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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.  20549
 FORM 10-Q 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                    to
Commission File Number:  1-768
CATERPILLAR INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
37-0602744
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
510 Lake Cook Road,Suite 100,Deerfield, Illinois60015
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (224) 551-4000 
Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol (s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)CATNew York Stock Exchange ¹
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023CAT23New York Stock Exchange
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035CAT35New York Stock Exchange
¹    In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes     No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes   No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes   No

At June 30, 2021, 547,471,467 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.


Table of Contents
Table of Contents
 
 
   
 
Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities     *
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures*
Item 5.
 
* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

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Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  Financial Statements
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Three Months Ended June 30
 20212020
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$12,193 $9,310 
Revenues of Financial Products696 687 
Total sales and revenues12,889 9,997 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold8,881 7,113 
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,364 1,179 
Research and development expenses446 341 
Interest expense of Financial Products116 149 
Other operating (income) expenses293 431 
Total operating costs11,100 9,213 
Operating profit1,789 784 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products120 135 
Other income (expense)201 29 
Consolidated profit before taxes1,870 678 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes470 227 
Profit of consolidated companies1,400 451 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies14 8 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies1,414 459 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests1 1 
Profit 1
$1,413 $458 
Profit per common share$2.58 $0.84 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$2.56 $0.84 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)  
– Basic547.9 541.5 
– Diluted 2
552.1 544.5 
 
1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Three Months Ended June 30
 20212020
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$1,414 $459 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:99 175 
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(7)(5)
Derivative financial instruments:43 (12)
Available-for-sale securities:1 39 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax136 197 
Comprehensive income1,550 656 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests1 1 
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$1,549 $655 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20212020
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$23,384 $19,224 
Revenues of Financial Products1,392 1,408 
Total sales and revenues24,776 20,632 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold16,893 14,379 
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,603 2,300 
Research and development expenses820 697 
Interest expense of Financial Products241 324 
Other operating (income) expenses616 744 
Total operating costs21,173 18,444 
Operating profit3,603 2,188 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products262 248 
Other income (expense)526 251 
Consolidated profit before taxes3,867 2,191 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes945 652 
Profit of consolidated companies2,922 1,539 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies23 13 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,945 1,552 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests2 2 
Profit 1
$2,943 $1,550 
Profit per common share$5.38 $2.85 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$5.33 $2.83 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions) 
– Basic547.1 544.5 
– Diluted 2
551.8 548.2 

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20212020
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$2,945 $1,552 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:(248)(185)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(15)(12)
Derivative financial instruments:12 (72)
Available-for-sale securities:(15)21 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(266)(248)
Comprehensive income2,679 1,304 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests2 2 
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$2,677 $1,302 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 June 30,
2021
December 31,
2020
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash and short-term investments$10,831 $9,352 
Receivables – trade and other7,840 7,317 
Receivables – finance9,523 9,463 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,080 1,930 
Inventories12,672 11,402 
Total current assets42,946 39,464 
Property, plant and equipment – net12,014 12,401 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,206 1,185 
Long-term receivables – finance12,590 12,222 
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes1,455 1,523 
Intangible assets1,176 1,308 
Goodwill6,372 6,394 
Other assets3,938 3,827 
Total assets$81,697 $78,324 
Liabilities  
Current liabilities:  
Short-term borrowings:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$4 $10 
Financial Products3,421 2,005 
Accounts payable6,921 6,128 
Accrued expenses3,556 3,642 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits1,759 1,096 
Customer advances1,157 1,108 
Dividends payable608 562 
Other current liabilities2,126 2,017 
Long-term debt due within one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation50 1,420 
Financial Products7,906 7,729 
Total current liabilities27,508 25,717 
Long-term debt due after one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation9,752 9,749 
Financial Products16,452 16,250 
Liability for postemployment benefits6,581 6,872 
Other liabilities4,524 4,358 
Total liabilities64,817 62,946 
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity  
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
  
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000
Issued shares: (6/30/21 and 12/31/20 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount
6,293 6,230 
Treasury stock (6/30/21 – 267,423,157 shares; 12/31/20 – 269,590,777 shares) at cost
(25,240)(25,178)
Profit employed in the business36,934 35,167 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,154)(888)
Noncontrolling interests47 47 
Total shareholders’ equity16,880 15,378 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$81,697 $78,324 
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock
Treasury
stock
Profit
employed
in the
business
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Noncontrolling
interests
Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020      
Balance at March 31, 2020$6,046 $(25,341)$35,504 $(2,012)$42 $14,239 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies  458  1 459 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax   175  175 
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax   (5) (5)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax   (12) (12)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax   39  39 
Dividends declared 1
  (1,121)  (1,121)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888
(4)17    13 
Stock-based compensation expense67     67 
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 2
 (87)   (87)
Other11 (1)   10 
Balance at June 30, 2020$6,120 $(25,412)$34,841 $(1,815)$43 $13,777 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021      
Balance at March 31, 2021$6,215 $(25,049)$36,697 $(1,290)$44 $16,617 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies  1,413  1 1,414 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax   99  99 
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax   (7) (7)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax   43  43 
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax   1  1 
Dividends declared 1
  (1,176)  (1,176)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 869,892
(2)60    58 
Stock-based compensation expense69     69 
Common shares repurchased: 1,161,9552
 (251)   (251)
Other11    2 13 
Balance at June 30, 2021$6,293 $(25,240)$36,934 $(1,154)$47 $16,880 

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
2 See Note 12 for additional information.
  

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock
Treasury
stock
Profit
employed
in the
business
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Noncontrolling
interests
Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020      
Balance at December 31, 2019$5,935 $(24,217)$34,437 $(1,567)$41 $14,629 
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance
Credit losses  (25)  (25)
Balance at January 1, 20205,935 (24,217)34,412 (1,567)41 14,604 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies  1,550  2 1,552 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax   (185) (185)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax   (12) (12)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax   (72) (72)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax   21  21 
Dividends declared 1
  (1,121)  (1,121)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,519,971
(66)56    (10)
Stock-based compensation expense114     114 
Common shares repurchased: 10,096,006 2
 (1,250)   (1,250)
Other137 (1)   136 
Balance at June 30, 2020$6,120 $(25,412)$34,841 $(1,815)$43 $13,777 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021      
Balance at December 31, 2020$6,230 $(25,178)$35,167 $(888)$47 $15,378 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies  2,943  2 2,945 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax   (248) (248)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax   (15) (15)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax   12  12 
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax   (15) (15)
Dividends declared 1
  (1,176)  (1,176)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests    (2)(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 3,329,575
(65)188    123 
Stock-based compensation expense111     111 
Common shares repurchased: 1,161,955 2
 (251)   (251)
Other17 1    18 
Balance at June 30, 2021$6,293 $(25,240)$36,934 $(1,154)$47 $16,880 

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
2 See Note 12 for additional information.


See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20212020
Cash flow from operating activities:  
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$2,945 $1,552 
Adjustments for non-cash items:  
Depreciation and amortization1,173 1,222 
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations (132)
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes68 (32)
Other(20)674 
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:  
Receivables – trade and other(343)1,176 
Inventories(1,179)(145)
Accounts payable893 (655)
Accrued expenses22 (253)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits618 (648)
Customer advances49 (2)
Other assets – net(47)(7)
Other liabilities – net(133)(229)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities4,046 2,521 
Cash flow from investing activities:  
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(419)(472)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(681)(526)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment636 382 
Additions to finance receivables(6,203)(6,712)
Collections of finance receivables5,580 6,801 
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables27 31 
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(398)(49)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)28 13 
Proceeds from sale of securities276 151 
Investments in securities(500)(369)
Other – net(63)7 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,717)(743)
Cash flow from financing activities:  
Dividends paid(1,126)(1,125)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued123 (10)
Common shares repurchased(251)(1,130)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Machinery, Energy & Transportation494 1,991 
        Financial Products4,412 4,168 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Machinery, Energy & Transportation(1,902)(12)
        Financial Products(4,064)(4,617)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)1,460 (477)
Other – net(2)(1)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(856)(1,213)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash3 (66)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash1,476 499 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period9,366 8,292 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period$10,842 $8,791 

 All short-term investments, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, are considered to be cash equivalents.
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
 
1.     A.  Nature of operations
 
Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation
 
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2020 Form 10-K).
 
The December 31, 2020 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2020 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks were evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Reference rate reform (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04) – In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued accounting guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur between March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, we elected to adopt optional expedients impacting our derivative instruments. We continue to evaluate the impact of reference rate reform on our other contracts and assess the impacts of adopting this guidance on our financial statements.

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We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2021, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:
ASUDescription
2020-01Investments - Equity securities, equity method and joint ventures and derivatives and hedging
2020-08Codification improvements – Receivables - Nonrefundable fees and other costs
2021-01Reference rate reform - Scope

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3.     Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products. In addition, Cat Financial provides wholesale inventory financing for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We include wholesale inventory receivables in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $6,673 million, $6,310 million and $7,648 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $654 million, $657 million and $693 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $1,576 million, $1,526 million and $1,654 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized $241 million and $674 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2021. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized $331 million and $699 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2020.

As of June 30, 2021, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $5.8 billion, with about one-third of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2021. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

4.                                     Stock-based compensation
 
Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $69 million and $111 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $67 million and $114 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

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The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

 Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
 Shares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock PriceShares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options1,084,821 $56.30 $219.76 1,913,888 $25.98 $127.60 
RSUs448,311 $219.76 $219.76 705,287 $127.60 $127.60 
PRSUs266,894 $219.76 $219.76 371,641 $127.60 $127.60 
 
The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:
 
 Grant Year
 20212020
Weighted-average dividend yield2.60%2.47%
Weighted-average volatility32.9%25.7%
Range of volatilities
29.2% - 45.8%
24.5% - 29.7%
Range of risk-free interest rates
0.06% - 1.41%
1.21% - 1.39%
Weighted-average expected lives8 years8 years
 
As of June 30, 2021, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $235 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.
 
5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management
 
Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.
 
We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.
 
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

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We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 
Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.
 
Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of June 30, 2021, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 60 months.
 
We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian Krona, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  
 
In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.
 
Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.
 
Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.
 
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We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.
 
Commodity Price Risk
 
Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.
 
Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.
 
Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:
 
 (Millions of dollars)
Consolidated Statement of FinancialAsset (Liability) Fair Value
 Position LocationJune 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Designated derivatives   
Foreign exchange contracts   
Machinery, Energy & TransportationReceivables – trade and other$59 $74 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationLong-term receivables – trade and other64 71 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationAccrued expenses(23)(36)
Machinery, Energy & TransportationOther liabilities (1)
Financial ProductsReceivables – trade and other 1 
Financial ProductsLong-term receivables – trade and other49 1 
Financial ProductsAccrued expenses(54)(148)
Interest rate contracts 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationLong-term receivables – trade and other 4 
Financial ProductsReceivables – trade and other 2 
Financial ProductsLong-term receivables – trade and other38 57 
Financial ProductsAccrued expenses(8)(5)
  $125 $20 
Undesignated derivatives   
Foreign exchange contracts   
Machinery, Energy & TransportationReceivables – trade and other$12 $10 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationAccrued expenses(5)(1)
Financial ProductsReceivables – trade and other43 17 
Financial ProductsLong-term receivables – trade and other6 7 
Financial ProductsAccrued expenses(18)(107)
Commodity contracts  
Machinery, Energy & TransportationReceivables – trade and other56 35 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationLong-term receivables – trade and other3 2 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationAccrued expenses(1) 
  $96 $(37)







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The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$3,859 $3,553 
Financial Products$10,575 $11,260 

The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows:
Cash Flow Hedges    
 Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
  Recognized in Earnings
 (Millions of dollars)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized
in AOCI
Classification of
Gains (Losses)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified
from AOCI
Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$54 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$(10)$12,193 
Cost of goods sold10 8,881 
Financial Products(38)Interest expense of Financial Products 116 
Other income (expense)(32)201 
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Interest expense excluding Financial Products(1)120 
Financial Products1 Interest expense of Financial Products(6)116 
 $17  $(39)
 Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
  Recognized in Earnings
 Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized
in AOCI
Classification of
Gains (Losses)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified
from AOCI
Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$(34)Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$11 $9,310 
Cost of goods sold(32)7,113 
Financial Products(35)Interest expense of Financial Products9 149 
Other income (expense)(43)29 
Interest rate contracts  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation(12)Interest expense excluding Financial Products(1)135 
Financial Products(9)Interest expense of Financial Products(19)149 
 $(90)$(75)
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Cash Flow Hedges    
 Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
  Recognized in Earnings
 (Millions of dollars)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized
in AOCI
Classification of
Gains (Losses)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified
from AOCI
Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$7 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$(23)$23,384 
Cost of goods sold38 16,893 
Financial Products81 Interest expense of Financial Products2 241 
Other income (expense)80 526 
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation7 Interest expense excluding Financial Products(2)262 
Financial Products1 Interest expense of Financial Products(16)241 
 $96  $79 
 Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
  Recognized in Earnings
 Amount of Gains
(Losses) Recognized
in AOCI
Classification of
Gains (Losses)
Amount of Gains
(Losses) Reclassified
from AOCI
Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$(124)Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$16 $19,224 
Cost of goods sold(43)14,379 
Financial Products66 Interest expense of Financial Products20 324 
 Other income (expense)28 251 
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation(16)Interest expense excluding Financial Products(2)248 
Financial Products(24)Interest expense of Financial Products(24)324 
 $(98)$(5)
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The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows: 
 (Millions of dollars)
Classification of Gains (Losses)Three Months Ended June 30, 2021Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts  
Machinery, Energy & TransportationOther income (expense)$11 $16 
Financial ProductsOther income (expense)(58)(23)
Commodity contracts  
Machinery, Energy & TransportationOther income (expense)45 15 
  $(2)$8 
 Classification of Gains (Losses)Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts  
Machinery, Energy & TransportationOther income (expense)$3 $13 
Financial ProductsOther income (expense)28 85 
Commodity contracts 
Machinery, Energy & TransportationOther income (expense)65 (31)
  $96 $67 
 
We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

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The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:
June 30, 2021Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)Gross Amount of Recognized AssetsGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral ReceivedNet Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
$194 $ $194 $(29)$ $165 
Financial Products136  136 (55) 81 
 Total$330 $ $330 $(84)$ $246 
June 30, 2021Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)Gross Amount of Recognized LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral PledgedNet Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
$(29)$ $(29)$29 $ $ 
Financial Products(80) (80)55  (25)
 Total$(109)$ $(109)$84 $ $(25)
December 31, 2020Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)Gross Amount of Recognized AssetsGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral ReceivedNet Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
$196 $ $196 $(38)$ $158 
Financial Products85  85 (57) 28 
 Total$281 $ $281 $(95)$ $186 
December 31, 2020Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)Gross Amount of Recognized LiabilitiesGross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial PositionNet Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial PositionFinancial InstrumentsCash Collateral PledgedNet Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
$(38)$ $(38)$38 $ $ 
Financial Products(260) (260)57  (203)
 Total$(298)$ $(298)$95 $ $(203)

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6.                                     Inventories
 
Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:
 
(Millions of dollars)June 30,
2021
December 31,
2020
Raw materials$4,598 $4,021 
Work-in-process1,389 1,052 
Finished goods6,405 6,054 
Supplies280 275 
Total inventories$12,672 $11,402 
    

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill
 
A.  Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets were comprised of the following:
 
  June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Customer relationships15$2,457 $(1,655)$802 
Intellectual property121,447 (1,129)318 
Other14165 (109)56 
Total finite-lived intangible assets14$4,069 $(2,893)$1,176 

  December 31, 2020
Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Customer relationships15$2,493 $(1,600)$893 
Intellectual property121,439 (1,073)366 
Other14164 (115)49 
Total finite-lived intangible assets14$4,096 $(2,788)$1,308 

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $76 million and $153 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $78 million and $158 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 20212022202320242025Thereafter
$149$284$226$167$157$193
 
B.  Goodwill
 
No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020.


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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)December 31,
2020
Acquisitions 1
Other Adjustments 2
June 30,
2021
Construction Industries
Goodwill$320 $— $(14)$306 
Impairments(22)— — (22)
Net goodwill298 — (14)284 
Resource Industries
Goodwill4,253 — (32)4,221 
Impairments(1,175)— — (1,175)
Net goodwill3,078 — (32)3,046 
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill2,959 43 (15)2,987 
All Other 3
Goodwill59 — (4)55 
Consolidated total
Goodwill7,591 43 (65)7,569 
Impairments(1,197)— — (1,197)
Net goodwill$6,394 $43 $(65)$6,372 


1 See Note 21 for additional details.
2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.
3 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities
 
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities as available-for-sale, and we include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of these debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:
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 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Government debt      
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $ $10 $10 $ $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds57 1 58 58 1 59 
Corporate bonds      
Corporate bonds991 37 1,028 962 50 1,012 
Asset-backed securities150 2 152 156 3 159 
Mortgage-backed debt securities  
U.S. governmental agency346 9 355 362 12 374 
Residential5  5 5  5 
Commercial80 3 83 60 4 64 
Total debt securities$1,639 $52 $1,691 $1,613 $70 $1,683 
Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position:
 June 30, 2021
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Corporate bonds      
Corporate bonds$118 $1 $5 $ $123 $1 
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency89 1 2  91 1 
Total$207 $2 $7 $ $214 $2 
 December 31, 2020
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Corporate bonds      
Corporate bonds$13 $ $4 $ $17 $ 
Mortgage-backed debt securities      
U.S. governmental agency2  5  7  
Total$15 $ $9 $ $24 $ 
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
Corporate Bonds The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

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The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        
June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)Cost BasisFair Value
Due in one year or less$146 $148 
Due after one year through five years725 753 
Due after five years through ten years284 292 
Due after ten years53 55 
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities346 355 
Residential mortgage-backed securities5 5 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities80 83 
Total debt securities – available-for-sale$1,639 $1,691 
  
Sales of available-for-sale securities:  
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities$125 $66 $225 $124 
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities2 1 2 1 
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities 1  1 
For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $21 million and $26 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $38 million and $(14) million, respectively.
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9.                                     Postretirement benefits
 
A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    
U.S. Pension
Benefits
Non-U.S. Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
(Millions of dollars)

June 30June 30June 30
 202120202021202020212020
For the three months ended:      
Components of net periodic benefit cost:      
Service cost$ $ $15 $14 $25 $24 
Interest cost83 121 13 21 16 27 
Expected return on plan assets (179)(198)(33)(38)(1)(3)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)    (10)(10)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1
 2  120   
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1
   21   
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2
$(96)$(75)$(5)$138 $30 $38 
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost$ $ $29 $28 $50 $47 
Interest cost165 242 27 40 32 53 
Expected return on plan assets (358)(396)(65)(73)(3)(6)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)    (20)(19)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1
 2  (134)  
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1
   21   
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2
$(193)$(152)$(9)$(118)$59 $75 
1    Total lump-sum transfers out of certain pension plans exceeded the service and interest cost for 2020, which required us to follow settlement accounting and remeasure the plans' obligations as of March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020.
2    The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $54 million and $160 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2021 contributions of approximately $310 million.
 
B.  Defined contribution benefit costs
 
Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
 
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
U.S. Plans$115 $126 $240 $145 
Non-U.S. Plans28 20 54 43 
 $143 $146 $294 $188 

The increase in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.
 
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10.       Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2021202020212020
Finance lease revenue$124 $119 $249 $244 
Operating lease revenue281 285 575 588 
Total$405 $404 $824 $832 
We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty
 
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap.
 
Supplier consortium performance guarantee
We have provided a guarantee to a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries is a member. The guarantee covers potential damages incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium's non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortium to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee will expire when the supplier consortium performs all of its contractual obligations, which is expected to be completed in 2022.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the related recorded liability was $5 million. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)June 30,
2021
December 31,
2020
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees$955 $993 
Supplier consortium performance guarantee261 258 
Other guarantees226 234 
Total guarantees$1,442 $1,485 
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Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program.  Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity.  Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the SPC’s assets of $966 million and $1,026 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $965 million and $1,025 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  
First Six Months
(Millions of dollars)20212020
Warranty liability, beginning of period$1,612 $1,541 
Reduction in liability (payments)(442)(436)
Increase in liability (new warranties) 515 428 
Warranty liability, end of period$1,685 $1,533 
  

12.                               Profit per share
 
Computations of profit per share:Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)2021202020212020
Profit for the period (A) 1
$1,413 $458 $2,943 $1,550 
Determination of shares (in millions): 
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)547.9541.5547.1 544.5 
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price4.23.04.73.7
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2
552.1544.5551.8 548.2 
Profit per share of common stock:  
Assuming no dilution (A/B)$2.58 $0.84 $5.38 $2.85 
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2
$2.56 $0.84 $5.33 $2.83 
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)547.5 541.5 
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we excluded 1.1 million and 4.9 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. As of June 30, 2021, approximately $4.5 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, at an aggregate cost of $251 million. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we repurchased 0.8 million and 10.1 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $87 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.


13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

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Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance(1,257)(1,847)(910)(1,487)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation92 168 (231)(206)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(7)(9)17 1 
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation99 177 (248)(207)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings (2) 22 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)    
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings (2) 22 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax99 175 (248)(185)
Ending balance$(1,158)$(1,672)$(1,158)$(1,672)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance(40)(10)(32)(3)
Current year prior service credit (cost) 2  2 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)    
Net current year prior service credit (cost) 2  2 
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost(10)(10)(20)(19)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(3)(3)(5)(5)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost(7)(7)(15)(14)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(7)(5)(15)(12)
Ending balance$(47)$(15)$(47)$(15)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance(31)(157) (97)
Gains (losses) deferred17 (90)96 (98)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)3 (20)19 (23)
Net gains (losses) deferred14 (70)77 (75)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings39 75 (79)5 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)10 17 (14)2 
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings29 58 (65)3 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax43 (12)12 (72)
Ending balance$12 $(169)$12 $(169)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance38 2 54 20 
Gains (losses) deferred3 52 (18)30 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)1 13 (4)9 
Net gains (losses) deferred2 39 (14)21 
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings(2) (2) 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(1) (1) 
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings(1) (1) 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax1 39 (15)21 
Ending balance$39 $41 $39 $41 
Total AOCI Ending Balance at June 30
$(1,154)$(1,815)$(1,154)$(1,815)


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14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 27, 2020, the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (“IBAMA”) issued Caterpillar Brasil Ltda a notice of violation regarding allegations around the requirements for use of imported oils at the Piracicaba, Brazil facility. We have instituted processes to address the allegations. While we are still discussing resolution of these allegations with IBAMA, the initial notice from IBAMA included a proposed fine of approximately $300,000. We do not expect this fine or our response to address the allegations to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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15.                              Income taxes
 
The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was primarily related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.

In addition, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $22 million tax charge was also recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to the $132 million of remeasurement net gain resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.

On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent’s Report from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), based on the IRS examination team’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant change to our unrecognized tax benefits for this position within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

16.                              Segment information
 
A.    Basis for segment information
 
Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.
 
Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B.    Description of segments
 
We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:
 
Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing, research and development for drivetrains, hydraulic systems, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.
 
Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
 
All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.
 
C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations
 
There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:
 
ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.
 
We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.
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We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.
Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 33 to 36 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:
 
Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. Only certain restructuring costs in 2020 are excluded from segment profit. See Note 20 for more information.

Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:
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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
America
Latin
America
EAME
Asia/
Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021    
Construction Industries$2,498 $430 $1,291 $1,384 $5,603 $53 $5,656 
Resource Industries799 487 525 660 2,471 108 2,579 
Energy & Transportation1,992 250 1,196 682 4,120 855 4,975 
Financial Products Segment488 65 96 125 774 
1
 774 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments5,777 1,232 3,108 2,851 12,968 1,016 13,984 
All Other operating segment11 1 4 18 34 94 128 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(69)(12)(10)(22)(113)(1,110)(1,223)
Total Sales and Revenues$5,719 $1,221 $3,102 $2,847 $12,889 $— $12,889 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020    
Construction Industries$1,604 $212 $933 $1,283 $4,032 $16 $4,048 
Resource Industries507 270 379 554 1,710 116 1,826 
Energy & Transportation1,816 197 929 599 3,541 608 4,149 
Financial Products Segment493 60 96 114 763 
1
 763 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments4,420 739 2,337 2,550 10,046 740 10,786 
All Other operating segment7 1 5 15 28 87 115 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(41)(10)(9)(17)(77)(827)(904)
Total Sales and Revenues$4,386 $730 $2,333 $2,548 $9,997 $— $9,997 
1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $92 million and $88 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
America
Latin
America
EAME
Asia/
Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021    
Construction Industries$4,624 $822 $2,372 $3,226 $11,044 $71 $11,115 
Resource Industries1,456 892 999 1,221 4,568 227 4,795 
Energy & Transportation3,774 506 2,289 1,209 7,778 1,704 9,482 
Financial Products Segment964 127 196 248 1,535 
1
 1,535 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments10,818 2,347 5,856 5,904 24,925 2,002 26,927 
All Other operating segment24 1 7 40 72 186 258 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(132)(23)(18)(48)(221)(2,188)(2,409)
Total Sales and Revenues$10,710 $2,325 $5,845 $5,896 $24,776 $— $24,776 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020    
Construction Industries$3,689 $477 $1,822 $2,356 $8,344 $10 $8,354 
Resource Industries1,203 590 774 1,122 3,689 221 3,910 
Energy & Transportation3,554 446 1,982 1,177 7,159 1,339 8,498 
Financial Products Segment1,018 130 198 231 1,577 
1
 1,577 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments9,464 1,643 4,776 4,886 20,769 1,570 22,339 
All Other operating segment12 3 16 25 56 168 224 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(110)(24)(22)(37)(193)(1,738)(1,931)
Total Sales and Revenues$9,366 $1,622 $4,770 $4,874 $20,632 $— $20,632 
1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:
Energy & Transportation External Sales
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
Oil and gas$1,137 $1,027 $2,052 $1,888 
Power generation1,052 895 2,015 1,749 
Industrial899 678 1,712 1,479 
Transportation1,032 941 1,999 2,043 
Energy & Transportation External Sales$4,120 $3,541 $7,778 $7,159 


Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:  
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2021202020212020
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$1,024 $518 $2,059 $1,158 
Resource Industries361 152 689 456 
Energy & Transportation731 624 1,397 1,226 
Financial Products Segment243 148 487 253 
Total profit from reportable segments2,359 1,442 4,632 3,093 
Profit from All Other operating segment(10)(3)(7)4 
Cost centers11 (23)32 9 
Corporate costs(202)(120)(387)(287)
Timing(124)(24)(190)(51)
Restructuring costs(25)(96)(89)(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales7 (38)7 (18)
Postretirement benefit expense86 (118)154 285 
Stock-based compensation expense(69)(67)(111)(114)
Financing costs(109)(119)(239)(199)
Currency50 (60)236 (208)
Other income/expense methodology differences(72)(80)(121)(172)
Other methodology differences(32)(16)(50)(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes$1,870 $678 $3,867 $2,191 

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Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$4,416 $4,259 
Resource Industries5,848 6,035 
Energy & Transportation9,179 8,582 
Financial Products Segment34,933 34,278 
Total assets from reportable segments54,376 53,154 
Assets from All Other operating segment1,583 1,717 
Items not included in segment assets:  
Cash and short-term investments10,028 8,822 
Deferred income taxes1,352 1,413 
Goodwill and intangible assets4,924 4,847 
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets3,110 2,833 
Inventory methodology differences(2,707)(2,536)
Liabilities included in segment assets9,387 8,466 
Other(356)(392)
Total assets$81,697 $78,324 


Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2021202020212020
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
   Construction Industries$59 $61 $118 $122 
   Resource Industries101 104 200 207 
   Energy & Transportation142 149 284 295 
   Financial Products Segment191 198 387 403 
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments493 512 989 1,027 
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment60 63 122 125 
Cost centers24 32 50 65 
Other10 1 12 5 
Total depreciation and amortization$587 $608 $1,173 $1,222 

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Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:    
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2021202020212020
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$36 $28 $64 $48 
Resource Industries34 36 57 53 
Energy & Transportation143 144 224 231 
Financial Products Segment361 256 589 503 
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments574 464 934 835 
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment32 23 47 38 
Cost centers 6 19 15 
Timing(15)(14)109 146 
Other5 (29)(9)(36)
Total capital expenditures$596 $450 $1,100 $998 

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities
 
Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments
A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer
Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use, the majority of which operate in construction-related industries. Cat Financial also provides financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 48 months with an average remaining term of approximately 26 months as of June 30, 2021.

Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's forecasts for the markets in which it operates reflected an overall rebound in economic conditions, which had deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from a growing economy, improved unemployment rates and a decrease in delinquencies. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer
Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.
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Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

Classes of finance receivables
Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial's finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.
EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.
Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.
Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

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An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:
   
 (Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30, 2021Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$393 $44 $437 $408 $45 $453 
Write-offs(68) (68)(36) (36)
Recoveries14  14 6  6 
Provision for credit losses13  13 86  86 
Other2  2 3  3 
Ending balance$354 $44 $398 $467 $45 $512 
   
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$431 $44 $475 $375 $45 $420 
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance 1
   12  12 
Write-offs(102) (102)(73) (73)
Recoveries24  24 13  13 
Provision for credit losses3  3 146  146 
Other(2) (2)(6) (6)
Ending balance$354 $44 $398 $467 $45 $512 
Individually evaluated$183 $39 $222 $184 $39 $223 
Collectively evaluated171 5 176 283 6 289 
Ending Balance$354 $44 $398 $467 $45 $512 
Finance Receivables:   
Individually evaluated$492 $78 $570 $601 $78 $679 
Collectively evaluated19,356 2,585 21,941 17,869 3,305 21,174 
Ending Balance$19,848 $2,663 $22,511 $18,470 $3,383 $21,853 
1 Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to credit losses.

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.
Customer
The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:


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 (Millions of dollars)June 30, 2021
20212020201920182017PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$2,469 $3,224 $1,931 $957 $325 $111 $117 $9,134 
31-60 days past due12 37 25 19 8 3  104 
61-90 days past due4 7 5 5 2 2  25 
91+ days past due2 17 27 15 10 6 2 79 
EAME
Current952 1,275 669 329 126 38  3,389 
31-60 days past due6 10 15 2 1 1  35 
61-90 days past due 7 4 2    13 
91+ days past due3 11 7 6 3 61  91 
Asia/Pacific
Current857 1,088 498 151 33 6  2,633 
31-60 days past due4 22 17 8 1   52 
61-90 days past due 8 9 4    21 
91+ days past due 12 8 8 1   29 
Mining
Current433 420 478 272 89 191 71 1,954 
31-60 days past due 3      3 
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due 1 2 4 2   9 
Latin America
Current315 452 233 93 30 19  1,142 
31-60 days past due1 14 6 3 1   25 
61-90 days past due 3 2 1    6 
91+ days past due 18 11 11 6 8  54 
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current27 215 132 82 209 180 109 954 
31-60 days past due        
61-90 days past due     2  2 
91+ days past due 2  20 3 69  94 
Total Customer$5,085 $6,846 $4,079 $1,992 $850 $697 $299 $19,848 

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 (Millions of dollars)December 31, 2020
20202019201820172016PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$3,777 $2,423 $1,344 $522 $212 $27 $89 $8,394 
31-60 days past due52 49 33 16 7 2  159 
61-90 days past due22 25 16 9 2 1  75 
91+ days past due14 35 31 20 9 4 2 115 
EAME
Current1,605 931 501 203 60 18  3,318 
31-60 days past due5 15 3 2    25 
61-90 days past due1 1 2 1    5 
91+ days past due7 7 12 4 39 43  112 
Asia/Pacific
Current1,375 745 321 61 10 3  2,515 
31-60 days past due12 22 13 6    53 
61-90 days past due7 11 7 1    26 
91+ days past due4 10 9 3    26 
Mining
Current490 571 287 152 92 151 137 1,880 
31-60 days past due5  5 1    11 
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due 11 8 2   1 22 
Latin America
Current561 348 151 48 13 34  1,155 
31-60 days past due3 6 4 3    16 
61-90 days past due1 7 6 3 2   19 
91+ days past due2 14 11 24 5 4  60 
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current217 172 111 273 99 117 119 1,108 
31-60 days past due  6     6 
61-90 days past due     9  9 
91+ days past due2  20 3 25 79  129 
Total Customer$8,162 $5,403 $2,901 $1,357 $575 $492 $348 $19,238 

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other machinery. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the machinery.

Dealer
As of June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $78 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which was originated in 2017. As of December 31, 2020, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $81 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America. Of these past due receivables, $78 million were originated in 2017 and $3 million were originated prior to 2016.







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Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due or have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:
   
June 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 Amortized CostAmortized Cost
 (Millions of dollars)
Non-accrual
With an
Allowance
Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance
91+ Still
Accruing
Non-accrual
With an
Allowance
Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance
91+ Still
Accruing
   
North America$62 $1 $19 $86 $1 $34 
EAME89  2 113 1 1 
Asia/Pacific19 1 11 13  13 
Mining9 1  21 1  
Latin America57  1 63  1 
Caterpillar Power Finance113   170 17  
Total$349 $3 $33 $466 $20 $49 

There was $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There were $6 million and $5 million of interest income recognized during the six month ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status were $78 million and $81 million, respectively, all of which was in Latin America. There were no finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment more than 90 days past due and still accruing income as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and no interest income was recognized on dealer finance receivables on non-accrual status during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.


Troubled debt restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. Cat Financial individually evaluates TDR contracts and establishes an allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable's effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.

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There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:
  
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30, 2021Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost
Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost
Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
Customer   
North America$4 $4 $9 $9 
Asia/Pacific  8 8 
Mining  17 17 
Latin America6 6   
Caterpillar Power Finance
16 16 37 37 
Total$26 $26 $71 $71 
 Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
 Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost
Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost
Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
North America$4 $4 $9 $9 
Asia/Pacific  8 8 
Mining11 5 17 17 
Latin America6 6 2 2 
Caterpillar Power Finance16 16 37 37 
Total 
$37 $31 $73 $73 

The Post-TDR amortization costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
Customer2021202020212020
North America$ $ $1 $ 
EAME   10 
Asia/Pacific2  6  
Latin America15  15 1 
Caterpillar Power Finance  5  
Total$17 $ $27 $11 


18.                              Fair value disclosures
 
    A. Fair value measurements
 
The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:
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Level 1 Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.
 
We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.
 
Investments in debt and equity securities
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.
 
In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments
The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:
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June 30, 2021
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt    
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $— $— $— $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds— 58 — — 58 
Corporate bonds    
Corporate bonds— 1,028 — — 1,028 
Asset-backed securities— 152 — — 152 
Mortgage-backed debt securities    
U.S. governmental agency— 355 — — 355 
Residential— 5 — — 5 
Commercial— 83 — — 83 
Total debt securities10 1,681 — — 1,691 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value234 — — — 234 
Smaller company growth40 — — — 40 
REIT— — — 152 152 
Total equity securities274 — — 152 426 
Derivative financial instruments, net— 221 — — 221 
Total assets$284 $1,902 $— $152 $2,338 
 
December 31, 2020
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt    
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $— $— $— $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds— 59 — — 59 
Corporate bonds    
Corporate bonds— 1,012 — — 1,012 
Asset-backed securities— 159 — — 159 
Mortgage-backed debt securities   
U.S. governmental agency— 374 — — 374 
Residential— 5 — — 5 
Commercial— 64 — — 64 
Total debt securities10 1,673 — — 1,683 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value199 — — — 199 
Smaller company growth58 — — — 58 
REIT— — — 148 148 
Total equity securities257 — — 148 405 
Total assets$267 $1,673 $— $148 $2,088 
Liabilities    
Derivative financial instruments, net$— $17 $— $— $17 
Total liabilities$— $17 $— $— $17 

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In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $157 million and $243 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.  
 
    B. Fair values of financial instruments
 
In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments
Carrying amount approximates fair value.
 
Restricted cash and short-term investments
Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
 
Finance receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
 
Wholesale inventory receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
 
Short-term borrowings
Carrying amount approximates fair value.
 
Long-term debt
We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees
The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.
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Fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:
 
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 June 30, 2021December 31, 2020 
(Millions of dollars)
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Fair Value LevelsReference
Assets     
Cash and short-term investments$10,831 $10,831 $9,352 $9,352 1 
Restricted cash and short-term investments236 236 14 14 1 
Investments in debt and equity securities2,117 2,117 2,088 2,088 1 & 2Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)
14,275 14,452 14,028 14,357 3Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)
832 806 929 911 3
Foreign currency contracts – net133 133   2Note 5
Interest rate contracts – net30 30 58 58 2Note 5
Commodity contracts – net58 58 37 37 2Note 5
Liabilities     
Short-term borrowings3,425 3,425 2,015 2,015 1 
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation9,802 12,544 11,169 14,549 2 
Financial Products24,358 24,811 23,979 24,614 2 
Foreign currency contracts – net  112 112 2Note 5
Guarantees5 5 5 5 3Note 11

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $8,147 million and $7,961 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

19.                         Other income (expense)
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
Investment and interest income$21 $27 $44 $70 
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1
(32)(4)63 (79)
License fee income32 23 57 48 
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost111 (63)
2
222 270 
2
Gains (losses) on securities17 37 42 (21)
Miscellaneous income (loss)52 9 98 (37)
Total$201 $29 $526 $251 

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.
2 Includes remeasurement losses of $(122) million and a remeasurement net gain of $132 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, from the settlement of certain pension obligations. See Note 9 for further details.



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20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2021202020212020
Employee separations 1
$17 $123 $62 $134 
Contract terminations 1
 2  3 
Long-lived asset impairments 1
(7)14 4 23 
Other 2
15 8 23 24 
Total restructuring costs$25 $147 $89 $184 
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, project management and inventory write-downs, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address certain product lines. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the restructuring costs were primarily related to various voluntary and involuntary employee separation programs implemented across the company and a strategic action to address a certain product line, which were partially offset by a gain on the sale of a manufacturing facility that had been closed.

In 2021, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit. In 2020, only certain restructuring costs were excluded from segment profit. Restructuring costs included in segment profit were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2021202020212020
Construction Industries$ $4 $ $5 
Resource Industries 15  16 
Energy & Transportation 17  21 
Financial Products Segment 1  1 

The following table summarizes the 2021 and 2020 employee separation activity:
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30
20212020
Liability balance, beginning of period$164 $48 
Increase in liability (separation charges)62 134 
Reduction in liability (payments)(82)(95)
Liability balance, end of period$144 $87 

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2021 is expected to be paid in 2021 and 2022.

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21.                     Acquisitions

SPM Oil & Gas

On February 1, 2021, Caterpillar completed the acquisition of varying equity interests and assets of the Weir Group PLC, collectively known as SPM Oil & Gas (SPM). Headquartered near Fort Worth, Texas, SPM Oil & Gas produces a full line of pumps, flow iron, consumable parts, wellhead and pressure control products that are offered via an extensive global network of service centers. This acquisition, included in the Energy & Transportation segment, is consistent with our strategy of providing our customers expanded offerings and services which will now be one of the broadest in the well service industry. The purchase price, net of $22 million of acquired cash, was approximately $361 million.

We financed the transaction with available cash. Tangible assets as of the acquisition date were $518 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included cash of $22 million, receivables of $101 million, inventories of $159 million, leased assets of $105 million, and property, plant, and equipment of $117 million. Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $23 million included developed technology and trade names and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average amortization period of approximately 8 years. Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $187 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included lease liabilities of $105 million and accounts payable of $33 million. Goodwill of $29 million represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets acquired. These values represent a preliminary allocation of purchase price subject to finalization of post-closing procedures. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results.
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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report and our discussion of significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2020 Form 10-K.
Highlights for the second quarter of 2021 include:
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.
Operating profit margin was 13.9 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 7.8 percent for the second quarter of 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.1 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 9.3 percent for the second quarter of 2020.
Second-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.56, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.60. Second-quarter 2020 profit per share was $0.84, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $1.27.
Caterpillar ended the second quarter of 2021 with $10.8 billion of enterprise cash.

Highlights for the six months ended June 30, 2021 include:
Total sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 10.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 11.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $5.33, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $5.47. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2.83, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.92.
Enterprise operating cash flow was $4.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021.
In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 68.
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2021
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2020
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2021
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2020
(Dollars in millions except per share data)Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit................................................................................$1,870 $2.56 $678 $0.84 $3,867 $5.33 $2,191 $2.83 
Restructuring costs........................................................
25 0.04 147 0.24 89 0.14 184 0.30 
Remeasurement (gains) losses of pension obligations....— — 122 0.19 — — (132)(0.20)
Adjusted profit.................................................................$1,895 $2.60 $947 $1.27 $3,956 $5.47 $2,243 $2.92 
Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.
Overview
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased their inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021. Favorable currency impacts were related to the Australian dollar, euro and Chinese yuan. Favorable price realization also contributed to the sales improvement. Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.
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Second-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.56, compared with $0.84 profit per share in the second quarter of 2020. Profit per share for both quarters included restructuring costs, while the second quarter of 2020 also included pre-tax remeasurement losses of $122 million, or $0.19 per share, resulting from the settlements of pension obligations. Profit for the second quarter of 2021 was $1.413 billion, an increase of $955 million, or 209 percent, compared with $458 million for the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses and unfavorable manufacturing costs were mostly offset by lower restructuring costs, the absence of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlement of pension obligations that occurred in the second quarter of 2020 and higher profit from Financial Products.
Sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $5.33, an increase of $2.50, or 88 percent, compared with $2.83 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Profit per share for both periods included restructuring costs, while the six months ended June 30, 2020, also included a pre-tax remeasurement net gain of $132 million, or $0.20 per share, resulting from the settlements of pension obligations. Profit for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $2.943 billion, an increase of $1.393 billion, or 90 percent, compared with $1.550 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Response to COVID-19 and Global Business Conditions:
We continue to implement safeguards in our facilities to protect team members, including increased frequency of cleaning and disinfecting, social distancing practices and other measures consistent with specific governmental requirements and guidance from health authorities. We’ve offered assistance to some governments and public health authorities in the vaccine distribution process, and as vaccines become available, we are assisting in onsite vaccine distribution for employees in some of our facilities.
We continue to monitor a variety of external factors including the pandemic’s recent emergence of the Delta variant of COVID-19 around the world, supply chain disruptions and associated cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include semiconductors, transportation and raw materials. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. While none of these factors have significantly impacted our operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021, we will continue to monitor the situation as conditions remain fluid and evolve throughout the year.
Notes:
Glossary of terms is included on pages 62 - 64; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.
Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 68.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
 
THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2021 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the second quarter of 2020 (at left) and the second quarter of 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories by $1.4 billion during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a decrease of $400 million during the second quarter of 2021. Favorable currency impacts were related to the Australian dollar, euro and Chinese yuan. Favorable price realization also contributed to the sales improvement.
Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 34 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, the impact of changes in dealer inventories and favorable price realization. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.
Sales increased 72 percent in Latin America due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services across most of the region and the impact of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.
EAME sales increased 34 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, the impact of changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro and British pound. Dealers decreased inventories during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a slight increase during the second quarter of 2021.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 12 percent driven by the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts related to the Australian dollar and the Chinese yuan, partially offset by lower end-user demand. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.
Dealers decreased inventories by $1.4 billion during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a decrease of $400 million during the second quarter of 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rental rates and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. We do not expect a significant dealer inventory increase in 2021.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2020Sales
Volume
Price
Realization
CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherSecond Quarter 2021$
Change
%
Change
Construction Industries$4,048 $1,171 $238 $162 $37 $5,656 $1,608 40 %
Resource Industries1,826 712 (17)66 (8)2,579 753 41 %
Energy & Transportation4,149 456 12 111 247 4,975 826 20 %
All Other Segment115 — 128 13 11 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(828)(34)— — (283)(1,145)(317) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales
9,310 2,309 233 341 — 12,193 2,883 31 %
Financial Products Segment763 — — — 11 774 11 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(76)— — — (2)(78)(2) 
Financial Products Revenues687 — — — 696 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$9,997 $2,309 $233 $341 $$12,889 $2,892 29 %

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Second Quarter 2021          
Construction Industries$2,498 56 %$430 103 %$1,291 38 %$1,384 %$5,603 39 %$53 231 %$5,656 40 %
Resource Industries799 58 %487 80 %525 39 %660 19 %2,471 45 %108 (7 %)2,579 41 %
Energy & Transportation1,992 10 %250 27 %1,196 29 %682 14 %4,120 16 %855 41 %4,975 20 %
All Other Segment11 57 %— %(20 %)18 20 %34 21 %94 %128 11 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(31)(1)(1)(2)(35)(1,110)(1,145)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales5,269 34 %1,167 72 %3,015 34 %2,742 12 %12,193 31 %— — 12,193 31 %
Financial Products Segment488 (1 %)65 %96 — %125 10 %774 
1
%— — 774 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(38)(11)(9)(20)(78)— (78)
Financial Products Revenues450 — %54 %87 — %105 %696 %— — 696 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$5,719 30 %$1,221 67 %$3,102 33 %$2,847 12 %$12,889 29 %$— — $12,889 29 %
Second Quarter 2020              
Construction Industries$1,604 $212 $933 $1,283  $4,032 $16  $4,048 
Resource Industries507 270 379 554  1,710 116  1,826 
Energy & Transportation1,816 197 929 599  3,541 608  4,149 
All Other Segment15  28 87  115 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(1)— (2)(1)(827)(828)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales3,936  679  2,246  2,449  9,310  —  9,310  
Financial Products Segment493 60 96 114  763 
1
—  763 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(43)(9)(9)(15) (76)—  (76)
Financial Products Revenues450  51  87  99  687  —  687  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$4,386  $730  $2,333  $2,548  $9,997  $—  $9,997  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $92 million and $88 million in the second quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the second quarter of 2020 (at left) and the second quarter of 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the second quarter of 2021 was $1.789 billion, an increase of $1.005 billion, or 128 percent, compared with $784 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume. Favorable price realization, lower restructuring expenses (included in other) and higher profit from Financial Products were mostly offset by higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses and higher manufacturing costs.
The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was mainly driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, which was reinstated in 2021.
Unfavorable manufacturing costs reflected higher period manufacturing and material costs, partially offset by favorable cost absorption. Period manufacturing costs increased primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense and higher labor-related costs. Cost absorption was favorable as inventory increased during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.
Short-term incentive compensation expense was about $400 million in the second quarter of 2021, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized in the second quarter of 2020. In the first quarter of 2020, in response to the continued global economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Caterpillar suspended 2020 short-term incentive compensation plans for many employees and all senior executives.
Operating profit margin was 13.9 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 7.8 percent for the second quarter of 2020.
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Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2021Second Quarter 2020$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$1,024 $518 $506 98 %
Resource Industries361 152 209 138 %
Energy & Transportation731 624 107 17 %
All Other Segment(10)(3)(7)(233 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(453)(542)89  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation1,653 749 904 121 %
Financial Products Segment243 148 95 64 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(29)(38) 
Financial Products214 110 104 95 %
Consolidating Adjustments(78)(75)(3) 
Consolidated Operating Profit$1,789 $784 $1,005 128 %
Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the second quarter of 2021 was $120 million, compared with $135 million in the second quarter of 2020. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the second quarter of 2021, compared with the second quarter of 2020.
Other income (expense) in the second quarter of 2021 was income of $201 million, compared with income of $29 million in the second quarter of 2020. The change was primarily due to the absence of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations that occurred in the second quarter of 2020, as well as favorable pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) costs.
The provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2021 reflected a lower estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the second quarter of 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was mainly related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.
In addition, a discrete tax benefit of $17 million was recorded in the second quarter of 2021 for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $21 million tax benefit was also recorded in the second quarter of 2020 related to the $122 million of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $5.656 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $1.608 billion, or 40 percent, compared with $4.048 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, favorable price realization and favorable currency impacts from the euro, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Overall, dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.
In North America, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand primarily in residential construction and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.
Sales increased in Latin America mostly due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand across the region for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.
In EAME, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable currency impacts primarily from a stronger euro. Higher sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.
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Sales increased in Asia/Pacific primarily due to favorable currency impacts from a stronger Australian dollar and Chinese yuan and favorable price realization, partially offset by lower sales volume. Lower sales volume was driven by lower end-user demand for equipment, primarily in China, partially offset by the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and higher end-user demand for aftermarket parts. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.
Construction Industries’ profit was $1.024 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $506 million, or 98 percent, compared with $518 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses and unfavorable manufacturing costs.
The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Increased manufacturing costs reflected higher period manufacturing and material costs partially offset by favorable impacts of cost absorption and variable labor and burden. The increase in period manufacturing costs was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense and higher labor costs. Cost absorption was favorable as inventory increased during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 18.1 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 12.8 percent in the second quarter of 2020.
Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $2.579 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $753 million, or 41 percent, compared with $1.826 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impacts of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the second quarter of 2020, compared to remaining about flat during the second quarter of 2021. End-user demand was higher in heavy construction and quarry and aggregates; it was also higher in mining, although to a lesser extent.
Resource Industries’ profit was $361 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $209 million, or 138 percent, compared with $152 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 14.0 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 8.3 percent in the second quarter of 2020.
Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2021Second Quarter 2020$
Change
%
 Change
Oil and Gas$1,137 $1,027 $110 11 %
Power Generation1,052 895 157 18 %
Industrial899 678 221 33 %
Transportation1,032 941 91 10 %
External Sales4,120 3,541 579 16 %
Inter-segment855 608 247 41 %
Total Sales$4,975 $4,149 $826 20 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $4.975 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $826 million, or 20 percent, compared with $4.149 billion in the second quarter of 2020. Sales increased across all applications.
Oil and Gas – Sales increased mainly due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts in all regions. The increase was partially offset by lower sales in reciprocating engines used in well servicing applications and turbines and turbine-related services.
Power Generation – Sales increased due to higher sales volume in large reciprocating engines, primarily driven by data centers, and reciprocating engine aftermarket parts.
Industrial – Sales were up due to higher demand across all regions.
Transportation – Sales increased in rail services and marine.
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Energy & Transportation’s profit was $731 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $107 million, or 17 percent, compared with $624 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses and period manufacturing costs. Both SG&A/R&D expenses and period manufacturing costs were driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense and acquisition-related expenses.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 14.7 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 15.0 percent in the second quarter of 2020.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $774 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $11 million, or 1 percent, from the second quarter of 2020.
Financial Products’ segment profit was $243 million in the second quarter of 2021, compared with $148 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, higher net yield on average earning assets and a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment. These favorable impacts were partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
At the end of the second quarter of 2021, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.58 percent, compared with 3.74 percent at the end of the second quarter of 2020. Past dues decreased across all portfolio segments as global markets generally improved. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $54 million for the second quarter of 2021, compared with $30 million for the second quarter of 2020. As of June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $402 million, or 1.46 percent of finance receivables, compared with $441 million, or 1.64 percent of finance receivables at March 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2020 was $479 million, or 1.77 percent of finance receivables.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $482 million in the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $98 million from the second quarter of 2020, primarily due to favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences and lower restructuring costs, partially offset by higher expenses due to timing differences.

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SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2021 COMPARED WITH SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the six months ended June 30, 2020 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories about $1.2 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase of about $300 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Favorable currency impacts related to the euro, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan also contributed to the sales improvement.
Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 16 percent driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2020, than during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Sales increased 47 percent in Latin America due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
EAME sales increased 23 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, favorable currency impacts related to a stronger euro and British pound and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2021, than during the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 22 percent driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, favorable currency impacts related to a stronger Australian dollar and Chinese yuan and higher end-user demand. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with dealer inventories that were about flat during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Dealers decreased inventories about $1.2 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase of about $300 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rental rates and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. We do not expect a significant dealer inventory increase in 2021.
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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2020Sales
Volume
Price
Realization
CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherSix Months Ended June 30, 2021$
Change
%
Change
Construction Industries$8,354 $2,177 $215 $308 $61 $11,115 $2,761 33 %
Resource Industries3,910 844 (64)99 4,795 885 23 %
Energy & Transportation8,498 415 19 185 365 9,482 984 12 %
All Other Segment224 13 — 18 258 34 15 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(1,762)(53)(1)— (450)(2,266)(504) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales19,224 3,396 169 595 — 23,384 4,160 22 %
Financial Products Segment1,577 — — — (42)1,535 (42)(3 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(169)— — — 26 (143)26  
Financial Products Revenues1,408 — — — (16)1,392 (16)(1 %)
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$20,632 $3,396 $169 $595 $(16)$24,776 $4,144 20 %
Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021          
Construction Industries$4,624 25 %$822 72 %$2,372 30 %$3,226 37 %$11,044 32 %$71 610 %$11,115 33 %
Resource Industries1,456 21 %892 51 %999 29 %1,221 %4,568 24 %227 %4,795 23 %
Energy & Transportation3,774 %506 13 %2,289 15 %1,209 %7,778 %1,704 27 %9,482 12 %
All Other Segment24 100 %(67 %)(56 %)40 60 %72 29 %186 11 %258 15 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(70)(1)(1)(6)(78)(2,188)(2,266)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales9,808 16 %2,220 47 %5,666 23 %5,690 22 %23,384 22 %— — %23,384 22 %
Financial Products Segment964 (5 %)127 (2 %)196 (1 %)248 %1,535 
1
(3 %)— — %1,535 (3 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(62)(22)(17)(42)(143)— (143)
Financial Products Revenues902 (2 %)105 (4 %)179 (1 %)206 %1,392 (1 %)— — %1,392 (1 %)
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$10,710 14 %$2,325 43 %$5,845 23 %$5,896 21 %$24,776 20 %$— — %$24,776 20 %
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020              
Construction Industries$3,689 $477 $1,822 $2,356  $8,344 $10  $8,354 
Resource Industries1,203 590 774 1,122  3,689 221  3,910 
Energy & Transportation3,554 446 1,982 1,177  7,159 1,339  8,498 
All Other Segment12 16 25  56 168  224 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(13)(3)(4)(4)(24)(1,738)(1,762)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales8,445  1,513  4,590  4,676  19,224  —  19,224  
Financial Products Segment1,018 130 198 231  1,577 
1
—  1,577 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(97)(21)(18)(33) (169)—  (169)
Financial Products Revenues921  109  180  198  1,408  —  1,408  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$9,366  $1,622  $4,770  $4,874  $20,632  $—  $20,632  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the six months ended June 30, 2020 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $3.603 billion, an increase of $1.415 billion, or 65 percent, compared with $2.188 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, higher profit from Financial Products and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses.
The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, which was reinstated in 2021.
Short-term incentive compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was about $700 million, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2020. For 2021, short-term incentive compensation expense is expected to be about $1.5 billion, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized in 2020. Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. In the first quarter of 2020, in response to the continued global economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Caterpillar suspended 2020 short-term incentive compensation plans for many employees and all senior executives.
Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 10.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$2,059 $1,158 $901 78 %
Resource Industries689 456 233 51 %
Energy & Transportation1,397 1,226 171 14 %
All Other Segment(7)(11)n/a
Corporate Items and Eliminations(821)(754)(67) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation3,317 2,090 1,227 59 %
Financial Products Segment487 253 234 92 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(48)(57) 
Financial Products439 262 177 68 %
Consolidating Adjustments(153)(164)11  
Consolidated Operating Profit$3,603 $2,188 $1,415 65 %


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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $262 million, compared with $248 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher average debt outstanding during the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Other income/expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was income of $526 million, compared with income of $251 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The change was primarily due to favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange gains (losses) and commodity hedges. The company experienced foreign currency exchange net losses in the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with net gains in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The company experienced net gains in commodity hedges in the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with net losses in the six months ended June 30, 2020.
The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was primarily related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.
In addition, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $22 million tax charge was also recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to the $132 million of remeasurement net gain resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $11.115 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $2.761 billion, or 33 percent, compared with $8.354 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, favorable currency impacts related to the euro, Chinese yuan and Australian dollar and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
In North America, sales increased due to higher end-user demand, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and favorable price realization. Dealers decreased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2020, than during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher end-user demand and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
In EAME, sales increased due to higher end-user demand, favorable currency impacts from a stronger euro and British pound and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2021, than during the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Sales increased in Asia/Pacific due to higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts, the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts related to the Chinese yuan and Australian dollar. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Construction Industries’ profit was $2.059 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $901 million, or 78 percent, compared with $1.158 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Higher SG&A/R&D expenses were driven primarily by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, partially offset by other cost reductions.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 18.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 13.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
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Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $4.795 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $885 million, or 23 percent, compared with $3.910 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with dealer inventories that were about flat during the six months ended June 30, 2021. End-user demand was higher in mining, as well as heavy construction and quarry and aggregates.
Resource Industries’ profit was $689 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $233 million, or 51 percent, compared with $456 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 14.4 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 11.7 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2021Six Months Ended June 30, 2020$
Change
%
 Change
Oil and Gas$2,052 $1,888 $164 %
Power Generation2,015 1,749 266 15 %
Industrial1,712 1,479 233 16 %
Transportation1,999 2,043 (44)(2 %)
External Sales7,778 7,159 619 %
Inter-Segment1,704 1,339 365 27 %
Total Sales$9,482 $8,498 $984 12 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $9.482 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $984 million, or 12 percent, compared with $8.498 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Sales increased across all applications except in Transportation, which decreased slightly.
Oil and Gas – Sales increased mainly due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts in all regions. This was partially offset by lower sales in reciprocating engines used in well servicing applications and turbine and turbine related services.
Power Generation – Sales increased due to higher sales volume in large reciprocating engines, primarily driven by data centers, reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and turbine and turbine related services. Sales also increased due to favorable currency impacts.
Industrial – Sales were up due to higher demand across all regions as well as favorable currency impacts.
Transportation – Sales decreased primarily due to Rail with lower deliveries of locomotives mainly in North America. The decline was partially offset by higher sales for rail services and marine primarily due to currency impacts.
Energy & Transportation’s profit was $1.397 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $171 million, or 14 percent, compared with $1.226 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense and acquisition-related expenses.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 14.7 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 14.4 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $1.535 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $42 million, or 3 percent, from the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily because of lower average financing rates in North America, partially offset by a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment in North America.
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Financial Products’ segment profit was $487 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $253 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, a favorable impact from equity securities in Insurance Services, higher net yield on average earning assets and a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment. These favorable impacts were partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $869 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $124 million from the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily due to timing of corporate-level expenses.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

We expect to incur about $250 million of restructuring costs in 2021. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $200 million in 2021 compared with 2020.
Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs as a percent of sales and revenues.
2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding remeasurement gains/losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations in 2020 and restructuring costs.
3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.
4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.
5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools.
6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs, and inter-segment eliminations.
7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).
8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.
9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
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10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.
11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.
12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.
15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.
16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements, and accruals.
17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.
18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.
19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefit (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.
20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.
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21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing, research and development for drivetrains, hydraulic systems, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.
22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.
23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.
24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.


LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 
Sources of funds
 
We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. We had positive operating cash flow in the first six months of 2021 within both our ME&T and Financial Products' operations. On a consolidated basis, we ended the first six months of 2021 with $10.83 billion of cash, an increase of $1.48 billion from year-end 2020. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.
Consolidated operating cash flow for the first six months of 2021 was $4.05 billion, up $1.53 billion compared to the same period last year. The increase was primarily due to higher profit adjusted for non-cash items, including higher accruals for short-term incentive compensation. In addition, lower payments for short-term incentive compensation favorably impacted cash flow. Partially offsetting these items were increased working capital requirements during the first six months of 2021 compared to the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in accounts receivable and inventory unfavorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by favorable changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer advances.
Total debt as of June 30, 2021 was $37.59 billion, an increase of $422 million from year-end 2020. Debt related to Financial Products increased $1.80 billion, primarily due to an increase in commercial paper due to short term funding needs. Debt related to ME&T decreased $1.37 billion in the first six months of 2021 due to the repayment of maturing debt. In addition, during the first quarter of 2021, we issued $500 million of ten-year bonds at 1.9 percent and utilized the net proceeds to redeem all of our $500 million 2.6 percent notes due in 2022.
As of June 30, 2021, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of June 30, 2021 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:
The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2021.
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The three-year facility, as amended and restated in September of 2019, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2022.
The five-year facility, as amended and restated in September of 2019, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2024.
At June 30, 2021, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $16.93 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
At June 30, 2021, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 2.19 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.
In addition, at June 30, 2021, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 6.94 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.
In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At June 30, 2021, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.
Our total credit commitments and available credit as of June 30, 2021 were:
 June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Credit lines available:   
Global credit facilities$10,500 $2,750 $7,750 
Other external3,264 187 3,077 
Total credit lines available13,764 2,937 10,827 
Less: Commercial paper outstanding(2,863)— (2,863)
Less: Utilized credit(639)(4)(635)
Available credit$10,262 $2,933 $7,329 
The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of June 30, 2021 totaled $3.26 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.
We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. In April 2021, Moody’s upgraded our debt rating to "mid-A", while Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies would result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

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We facilitate voluntary supply chain finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allows them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amounts payable to participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs and included in Accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $647 million and $533 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amounts settled through the Programs and paid to participating financial institutions were $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion during the first six months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. We account for payments made under the Programs, the same as our other Accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of supply chain financing will have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.80 billion in the first six months of 2021, compared with $975 million for the same period in 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher profit adjusted for non-cash items, including higher accruals for short-term incentive compensation. In addition, lower payments for short-term incentive compensation as well as reduced working capital requirements favorably impacted operating cash flow during the first six months of 2021 compared with the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer advances favorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by unfavorable changes in inventories and accounts receivable.
Net cash provided by investing activities in the first six months of 2021 was $85 million, compared with net cash provided of $91 million in the first six months of 2020. The change was primarily due to increased investment activity mostly offset by increased activity related to intercompany lending with Financial Products. In February 2021, we acquired the Oil & Gas division of the Weir Group PLC for $361 million, net of cash acquired.
Net cash used for financing activities during the first six months of 2021 was $2.67 billion, compared with net cash used of $281 million in the same period of 2020. The change was primarily due to the repayment of maturing debt and lower proceeds from debt issuances. These items were partially offset by lower share repurchases in the first six months of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.
While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:

Strong financial position Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.
Operational excellence and commitments Capital expenditures were $430 million during the first six months of 2021, compared to $464 million for the same period in 2020. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2021 to be about $1.0 billion to $1.2 billion. We made $160 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2021. We currently anticipate full-year 2021 contributions of approximately $310 million. In comparison, we made $170 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2020.
Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholdersWe intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings and services, including acquisitions.
As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions less capital expenditures. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders through the cycles in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining our mid-A rating.
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Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In July 2018, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $10 billion of Caterpillar common stock (the 2018 Authorization) effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In the second quarter of 2021, we resumed our share repurchase program under the 2018 Authorization. In the first six months of 2021, we repurchased $251 million of Caterpillar common stock, with $4.5 billion remaining under the 2018 Authorization as of June 30, 2021. Our basic shares outstanding as of June 30, 2021 were approximately 547 million.
Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In June 2021, the Board of Directors approved an 8 percent increase in the quarterly dividend to $1.11 per share and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.13 billion in the first six months of 2021.

Financial Products
Financial Products operating cash flow was $636 million in the first six months of 2021, compared with $653 million for the same period a year ago. Net cash used for investing activities was $839 million for the first six months of 2021, compared with net cash provided of $581 million for the same period in 2020. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash provided by financing activities was $464 million for the first six months of 2021, compared with net cash used of $1.45 billion for the same period in 2020. The change was primarily due to higher portfolio funding requirements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
 
For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS
 
Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Order Backlog
At the end of the second quarter of 2021, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $18.4 billion, about $1.5 billion higher than the first quarter of 2021. The order backlog increased across the three primary segments, with all segments increasing approximately the same amount. Of the total backlog at June 30, 2021, approximately $3.7 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
 
We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.
 
We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of two significant items in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. These items consist of (i) restructuring costs, which were incurred to generate longer-term benefits and (ii) remeasurement (gain) loss resulting from the settlement of pension obligations in 2020. We do not consider these items indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:

(Dollars in millions except per share data)Operating ProfitOperating Profit MarginProfit Before TaxesProvision (Benefit) for Income TaxesEffective Tax RateProfitProfit per Share
Three Months Ended June, 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP$1,789 13.9 %$1,870 $470 25.1 %$1,413 $2.56 
Restructuring costs25 0.2 %25 15.0 %22 $0.04 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 - Adjusted$1,814 14.1 %$1,895 $473 25.0 %$1,435 $2.60 
Three Months Ended June, 30, 2020 - U.S. GAAP$784 7.8 %$678 $227 33.5 %$458 $0.84 
Restructuring costs147 1.5 %147 15 10.2 %132 $0.24 
Remeasurement losses of pension obligations— — %122 21 17.2 %101 $0.19 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 - Adjusted$931 9.3 %$947 $263 27.8 %$691 $1.27 
Six Months Ended June, 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP$3,603 14.5 %$3,867 $945 24.4 %$2,943 $5.33 
Restructuring costs89 0.4 %89 13 15.0 %76 $0.14 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 - Adjusted$3,692 14.9 %$3,956 $958 24.2 %$3,019 $5.47 
Six Months Ended June, 30, 2020 - U.S. GAAP$2,188 10.6 %$2,191 $652 29.8 %$1,550 $2.83 
Restructuring costs184 0.9 %184 22 12.0 %162 $0.30 
Remeasurement losses of pension obligations— — %(132)(22)16.8 %(110)$(0.20)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 - Adjusted$2,372 11.5 %$2,243 $652 29.1 %$1,602 $2.92 

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30
20212020
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1
$3,799 $975 
ME&T capital expenditures$(430)$(464)
ME&T free cash flow$3,369 $511 
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 76 - 77.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data
 
We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:
 
Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
 
Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.
 
The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 70 to 77 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$12,193 $12,193 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products696 — 796 (100)
1
Total sales and revenues12,889 12,193 796 (100)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold8,881 8,884 — (3)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,364 1,210 159 (5)
2
Research and development expenses446 446 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products116 — 116 — 
Other operating (income) expenses293 — 307 (14)
2
Total operating costs11,100 10,540 582 (22)
Operating profit1,789 1,653 214 (78)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products120 120 — — 
Other income (expense)201 445 28 (272)
3
Consolidated profit before taxes1,870 1,978 242 (350)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes470 415 55 — 
Profit of consolidated companies1,400 1,563 187 (350)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies14 17 — (3)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies1,414 1,580 187 (353)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(3)
5
Profit 6
$1,413 $1,579 $184 $(350)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery, Energy & Transportation Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$23,384 $23,384 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products1,392 — 1,584 (192)
1
Total sales and revenues24,776 23,384 1,584 (192)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold16,893 16,897 — (4)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,603 2,324 283 (4)
2
Research and development expenses820 820 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products241 — 241 — 

Other operating (income) expenses616 26 621 (31)
2
Total operating costs21,173 20,067 1,145 (39)
Operating profit3,603 3,317 439 (153)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products262 262 — — 
Other income (expense)526 676 47 (197)
3
Consolidated profit before taxes3,867 3,731 486 (350)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes945 827 118 — 
Profit of consolidated companies2,922 2,904 368 (350)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies23 29 — (6)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,945 2,933 368 (356)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(6)
5
Profit 6
$2,943 $2,931 $362 $(350)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$9,310 $9,310 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products687 — 780 (93)
1
Total sales and revenues9,997 9,310 780 (93)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold7,113 7,114 — (1)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,179 984 201 (6)
2
Research and development expenses341 341 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products149 — 149 — 

Other operating (income) expenses431 122 320 (11)
2
Total operating costs9,213 8,561 670 (18)
Operating profit784 749 110 (75)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products135 135 — — 
Other income (expense)29 (57)31 55 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes678 557 141 (20)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes227 190 37 — 
Profit of consolidated companies451 367 104 (20)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies13 — (5)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies459 380 104 (25)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(5)
5
Profit 6
$458 $379 $99 $(20)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$19,224 $19,224 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products1,408 — 1,610 (202)
1
Total sales and revenues20,632 19,224 1,610 (202)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold14,379 14,381 — (2)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,300 1,924 383 (7)
2
Research and development expenses697 697 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products324 — 325 (1)
3
Other operating (income) expenses744 132 640 (28)
2
Total operating costs18,444 17,134 1,348 (38)
Operating profit2,188 2,090 262 (164)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products248 247 — 
3
Other income (expense)251 122 (16)145 
4
Consolidated profit before taxes2,191 1,965 246 (20)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes652 587 65 — 
Profit of consolidated companies1,539 1,378 181 (20)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies13 22 — (9)
5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies1,552 1,400 181 (29)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(9)
6
Profit 7
$1,550 $1,398 $172 $(20)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.
4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
7Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At June 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and short-term investments$10,831 $10,028 $803 $— 
Receivables – trade and other7,840 3,169 455 4,216 
1,2
Receivables – finance9,523 — 13,863 (4,340)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,080 1,756 479 (155)
3
Inventories12,672 12,672 — — 
Total current assets42,946 27,625 15,600 (279)
Property, plant and equipment – net12,014 8,035 3,979 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,206 375 176 655 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance12,590 — 13,273 (683)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes1,455 1,980 103 (628)
4
Intangible assets1,176 1,176 — — 
Goodwill6,372 6,372 — — 
Other assets3,938 3,250 1,899 (1,211)
5
Total assets$81,697 $48,813 $35,030 $(2,146)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$3,425 $$3,421 $— 
Accounts payable6,921 6,830 215 (124)
6
Accrued expenses3,556 3,191 365 — 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits1,759 1,719 40 — 
Customer advances1,157 1,157 — — 
Dividends payable608 608 — — 
Other current liabilities2,126 1,658 646 (178)
4,7
Long-term debt due within one year7,956 50 7,906 — 
Total current liabilities27,508 15,217 12,593 (302)
Long-term debt due after one year26,204 9,780 16,452 (28)
8
Liability for postemployment benefits6,581 6,580 — 
Other liabilities4,524 3,851 1,374 (701)
4
Total liabilities64,817 35,428 30,420 (1,031)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,293 6,293 919 (919)
9
Treasury stock(25,240)(25,240)— — 
Profit employed in the business36,934 32,846 4,077 11 
9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,154)(563)(591)— 
Noncontrolling interests47 49 205 (207)
9
Total shareholders’ equity16,880 13,385 4,610 (1,115)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$81,697 $48,813 $35,030 $(2,146)
 
1    Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4    Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.
8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At December 31, 2020
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and short-term investments$9,352 $8,822 $530 $— 
Receivables – trade and other7,317 3,846 397 3,074 
1,2
Receivables – finance9,463 — 13,681 (4,218)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets1,930 1,376 624 (70)
3
Inventories11,402 11,402 — — 
Total current assets39,464 25,446 15,232 (1,214)
Property, plant and equipment – net12,401 8,309 4,092 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,185 363 164 658 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance12,222 — 12,895 (673)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes1,523 2,058 110 (645)
4
Intangible assets1,308 1,308 — — 
Goodwill6,394 6,394 — — 
Other assets3,827 3,158 1,871 (1,202)
5
Total assets$78,324 $47,036 $34,364 $(3,076)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$2,015 $10 $2,005 $— 
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies— — 1,000 (1,000)
6
Accounts payable6,128 6,060 212 (144)
7
Accrued expenses3,642 3,099 543 — 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits1,096 1,081 15 — 
Customer advances1,108 1,108 — — 
Dividends payable562 562 — — 
Other current liabilities2,017 1,530 580 (93)
4,8
Long-term debt due within one year9,149 1,420 7,729 — 
Total current liabilities25,717 14,870 12,084 (1,237)
Long-term debt due after one year25,999 9,764 16,250 (15)
6
Liability for postemployment benefits6,872 6,872 — — 
Other liabilities4,358 3,691 1,385 (718)
4
Total liabilities62,946 35,197 29,719 (1,970)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,230 6,230 919 (919)
9
Treasury stock(25,178)(25,178)— — 
Profit employed in the business35,167 31,091 4,065 11 
9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(888)(352)(536)— 
Noncontrolling interests47 48 197 (198)
9
Total shareholders’ equity15,378 11,839 4,645 (1,106)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$78,324 $47,036 $34,364 $(3,076)
 
1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
8     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.
9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$2,945 $2,933 $368 $(356)
1, 5
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,173 772 401 — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes68 111 (43)— 
Other(20)74 (169)75 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other(343)(206)11 (148)
2, 3
Inventories(1,179)(1,180)— 
2
Accounts payable893 871 20 
2
Accrued expenses22 93 (71)— 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits618 593 25 — 
Customer advances49 49 — — 
Other assets – net(47)(154)15 92 
2
Other liabilities – net(133)(157)97 (73)
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities4,046 3,799 636 (389)
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(419)(417)(7)
2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(681)(13)(670)
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment636 49 595 (8)
2
Additions to finance receivables(6,203)— (6,680)477 
3
Collections of finance receivables5,580 — 6,095 (515)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — (78)78 
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables27 — 27 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— 1,000 (1,002)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(398)(398)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)28 28 — — 
Proceeds from sale of securities276 35 241 — 
Investments in securities(500)(225)(275)— 
Other – net(63)26 (89)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,717)85 (839)(963)
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,126)(1,126)(350)350 
5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued123 123 — — 
Common shares repurchased(251)(251)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (2)(1,000)1,002 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)4,906 494 4,412 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(5,966)(1,902)(4,064)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)1,460 (6)1,466 — 
Other – net(2)(2)— — 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(856)(2,672)464 1,352 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(5)— 
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash1,476 1,207 269 — 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period9,366 8,822 544 — 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period$10,842 $10,029 $813 $— 
 
1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.
5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$1,552 $1,400 $181 $(29)
1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,222 805 417 — 
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations(132)(132)— — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(32)40 (72)— 
Other674 338 145 191 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other1,176 539 (77)714 
2, 3
Inventories(145)(137)— (8)
2
Accounts payable(655)(664)(5)14 
2
Accrued expenses(253)(237)(16)— 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits(648)(614)(34)— 
Customer advances(2)(2)— — 
Other assets – net(7)30 30 (67)
2
Other liabilities – net(229)(391)84 78 
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities2,521 975 653 893 
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(472)(465)(7)— 
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(526)(540)13 
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment382 104 283 (5)
2
Additions to finance receivables(6,712)— (7,352)640 
3
Collections of finance receivables6,801 — 7,442 (641)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — 920 (920)
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables31 — 31 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— 500 (502)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(49)(49)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)13 13 — — 
Proceeds from sale of securities151 12 139 — 
Investments in securities(369)(10)(359)— 
Other – net(15)22 — 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(743)91 581 (1,415)
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,125)(1,125)(20)20 
5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued(10)(10)— — 
Common shares repurchased(1,130)(1,130)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (2)(500)502 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)6,159 1,991 4,168 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(4,629)(12)(4,617)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(477)(485)— 
Other – net(1)(1)— — 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(1,213)(281)(1,454)522 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(66)(54)(12)— 
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash499 731 (232)— 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period8,292 7,302 990 — 
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period$8,791 $8,033 $758 $— 

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.
5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.
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Table of Contents
Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) the duration and geographic spread of, business disruptions caused by, and the overall global economic impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.


Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.
 
Item 4.  Controls and Procedures
 
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
 
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting
 
During the second quarter of 2021, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION


 
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased2
Average Price
Paid per Share2
Total Number
of Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly Announced Program
Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
may yet be Purchased
under the Program (in billions)1
April 1-30, 2021— $— — $4.767 
May 1-31, 2021— $— — $4.767 
June 1-30, 20211,161,955 $216.01 1,161,955 $4.516 
Total1,161,955 $216.01 1,161,955 
1 In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration (the 2018 Authorization). As of June 30, 2021, approximately $4.5 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.
2 In June of 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares for an aggregate of $251 million in open market transactions at an average price per share of $216.01.
Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans
 
As of June 30, 2021, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 12,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the second quarter of 2021, approximately 65,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.


Item 5. Other Information

Disclosures Required Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

During the second quarter ended June 30, 2021, Caterpillar Eurasia LLC, one of our affiliates, engaged in limited transactions or dealings with the Federal Security Service of Russia (the “FSB”). Specifically, Caterpillar Eurasia LLC, from time to time, directly or indirectly, makes required submissions to and receives regulatory authorizations from the FSB related to the importation of software used in the on-board telematics and control systems of Caterpillar machines that are imported into Russia. Caterpillar Eurasia LLC did not generate any net revenue or net profits from such approval activity and does not make any sales to or have other dealings with the FSB. Caterpillar Eurasia LLC plans to continue these activities as long as it remains lawful to do so.
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Item 6. Exhibits
31.1
31.2
32
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 CATERPILLAR INC. 
   
   
August 4, 2021/s/ D. James Umpleby IIIChairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer
 D. James Umpleby III 
   
   
August 4, 2021/s/ Andrew R.J. BonfieldChief Financial Officer
 Andrew R.J. Bonfield 
   
   
August 4, 2021/s/ Suzette M. LongChief Legal Officer and General Counsel
 Suzette M. Long
   
   
August 4, 2021/s/ G. Michael MarvelChief Accounting Officer
 G. Michael Marvel 

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