.6$ Add (less): Interest expense 1.9 7.3 9.3 7.9 5.7 4.5 10.3 
19.8 Pension settlement charges - 6.1 - - - 10.3 - - Hearing loss settlement 
charges - 1.5 0.4 - - - - - Acquisition and integration-related expenses 
(benefits) 1.4 2.7 1.5 2.5 2.1 (2.1) (0.5) 2.5 Coronavirus-related expenses - 
- - - 2.3 1.2 - - Restructuring 1.7 0.6 - - 1.3 - - - Executive severance 
costs - 0.7 - - - - - - Debt settlement charges - - - - - 0.1 0.1 Purchase 
accounting effects (a) 3.6 4.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 - - Other (income) expense, net 
1.8 (0.8) 0.6 0.6 1.1 (1.7) (0.5) 1.6 Income tax expense 17.4 0.5 17.9 30.2 
28.5 17.0 30.5 40.9 Depreciation and amortization 19.1 30.0 36.4 41.5 44.8 
50.4 54.7 59.1 Deferred gain recognition (b) (1.9) (2.0) (1.9) - - - - - 
Adjusted EBITDA 84.7$ 111.5$ 158.6$ 191.3$ 182.2$ 180.5$ 215.0$ 269.6$ Net 
Sales 707.9$ 898.5$ 1,089.5$ 1,221.3$ 1,130.8$ 1,213.2$ 1,434.8$ 1,665.8$ 
Adjusted EBITDA Margin 12.0% 12.4% 14.6% 15.7% 16.1% 14.9% 15.0% 16.2% (a) 
Excludes purchase accounting effects reflected in depreciation and 
amortization of $0.3 M, $0.4 M, $0.5 M, $0.6 M, $0.4 M and $0.4 M for 2016, 
2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. (b) Adjustment to exclude 
recognition of deferred gain associated with historical sale lease-back 
transactions. Effective 2019, the Company no longer recognizes the gain due to 
the adoption of new lease accounting standard.
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NonGAAP Measures . Adjusted net income and earnings per share ("EPS") - The 
Company believes that modifying its 2023 and 2022 net income and diluted EPS 
provides additional measures which are representative of the Company's 
underlying performance and improves the comparability of results between 
reporting periods. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 
and 2022, adjustments were made to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS to 
exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits), 
and environmental remediation costs of a discontinued operation, where 
applicable. . Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin - The Company uses 
adjusted EBITDA and the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to net sales ("adjusted 
EBITDA margin"), at both the consolidated and segment level, as additional 
measures which are representative of its underlying performance and to improve 
the comparability of results across reporting periods. We believe that 
investors use versions of these metrics in a similar manner. For these 
reasons, the Company believes that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, 
at both the consolidated and segment level, are meaningful metrics to 
investors in evaluating the Company's underlying financial performance. Other 
companies may use different methods to calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted 
EBITDA margin. . Consolidated adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that 
represents the total of net income, interest expense, pension settlement 
charges, hearing loss settlement charges, acquisition and integration-related 
expenses (benefits), coronavirus- related expenses, restructuring activity, 
executive severance costs, debt settlement charges, purchase accounting 
effects, other income/expense, income tax expense, and depreciation and 
amortization expense, as applicable. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin is a 
non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, 
pension settlement charges, hearing loss settlement charges, acquisition and 
integration-related expenses (benefits), coronavirus- related expenses, 
restructuring activity, executive severance costs, debt settlement charges, 
purchase accounting effects, other income/expense, income tax expense, and 
depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for 
the applicable period(s). . Segment adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that 
represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and 
integration-related expenses (benefits), and depreciation and amortization 
expense, as applicable. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure 
that represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and 
integration-related expenses (benefits), and depreciation and amortization 
expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable period(s). 
Segment operating income includes all revenues, costs and expenses directly 
related to the segment involved. In determining segment income, neither 
corporate nor interest expenses are included. Segment depreciation and 
amortization expense relates to those assets, both tangible and intangible, 
that are utilized by the respective segment. 19
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