Notice Of Exempt Solicitation: (VOLUNTARY SUBMISSION) 

NAME OF REGISTRANT: NextEra Energy, Inc. 

NAME OF PERSON RELYING ON EXEMPTION: Majority Action 

ADDRESS OF PERSON RELYING ON EXEMPTION: PO Box 4831, Silver Spring, MD 20914

 

Written materials are submitted pursuant to Rule 14a-6(g)(1) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Submission is not required of this filer under the terms of the Rule but is made voluntarily. 

IMG

 

 

 

NextEra Energy, Inc. [NYSE:NEE]: Due to the Company’s Failure to Set Net Zero Targets, Make the Near-Term Shifts in Capital Allocation and Investment Necessary to Decarbonize in Alignment with a 1.5°C Pathway, and Ensure Alignment of Policy Influence Activities:

 

Vote AGAINST Chair James L. Robo (Item 1i), and

Vote AGAINST Lead Director Sherry S. Barrat (Item 1a)

 

The physical and financial risks posed by climate change to long-term investors are systemic, portfolio-wide, unhedgeable and undiversifiable. Therefore, the actions of companies that fail to align to limiting warming to 1.5°C pose risks to the financial system as a whole, and to investors’ entire portfolios, in addition to specific risks to those companies. See Appendix A for more information regarding Majority Action’s Proxy Voting for a 1.5°C World initiative and the transformation required in key industries.

 

NextEra Energy, Inc. (NextEra) emitted the sixth-most CO21 and generated the second-most electricity among U.S. investor-owned utilities in 2019.2 The company is among the 167 target companies named by Climate Action 100+ as the largest global emitters and “key to driving the global net zero transition.”3

 

Electric power production is responsible for nearly one-third of energy-related carbon emissions in the U.S.4 The largest publicly-traded electric utilities remain among the largest sources of carbon emissions in the U.S. economy,5 and their capital investments in electric power infrastructure have the potential to lock in emissions for decades to come. In addition to curbing a direct source of emissions, the decarbonization of electricity production also enables the decarbonization of other sectors such as transportation and buildings as those sectors electrify.

 

Failure to set ambitious decarbonization targets in line with 1.5°C pathways, and to align companies’ business plans and policy influence to those targets, is a failure of strategy and corporate governance, for which long-term investors should hold directors accountable. At companies where the production, processing, sale, and/or consumption of fossil fuels is central to their core business, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions have profound strategic implications, the board chair, and lead independent director where the position exists, should be held accountable.

 

 

 

Target setting

 

Net zero commitment by no later than 2050 for power production X
Net zero commitment clearly includes all relevant emissions sources and has limited use of offsets, negative emissions, or unproven or uncommercialized technologies, including carbon capture and storage X
Robust interim targets of at least 80% by 2030 or at least 6% per year on a straight-line basis between 2019-2030 (on track to reach zero by 2035) X

 

NextEra is the only Climate Action 100+ U.S.-based utility company with substantial emissions to have not committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050.6 NextEra has set an interim emissions intensity reduction target of 67% by 2025. While this is projected to reduce NextEra’s absolute emissions by 40% by 2025, an annual rate of 5.8%7, the company has yet to set emissions reduction goals beyond that date.8 NextEra’s emissions intensity target does not guarantee that emissions will fall in absolute terms. In addition, NextEra’s 2025 target includes only scope 1 emissions from its owned generation.9 The company lags behind its investor-owned peers such as Duke Energy10 and Dominion Energy,11 which have expanded their net zero goals to include certain scope 2 and 3 emissions including emissions from power purchased for resale and upstream sources of emissions from the production of fossil fuels such as methane emitted during the production, processing, and transportation of fossil gas. In order to achieve net zero emissions, NextEra appears reliant on the unproven potential of green hydrogen, or hydrogen produced from renewable energy, to replace an undisclosed amount of the fuel powering its combined-cycle gas turbines.12 13

 

Capital allocation and investment plans 

Firm plan to phase out coal by 2030
No investment in new gas generation X

 

Coal comprised only 2% of NextEra’s owned generation in 2020.14 As of 2021, NextEra has closed its coal-fired power plants in Florida, and has announced plans to close three of its four remaining coal units outside of Florida by January 2024.15 Fossil gas comprised 48% of NextEra’s owned generation in 2020, and the company continues to expand its gas generation infrastructure with more than 2,200 MW of new gas generation either planned or under construction in Florida. Specifically, NextEra brought four new combustion turbine units (961 MW) online at the Gulf Clean Energy Center in late 2021,16 and plans to modernize the Dania Beach Clean Energy Center with a new combined cycle unit (1,267 MW) in mid-2022.17

 

 

 

Policy influence 

Alignment of policy influence activities with net zero target and limiting warming to 1.5°C X

 

While InfluenceMap scored NextEra’s climate policy engagement in the “C” performance band, NextEra’s subsidiaries such as Florida Power & Light have recently advocated against clean energy and energy efficiency policies.18 NextEra meets some of the criteria for climate policy engagement, according to its Climate Action 100+ company assessment.19 For example, though NextEra discloses its trade association memberships, the company does not have any specific commitment to ensure that its trade associations’ climate policy advocacy is in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement.20 The company was the top funder of a dark money group and its efforts to ban a clean energy transmission project in Maine.21 Similarly, NextEra lobbyists led an effort to subvert a policy that lets Florida homeowners and businesses offset the cost of installing solar panels by selling power back to electricity providers in Florida, according to emails obtained from the Florida Senate.22

 

Conclusion: NextEra Energy, Inc. has failed to set net zero targets, make the near-term shifts in capital allocation and investment necessary to decarbonize in alignment with a 1.5°C pathway, and ensure alignment of policy influence activities. Therefore, we recommend that shareholders vote AGAINST Chair James L. Robo (Item 1i) and vote AGAINST Lead Director Sherry S. Barrat (Item 1a) at the company’s annual meeting on May 19, 2022.

 

 

 

Appendix A: Proxy Voting for a 1.5°C World

 

The world is currently on track to reach disastrous levels of warming, driving massive harm and threatening the lives and livelihoods of millions. Corporate leaders in the industries responsible for this crisis have failed to take up the leadership required to change course.

 

“Climate risk” is systemic, escalating and irreversible - and corporate boards urgently need to take responsibility for averting and mitigating this risk.

 

The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2018 made clear that in order to have at least a 50% chance of limiting warming to 1.5°C and avoiding the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis, we must bring global, economy-wide carbon emissions down to net zero by 2050 at the latest.23 According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in order to achieve net zero emissions globally by 2050, the electricity sector must reach net zero emissions in OECD countries no later than 2035 and there can be no investment in new fossil fuel production from today.24 The IPCC also recognizes that reducing rates of deforestation and forest degradation also represents one of the most effective and robust options for climate change mitigation.25

 

That means that corporate directors must ensure that companies set ambitious decarbonization targets in line with 1.5°C pathways, and align companies’ business plans, capital expenditures, and policy influence to those targets. Despite the escalating climate crisis, systemically important U.S. companies continue to invest in the expansion and continued use of fossil fuels, further accelerating global warming.26

 

The physical and financial risks posed by climate change to long-term investors are systemic, portfolio-wide, unhedgeable and undiversifiable. Therefore, the actions of companies that directly or indirectly impact climate outcomes pose risks to the financial system as a whole and to investors’ entire portfolios. In order to manage this systemic portfolio risk, investors must move beyond disclosure and company-specific climate risk management frameworks and focus on holding accountable the relatively small number of large companies whose actions are a significant driver of climate change.

 

When directors fail to transform corporate business practices in line with 1.5°C pathways, responsible investors must use their most powerful tool – their proxy voting power – to vote against directors.

 

Bold and unprecedented action by investors is a prerequisite to averting further global economic and financial catastrophe. While past shareholder efforts at standard setting, disclosure and engagement have laid important groundwork, company commitments won thus far have been far too incremental, far too hard fought, and collectively insufficient to the scale of the crisis.

 

 

 

Business-as-usual proxy voting will not suffice to address the seriousness of the crisis at hand. We urge investors to vote against directors at companies failing to implement plans consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5ºC.

 

Key Sectors Are Critical to Curbing the Climate Crisis

 

The electric power, finance, transportation, and oil and gas sectors are key drivers of the production and consumption of fossil fuels and must all make dramatic transformations to curb the worst of catastrophic climate change and protect long-term investors. Similarly, companies driving deforestation – including companies that source key deforestation-linked agricultural commodities, driving market demand for one of the greatest threats to the world’s forests – must adopt comprehensive climate policies and end deforestation.

 

Substantial votes against board members at these companies could help realign business and investment plans to the goals of the Paris Agreement, hold companies accountable for lobbying and policy influence practices that obstruct climate action, and align executive compensation to key decarbonization goals.

 

While each industry and company will need to chart its own path in pursuing decarbonization consistent with limiting warming to 1.5ºC, setting a target to reach net zero emissions by no later than 2050 is a critical first step. In the absence of such a target, investors can have no confidence that the company will be able to transform its business consistent with limiting warming to 1.5ºC.

 

Voting guide: Electric power generation

 

Electric power production is responsible for nearly one-third of energy-related carbon emissions27 in the United States. The largest publicly-traded electric utilities remain among the largest sources of carbon emissions in the U.S. economy,28 and their capital investments in fossil fuel-based electric power infrastructure have the potential to lock in greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. In addition to curbing a direct source of emissions, the decarbonization of electricity production also enables the decarbonization of other sectors such as transportation and buildings as those sectors electrify.

 

While power generation globally has made some progress29 towards decarbonization, falling emissions intensity of electricity production has yet to be matched by reductions in absolute emissions. Given the substantial increase in electricity production that will be required to decarbonize and electrify sectors such as transportation and buildings, reductions in the emissions intensity of electricity will not deliver the emissions reductions needed to limit warming to 1.5°C.

 

Target setting

 

According to the IPCC,30 decarbonization of the power sector globally by no later than 2050 is a robust feature of all modeled pathways aligned with limiting warming to 1.5°C. In 2021, the IEA released its Net-Zero by 205031 Scenario, which requires emissions from electricity production in OECD countries to reach zero by 2035. The Global Sector Strategy32 for investor coalition Climate Action 100+ reiterates that investors expect that emissions from electricity generation should reach net zero by 2040 globally and by 2035 in advanced economies.

 

 

 

While accelerated timelines for decarbonization of electric power are now well-accepted, the base level requirement for utilities and their boards is to make commitments to reduce their emissions to net zero no later than 2050. In assessing the credibility and robustness of net zero targets, investors should consider whether a target includes all relevant Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions company-wide. For utilities, this includes emissions not only from electricity directly generated by assets they own, but also emissions from purchased and resold power, and for combined gas-electric utilities, emissions from customer use of fossil gas. Investors should also take into account whether the utility has plans to eliminate the upstream methane emissions from gas used in power production or by its customers.

 

In addition to the base level requirement, in order to be aligned with the IEA’s Net-Zero by 2050 Scenario, interim targets and milestones are necessary. Such interim targets and milestones should prioritize accelerated emissions reduction between now and 2030 rather than delaying the hard task of emissions reduction until after that date. This is underscored by the IEA’s report on Achieving Net-Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members, which requires emissions reductions of 76% or higher to be achieved by 2030 in G7 countries from 2019 levels under its Net-Zero by 2050 scenario,33 with average reductions in the order of 6% per year between now and 2035.34

 

Finally, robust net zero targets should not rely on substantial use of offsets, negative emissions, or technologies that are not yet developed or commercialized to avoid having to make short-term greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Any use of such offsets or negative emissions should be clearly disclosed to allow investors to assess the quality and credibility of utilities’ plans. The Science Based Targets Initiative currently only allows for small amounts of emissions after net zero to be mitigated with carbon removal;35 any other investment into mitigation is encouraged but not a substitute for lowering a company’s own emissions.

 

Key Data Sources:

 

Climate Action 100+, Disclosure Indicators 1-436

Science-Based Targets Initiative,37 Companies list38 and Sector Guidance39

CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project),40 search company survey responses

 

Capital Allocation

 

Investors must have confidence that utilities are making the near-term shifts in capital allocation and investment necessary to decarbonize in alignment with a 1.5°C future. According41 to multiple42 studies,43 U.S. power producers must phase out the use of coal generation by 2030 in order to stay on track to limit warming to 1.5°C. The IEA’s Net Zero by 2050 Scenario44 indicates all unabated coal generation must be phased out completely by 2030 in OECD countries.

 

Further research indicates that the cost to operate 74% of existing coal generation capacity exceeds the cost to replace it with wind and solar generation. By 2025, 86% of the coal generation capacity will be cheaper to replace45 with renewables. For regulated utilities,46 these additional costs will be borne by shareholders if utilities are unable to convince regulators to pass on those costs to consumers, creating substantial stranded asset risk for investors.

 

 

 

One study by researchers at UC Berkeley found that the U.S. electricity grid could reach 90% clean energy nationally47 with no need for any additional fossil gas generation plants by 2035. According to Deloitte, existing gas generation capacity “accounts for most of the undepreciated value of US fossil fuel capacity,”48 making it the largest source of potential stranded asset risk to utilities and their investors. Any future for gas generation beyond 205049 will only be possible with carbon capture, utilization and storage, a technology that does not fully abate emissions, does not account for upstream methane emissions, and is currently cost-prohibitive. In addition, increasing prices and volatility50 in the global gas market make investments in more gas generation a potentially risky long-term bet. In assessing the alignment of capital allocation plans with limiting warming to 1.5°C, investors should consider whether utilities are planning for no investment in new gas generation.

 

Key Data Sources:

 

Climate Action 100+, Disclosure Indicator 651

Carbon Tracker,52 Company Profiles: Utilities53

Sierra Club, Dirty Truth report54 and Data Dashboard55

 

Policy Influence

 

Utilities must fully align their policy influence activities, including political spending and lobbying activities, with the policy settings required to accelerate sector-wide emissions reduction on a timeline necessary to limit warming to 1.5°C. Utilities must provide full disclosure of all political and lobbying spending to allow investors to assess this alignment. Finally, utilities must ensure the alignment of the policy influence activities of any trade associations or similar entities of which they are members or to which they contribute, or cease membership of such organizations. With efforts under way at the federal level in the U.S.56 to provide additional policy support to electric power decarbonization, utilities must not be engaged in efforts to delay or hinder those policy advances.

 

Key Data Sources:

 

Climate Action 100+, Disclosure Indicator 757

Influence Map,58 List of companies and influencers59

Energy and Policy Institute60

 

Summary Table

 

TARGET SETTING 1.1 Net zero commitment by no later than 2050 for power production
1.2 Net zero commitment clearly includes all relevant emissions sources and has limited use of offsets, negative emissions, or unproven or uncommercialized technologies, including carbon capture and storage

 

 

 

  1.3 Robust interim targets of at least 80% by 2030 or at least 6% per year on a straight-line basis between 2019-2030 (on track to reach zero by 2035)
CAPITAL ALLOCATION 2.1 Firm plan to phase out coal by 2030
2.2 Limited investment in new gas generation planned
POLICY INFLUENCE 3.1 Alignment of policy influence activities with net zero target and limiting warming to 1.5°C

 

 

1 MJBradley, “Emissions Data Charts”, https://www.mjbradley.com/content/emissions-benchmarking-emissions-charts accessed Apr 27, 2022

2 MJBradley, “Generation Data Charts,” https://www.mjbradley.com/content/emissions-benchmarking-generation-charts accessed Apr 27, 2022

3 Climate Action 100+, “Companies”, https://www.climateaction100.org/whos-involved/companies/

4 U.S. Energy Information Agency, “(FAQs) What are U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by source and sector?” https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=75&t=11, accessed Mar 23, 2022

5 MJBradley, Benchmarking Air Emissions, July 2020, https://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Presentation_of_Results_2020.pdf, p. 3 and p. 7.

6 Climate Action 100+, “Company Assessment: NextEra Energy, Inc.”, accessed Apr 27, 2022, https://www.climateaction100.org/company/nextera-energy-inc/#skeletabsPanel3 Note: MJBradley’s Benchmarking Air Emissions site ranked Exelon’s CO2 emissions 27th among U.S investor owned utilities in 2019

7 Pomerantz and Kasper, “Many U.S. electric utilities plan slow decarbonization over next decade, out of sync with Biden plan”, Energy and Policy Institute, https://www.energyandpolicy.org/utilities-carbon-goal-biden-climate-plan/ see Utility Emissions, Feb 2022: Decarbonization Pace Data table

8 NextEra Energy, Environmental, Social and Governance 2021 Report, https://www.nexteraenergy.com/content/dam/nee/us/en/pdf/2021_NEE_ESG_Report_Final.pdf p. 18

9 CDP, Climate Change Report: NextEra, 2021, https://www.investor.nexteraenergy.com/~/media/Files/N/NEE-IR/Sustainability/NextEra%20Energy%202021%20CDP%20Response.pdf p. 18

10 Duke Energy, Duke Energy expands clean energy action plan, https://news.duke-energy.com/releases/duke-energy-expands-clean-energy-action-plan, accessed Mar 1, 2022

11 Dominion Energy, Dominion Energy Broadens Net Zero Commitments, https://news.dominionenergy.com/2022-02-11-Dominion-Energy-Broadens-Net-Zero-Commitments, accessed Mar 1, 2022

12 NextEra Energy, Environmental, Social and Governance 2021 Report, https://www.investor.nexteraenergy.com/~/media/Files/N/NEE-IR/Sustainability/2021_NEE_ESG_Report_vF.pdf p. 3

13 Note: Green hydrogen was very recently described as “still quite early stage,” by Kyle Mangini, global head of infrastructure at IFM Investors https://www.ft.com/content/6bdfba87-2ea2-4e47-abdf-ed853a22c15d

14 NextEra Energy, Environmental, Social and Governance 2021 Report, https://www.investor.nexteraenergy.com/~/media/Files/N/NEE-IR/Sustainability/2021_NEE_ESG_Report_vF.pdf p. 9

15 NextEra Energy, Environmental, Social and Governance 2021 Report, https://www.investor.nexteraenergy.com/~/media/Files/N/NEE-IR/Sustainability/2021_NEE_ESG_Report_vF.pdf p. 21

16 Florida Power & Light Company, Ten Year Power Plant Site Plan: 2022 - 2031, April 2022, http://www.psc.state.fl.us/Files/PDF/Utilities/Electricgas/TenYearSitePlans/2022/Florida%20Power%20and%20Light%20Company.pdf p. 101

 

 

 

 

17 Florida Power & Light Company, Ten Year Power Plant Site Plan: 2022 - 2031, April 2022, http://www.psc.state.fl.us/Files/PDF/Utilities/Electricgas/TenYearSitePlans/2022/Florida%20Power%20and%20Light%20Company.pdf p. 96

18 InfluenceMap, LobbyMap: NextEra Energy, accessed Apr 27, 2022, https://lobbymap.org/company/NextEra-Energy/projectlink/NextEra-Energy-In-Climate-Change

19 CA100+, Company Assessment: NextEra Energy, accessed Apr 27, 2022, https://www.climateaction100.org/company/nextera-energy-inc/

20 CA100+, Company Assessment: NextEra Energy, accessed Apr 27, 2022, https://www.climateaction100.org/company/nextera-energy-inc/

21 Schafer & Anderson, “NextEra spent $20 million to ban clean energy transmission project in Maine”, Energy and Policy Institute, Nov 3, 2021, https://www.energyandpolicy.org/nextera-spent-20-million-to-ban-clean-energy-transmission-project-in-maine/

22 Klas & Ariza, “Revealed: the Florida power company pushing legislation to slow rooftop solar”, The Guardian, Dec 20, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/20/revealed-the-florida-power-company-pushing-legislation-to-slow-rooftop-solar

23 IPCC, Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C., 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf, pp. v, 5, 7-10, 95-97 and 116

24 International Energy Agency (IEA), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, May 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050, Slide 8.

25 IPCC. Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Summary for Policy Makers,January, 2020, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SPM_Updated-Jan20.pdf, pp 23-24 and 26.

26 Climate Action 100+: Net-Zero Company Benchmark Company Assessments https://www.climateaction100.org/progress/net-zero-company-benchmark/

27 U.S. Energy Information Agency, “FAQs: What are U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by source and sector?,” https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=75&t=11

28 MJBradley & Associates, Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States, https://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Presentation_of_Results_2020.pdf p. 9

29 IIGCC as part of Climate Action 100+, GLOBAL SECTOR STRATEGIES: INVESTOR INTERVENTIONS TO ACCELERATE NET ZERO ELECTRIC UTILITIES, Oct 2021, https://www.climateaction100.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Sector-Strategy-Electric-Utilities-IIGCC-Oct-21.pdf p. 26

30 IPCC, Special Report: GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 º Summary for Policy Makers, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/ p. C1

31 International Energy Agency, Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector,

https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf p. 20

32 IIGCC as part of Climate Action 100+, GLOBAL SECTOR STRATEGIES: INVESTOR INTERVENTIONS TO ACCELERATE NET ZERO ELECTRIC UTILITIES, Oct 2021, https://www.climateaction100.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Sector-Strategy-Electric-Utilities-IIGCC-Oct-21.pdf p. 10

33 IEA, Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members,

https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9a1c057a-385a-4659-80c5-3ff40f217370/AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members.pdf p. 92

34 IEA, Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9a1c057a-385a-4659-80c5-3ff40f217370/AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members.pdf p. 38

35 Science Based Targets, “Science-Based Net-Zero Targets: ‘Less Net, more Zero’,” https://sciencebasedtargets.org/blog/science-based-net-zero-targets-less-net-more-zero

36 Climate Action 100+, “Companies,” https://www.climateaction100.org/whos-involved/companies/

37 Science Based Targets, SETTING 1.5°C-ALIGNED SCIENCE-BASED TARGETS: QUICK START GUIDE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES, June 2020, https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/legacy/2020/06/SBTi-Power-Sector-15C-guide-FINAL.pdf

38 Science Based Targets, “Companies Taking Action” https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action

39 Science Based Targets, “Sector Guidance” https://sciencebasedtargets.org/sectors

40 CDP, https://www.cdp.net/en

 

 

 

 

41 James H. Williams et al., “Carbon-Neutral Pathways for the United States,” Advancing Earth and Space Science, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020AV000284, 2021, p. 20

42 Eric Larson et al., “Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts,” Princeton University, October 21, 2021, https://www.dropbox.com/s/ptp92f65lgds5n2/Princeton%20NZA%20FINAL%20REPORT%20%2829Oct2021%29.pdf?dl=0 p. 29

43 Climate Analytics, Global and regional coal phase-out requirements of the Paris Agreement: Insights from the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C, Sep 2019 https://climateanalytics.org/media/report_coal_phase_out_2019.pdf at “key messages”,

44 IEA, Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, October 2021,

https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf p. 20

45 ERIC GIMON et al., “THE COAL COST CROSSOVER: ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF EXISTING COAL COMPARED TO NEW LOCAL WIND AND SOLAR RESOURCES,” Energy Innovation, Mar 2019, https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Coal-Cost-Crossover_Energy-Innovation_VCE_FINAL.pdf p. 1

46 ERIC GIMON et al., “THE COAL COST CROSSOVER: ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF EXISTING COAL COMPARED TO NEW LOCAL WIND AND SOLAR RESOURCES,” Energy Innovation, Mar 2019, https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Coal-Cost-Crossover_Energy-Innovation_VCE_FINAL2.pdf p. 11

47 Goldman School of Public Policy, “2035 THE REPORT: PLUMMETING SOLAR, WIND, AND BATTERY COSTS CAN ACCELERATE OUR CLEAN ELECTRICITY FUTURE,” University of California Berkeley, June 2020, http://www.2035report.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2035-Report.pdf?hsCtaTracking=8a85e9ea-4ed3-4ec0-b4c6-906934306ddb%7Cc68c2ac2-1db0-4d1c-82a1-65ef4daaf6c1 p. 25

48 Stanley Porter et al., “Utility decarbonization strategies: Renew, reshape, and refuel to zero,” Deloitte, Sep 21, 2020, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/power-and-utilities/utility-decarbonization-strategies.html

49 Stanley Porter et al., “Utility decarbonization strategies: Renew, reshape, and refuel to zero,” Deloitte, Sep 21, 2020, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/power-and-utilities/utility-decarbonization-strategies.html

50 ANNE-SOPHIE CORBEAU, “The Global Energy Crisis: Implications of Record High Natural Gas Prices,” Columbia SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy, Oct 20, 2021, https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/commentary/global-energy-crisis-implications-record-high-natural-gas-prices

51 Climate Action 100+, Companies, https://www.climateaction100.org/whos-involved/companies/

52 Carbon Tracker Initiative, https://carbontracker.org/

53 Carbon Tracker Initiative, “Company profiles,” https://carbontracker.org/company-profiles/

54 Sierra Club, The Dirty Truth About Utility Climate Pledges, https://coal.sierraclub.org/the-problem/dirty-truth-greenwashing-utilities

55 John Romankiewicz, Utility Dashboard, https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/john.romankiewicz/viz/Utilitydashboard/Story1

56 Yvonne McIntyre & Derek Murrow, “House Proposes Strong Clean Electricity Performance Program,” NRDC, Sep 14, 2021, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/yvonne-mcintyre/house-proposes-strong-clean-electricity-performance-program

57 Climate Action 100+, “Companies,” https://www.climateaction100.org/whos-involved/companies/

58 InfluenceMap, https://influencemap.org/index.html

59 LobbyMap, “Company Profiles,” https://lobbymap.org/filter/List-of-Companies-and-Influencers#1

60 Energy and Policy Institute, https://www.energyandpolicy.org/