y-10q_20210331.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒		QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

☐		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-9371

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware		51-0283071
State or Other Jurisdiction of		I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
Incorporation or Organization

1411 Broadway, 34^th Floor, NY, NY		10018
Address of Principal Executive Offices		Zip Code

212-752-1356

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value	Y	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒		Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐		Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

13,927,263 Shares, par value $1.00 per share, as of April 25, 2021

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I

ITEM 1.	Financial Statements	1
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	56
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	57
PART II

ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	58
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	58
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	58
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	59
SIGNATURES		60

Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31,			December 31,
	2021			2020
	(unaudited)
	($ in thousands, except share amounts)
Assets
Investments:
Securities at fair value:
Equity securities (cost: 2021 – $2,617,050; 2020 – $2,051,996)	$	3,312,228		$	2,718,902
Debt securities (amortized cost: 2021 – $14,514,691; 2020 – $14,898,522;
allowance for credit losses: 2021 – $607; 2020 – $2,579)		14,945,479			15,618,470
Short-term investments		594,958			714,208
		18,852,665			19,051,580
Commercial mortgage loans		639,621			670,239
Other invested assets		508,674			465,153
Total investments		20,000,960			20,186,972
Cash		1,197,474			791,442
Accrued investment income		90,724			88,760
Premium balances receivable		1,284,163			1,145,341
Reinsurance recoverables		1,829,187			1,781,096
Ceded unearned premiums		345,947			311,898
Deferred acquisition costs		637,086			595,117
Property and equipment at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization		269,790			267,872
Goodwill		614,114			614,163
Intangible assets, net of amortization		774,797			787,462
Current taxes receivable		—			3,189
Funds held under reinsurance agreements		785,502			794,453
Other assets		1,556,139			1,559,245
Total assets	$	29,385,883		$	28,927,010

Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders’ Equity
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	13,293,046		$	12,970,626
Unearned premiums		3,176,795			2,984,060
Senior notes and other debt		2,080,288			2,135,946
Reinsurance payable		249,806			208,384
Current taxes payable		8,715			—
Net deferred tax liabilities		5,841			43,547
Other liabilities		1,641,948			1,594,918
Total liabilities		20,456,439			19,937,481
Redeemable noncontrolling interests		233,563			233,809
Common stock (shares authorized: 2021 and 2020 – 22,000,000; shares issued: 2021 and 2020 – 17,459,961)		17,460			17,460
Contributed capital		3,613,764			3,613,454
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		224,190			452,402
Treasury stock, at cost (2021 – 3,519,292 shares; 2020 – 3,418,781 shares)		(1,707,908	)		(1,645,930	)
Retained earnings		6,548,375			6,318,334
Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Alleghany stockholders		8,695,881			8,755,720
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ equity	$	29,385,883		$	28,927,010

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	1,604,763		$	1,444,420
Net investment income		153,484			111,982
Change in the fair value of equity securities		112,728			(522,976	)
Net realized capital gains		12,931			13,026
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		1,972			(31,375	)
Noninsurance revenue		767,835			467,849
Total revenues		2,653,713			1,482,926

Costs and Expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses		1,112,070			1,027,444
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		476,036			441,396
Other operating expenses		723,889			466,661
Corporate administration		9,558			(14,307	)
Amortization of intangible assets		11,478			9,568
Interest expense		23,752			18,356
Total costs and expenses		2,356,783			1,949,118

Earnings (losses) before income taxes		296,930			(466,192	)
Income taxes		58,867			(104,720	)
Net earnings (losses)		238,063			(361,472	)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interest		8,022			(254	)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to Alleghany stockholders	$	230,041		$	(361,218	)

Net earnings (losses)	$	238,063		$	(361,472	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized gains, net of deferred taxes of ($57,932) and ($73,534) in 2021 and 2020, respectively		(217,935	)		(276,629	)
Less: reclassification for net realized capital gains and change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities, net of taxes of ($3,130) and ($2,883) for 2021 and 2020, respectively		(11,773	)		(10,848	)
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustment, net of deferred taxes of $654 and ($3,651) for 2021 and 2020, respectively		2,461			(13,733	)
Retirement plans		(965	)		517
Comprehensive income (loss)		9,851			(662,165	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		8,022			(254	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alleghany stockholders	$	1,829		$	(661,911	)

Basic earnings (losses) per share attributable to Alleghany stockholders	$	16.44		$	(25.19	)
Diluted earnings (losses) per share attributable to Alleghany stockholders		16.37			(25.37	)

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Common Stock		Contributed Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Alleghany Shareholders			Redeemable Non- controlling Interest
	($ in thousands, except share amounts)
Balance as of December 31, 2020
(17,459,961 shares of common stock issued; 3,418,781 in treasury)	$	17,460	$	3,613,454	$	452,402		$	(1,645,930	)	$	6,318,334	$	8,755,720		$	233,809
Add (deduct):
Net earnings		—		—		—			—			230,041		230,041			8,022
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Retirement plans		—		—		(965	)		—			—		(965	)		—
Change in unrealized appreciation of investments, net		—		—		(229,708	)		—			—		(229,708	)		—
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		2,461			—			—		2,461			—
Comprehensive (loss) income		—		—		(228,212	)		—			230,041		1,829			8,022
Treasury stock repurchase		—		—		—			(63,192	)		—		(63,192	)		—
Other, net		—		310		—			1,214			—		1,524			(8,268	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021
(17,459,961 shares of common stock issued; 3,519,292 in treasury)	$	17,460	$	3,613,764	$	224,190		$	(1,707,908	)	$	6,548,375	$	8,695,881		$	233,563

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Common Stock		Contributed Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Alleghany Shareholders			Redeemable Non- controlling Interest
	($ in thousands, except share amounts)
Balance as of December 31, 2019
(17,459,961 shares of common stock issued; 3,095,333 in treasury)	$	17,460	$	3,608,638	$	171,350		$	(1,455,877	)	$	6,435,163		$	8,776,734		$	204,753
Add (deduct):
Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting pronouncements		—		—		—			—			(3,570	)		(3,570	)		—
Net (losses)		—		—		—			—			(361,218	)		(361,218	)		(254	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Retirement plans		—		—		517			—			—			517			—
Change in unrealized appreciation of investments, net		—		—		(287,477	)		—			—			(287,477	)		—
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		(13,733	)		—			—			(13,733	)		—
Comprehensive (loss)		—		—		(300,693	)		—			(361,218	)		(661,911	)		(254	)
Dividends paid		—		—		—			—			(215,013	)		(215,013	)		—
Treasury stock repurchase		—		—		—			(44,268	)		—			(44,268	)		—
Other, net		—		1,499		—			3,591			—			5,090			3,862
Balance as of March 31, 2020
(17,459,961 shares of common stock issued; 3,150,279 in treasury)	$	17,460	$	3,610,137	$	(129,343	)	$	(1,496,554	)	$	5,855,362		$	7,857,062		$	208,361

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net earnings (losses)	$	238,063		$	(361,472	)
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		43,554			33,158
Change in the fair value of equity securities		(112,728	)		522,976
Net realized capital (gains) losses		(12,931	)		(13,026	)
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		(1,972	)		31,375
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance recoverables, net of reinsurance payable		(6,669	)		49,693
(Increase) decrease in premium balances receivable		(138,822	)		(143,970	)
(Increase) decrease in ceded unearned premiums		(34,049	)		(18,020	)
(Increase) decrease in deferred acquisition costs		(41,969	)		(18,463	)
(Increase) decrease in funds held under reinsurance agreements		8,951			(23,757	)
Increase (decrease) in unearned premiums		192,735			102,239
Increase (decrease) in loss and loss adjustment expenses		322,420			138,079
Change in unrealized foreign currency exchange rate losses (gains)		44,344			80,530
Other, net		(58,632	)		(386,627	)
Net adjustments		204,232			354,187
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		442,295			(7,285	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of debt securities		(1,401,010	)		(1,993,449	)
Purchases of equity securities		(746,350	)		(331,453	)
Sales of debt securities		1,197,630			1,960,691
Maturities and redemptions of debt securities		552,933			459,655
Sales of equity securities		262,690			602,627
Net (purchases) sales of short-term investments		117,295			378,854
Net (purchases) sales and maturities of commercial mortgage loans		30,618			3,551
(Purchases) sales of property and equipment		(12,322	)		(8,840	)
Purchases of affiliates and subsidiaries, net of cash acquired		—			(26,383	)
Other, net		101,159			(152,416	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		102,643			892,837
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayment of senior notes		—			(307,095	)
Treasury stock acquisitions		(63,192	)		(44,268	)
Increase (decrease) in other debt		(55,729	)		62,659
Cash dividends paid		—			(215,013	)
Other, net		(8,938	)		3,664
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(127,859	)		(500,053	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash		(11,047	)		(9,412	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash		406,032			376,087
Cash at beginning of period		791,442			1,179,098
Cash at end of period	$	1,197,474		$	1,555,185

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid during period for:
Interest paid	$	10,000		$	17,065
Income taxes paid (refund received)		22,599			24,604

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

ALLEGHANY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Principles

(a) Principles of Financial Statement Presentation

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) should be read in conjunction with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Form 10-K”) of Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”).

Alleghany, a Delaware corporation, owns and supports certain operating subsidiaries and manages investments, anchored by a core position in property and casualty reinsurance and insurance. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary Transatlantic Holdings, Inc. (“TransRe”), an Alleghany subsidiary since March 2012, Alleghany is engaged in the property and casualty reinsurance business. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary Alleghany Insurance Holdings LLC (“AIHL”), Alleghany is engaged in the property and casualty insurance business. AIHL’s insurance operations are principally conducted by its subsidiaries RSUI Group, Inc. (“RSUI”) and CapSpecialty, Inc. (“CapSpecialty”). RSUI and CapSpecialty have been subsidiaries of AIHL since July 2003 and January 2002, respectively. AIHL Re LLC (“AIHL Re”), a captive reinsurance company, which provides reinsurance to Alleghany’s current and former insurance operating subsidiaries and affiliates, has been a subsidiary of Alleghany since its formation in May 2006.

Although Alleghany’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its reinsurance and insurance operations and investments, Alleghany also generates revenues and expenses from a diverse portfolio of non-financial businesses that are owned and supported through its wholly-owned subsidiary Alleghany Capital Corporation (“Alleghany Capital”). Alleghany Capital’s businesses include:

•

Precision Cutting Technologies, Inc. (“PCT”), a holding company headquartered in Rockford, Illinois, with four operating businesses: (i) Bourn & Koch, Inc., a provider of precision automated machine tool solutions; (ii) Diamond Technology Innovations, Inc., a manufacturer of waterjet orifices and nozzles and a provider of related services; (iii) Coastal Industrial Distributors, LLC, a provider of high-performance solid carbide end mills; and (iv) Supermill LLC, a manufacturer of high-performance carbide end mills;

•

R.C. Tway Company, LLC (“Kentucky Trailer”), a manufacturer of custom trailers and truck bodies for the moving and storage industry and other markets, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky;

•

IPS-Integrated Project Services, LLC (“IPS”), a design, engineering, procurement, construction management and validation service provider focused on the global pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania;

•

Jazwares, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Jazwares”), a global toy and musical instrument company, headquartered in Sunrise, Florida;

•

WWSC Holdings, LLC (“W&W|AFCO Steel”), a structural steel fabricator and erector, headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;

•

CHECO Holdings, LLC (“Concord”), a hotel management and development company, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina; and

•

Wilbert Funeral Services, Inc. (“Wilbert”), a provider of products and services for the funeral and cemetery industries and precast concrete markets, headquartered in Overland Park, Kansas.

On April 1, 2020, Alleghany Capital acquired an additional approximately 55 percent of Wilbert it previously did not own, bringing its equity interest in Wilbert to approximately 100 percent, and as of that date, the results of Wilbert were included in Alleghany’s consolidated results. Prior to April 1, 2020, Wilbert was accounted for under the equity method of accounting and was included in other invested assets.

In addition, Alleghany owns certain other holding-company investments. Alleghany’s wholly-owned subsidiary Alleghany Properties Holdings LLC (“Alleghany Properties”) owns and manages certain properties in the Sacramento, California region. Alleghany’s public equity investments are managed primarily through Alleghany’s wholly-owned subsidiary Roundwood Asset Management LLC. Prior to its December 31, 2020 sale, Stranded Oil Resources Corporation (“SORC”) was a wholly-owned subsidiary. Headquartered in Golden, Colorado, SORC was an exploration and production company focused on enhanced oil recovery.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Alleghany” include Alleghany together with its subsidiaries.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the results of Alleghany and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). All material inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The portion of stockholders’ equity, net earnings and comprehensive income that is not attributable to Alleghany stockholders is presented on the consolidated balance sheets, the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income and the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity as noncontrolling interests. Because all noncontrolling interests have the option to sell their ownership interests to Alleghany in the future (generally through 2024), the portion of stockholders’ equity that is not attributable to Alleghany stockholders is presented on the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity as redeemable noncontrolling interests for all periods presented. In addition, Alleghany accretes the redeemable noncontrolling interests up to their future estimated redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date. The redemption value of the equity interests is generally based on the subsidiary’s earnings in specified periods preceding the applicable redemption date, calculated based on either a specified formula or an independent fair market valuation. During the first three months of 2021, the noncontrolling interests outstanding were approximately as follows: Kentucky Trailer - 23 percent; IPS - 15 percent; Jazwares - 24 percent; W&W|AFCO Steel - 20 percent; and Concord - 15 percent.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Alleghany relies on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances to make judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and reported revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those reported results to the extent that those estimates and assumptions prove to be inaccurate. Changes in estimates are reflected in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income in the period in which the changes are made.

(b) Other Significant Accounting Principles

Alleghany’s significant accounting principles can be found in Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

Recently Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on credit losses. Under this guidance, a company is required to measure all expected credit losses on loans, reinsurance recoverables and other financial assets accounted for at cost or amortized cost, as applicable, over the remaining expected life of such assets. Estimates of expected credit losses are to be based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Under former FASB guidance, credit losses on these assets generally required a company to recognize credit losses when it was probable that a loss had been incurred. Credit losses for securities accounted for on an available for sale (“AFS”) basis are to be measured in a manner similar to GAAP as applied under former guidance and cannot exceed the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost, although the new guidance removes the length of time a security has been in an unrealized loss position as a possible indication of a credit impairment. Credit losses for all financial assets are to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Subsequent reversals in credit loss estimates are permitted and are to be recognized in earnings. This guidance also requires new disclosures about the significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality of financial assets. This guidance was effective in the first quarter of 2020 for public companies, with early adoption permitted. Alleghany adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2020.

As of January 1, 2020, Alleghany increased its allowances for credit losses on certain financial assets accounted for at cost or amortized cost by $4.5 million and recorded an after-tax cumulative effect reduction in opening retained earnings of $3.6 million. The increase in allowances for credit losses primarily relates to reinsurance recoverables and commercial mortgage loans. See Note 4 of this Form 10-Q for further information on Alleghany’s reinsurance recoverables and Note 3(i) of this Form 10-Q for further information on Alleghany’s investments in commercial mortgage loans. The increase in allowances for credit losses also relates to premium balances receivable. Estimates of expected credit losses for all of these assets are based on certain market-based indicators of credit quality, which are updated on an annual basis and re-assessed at least quarterly. Related credit loss expenses are recorded as a component of other operating expenses.

As of January 1, 2020, credit losses for Alleghany’s AFS securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses on the consolidated balance sheets and as a change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income. See Note 3(f) of this Form 10-Q for further information on the credit quality for Alleghany’s AFS securities.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill. Under this guidance, if an initial qualitative assessment indicates that the fair value of an operating subsidiary may be less than its carrying amount, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the operating subsidiary exceeds its estimated fair value. Any resulting impairment loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill associated with the operating subsidiary. This guidance was effective in the first quarter of 2020 for public companies, with early adoption permitted. Alleghany adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2020 and the implementation did not have a material impact on its results of operations and financial condition. See Note 2 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for further information on Alleghany’s goodwill.

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance that changes the financial statement disclosure requirements for measuring fair value. With respect to financial instruments classified as “Level 3” in the fair value disclosure hierarchy, the guidance requires certain additional disclosures for public companies related to amounts included in other comprehensive income and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation, while removing disclosure requirements related to an entity’s overall valuation processes. The guidance also removes certain disclosure requirements related to transfers between financial instruments classified as “Level 1” and “Level 2” and provides clarification on certain other existing disclosure requirements. This guidance was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted with respect to any eliminated or modified disclosures. Alleghany adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2020 and the implementation did not impact its results of operations or financial condition. See Note 2 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the fair value of Alleghany’s financial instruments.

In March 2020, the FASB issued guidance to expedite and simplify the accounting associated with the anticipated migration away from the widely-used London Inter-bank Offered Rate and other similar rates as benchmark interest rates after 2021. Under pre-existing GAAP, such modifications made to: (i) loans and certain other contracts would require re-assessments of the accounting for those contracts, such as whether they were extinguished and remeasured from an accounting perspective; and (ii) derivative contracts may cause a change in accounting, such as a possible dedesignation of hedge accounting. This new guidance largely eliminates these requirements as a result of this migration to one or more new benchmark rates and is generally applicable for contract modifications made prior to December 31, 2022. Alleghany adopted this guidance in March 2020 and the implementation did not have an impact on its results of operations and financial condition.

Future Application of Accounting Standards

In August 2020, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the accounting and disclosure requirements for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, such as convertible debt and convertible preferred stock. This guidance also modifies the accounting for certain contracts involving an entity’s own stock. This guidance is effective in the first quarter of 2022 for public companies, with early adoption permitted. Alleghany will adopt this guidance in the first quarter of 2022 and does not currently believe that the implementation will have a material impact on its results of operations and financial condition.

2. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of Alleghany’s consolidated financial instruments as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
	($ in millions)
Assets
Investments (excluding equity method investments and loans)⁽¹⁾	$	18,852.7	$	18,852.7	$	19,051.9	$	19,051.9

Liabilities
Senior notes and other debt⁽²⁾	$	2,080.3	$	2,325.8	$	2,135.9	$	2,468.7

(1)

This table includes debt and equity securities, as well as partnership and non-marketable equity investments accounted for at fair value that are included in other invested assets. This table excludes investments accounted for using the equity method and commercial mortgage loans that are accounted for at unpaid principal balance. The fair value of short-term investments approximates amortized cost.

(2)	See Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on the senior notes and other debt.

The following tables present Alleghany’s financial instruments at fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of inputs used as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	($ in millions)
As of March 31, 2021
Equity securities:
Common stock	$	3,305.8	$	2.1	$	—	$	3,307.9
Preferred stock		—		3.0		1.3		4.3
Total equity securities		3,305.8		5.1		1.3		3,312.2
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations		—		1,525.6		—		1,525.6
Municipal bonds		—		2,579.0		—		2,579.0
Foreign government obligations		—		874.5		—		874.5
U.S. corporate bonds		—		2,780.8		610.7		3,391.5
Foreign corporate bonds		—		1,122.4		186.4		1,308.8
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)⁽¹⁾		—		1,974.8		2.3		1,977.1
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”)		—		876.7		—		876.7
Other asset-backed securities⁽²⁾		—		1,398.1		1,014.2		2,412.3
Total debt securities		—		13,131.9		1,813.6		14,945.5
Short-term investments		—		595.0		—		595.0
Other invested assets⁽³⁾		—		—		—		—
Total investments (excluding equity method investments and loans)	$	3,305.8	$	13,732.0	$	1,814.9	$	18,852.7
Senior notes and other debt	$	—	$	1,824.5	$	501.3	$	2,325.8

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	($ in millions)
As of December 31, 2020
Equity securities:
Common stock	$	2,711.1	$	3.5	$	—	$	2,714.6
Preferred stock		—		3.0		1.3		4.3
Total equity securities		2,711.1		6.5		1.3		2,718.9
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations		—		1,360.1		—		1,360.1
Municipal bonds		—		2,656.8		—		2,656.8
Foreign government obligations		—		879.5		—		879.5
U.S. corporate bonds		—		2,914.1		631.6		3,545.7
Foreign corporate bonds		—		1,133.6		189.5		1,323.1
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS⁽¹⁾		—		2,608.9		2.5		2,611.4
CMBS		—		884.5		5.8		890.3
Other asset-backed securities⁽²⁾		—		1,448.9		902.7		2,351.6
Total debt securities		—		13,886.4		1,732.1		15,618.5
Short-term investments		—		714.2		—		714.2
Other invested assets⁽³⁾		—		—		0.3		0.3
Total investments (excluding equity method investments and loans)	$	2,711.1	$	14,607.1	$	1,733.7	$	19,051.9
Senior notes and other debt	$	—	$	1,911.8	$	556.9	$	2,468.7

(1)	Primarily includes government agency pass-through securities guaranteed by a government agency or government sponsored enterprise, among other types of RMBS.

(2)	Includes $959.7 million and $878.4 million of collateralized loan obligations as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(3)	Includes partnership and non-marketable equity investments accounted for at fair value and excludes investments accounted for using the equity method.

In the three months ended March 31, 2021, Alleghany transferred into Level 3 $5.8 million of financial instruments, principally due to a decrease in observable inputs related to the valuation of such assets. Specifically, during the first three months of 2021, there was an increase in the weight given to non-binding broker quotes and, as a result, there was a corresponding decrease in quoted prices for similar assets in active markets. All of the $5.8 million of transfers related to other asset-backed securities.

In the three months ended March 31, 2021, Alleghany transferred out of Level 3 $10.9 million of financial instruments, principally due to an increase in observable inputs related to the valuation of such assets. Specifically, during the first three months of 2021, there was a decrease in the weight given to non-binding broker quotes and, as a result, there was a corresponding increase in quoted prices for similar assets in active markets. Of the $10.9 million of transfers, $5.8 million related to CMBS and $5.1 million related to other asset-backed securities.

In the three months ended March 31, 2020, Alleghany transferred out of Level 3 $14.7 million of financial instruments, principally due to an increase in observable inputs related to the valuation of such assets. Specifically, during the first three months of 2020, there was a decrease in the weight given to non-binding broker quotes, and as a result, there was a corresponding increase in quoted prices for similar assets in active markets. Of the $14.7 million of transfers, $11.4 million related to other asset-backed securities, with the remainder related to foreign corporate bonds.

The following tables present reconciliations of the changes during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 in Level 3 assets measured at fair value:

			Debt Securities
									Mortgage and asset-backed
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	Preferred Stock		U.S. Corporate Bonds			Foreign Corporate Bonds			RMBS			CMBS			Other Asset- backed Securities			Other Invested Assets⁽¹⁾			Total
	($ in millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	1.3	$	631.6		$	189.5		$	2.5		$	5.8		$	902.7		$	0.3		$	1,733.7
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in:
Net earnings⁽²⁾		—		0.2			—			—			—			0.1			0.1			0.4
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		(17.1	)		(3.9	)		—			—			6.7			(0.1	)		(14.4	)
Purchases		—		19.6			2.0			—			—			192.2			—			213.8
Sales		—		—			—			—			—			(0.1	)		(0.3	)		(0.4	)
Issuances		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements		—		(23.6	)		(1.2	)		(0.2	)		—			(88.1	)		—			(113.1	)
Transfers into Level 3		—		—			—			—			—			5.8			—			5.8
Transfers out of Level 3		—		—			—			—			(5.8	)		(5.1	)		—			(10.9	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021	$	1.3	$	610.7		$	186.4		$	2.3		$	—		$	1,014.2		$	—		$	1,814.9

			Debt Securities
									Mortgage and asset-backed
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Preferred Stock		U.S. Corporate Bonds			Foreign Corporate Bonds			RMBS			CMBS			Other Asset- backed Securities			Other Invested Assets⁽¹⁾		Total
	($ in millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2020	$	2.0	$	605.0		$	168.7		$	1.9		$	5.8		$	856.7		$	0.3	$	1,640.4
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in:
Net earnings (losses)⁽²⁾		—		0.2			—			—			—			(0.1	)		—		0.1
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		(18.8	)		(7.3	)		(0.2	)		(1.3	)		(101.4	)		0.2		(128.8	)
Purchases		—		6.7			7.7			0.9			—			43.6			—		58.9
Sales		—		—			—			—			—			(8.3	)		—		(8.3	)
Issuances		—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—
Settlements		—		(3.6	)		(1.1	)		(0.1	)		—			(32.4	)		—		(37.2	)
Transfers into Level 3		—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—
Transfers out of Level 3		—		—			(3.3	)		—			—			(11.4	)		—		(14.7	)
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	2.0	$	589.5		$	164.7		$	2.5		$	4.5		$	746.7		$	0.5	$	1,510.4

(1)	Includes partnership and non-marketable equity investments accounted for at fair value.

(2)	There were no credit losses recorded in net earnings related to Level 3 instruments still held as of March 31, 2021 and 2020.

With respect to changes in Level 3 liabilities during the first three months of 2021, the decrease in senior notes and other debt reflects decreased borrowings at Alleghany Capital subsidiaries due to a reduction in working capital needs.

Although Alleghany is responsible for the determination of the fair value of Alleghany’s financial assets and the supporting methodologies and assumptions, it employs third-party valuation service providers to gather, analyze and interpret market information and derive fair values based upon relevant methodologies and assumptions for individual instruments. When those providers are unable to obtain sufficient market observable information upon which to estimate the fair value for a particular security, fair value is determined either by requesting a quote, which is generally non-binding, from brokers who are knowledgeable about these securities or by employing widely accepted valuation models. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the fair value for the vast majority of debt securities included in Level 3 was provided by such third-party valuation service providers, and as such, valuation details on these securities are generally not available to Alleghany.

Alleghany employs specific control processes to determine the reasonableness of the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities. Alleghany’s processes are designed to ensure that the values received or internally estimated are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and the valuation techniques used are appropriate, consistently applied and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. Alleghany assesses the reasonableness of individual security values received from valuation service providers through various analytical techniques. In addition, Alleghany validates the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from Alleghany’s valuation service providers to other third-party valuation sources for selected securities. Alleghany also validates prices obtained from brokers for selected securities through reviews by those who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investing transactions.

See Note 1(c) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for Alleghany’s accounting policy on fair value.

3. Investments

(a) Unrealized Gains and Losses

The following tables present the amortized cost and the fair value of AFS securities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Allowance for Credit Losses			Fair Value
	($ in millions)
As of March 31, 2021
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations	$	1,516.5	$	25.0	$	(15.9	)	$	—		$	1,525.6
Municipal bonds		2,459.7		128.9		(9.6	)		—			2,579.0
Foreign government obligations		860.6		20.8		(6.9	)		—			874.5
U.S. corporate bonds		3,226.5		188.7		(23.2	)		(0.5	)		3,391.5
Foreign corporate bonds		1,280.2		34.6		(5.9	)		(0.1	)		1,308.8
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS		1,938.1		58.4		(19.4	)		—			1,977.1
CMBS		850.3		33.2		(6.8	)		—			876.7
Other asset-backed securities⁽¹⁾		2,382.8		38.7		(9.2	)		—			2,412.3
Total debt securities		14,514.7		528.3		(96.9	)		(0.6	)		14,945.5
Short-term investments		595.0		—		—			—			595.0
Total investments	$	15,109.7	$	528.3	$	(96.9	)	$	(0.6	)	$	15,540.5

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Allowance for Credit Losses			Fair Value
	($ in millions)
As of December 31, 2020
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations	$	1,317.6	$	44.0	$	(1.5	)	$	—		$	1,360.1
Municipal bonds		2,489.1		168.3		(0.6	)		—			2,656.8
Foreign government obligations		846.6		33.4		(0.5	)		—			879.5
U.S. corporate bonds		3,262.0		289.7		(3.5	)		(2.5	)		3,545.7
Foreign corporate bonds		1,268.3		55.6		(0.7	)		(0.1	)		1,323.1
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS		2,533.6		78.3		(0.5	)		—			2,611.4
CMBS		852.6		45.3		(7.6	)		—			890.3
Other asset-backed securities⁽¹⁾		2,328.7		47.6		(24.7	)		—			2,351.6
Total debt securities		14,898.5		762.2		(39.6	)		(2.6	)		15,618.5
Short-term investments		714.2		—		—			—			714.2
Total investments	$	15,612.7	$	762.2	$	(39.6	)	$	(2.6	)	$	16,332.7

(1)	Includes $959.7 million and $878.4 million of collateralized loan obligations as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(b) Contractual Maturity

The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2021. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	($ in millions)
As of March 31, 2021
Short-term investments due in one year or less	$	595.0	$	595.0
Mortgage and asset-backed securities⁽¹⁾		5,171.2		5,266.1
Debt securities with maturity dates:
One year or less		565.0		571.3
Over one through five years		3,340.3		3,458.8
Over five through ten years		3,089.3		3,187.6
Over ten years		2,348.9		2,461.7
Total debt securities	$	14,514.7	$	14,945.5

(1)	Mortgage and asset-backed securities by their nature do not generally have single maturity dates.

The following table presents net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Interest income	$	99.9		$	119.3
Dividend income		16.7			10.1
Investment expenses		(6.0	)		(7.1	)
Partnerships and other investment results		42.9			(10.3	)
Total	$	153.5		$	112.0

As of March 31, 2021, non-income producing invested assets were immaterial.

(d) Change in the Fair Value of Equity Securities

The proceeds from sales of equity securities were $0.3 billion and $0.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following table presents changes in the fair value of equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Change in the fair value of equity securities sold during the period	$	(3.2	)	$	(164.9	)
Change in the fair value of equity securities held at the end of the period		115.9			(358.1	)
Change in the fair value of equity securities	$	112.7		$	(523.0	)

(e) Realized Gains and Losses

The proceeds from sales of debt securities were $1.2 billion and $2.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Realized capital gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 primarily reflect the sale of debt securities, except as noted in the following table. The following table presents amounts of gross realized capital gains and gross realized capital losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Gross realized capital gains	$	20.9		$	59.0		⁽¹⁾
Gross realized capital losses		(8.0	)		(46.0	)	⁽²⁾
Net realized capital gains	$	12.9		$	13.0

(1)	Gross realized capital gains in the three months ended March 31, 2020 include a $5.0 million realized gain from a reduction of certain contingent consideration liabilities at the PCT-level in connection with its acquisition of a provider of high-performance solid carbide end mills in June 2019.

(2)

Gross realized capital losses in the three months ended March 31, 2020 include (i) impairment charges of $30.0 million from write-downs of SORC oil field assets prior to SORC’s December 31, 2020 sale; and (ii) a $7.1 million realized loss as a result of an early redemption of debt (see Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K).

Gross realized loss amounts exclude change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities, as discussed below.

(f) Credit quality for AFS securities

Alleghany holds its debt securities as AFS and, as such, these securities are recorded at fair value. Credit losses on AFS securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded for (or as a reversal of) credit losses on AFS securities. Any portion of a decline in fair value related to a debt security that is believed to arise from factors other than credit is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income rather than charged against earnings.

Alleghany continually monitors the difference between amortized cost and the estimated fair value of its debt investments. The analysis of a security’s decline in value is performed in its functional currency. Debt securities in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for credit losses if they meet any of the following criteria: (i) they are trading at a discount of at least 20 percent to amortized cost and have a credit rating below investment grade or are not rated; (ii) there has been a negative credit or news event with respect to the issuer that could indicate the existence of a credit loss; or (iii) Alleghany intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that Alleghany will sell, the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis.

If Alleghany intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that Alleghany will sell, a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the total amount of the unrealized loss position is recognized as a credit loss in earnings. To the extent that a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position is not impaired based on the preceding, Alleghany will consider a debt security to be impaired when it believes it to be probable that Alleghany will not be able to collect the entire amortized cost basis. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of the end of each quarter, Alleghany develops a best estimate of the present value of expected cash flows. If the results of the cash flow analysis indicate that Alleghany will not recover the full amount of its amortized cost basis in the debt security, Alleghany records a credit loss in earnings equal to the difference between the present value of expected cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the debt security. If applicable, the difference between the total unrealized loss position on the debt security and the total loss recognized in earnings is the non-credit related portion, which is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income.

In developing the cash flow analyses for debt securities, Alleghany considers various factors for the different categories of debt securities. For municipal bonds, Alleghany takes into account the taxing power of the issuer, source of revenue, credit risk and enhancements and pre-refunding. For mortgage and asset-backed securities, Alleghany discounts its best estimate of future cash flows at an effective rate equal to the original effective yield of the security or, in the case of floating rate securities, at the current coupon. Alleghany’s models include assumptions about prepayment speeds, default and delinquency rates, underlying collateral (if any), credit ratings, credit enhancements and other observable market data. For corporate bonds, Alleghany reviews business prospects, credit ratings and available information from asset managers and rating agencies for individual securities.

Change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities in the first three months of 2021 primarily reflects a $2.0 million reduction of credit losses on AFS securities from debt security sales.

Change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities in the first three months of 2020 reflects $31.4 million of unrealized losses on debt securities, primarily related to the energy sector and lower-quality corporate bonds in other sectors due to a significant decline in their fair value relative to their amortized costs.

The following table presents a rollforward of Alleghany’s allowance for credit losses on AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	2.6		$	—
Beginning balance - cumulative effect of an accounting change		—			—
Provision for credit losses		(2.0	)		31.4
Charge-offs		—			—
Recoveries		—			—
Ending balance	$	0.6		$	31.4

The gross unrealized investment losses for debt securities as of March 31, 2021 were deemed to be temporary, based on, among other factors: (i) the relative magnitude to which the fair value of these investments had been below cost were not indicative of a credit loss; (ii) the absence of compelling evidence that would cause Alleghany to call into question the financial condition or near-term business prospects of the issuer of the security; and (iii) Alleghany’s ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.

Alleghany’s methodology for assessing credit losses contains inherent risks and uncertainties which could include, but are not limited to, incorrect assumptions about financial condition, liquidity or future prospects, inadequacy of any underlying collateral and unfavorable changes in economic conditions or social trends, interest rates or credit ratings.

Alleghany’s consolidated investment portfolio consists mainly of highly rated and liquid debt and equity securities listed on national securities exchanges. The overall credit quality of the debt securities portfolio is measured using the lowest rating of three large, reputable rating agencies. In this regard, the overall weighted-average credit quality rating of Alleghany’s debt securities portfolio as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, was AA-. Although a portion of Alleghany’s debt securities, which consist predominantly of municipal bonds, is insured by third-party financial guaranty insurance companies, the impact of such insurance was not significant to the debt securities’ credit quality rating as of March 31, 2021.

The following table presents the ratings of Alleghany’s debt securities as of March 31, 2021:

	Ratings as of March 31, 2021
	AAA / Aaa			AA / Aa			A			BBB / Baa			Below BBB / Baa or Not Rated⁽¹⁾			Total
	($ in millions)
U.S. Government obligations	$	5.7		$	1,519.9		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1,525.6
Municipal bonds		213.6			1,820.1			451.9			86.0			7.4			2,579.0
Foreign government obligations		385.1			404.3			84.0			1.1			—			874.5
U.S. corporate bonds		8.1			140.0			1,337.0			1,534.2			372.2			3,391.5
Foreign corporate bonds		212.7			79.0			587.8			392.1			37.2			1,308.8
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS		2.7			1,968.0			—			1.0			5.4			1,977.1
CMBS		274.8			401.5			198.0			2.4			—			876.7
Other asset-backed securities		914.0			666.8			390.0			397.3			44.2			2,412.3
Total debt securities	$	2,016.7		$	6,999.6		$	3,048.7		$	2,414.1		$	466.4		$	14,945.5
Percentage of debt securities, before allowance for credit losses		13.5	%		46.8	%		20.4	%		16.2	%		3.1	%		100.0	%

(1)	Consists of $142.5 million of securities rated BB / Ba, $191.6 million of securities rated B, $25.9 million of securities rated CCC, $0.6 million of securities rated CC, $2.8 million of securities rated below CC and $103.0 million of not rated securities.

(g) Aging of Gross Unrealized Losses

The following tables present gross unrealized losses and related fair values for Alleghany’s AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	($ in millions)
As of March 31, 2021
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations	$	693.9	$	15.9	$	—	$	—	$	693.9	$	15.9
Municipal bonds		349.0		9.4		6.4		0.2		355.4		9.6
Foreign government obligations		307.9		6.8		10.3		0.1		318.2		6.9
U.S. corporate bonds		465.3		23.0		16.5		0.2		481.8		23.2
Foreign corporate bonds		266.2		5.4		24.9		0.5		291.1		5.9
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS		890.1		19.4		0.4		—		890.5		19.4
CMBS		71.7		1.3		48.9		5.5		120.6		6.8
Other asset-backed securities		297.8		1.6		504.3		7.6		802.1		9.2
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	3,341.9	$	82.8	$	611.7	$	14.1	$	3,953.6	$	96.9

	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	($ in millions)
As of December 31, 2020
Debt securities:
U.S. Government obligations	$	255.9	$	1.5	$	—	$	—	$	255.9	$	1.5
Municipal bonds		36.2		0.6		—		—		36.2		0.6
Foreign government obligations		132.8		0.5		—		—		132.8		0.5
U.S. corporate bonds		168.5		3.5		2.4		—		170.9		3.5
Foreign corporate bonds		36.4		0.2		19.5		0.5		55.9		0.7
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
RMBS		152.6		0.5		0.4		—		153.0		0.5
CMBS		133.5		7.6		3.8		—		137.3		7.6
Other asset-backed securities		547.9		13.4		533.9		11.3		1,081.8		24.7
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	1,463.8	$	27.8	$	560.0	$	11.8	$	2,023.8	$	39.6

As of March 31, 2021, Alleghany held a total of 1,205 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 140 securities were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses associated with these debt securities consisted of losses related primarily to other asset-backed securities and CMBS.

(h) Investments in Variable Interest Entities

In December 2012, TransRe obtained an ownership interest in Pillar Capital Holdings Limited (“Pillar Holdings”), a Bermuda- based insurance asset manager focused on collateralized reinsurance and catastrophe insurance-linked securities. Additionally, TransRe and, to a lesser extent, AIHL invested in limited partnership funds managed by Pillar Holdings (the “Funds”). The objective of the Funds is to create portfolios with attractive risk-reward characteristics and low correlation with other asset classes, using the extensive reinsurance and capital market experience of the principals of Pillar Holdings. Alleghany has concluded that both Pillar Holdings and the Funds (collectively, the “Pillar Investments”) represent variable interest entities and that Alleghany is not the primary beneficiary, as it does not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact each entity’s economic performance. Therefore, the Pillar Investments are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Alleghany’s potential maximum loss in the Pillar Investments is limited to its cumulative net investment. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, Alleghany’s carrying value in the Pillar Investments, as determined under the equity method of accounting, was $172.7 million and $173.3 million, respectively, which is reported as a component of other invested assets and is net of returns of capital received from the Pillar Investments.

(i) Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans

As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying value of Alleghany’s commercial mortgage loan portfolio was $639.6 million and $670.2 million, respectively, representing the unpaid principal balance on the loans, less allowance for credit losses. The estimated fair value of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio approximated carrying value as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of first mortgages on commercial properties in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. The loans earn interest at fixed- and floating-rates, and mature in two to ten years from loan origination. As of March 31, 2021, the vast majority of loans in Alleghany’s portfolio were originated in the 2016 through 2019 years.

The principal amounts of the loans were no more than approximately two-thirds of the property’s appraised value at the time the loans were made and the estimated fair value of underlying collateral was approximately double that of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio carrying value as of March 31, 2021. Fair value estimates of underlying collateral are updated on a rolling basis at least annually, with a portion of the portfolio updated each quarter. As of March 31, 2021, there was no loan in default or in arrears.

The following table presents a rollforward of Alleghany’s allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	($ in millions)
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	1.4	$	—
Beginning balance - cumulative effect of an accounting change		—		0.8
Provision for credit losses		0.2		1.2
Charge-offs		—		—
Recoveries		—		—
Ending balance	$	1.6	$	2.0

4. Reinsurance Ceded

(a) Overview

Alleghany’s reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries reinsure portions of the risks they underwrite in order to reduce the effect of individual or aggregate exposure to losses, manage capacity, protect capital resources, reduce volatility in specific lines of business, improve risk-adjusted portfolio returns and enable them to increase gross premium writings and risk capacity without requiring additional capital. Alleghany’s reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries generally purchase reinsurance and retrocessional coverages from highly- rated third-party reinsurers or on a collateralized basis. If the assuming reinsurers are unable or unwilling to meet the obligations assumed under the applicable reinsurance agreements, Alleghany’s reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries would remain liable for such reinsurance portion not paid by these reinsurers. As such, funds, trust agreements and letters of credit are held to collateralize a portion of Alleghany’s reinsurance recoverables and Alleghany’s reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries reinsure portions of the risks they underwrite or assume with multiple reinsurance programs. A summary of the more significant programs follows.

TransRe enters into various retrocession arrangements, including property catastrophe retrocession contracts, to manage the effects of individual or aggregate exposure to losses, reduce volatility in specific lines of business, improve risk-adjusted portfolio returns, strengthen its market position and enhance capital efficiency. These include excess-of-loss and quota share treaties in both traditional rated and collateralized form as well as catastrophe bonds. TransRe’s retrocession protections generally have a one-year term and renewal dates occur throughout the year, with the majority renewing at January 1. The catastrophe bonds, however, have a four-year term, with maturities in 2022 and 2023.

RSUI reinsures its property lines of business through a program consisting of surplus share treaties, facultative placements, and per risk and catastrophe excess of loss treaties. RSUI’s catastrophe reinsurance program and property per risk reinsurance program each run on an annual basis from May 1 to the following April 30 and portions expired on April 30, 2021. Both programs were renewed on May 1, 2021 with substantially similar terms as the expired programs.

(b) Reinsurance Recoverables

Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are recognized in a manner consistent with the loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) liabilities associated with the reinsurance placement and presented on the balance sheet as reinsurance recoverables, and are recorded after an allowance for credit losses. Such balances as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are presented in the table below:

	As of March 31,			As of December 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Reinsurance recoverables on paid losses	$	96.5		$	85.3
Ceded outstanding loss and LAE		1,738.7			1,703.7
Reinsurance recoverables, before allowance for credit losses		1,835.2			1,789.0
Allowance for credit losses		(6.0	)		(7.9	)
Total	$	1,829.2		$	1,781.1

The following table presents information regarding concentration of Alleghany’s reinsurance recoverables and the ratings profile of our reinsurers as of March 31, 2021:

Reinsurer⁽¹⁾	Rating⁽²⁾	Amount			Percentage
	($ in millions)
Syndicates at Lloyd's of London	A (Excellent)	$	152.4			8.3	%
Kane SAC Ltd, Rondout Segregated Account⁽³⁾	not rated		129.2			7.1	%
PartnerRe Ltd	A (Excellent)		119.9			6.5	%
RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd	A+ (Superior)		119.9			6.5	%
Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd	A (Excellent)		108.7			5.9	%
Swiss Reinsurance Company	A+ (Superior)		97.0			5.3	%
Third Point Reinsurance Group⁽³⁾	A- (Excellent)		79.3			4.3	%
W.R. Berkley Corporation	A+ (Superior)		73.5			4.0	%
Chubb	A++ (Superior)		71.3			3.9	%
Kane SAC Ltd, Bowery Segregated Account⁽³⁾	not rated		61.6			3.4	%
All other reinsurers			822.4			44.8	%
Total reinsurance recoverables, before allowance for credit losses⁽⁴⁾		$	1,835.2			100.0	%
Allowance for credit losses			(6.0	)
Total		$	1,829.2
Secured reinsurance recoverables⁽³⁾		$	697.8			38.0	%

(1)	Reinsurance recoverables reflect amounts due from one or more reinsurance subsidiaries of the listed company.

(2)	Represents the A.M. Best Company, Inc. financial strength rating for the applicable reinsurance subsidiary or subsidiaries from which the reinsurance recoverable is due.

(3)	Represents reinsurance recoverables secured by funds held, trust agreements or letters of credit.

(4)

Approximately 71 percent of our reinsurance recoverables balance as of March 31, 2021 was due from reinsurers having an A.M. Best Company, Inc. financial strength rating of A (Excellent) or higher, with a majority of the other reinsurance recoverables being secured by funds held, trust agreements or letters of credit.

The following table presents a rollforward of Alleghany’s allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	7.9		$	—
Beginning balance - cumulative effect of an accounting change		—			3.3
Provision for credit losses		(1.9	)		3.5
Charge-offs		—			—
Recoveries		—			—
Ending balance	$	6.0		$	6.8

5. Liability for Loss and LAE

(a) Liability Rollforward

The following table presents the activity in the liability for loss and LAE for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions)
Reserves as of January 1	$	12,970.6		$	11,928.4
Less: reinsurance recoverables⁽¹⁾		1,703.7			1,583.9
Net reserves as of January 1		11,266.9			10,344.5

Incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current year		1,168.2			1,086.4
Prior years		(56.1	)		(59.0	)
Total incurred loss and LAE, net of reinsurance		1,112.1			1,027.4

Paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:⁽²⁾
Current year		87.4			87.3
Prior years		766.8			770.2
Total paid loss and LAE, net of reinsurance		854.2			857.5

Foreign currency exchange rate effect		29.5			(7.5	)

Net reserves as of March 31		11,554.3			10,506.9
Reinsurance recoverables as of March 31⁽¹⁾		1,738.7			1,559.5
Reserves as of March 31	$	13,293.0		$	12,066.4

(1)	Reinsurance recoverables in this table include only ceded loss and LAE reserves.

(2)	Includes paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to commutations.

Gross loss and LAE reserves as of March 31, 2021 increased from December 31, 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of growing net premiums earned and catastrophe losses incurred in first three months of 2021, partially offset by payments on catastrophe losses incurred primarily in 2017 through 2020, and net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development. Catastrophe losses incurred in 2020 and prior accident year loss reserve development in the first three months of 2021 include amounts related to the COVID-19 global pandemic (the “Pandemic”); See Note 9(a) of this Form 10-Q for additional information.

(b) Liability Development

The following table presents the (favorable) unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	($ in millions)
Reinsurance Segment
Property:
Catastrophe events (excluding Pandemic)	$	(4.5	)	⁽¹⁾	$	(32.3	)	⁽²⁾
Pandemic		29.8				—
Non-catastrophe		(11.5	)	⁽³⁾		(14.4	)	⁽⁴⁾
Total		13.8				(46.7	)
Casualty & other:
Catastrophe events (excluding Pandemic)		(1.3	)			1.4
Pandemic		(11.8	)			—
Non-catastrophe		(54.2	)	⁽⁵⁾		(12.4	)	⁽⁶⁾
Total		(67.3	)			(11.0	)
Total Reinsurance Segment		(53.5	)			(57.7	)

Insurance Segment
RSUI:
Casualty		(1.1	)	⁽⁷⁾		(1.0	)	⁽⁸⁾
Property and other		(1.6	)	⁽⁹⁾		(0.5	)	⁽¹⁰⁾
Total		(2.7	)			(1.5	)
CapSpecialty		0.1		⁽¹¹⁾		0.2		⁽¹²⁾
Total incurred related to prior years	$	(56.1	)		$	(59.0	)

(1)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Hurricane Michael in the 2018 accident year, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Hurricane Laura in the 2020 accident year.

(2)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Typhoon Hagibis in the 2019 accident year and catastrophes in the 2018 accident year.

(3)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the 2020 accident year.

(4)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the 2017 and 2019 accident years.

(5)

Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the longer-tailed lines of business in the 2016 and prior accident years and shorter-tailed lines of business in the 2019 and 2020 accident years, partially offset by unfavorable development in certain longer- and shorter-tailed lines of business in the 2018 accident year.

(6)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the longer-tailed lines of business in the 2013 and earlier accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year development in the shorter-tailed lines of business in the 2014 through 2019 accident years.

(7)

Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the umbrella/excess lines of business in the 2007 through 2014 accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the directors’ and officers’ liability lines of business in the 2013 accident year.

(8)

Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the directors’ and officers’ liability and umbrella/excess lines of business in the 2011 through 2015 accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the professional liability lines of business in recent accident years.

(9)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2017 and 2018 accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2020 accident year.

(10)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2018 accident year, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2017 accident year.

(11)	Primarily reflects unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to several casualty lines of business.

(12)	Primarily reflects unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in certain specialty lines of business written through a program administrator in connection with a terminated program in the 2009 and 2010 accident years.

6. Income Taxes

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law on March 27, 2020. Among other provisions, the CARES Act delayed certain employer payroll tax remittance deadlines and created or expanded certain income tax credits and loss carryback provisions and, as a result, Alleghany recorded a $6.9 million tax benefit as of March 31, 2020.

The effective tax rate on earnings before income taxes for the first three months of 2021 was 19.8 percent compared with 22.4 percent for the first three months of 2020. The effective tax rate in the first three months of 2020 was calculated based on actual results through March 31, 2020 because management was not able to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate in light of the

significant losses incurred. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of the CARES Act in the first quarter of 2020.

Alleghany believes that, as of March 31, 2021, it had no material uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax expenses (benefits) are recognized in income tax expense, when applicable. There were no material liabilities for interest or penalties accrued as of March 31, 2021.

7. Stockholders’ Equity

(a) Common Stock Repurchases

In June 2018, the Alleghany Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of shares of common stock of Alleghany, par value $1.00 per share (“Common Stock”), at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $400.0 million. In September 2019, the Alleghany Board of Directors authorized, upon the completion of the program authorized in 2018, the repurchase of additional shares of Common Stock at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $500.0 million. As of March 31, 2021, Alleghany had $369.2 million remaining under its share repurchase authorizations.

The following table presents the shares of Common Stock that Alleghany repurchased in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Shares repurchased		103,025		62,540
Cost of shares repurchased (in millions)	$	63.2	$	44.3
Average price per share repurchased	$	613.36	$	707.84

(b) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alleghany stockholders:

	Unrealized Appreciation of Investments			Unrealized Currency Translation Adjustment			Retirement Plans			Total
	($ in millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	564.9		$	(99.4	)	$	(13.1	)	$	452.4
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		(217.9	)		2.5			(1.0	)		(216.4	)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income		(11.8	)		—			—			(11.8	)
Total		(229.7	)		2.5			(1.0	)		(228.2	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021	$	335.2		$	(96.9	)	$	(14.1	)	$	224.2

	Unrealized Appreciation of Investments			Unrealized Currency Translation Adjustment			Retirement Plans			Total
	($ in millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2020	$	321.0		$	(121.8	)	$	(27.9	)	$	171.3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		(276.6	)		(13.7	)		0.5			(289.8	)
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income		(10.9	)		—			—			(10.9	)
Total		(287.5	)		(13.7	)		0.5			(300.7	)
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	33.5		$	(135.5	)	$	(27.4	)	$	(129.4	)

The following table presents unrealized appreciation of investment reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alleghany stockholders during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

Accumulated Other		Three Months Ended March 31,
Comprehensive Income Component	Line in Consolidated Statement of Earnings	2021			2020
		($ in millions)
Unrealized appreciation of investments:	Net realized capital gains⁽¹⁾	$	(12.9	)	$	(45.1	)
	Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		(2.0	)		31.4
	Income taxes		3.1			2.8
Total reclassifications:	Net (earnings) losses	$	(11.8	)	$	(10.9	)

(1)

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, excludes: (i) a $7.1 million realized loss as a result of an early redemption of debt (Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for further information); (ii) $30.0 million of impairment charges from a write-down of SORC oil field assets; and (iii) a $5.0 million realized gain resulting from a reduction of certain PCT contingent consideration liabilities (see Note 3(e) of this Form 10-Q for additional information).

In February 2020, the Alleghany Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $15.00 per share for stockholders of record on March 5, 2020. On March 16, 2020, Alleghany paid dividends to stockholders totaling $215.0 million.

8. Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

The following table presents a reconciliation of the earnings and share data used in the basic and diluted earnings per share computations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	($ in millions, except share amounts)
Net earnings available to Alleghany stockholders	$	230.0		$	(361.2	)
Effect of dilutive securities		(0.8	)		(3.0	)
Income available to common stockholders for diluted earnings per share	$	229.2		$	(364.2	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding applicable to basic earnings per share		13,989,410			14,340,669
Effect of dilutive securities		9,576			15,439
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding applicable to diluted earnings per share		13,998,986			14,356,108

Contingently issuable shares⁽¹⁾		40,789			18,703

(1)	Contingently issuable shares were potentially available in the periods presented, but were not included in the diluted earnings per share computations because the impact was anti-dilutive to the earnings per share calculation.

9. Commitments and Contingencies

(a) The Pandemic

The Pandemic has significantly disrupted many aspects of society, as well as financial markets, and has caused widespread global economic dislocation. Although vaccine rollouts continue, Alleghany cannot reasonably estimate the duration or severity of the Pandemic, or the extent to which the related disruption may adversely impact its results of operations, financial position and cash flows, or those of its subsidiaries. Adverse impacts from the Pandemic in future periods may include realized and unrealized losses in Alleghany’s investment portfolio and receivables, increased underwriting losses at its reinsurance and insurance segments, and impairment losses on certain subsidiary goodwill and intangible assets.

(b) Legal Proceedings

Certain of Alleghany’s subsidiaries are parties to pending litigation and claims in connection with the ordinary course of their businesses. Each such subsidiary makes provisions for estimated losses to be incurred in such litigation and claims, including legal costs. In the opinion of management, such provisions are adequate, and management does not believe that any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on Alleghany’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Alleghany and its subsidiaries lease certain facilities, land, furniture and equipment under long-term, non-cancelable lease agreements that expire at various dates in future years. Most of Alleghany’s leases relate to office facilities. Alleghany’s lease agreements do not contain any material restrictive covenants and substantially all are considered to be operating leases. Additional information about leases can be found in Note 12(b) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

(d) Hotel Development Commitments

Commencing in 2020, Alleghany Capital invested $0.8 million in certain hotel development projects. The projects are conducted through certain limited liability entities, which are variable interest entities, to which Alleghany is not the primary beneficiary. As of March 31, 2021, Alleghany guaranteed up to $5.3 million of debt of these entities to certain third-party lenders, for which Alleghany receives a fee.

10. Segments of Business

(a) Overview

Alleghany’s segments are reported in a manner consistent with the way management evaluates the businesses. As such, Alleghany classifies its businesses into three reportable segments – reinsurance, insurance and Alleghany Capital.

Reinsurance and insurance underwriting activities are evaluated separately from investment and other activities. Segment accounting policies are described in Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

The reinsurance segment consists of property and casualty reinsurance operations conducted by TransRe’s reinsurance operating subsidiaries and is further reported through two major product lines – property and casualty & other. TransRe provides property and casualty reinsurance to insurers and other reinsurers through brokers and on a direct basis to ceding companies. TransRe writes a modest amount of property and casualty insurance business, which is included in the reinsurance segment. A significant portion of the premiums earned by TransRe’s operations are generated by offices located in Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and those serving Latin America and the Caribbean. Although the majority of the premiums earned by these offices typically relate to the regions where they are located, a significant portion may be derived from other regions of the world, including the U.S. In addition, although a significant portion of the assets and liabilities of these foreign offices generally relate to the countries where the ceding companies and reinsurers are located, most investments are located in the country of domicile of these offices.

The insurance segment consists of property and casualty insurance operations conducted in the U.S. by AIHL through its insurance operating subsidiaries RSUI and CapSpecialty. RSUI also writes a modest amount of assumed reinsurance business, which is included in the insurance segment.

The Alleghany Capital segment consists of industrial operations, non-industrial operations and corporate operations at the Alleghany Capital level, which include hotel development projects. Industrial operations are conducted through PCT, Kentucky Trailer, W&W|AFCO Steel and Wilbert. Non-industrial operations are conducted through IPS, Jazwares and Concord.

Corporate activities are not classified as a segment. The primary components of corporate activities are Alleghany Properties, activities at the Alleghany parent company and, prior to its December 31, 2020 sale, SORC. Corporate activities also include the elimination of minor activity between segments.

In addition, corporate activities include interest expense associated with the senior notes issued by Alleghany, whereas interest expense associated with senior notes issued by TransRe is included in “Total Segments” and interest expense associated with other debt is included in Alleghany Capital. Information related to the senior notes and other debt can be found in Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

(b) Results

The following tables present segment results for Alleghany’s three reportable segments and for corporate activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

		Reinsurance Segment							Insurance Segment
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021		Property			Casualty & other ⁽¹⁾		Total		RSUI		Cap Specialty		Total		Subtotal			Alleghany Capital		Total Segments			Corporate Activities			Consolidated
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written		$	565.3		$	972.9	$	1,538.2	$	420.9	$	102.2	$	523.1	$	2,061.3		$	—	$	2,061.3		$	(10.9	)	$	2,050.4
Net premiums written			459.0			935.9		1,394.9		272.5		87.4		359.9		1,754.8			—		1,754.8			—			1,754.8
Net premiums earned			371.3			858.6		1,229.9		283.6		91.3		374.9		1,604.8			—		1,604.8			—			1,604.8
Net loss and LAE			323.5			525.4		848.9		208.2		55.0		263.2		1,112.1			—		1,112.1			—			1,112.1
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses			109.2			266.8		376.0		64.1		35.9		100.0		476.0			—		476.0			—			476.0
Underwriting (loss) profit⁽²⁾		$	(61.4	)	$	66.4	$	5.0	$	11.3	$	0.4	$	11.7		16.7			—		16.7			—			16.7
Net investment income																123.1			—		123.1			30.4			153.5
Change in the fair value of equity securities																85.3			—		85.3			27.4			112.7
Net realized capital gains																10.5			0.9		11.4			1.5			12.9
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities																1.9			—		1.9			0.1			2.0
Noninsurance revenue																8.6			759.1		767.7			0.1			767.8
Other operating expenses																14.4			709.2		723.6			0.3			723.9
Corporate administration																(0.5	)		—		(0.5	)		10.1			9.6
Amortization of intangible assets																0.2			11.3		11.5			—			11.5
Interest expense																6.8			3.8		10.6			13.1			23.7
Earnings before income taxes															$	225.2		$	35.7	$	260.9		$	36.0		$	296.9

		Reinsurance Segment									Insurance Segment
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020		Property			Casualty & other ⁽¹⁾			Total			RSUI		Cap Specialty			Total		Subtotal			Alleghany Capital		Total Segments			Corporate Activities			Consolidated
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written		$	412.6		$	914.9		$	1,327.5		$	365.9	$	85.5		$	451.4	$	1,778.9		$	—	$	1,778.9		$	(8.3	)	$	1,770.6
Net premiums written			312.9			898.1			1,211.0			244.5		78.2			322.7		1,533.7			—		1,533.7			—			1,533.7
Net premiums earned			321.4			811.7			1,133.1			229.4		81.9			311.3		1,444.4			—		1,444.4			—			1,444.4
Net loss and LAE			247.9			614.3			862.2			116.0		49.2			165.2		1,027.4			—		1,027.4			—			1,027.4
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses			105.4			244.4			349.8			57.8		33.8			91.6		441.4			—		441.4			—			441.4
Underwriting (loss) profit⁽²⁾		$	(31.9	)	$	(47.0	)	$	(78.9	)	$	55.6	$	(1.1	)	$	54.5		(24.4	)		—		(24.4	)		—			(24.4	)
Net investment income																			109.7			1.8		111.5			0.5			112.0
Change in the fair value of equity securities																			(521.6	)		—		(521.6	)		(1.4	)		(523.0	)
Net realized capital gains																			45.1			4.9		50.0			(37.0	)		13.0
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities																			(30.7	)		—		(30.7	)		(0.7	)		(31.4	)
Noninsurance revenue																			7.4			457.3		464.7			3.2			467.9
Other operating expenses																			9.9			450.7		460.6			6.1			466.7
Corporate administration																			(2.0	)		—		(2.0	)		(12.3	)		(14.3	)
Amortization of intangible assets																			0.4			9.2		9.6			—			9.6
Interest expense																			6.7			3.8		10.5			7.8			18.3
Earnings (losses) before income taxes																		$	(429.5	)	$	0.3	$	(429.2	)	$	(37.0	)	$	(466.2	)

(1)	Primarily consists of the following reinsurance lines of business: directors’ and officers’ liability; errors and omissions liability; general liability; medical malpractice; ocean marine and aviation; auto liability; accident and health; mortgage reinsurance; surety; and credit.

(2)

Underwriting profit represents net premiums earned less net loss and LAE and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses, all as determined in accordance with GAAP, and does not include net investment income, change in the fair value of equity securities, net realized capital gains, change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities, noninsurance revenue, other operating expenses, corporate administration, amortization of intangible assets or interest expense. Underwriting profit does not replace earnings before income taxes determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of profitability. Rather, Alleghany believes that underwriting profit enhances the understanding of its reinsurance and insurance segments’ operating results by highlighting net earnings attributable to their underwriting performance. Earnings before income taxes (a GAAP measure) may show a profit despite an underlying underwriting loss. Where underwriting losses persist over extended periods, a reinsurance or an insurance company’s ability to continue as an ongoing concern may be at risk. Therefore, Alleghany views underwriting profit as an important measure in the overall evaluation of performance.

The following table presents identifiable assets, the portion of identifiable assets related to cash and invested assets and equity attributable to Alleghany for Alleghany’s reportable segments and for corporate activities as of March 31, 2021:

	Identifiable Assets		Invested Assets and Cash		Equity Attributable to Alleghany
	($ in millions)
Reinsurance segment	$	18,384.7	$	14,662.6	$	5,251.9
Insurance segment		7,477.3		5,452.1		2,522.4
Subtotal		25,862.0		20,114.7		7,774.3
Alleghany Capital		2,509.1		92.8		1,077.8
Total segments		28,371.1		20,207.5		8,852.1
Corporate activities		1,014.8		991.0		(156.2	)
Consolidated	$	29,385.9	$	21,198.5	$	8,695.9

The debt associated with Alleghany Capital’s operating subsidiaries totaled $501.3 million and $556.9 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and is generally used to support working capital needs and to help finance acquisitions. As of March 31, 2021, the $501.3 million included:

•

$201.5 million of borrowings by Jazwares under its available credit facilities to support its seasonal working capital requirements and borrowings incurred and assumed from its acquisitions in 2019 and 2020;

•

$92.3 million of borrowings by W&W|AFCO Steel under its available credit facilities and term loans, including borrowings incurred and assumed from its acquisition of Hirschfeld Holdings, LP in 2018;

•

$72.8 million of borrowings by Wilbert under its available credit facility and term loans;

•

$67.2 million of term loans at Kentucky Trailer primarily related to borrowings to finance small acquisitions, including its acquisition of a controlling interest in two manufacturers of aluminum feed transportation equipment in 2018 and 2019, and borrowings under its available credit facilities;

•

$40.9 million of borrowings by IPS under its available credit facility and term loans, in part to finance a small acquisition in 2019; and

•

$26.6 million of term loans at PCT primarily related to borrowings to finance the acquisition of a waterjet orifice and nozzle manufacturer in 2016 and the acquisition of a consumable cutting tool manufacturer in 2019.

None of the above liabilities are guaranteed by Alleghany or Alleghany Capital. In December 2019, third-party, floating-rate term loans at Concord were repaid and replaced with approximately $33 million of intercompany floating-rate debt funded by the Alleghany parent company. The intercompany debt and related interest expenses are eliminated at the Alleghany consolidated level.

(d) Alleghany Capital Noninsurance Revenue

For Alleghany Capital’s industrial and non-industrial operations, noninsurance revenue consists of the sale of manufactured goods and services. The following table presents noninsurance revenue for the Alleghany Capital segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	($ in millions)
Industrial⁽¹⁾	$	404.4	$	242.5
Non-Industrial⁽²⁾		354.7		214.7
Corporate & other		—		0.1
Alleghany Capital	$	759.1	$	457.3

(1)	For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the vast majority of industrial noninsurance revenues were recognized as goods and services transferred to customers over time.

(2)	For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 63 percent and 82 percent, respectively, of non-industrial noninsurance revenues were recognized as services transferred to customers over time, with the remainder recognized as goods transferred at a point in time.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, or this “Form 10-Q,” and our audited consolidated financial statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, or the “2020 Form 10-K.” This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and particularly under the headings “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Note on Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Item 1A, Item 1, and Part I of the 2020 Form 10-K, respectively.

References in this Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “Alleghany,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Alleghany Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires. In addition, unless the context otherwise requires, references to

•

“TransRe” are to our wholly-owned reinsurance holding company subsidiary Transatlantic Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries;

•

“AIHL” are to our wholly-owned insurance holding company subsidiary Alleghany Insurance Holdings LLC;

•

“RSUI” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary RSUI Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries;

•

“CapSpecialty” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary CapSpecialty, Inc. and its subsidiaries;

•

“AIHL Re” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary AIHL Re LLC;

•

“Roundwood” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary Roundwood Asset Management LLC;

•

“SORC” are to our former wholly-owned subsidiary Stranded Oil Resources Corporation and its subsidiaries, which was sold on December 31, 2020;

•

“Alleghany Capital” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary Alleghany Capital Corporation and its subsidiaries;

•

“PCT” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary Precision Cutting Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries;

•

“Kentucky Trailer” are to our majority-owned subsidiary R.C. Tway Company, LLC and its subsidiaries;

•

“IPS” are to our majority-owned subsidiary IPS-Integrated Project Services, LLC and its subsidiaries;

•

“Jazwares” are to our majority-owned subsidiary Jazwares, LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates;

•

“W&W|AFCO Steel” are to our majority-owned subsidiary WWSC Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries;

•

“Concord” are to our majority-owned subsidiary CHECO Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries;

•

“Wilbert” are to our majority-owned subsidiary Wilbert Funeral Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries; and

•

“Alleghany Properties” are to our wholly-owned subsidiary Alleghany Properties Holdings LLC and its subsidiaries.

Note on Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements contained in this Form 10-Q may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “should” or the negative versions of those words or other comparable words. Forward-looking statements do not relate solely to historical or current facts, rather they are based on management’s expectations as well as certain assumptions and estimates made by, and information available to, management at the time. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. These forward-looking statements are based upon Alleghany’s current expectations and are subject to a number of uncertainties and risks that could significantly affect current plans, anticipated actions and Alleghany’s future financial condition and results. Factors that could cause these forward-looking statements to differ, possibly materially, from that currently contemplated include:

•

significant weather-related or other natural or man-made catastrophes and disasters;

•

the effects of outbreaks of pandemics or contagious diseases, including the length and severity of the current worldwide coronavirus pandemic, known as COVID-19, including its impact on our business;

•

the cyclical nature of the property and casualty reinsurance and insurance industries;

•

changes in market prices of our significant equity investments and changes in value of our debt securities portfolio;

•

adverse loss development for events insured by our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries in either the current year or prior years;

•

the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of certain casualty lines of business written by our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries;

•

the cost and availability of reinsurance;

•

the reliance by our reinsurance and insurance operating subsidiaries on a limited number of brokers;

•

legal, political, judicial and regulatory changes;

•

increases in the levels of risk retention by our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries;

•

changes in the ratings assigned to our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries;

•

claims development and the process of estimating reserves;

•

exposure to terrorist acts and acts of war;

•

the willingness and ability of our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries;

•

the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts;

•

the loss of key personnel of our reinsurance or insurance operating subsidiaries;

•

fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates;

•

the failure to comply with the restrictive covenants contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness;

•

the ability to make payments on, or repay or refinance, our debt;

•

risks inherent in international operations; and

•

difficult and volatile conditions in the global market.

Additional risks and uncertainties include general economic and political conditions, including the effects of a prolonged U.S. or global economic downturn or recession; changes in costs; variations in political, economic or other factors; risks relating to conducting operations in a competitive environment; effects of acquisition and disposition activities, inflation rates, or recessionary or expansive trends; changes in interest rates; extended labor disruptions, civil unrest, or other external factors over which we have no control; changes in our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, or intentions, which may happen at any time at our discretion; and other factors discussed in the 2020 Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC.” All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and are based on information available at that time. Alleghany does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent circumstances or events. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information.

Comment on Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Throughout this Form 10-Q, our analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., or “GAAP.” Our results of operations have been presented in the way that we believe will be the most meaningful and useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use financial information in evaluating our performance. This presentation includes the use of underwriting profit and adjusted earnings before income taxes, which are “non-GAAP financial measures,” as such term is defined in Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. The presentation of these financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. These measures may also be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting their usefulness for comparison purposes. A discussion of our calculation and use of these financial measures is provided below.

Underwriting profit is a non-GAAP financial measure for our reinsurance and insurance segments. Underwriting profit represents net premiums earned less net loss and loss adjustment expenses, or “LAE,” and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses, all as determined in accordance with GAAP and does not include: (i) net investment income; (ii) change in the fair value of equity securities; (iii) net realized capital gains; (iv) change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities; (v) noninsurance revenue; (vi) other operating expenses; (vii) corporate administration; (viii) amortization of intangible assets; and (ix) interest expense. We use underwriting profit as a supplement to earnings before income taxes, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to evaluate the performance of our reinsurance and insurance segments and believe that underwriting profit provides useful additional information to investors because it highlights net earnings attributable to our reinsurance and insurance segments’ underwriting performance. Earnings before income taxes may show a profit despite an underlying underwriting loss, and when underwriting losses persist over extended periods, a reinsurance or an insurance company’s ability to continue as an ongoing concern may be at risk. A reconciliation of underwriting profit to earnings before income taxes is presented within “Consolidated Results of Operations.”

Adjusted earnings before income taxes is a non-GAAP financial measure for our Alleghany Capital segment. Adjusted earnings before income taxes represents noninsurance revenue and net investment income less other operating expenses and interest expense, and does not include: (i) amortization of intangible assets; (ii) change in the fair value of equity securities; (iii) net realized capital gains; (iv) change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities; and (v) income taxes. Because adjusted earnings before income taxes excludes amortization of intangible assets, change in the fair value of equity securities, net realized capital gains, change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities and income taxes, it provides an indication of economic performance that is not affected by levels of effective tax rates or levels of amortization resulting from acquisition accounting. We use adjusted earnings before income taxes as a supplement to earnings before income taxes, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to evaluate the performance of certain of our noninsurance operating subsidiaries and investments. A reconciliation of adjusted earnings before income taxes to earnings before income taxes is presented within “Consolidated Results of Operations.”

Overview

The following overview does not address all of the matters covered in the other sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or contain all of the information that may be important to our stockholders or the investing public. This overview should be read in conjunction with the other sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

•

Net earnings attributable to Alleghany stockholders were $230.0 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with net losses of $361.2 million in the first quarter of 2020.

•

Net investment income increased by 37.1 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

•

Net premiums written increased by 14.4 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

•

Underwriting profit was $16.7 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with underwriting loss of $24.4 million in the first quarter of 2020.

•

The combined ratio for our reinsurance and insurance segments was 99.0 percent in the first quarter of 2021, compared with 101.7 percent in the first quarter of 2020.

•

Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance and including current accident year losses from the Pandemic, as defined below, were $180.9 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with $181.6 million in the first quarter of 2020.

•

Net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, including prior accident year losses from the Pandemic, as defined below, was $56.1 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with $59.0 million in the first quarter of 2020.

•

Noninsurance revenue for Alleghany Capital was $759.1 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with $457.3 million in the first quarter of 2020.

•

Earnings before income taxes for Alleghany Capital were $35.7 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with $0.3 million in the first quarter of 2020. Adjusted earnings before income taxes were $46.1 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared with $4.6 million in the first quarter of 2020.

As of March 31, 2021, we had total assets of $29.4 billion and total stockholders’ equity attributable to Alleghany stockholders of $8.7 billion. As of March 31, 2021, we had consolidated total investments of approximately $20.0 billion, consisting of $15.0 billion invested in debt securities, $3.3 billion invested in equity securities, $0.6 billion invested in commercial mortgage loans, $0.6 billion invested in short-term investments and $0.5 billion invested in other invested assets.

The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, or the “Pandemic,” has significantly disrupted many aspects of society, as well as financial markets, and has caused widespread global economic dislocation. At the parent and subsidiary levels, we have implemented a variety of business continuation and crisis management policies and procedures to reduce the risk of infection to our employees and others.

Among other impacts on the economy, the Pandemic has adversely impacted financial markets, which in turn impacted our investment portfolio in the first quarter of 2020. These impacts are more fully described below and throughout our 2020 Form 10-K.

Since early 2020, our reinsurance and insurance segments have incurred significant losses from the Pandemic to date through March 31, 2021 (in total $433.2 million), which included $18.0 million of unfavorable prior accident year Pandemic loss reserve development at TransRe in the first quarter of 2021, and $152.9 million of Pandemic-related catastrophe losses at TransRe in the first quarter of 2020. The Pandemic losses incurred at TransRe included those from event cancellation coverage for conferences and sporting events as well as other property coverages and, to a lesser extent, the accident and health and trade credit lines of business. Our Pandemic loss estimates were based on information available at the time to us, including an analysis of reported claims, an underwriting review of in-force contracts and other factors requiring considerable judgment. Our loss estimates for Pandemic losses do not reflect judicial, legislative and regulatory risk that could expand coverage beyond the terms of our treaty and policy language, although they do reflect provisions for related legal expenses. Although vaccine rollouts continue, we cannot reasonably estimate the length or severity of the Pandemic, or the extent to which the related disruption may adversely impact our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. Such potential adverse impacts of a prolonged Pandemic on our operations, financial position and cash flows include further declines in our equity securities portfolio, additional credit-related realized and unrealized losses on our debt securities and commercial mortgage portfolios, additional credit losses on our reinsurance recoverables and other receivables, further losses from event cancellation and other coverages from our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries, increased litigation and impairment of certain Alleghany Capital subsidiary goodwill and intangible assets.

Aside from the Pandemic, our reinsurance and insurance segments incurred $180.6 million of catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2021 from Winter Storm Uri and other storms, collectively referred to herein as the “Winter Storms,” which caused widespread property damage, flooding and extended power outages in February 2021, primarily in Texas. Our loss estimate for this catastrophe was based on information available at the time, including an analysis of reported claims, an underwriting review of in-force contracts, estimates of losses to the extent covered by applicable policies, and other factors requiring considerable judgment.

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table presents our consolidated revenues, costs and expenses and earnings:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	($ in millions)
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	1,604.8	$	1,444.4
Net investment income		153.5		112.0
Change in the fair value of equity securities		112.7		(523.0	)
Net realized capital gains		12.9		13.0
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		2.0		(31.4	)
Noninsurance revenue		767.8		467.9
Total revenues		2,653.7		1,482.9

Costs and Expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses		1,112.1		1,027.4
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		476.0		441.4
Other operating expenses		723.9		466.7
Corporate administration		9.6		(14.3	)
Amortization of intangible assets		11.5		9.6
Interest expense		23.7		18.3
Total costs and expenses		2,356.8		1,949.1

Earnings (losses) before income taxes		296.9		(466.2	)
Income taxes		58.8		(104.7	)
Net earnings (losses)		238.1		(361.5	)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests		8.1		(0.3	)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to Alleghany stockholders	$	230.0	$	(361.2	)

See Note 10 to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional detail on our segments and corporate activities. The tables below present the results for our segments and for corporate activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Segments
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	Reinsurance Segment			Insurance Segment			Subtotal			Alleghany Capital		Total Segments			Corporate Activities⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	1,538.2		$	523.1		$	2,061.3		$	—	$	2,061.3		$	(10.9	)	$	2,050.4
Net premiums written		1,394.9			359.9			1,754.8			—		1,754.8			—			1,754.8

Net premiums earned		1,229.9			374.9			1,604.8			—		1,604.8			—			1,604.8
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		802.7			184.6			987.3			—		987.3			—			987.3
Current year catastrophe losses⁽²⁾		99.7			81.2			180.9			—		180.9			—			180.9
Prior years⁽²⁾		(53.5	)		(2.6	)		(56.1	)		—		(56.1	)		—			(56.1	)
Total net loss and LAE		848.9			263.2			1,112.1			—		1,112.1			—			1,112.1
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		376.0			100.0			476.0			—		476.0			—			476.0
Underwriting profit⁽³⁾	$	5.0		$	11.7			16.7			—		16.7			—			16.7
Net investment income								123.1			—		123.1			30.4			153.5
Change in the fair value of equity securities								85.3			—		85.3			27.4			112.7
Net realized capital gains								10.5			0.9		11.4			1.5			12.9
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities								1.9			—		1.9			0.1			2.0
Noninsurance revenue								8.6			759.1		767.7			0.1			767.8
Other operating expenses								14.4			709.2		723.6			0.3			723.9
Corporate administration								(0.5	)		—		(0.5	)		10.1			9.6
Amortization of intangible assets								0.2			11.3		11.5			—			11.5
Interest expense								6.8			3.8		10.6			13.1			23.7
Earnings before income taxes							$	225.2		$	35.7	$	260.9		$	36.0		$	296.9

Loss ratio⁽⁴⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		65.2	%		49.2	%		61.5	%
Current year catastrophe losses		8.1	%		21.7	%		11.3	%
Prior years		(4.3	%)		(0.7	%)		(3.5	%)
Total net loss and LAE		69.0	%		70.2	%		69.3	%
Expense ratio⁽⁵⁾		30.6	%		26.7	%		29.7	%
Combined ratio⁽⁶⁾		99.6	%		96.9	%		99.0	%

	Segments
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Reinsurance Segment			Insurance Segment			Subtotal			Alleghany Capital		Total Segments			Corporate Activities⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	1,327.5		$	451.4		$	1,778.9		$	—	$	1,778.9		$	(8.3	)	$	1,770.6
Net premiums written		1,211.0			322.7			1,533.7			—		1,533.7			—			1,533.7

Net premiums earned		1,133.1			311.3			1,444.4			—		1,444.4			—			1,444.4
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		747.7			157.1			904.8			—		904.8			—			904.8
Current year catastrophe losses⁽²⁾		172.2			9.4			181.6			—		181.6			—			181.6
Prior years⁽²⁾		(57.7	)		(1.3	)		(59.0	)		—		(59.0	)		—			(59.0	)
Total net loss and LAE		862.2			165.2			1,027.4			—		1,027.4			—			1,027.4
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		349.8			91.6			441.4			—		441.4			—			441.4
Underwriting (loss) profit⁽³⁾	$	(78.9	)	$	54.5			(24.4	)		—		(24.4	)		—			(24.4	)
Net investment income								109.7			1.8		111.5			0.5			112.0
Change in the fair value of equity securities								(521.6	)		—		(521.6	)		(1.4	)		(523.0	)
Net realized capital gains								45.1			4.9		50.0			(37.0	)		13.0
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities								(30.7	)		—		(30.7	)		(0.7	)		(31.4	)
Noninsurance revenue								7.4			457.3		464.7			3.2			467.9
Other operating expenses								9.9			450.7		460.6			6.1			466.7
Corporate administration								(2.0	)		—		(2.0	)		(12.3	)		(14.3	)
Amortization of intangible assets								0.4			9.2		9.6			—			9.6
Interest expense								6.7			3.8		10.5			7.8			18.3
(Losses) earnings before income taxes							$	(429.5	)	$	0.3	$	(429.2	)	$	(37.0	)	$	(466.2	)

Loss ratio⁽⁴⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		66.0	%		50.5	%		62.6	%
Current year catastrophe losses		15.2	%		3.0	%		12.6	%
Prior years		(5.1	%)		(0.4	%)		(4.1	%)
Total net loss and LAE		76.1	%		53.1	%		71.1	%
Expense ratio⁽⁵⁾		30.9	%		29.4	%		30.6	%
Combined ratio⁽⁶⁾		107.0	%		82.5	%		101.7	%

(1)	Includes elimination of minor reinsurance activity between segments.

(2)

Prior years in the three months ended March 31, 2021 includes $18.0 million of unfavorable prior accident year Pandemic loss reserve development at our reinsurance segment. Current year catastrophe losses in the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes $152.9 million of Pandemic-related losses incurred at our reinsurance segment.

(3)

(4)	The loss ratio is derived by dividing the amount of net loss and LAE by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(5)	The expense ratio is derived by dividing the amount of commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(6)

The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio, all as determined in accordance with GAAP. The combined ratio represents the percentage of each premium dollar a reinsurance or an insurance company has to spend on net loss and LAE, and commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

Premiums. The following table presents our consolidated premiums:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Percent
	2021		2020		Change
	($ in millions)
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	2,050.4	$	1,770.6		15.8	%
Net premiums written		1,754.8		1,533.7		14.4	%
Net premiums earned		1,604.8		1,444.4		11.1	%

The increase in gross premiums written in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 is attributable to growth at our reinsurance and insurance segments. The increase at our reinsurance segment primarily reflects improving rates overall and growth in various professional liability and the agriculture lines of business in the U.S., and, to a lesser extent, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. Gross premiums written from a certain large whole account quota share treaty, or the “Quota Share Treaty,” were $173.5 million in the first quarter of 2021 compared with $169.2 million in the first quarter of 2020. The increase in insurance segment gross premiums written in 2021 from 2020 primarily reflects growth in most of RSUI’s lines of business due to increases in business opportunities, higher rates and improved general market conditions.

The increase in net premiums earned in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 reflects growth in reinsurance and insurance segment gross premiums written in recent quarters, partially offset by higher ceded premiums earned.

A detailed comparison of premiums by segment for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Net loss and LAE. The following table presents our consolidated net loss and LAE:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	987.3		$	904.8			9.1	%
Current year catastrophe losses		180.9			181.6			(0.4	%)
Prior years		(56.1	)		(59.0	)		(4.9	%)
Total net loss and LAE	$	1,112.1		$	1,027.4			8.2	%

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		61.5	%		62.6	%
Current year catastrophe losses		11.3	%		12.6	%
Prior years		(3.5	%)		(4.1	%)
Total net loss and LAE		69.3	%		71.1	%

The increase in net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of an increase in net premiums, as discussed above, partially offset by a modestly lower overall loss ratio.

A detailed comparison of net loss and LAE by segment for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses. The following table presents our consolidated commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	476.0		$	441.4			7.8	%

Expense ratio		29.7	%		30.6	%

The increase in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned, as discussed above and, to a lesser extent, higher short-term incentive compensation expense accruals, partially offset by lower overall commission rates at RSUI.

A detailed comparison of commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses by segment for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Underwriting profit. The following table presents our consolidated underwriting profit (loss):

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	16.7		$	(24.4	)		(168.4	%)

Combined ratio		99.0	%		101.7	%

The underwriting profit in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the underwriting loss in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects an increase in net premiums earned and lower overall loss and commission ratios, all as discussed above.

A detailed comparison of underwriting profit by segment for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Investment results. The following table presents our consolidated investment results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Percent
	2021		2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Net investment income	$	153.5	$	112.0			37.1	%
Change in the fair value of equity securities		112.7		(523.0	)		(121.5	%)
Net realized capital gains		12.9		13.0			(0.8	%)
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		2.0		(31.4	)		(106.4	%)

The increase in net investment income in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher partnership income and, to a lesser extent, higher dividend income, partially offset by lower interest income. Our partnership income in the first quarter of 2021 included appreciation in a certain partnership that has exposure to cryptocurrencies, and our partnership income in the first quarter of 2020 reflected the impact of the Pandemic on lower-quality debt securities held by certain of our investment partnerships. The increase in dividend income reflects an increased allocation to higher-yielding stocks. Lower interest income reflects the impact of low reinvestment yields on debt securities and lower yields on short term investment and floating-rate debt securities.

The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2021 reflects appreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio, primarily from our holdings in the financial, healthcare and industrial sectors. The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2020 reflects significant depreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio due primarily to the impact of the Pandemic and related economic and financial market disruptions.

Net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2021 primarily reflect the sale of debt securities. Net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflect the sale of debt securities and a $5.0 million realized gain from a reduction of certain contingent consideration liabilities, partially offset by a $30.0 million impairment charge from a write-down of certain SORC oil field assets arising from a significant decline in energy prices as of March 31, 2020 and a $7.1 million realized loss as a result of an early redemption of certain senior notes as of January 15, 2020.

The change in allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale, or “AFS,” securities in the first quarter of 2021 reflects a $2.0 million reduction of credit losses on AFS securities, primarily from debt security sales. The change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities in the first quarter of 2020 reflects $31.4 million of unrealized losses on debt securities related to significant, Pandemic-driven declines in fair value as of March 31, 2020.

A detailed comparison of investment results for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Noninsurance revenue and expenses. The following table presents our consolidated noninsurance revenue and expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Percent
	2021		2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Noninsurance revenue	$	767.8	$	467.9			64.1	%

Other operating expenses		723.9		466.7			55.1	%
Corporate administration		9.6		(14.3	)		(167.1	%)
Amortization of intangible assets		11.5		9.6			19.8	%
Interest expense		23.7		18.3			29.5	%

Noninsurance revenue and Other operating expenses. Noninsurance revenue and other operating expenses primarily include sales and expenses associated with our Alleghany Capital segment. Other operating expenses also includes long-term incentive compensation accruals at our reinsurance and insurance segments, which totaled $13.1 million and $1.2 million in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in long-term incentive compensation accruals at our reinsurance and insurance segments in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact on expected payouts from the first quarter of 2020 being significantly reduced by depreciation in the value of our equity and debt securities portfolio as a result of market disruptions caused by the Pandemic.

The increases in noninsurance revenue and other operating expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflect higher revenue at Jazwares, W&W|AFCO Steel and IPS as well as the impact of Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results. The increase in other operating expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 also reflect an increase in long-term incentive compensation accruals at our reinsurance and insurance segments, as discussed above, as well as Alleghany Capital’s corporate operations.

Corporate administration. The corporate administration expense in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the negative corporate administration expense in the first quarter of 2020 reflects significantly higher Alleghany parent company long-term incentive compensation accruals. Long-term incentive compensation accruals reflect modest appreciation in Alleghany stock price and modest net depreciation in our consolidated investment securities portfolio in the first quarter of 2021, compared with significant, Pandemic-driven depreciation of both Alleghany stock price and the value of our consolidated investment securities portfolio in the first quarter of 2020.

Amortization of intangible assets. The increase in amortization expense in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the April 1, 2020 Kelly Toy Holdings LLC, or “Kelly Toy,” acquisition by Jazwares, as well as the impact of Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results.

Interest expense. The increase in interest expense in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the issuance of certain Alleghany senior notes on May 18, 2020. See Note 8(a) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for further information.

A detailed comparison of noninsurance revenue and expenses for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 is contained in the following pages.

Income taxes. The following table presents our consolidated income tax expense:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Income taxes	$	58.8		$	(104.7	)		(156.2	%)

Effective tax rate		19.8	%		22.4	%

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or the “CARES Act,” was signed into law on March 27, 2020. Among other provisions, the CARES Act delayed certain employer payroll tax remittance deadlines and created or expanded certain income tax credits and loss carryback provisions and, as a result, we recorded a $6.9 million tax benefit as of March 31, 2020.

The income tax expense in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the income tax benefit in the first quarter of 2020 reflects earnings before income taxes compared with losses before income taxes in the first quarter of 2020, as further discussed below and, to a lesser extent, the impact of the CARES Act. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of the CARES Act in the first quarter of 2020.

Net earnings. The following table presents our consolidated earnings:

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Percent
	2021		2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Earnings (losses) before income taxes	$	296.9	$	(466.2	)		(163.7	%)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests		8.1		(0.3	)		(2,800.0	%)
Net earnings (losses) attributable to Alleghany stockholders		230.0		(361.2	)		(163.7	%)

The earnings before income taxes and net earnings attributable to Alleghany stockholders in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the losses before income taxes and net losses attributable to Alleghany stockholders in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflect the impact of appreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio in the first quarter of 2021 compared with significant, Pandemic-driven depreciation in the first quarter of 2020, all as discussed above.

The net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests in the first quarter of 2021 compared to net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects significantly improved results at Jazwares, W&W|AFCO Steel and IPS.

Reinsurance Segment Underwriting Results

The reinsurance segment is composed of TransRe’s property and casualty & other lines of business. TransRe writes a modest amount of property and casualty insurance business, which is included in the reinsurance segment. For a more detailed description of our reinsurance segment, see Part I, Item 1, “Business—Segment Information—Reinsurance Segment” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

The following tables present the underwriting results of the reinsurance segment:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	Property			Casualty & other⁽¹⁾			Total
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	565.3		$	972.9		$	1,538.2
Net premiums written		459.0			935.9			1,394.9

Net premiums earned		371.3			858.6			1,229.9
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		212.3			590.4			802.7
Current year catastrophe losses		97.4			2.3			99.7
Prior years		13.8			(67.3	)		(53.5	)
Total net loss and LAE		323.5			525.4			848.9
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		109.2			266.8			376.0
Underwriting (loss) profit⁽²⁾	$	(61.4	)	$	66.4		$	5.0

Loss ratio⁽³⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		57.2	%		68.8	%		65.2	%
Current year catastrophe losses		26.2	%		0.3	%		8.1	%
Prior years		3.7	%		(7.9	%)		(4.3	%)
Total net loss and LAE		87.1	%		61.2	%		69.0	%
Expense ratio⁽⁴⁾		29.4	%		31.1	%		30.6	%
Combined ratio⁽⁵⁾		116.5	%		92.3	%		99.6	%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Property			Casualty & other⁽¹⁾			Total
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	412.6		$	914.9		$	1,327.5
Net premiums written		312.9			898.1			1,211.0

Net premiums earned		321.4			811.7			1,133.1
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		174.7			573.0			747.7
Current year catastrophe losses		119.9			52.3			172.2
Prior years		(46.7	)		(11.0	)		(57.7	)
Total net loss and LAE		247.9			614.3			862.2
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		105.4			244.4			349.8
Underwriting (loss)⁽²⁾	$	(31.9	)	$	(47.0	)	$	(78.9	)

Loss ratio⁽³⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		54.4	%		70.6	%		66.0	%
Current year catastrophe losses		37.3	%		6.4	%		15.2	%
Prior years		(14.5	%)		(1.4	%)		(5.1	%)
Total net loss and LAE		77.2	%		75.6	%		76.1	%
Expense ratio⁽⁴⁾		32.8	%		30.1	%		30.9	%
Combined ratio⁽⁵⁾		110.0	%		105.7	%		107.0	%

(1)	Primarily consists of the following reinsurance lines of business: directors’ and officers’ liability; errors and omissions liability; general liability; medical malpractice; ocean marine and aviation; auto liability; accident and health; mortgage reinsurance; surety; and credit.

(2)

(3)	The loss ratio is derived by dividing the amount of net loss and LAE by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(4)	The expense ratio is derived by dividing the amount of commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(5)

Reinsurance Segment: Premiums. The following table presents premiums for the reinsurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Percent
	2021		2020		Change
	($ in millions)
Property
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	565.3	$	412.6		37.0	%
Net premiums written		459.0		312.9		46.7	%
Net premiums earned		371.3		321.4		15.5	%
Casualty & other
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	972.9	$	914.9		6.3	%
Net premiums written		935.9		898.1		4.2	%
Net premiums earned		858.6		811.7		5.8	%
Total
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	1,538.2	$	1,327.5		15.9	%
Net premiums written		1,394.9		1,211.0		15.2	%
Net premiums earned		1,229.9		1,133.1		8.5	%

Property. The increase in gross premiums written in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects generally improving rates and growth in non-catastrophe property lines and in particular, the agriculture lines of business, in the U.S., and, to a lesser extent, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. Gross premiums written related to the Quota Share Treaty were $82.8 million and $72.3 million in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, gross premiums written increased 35.2 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

The increase in net premiums earned in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher gross premiums written and, to a lesser extent, the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by higher ceded premiums earned. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, net premiums earned increased by 13.5 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

Casualty & other. The increase in gross premiums written in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects improving rates overall and growth in various professional liability lines of business in the U.S., and, to a lesser extent, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates, partially offset by a decrease in automobile-related business and the accident and health lines of business. Gross premiums written related to the Quota Share Treaty were $90.7 million and $96.9 million in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, gross premiums written increased by 5.0 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

The increase in net premiums earned in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher gross premiums written and, to a lesser extent, the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by higher ceded premiums earned from expanded retrocessional coverage. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, net premiums earned increased by 4.4 percent in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020.

Reinsurance Segment: Net loss and LAE. The following table presents net loss and LAE for the reinsurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Property
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	212.3		$	174.7			21.5	%
Current year catastrophe losses		97.4			119.9			(18.8	%)
Prior years		13.8			(46.7	)		(129.6	%)
Total net loss and LAE	$	323.5		$	247.9			30.5	%

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		57.2	%		54.4	%
Current year catastrophe losses		26.2	%		37.3	%
Prior years		3.7	%		(14.5	%)
Total net loss and LAE		87.1	%		77.2	%
Casualty & other
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	590.4		$	573.0			3.0	%
Current year catastrophe losses		2.3			52.3			(95.6	%)
Prior years		(67.3	)		(11.0	)		511.8	%
Total net loss and LAE	$	525.4		$	614.3			(14.5	%)

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		68.8	%		70.6	%
Current year catastrophe losses		0.3	%		6.4	%
Prior years		(7.9	%)		(1.4	%)
Total net loss and LAE		61.2	%		75.6	%
Total
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	802.7		$	747.7			7.4	%
Current year catastrophe losses		99.7			172.2			(42.1	%)
Prior years		(53.5	)		(57.7	)		(7.3	%)
Total net loss and LAE	$	848.9		$	862.2			(1.5	%)

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		65.2	%		66.0	%
Current year catastrophe losses		8.1	%		15.2	%
Prior years		(4.3	%)		(5.1	%)
Total net loss and LAE		69.0	%		76.1	%

Property. The increase in net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned and Pandemic-driven unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development compared with favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2020, partially offset by lower catastrophe losses.

Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2021 related to the Winter Storms. Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2020 consisted of $100.6 million of Pandemic-related catastrophe losses, as discussed above, and $19.3 million from an earthquake in Puerto Rico.

Net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 include (favorable) unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development as presented in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	($ in millions)
Catastrophe events (excluding Pandemic)	$	(4.5	)	⁽¹⁾	$	(32.3	)	⁽²⁾
Pandemic		29.8				—
Non-catastrophe		(11.5	)	⁽³⁾		(14.4	)	⁽⁴⁾
Total	$	13.8			$	(46.7	)

(1)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Hurricane Michael in the 2018 accident year, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Hurricane Laura in the 2020 accident year.

(2)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to Typhoon Hagibis in the 2019 accident year and catastrophes in the 2018 accident year.

(3)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the 2020 accident year.

(4)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the 2017 and 2019 accident years.

The unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 and favorable prior accident year loss reserve development 2020 reflects unfavorable and favorable loss emergence, respectively, compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in prior periods. The unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 did not impact assumptions used in estimating TransRe’s loss and LAE liabilities for business earned in the first quarter of 2021.

Casualty & other. The decrease in net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower catastrophe losses and higher favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, partially offset by the impact of higher net premiums earned.

Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2021 related to the Winter Storms. Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2020 consisted of $52.3 million of Pandemic-related losses impacting the casualty lines of business.

Net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 include (favorable) unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development as presented in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	($ in millions)
Catastrophe events (excluding Pandemic)	$	(1.3	)		$	1.4
Pandemic		(11.8	)			—
Non-catastrophe		(54.2	)	⁽¹⁾		(12.4	)	⁽²⁾
Total	$	(67.3	)		$	(11.0	)

(1)

(2)

Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the longer-tailed casualty lines of business in the 2013 and earlier accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year development in the shorter-tailed lines of business in the 2014 through 2019 accident years.

The favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 reflects favorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in prior periods. The favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 did not impact assumptions used in estimating TransRe’s loss and LAE liabilities for business earned in the first quarter of 2021.

Reinsurance Segment: Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses. The following table presents commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses for the reinsurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Property
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	109.2		$	105.4			3.6	%

Expense ratio		29.4	%		32.8	%

Casualty & other
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	266.8		$	244.4			9.2	%

Expense ratio		31.1	%		30.1	%

Total
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	376.0		$	349.8			7.5	%

Expense ratio		30.6	%		30.9	%

Property. The increase in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned, as discussed above, and higher annual incentive accruals, partially offset by lower overall commission rates.

Casualty & other. The increase in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned, as discussed above, and higher annual incentive compensation accruals.

Reinsurance Segment: Underwriting profit. The following table presents underwriting profit (loss) for the reinsurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Property
Underwriting (loss)	$	(61.4	)	$	(31.9	)		92.5	%

Combined ratio		116.5	%		110.0	%

Casualty & other
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	66.4		$	(47.0	)		(241.3	%)

Combined ratio		92.3	%		105.7	%

Total
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	5.0		$	(78.9	)		(106.3	%)

Combined ratio		99.6	%		107.0	%

Property. The increase in underwriting loss in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects Pandemic-driven unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development compared with favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2020, as discussed above.

Casualty & other. The underwriting profit in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the underwriting loss in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower catastrophe losses and higher favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, all as discussed above.

Insurance Segment Underwriting Results

The insurance segment is composed of AIHL’s RSUI and CapSpecialty operating subsidiaries. RSUI also writes a modest amount of assumed reinsurance business, which is included in the insurance segment. For a more detailed description of our insurance segment, see Part I, Item 1, “Business—Segment Information—Insurance Segment” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

The underwriting results of the insurance segment are presented below:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	RSUI			CapSpecialty			Total
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	420.9		$	102.2		$	523.1
Net premiums written		272.5			87.4			359.9

Net premiums earned		283.6			91.3			374.9
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		130.8			53.8			184.6
Current year catastrophe losses		80.1			1.1			81.2
Prior years		(2.7	)		0.1			(2.6	)
Total net loss and LAE		208.2			55.0			263.2
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		64.1			35.9			100.0
Underwriting profit⁽¹⁾	$	11.3		$	0.4		$	11.7

Loss ratio⁽²⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		46.2	%		58.9	%		49.2	%
Current year catastrophe losses		28.2	%		1.2	%		21.7	%
Prior years		(1.0	%)		0.1	%		(0.7	%)
Total net loss and LAE		73.4	%		60.2	%		70.2	%
Expense ratio⁽³⁾		22.6	%		39.4	%		26.7	%
Combined ratio⁽⁴⁾		96.0	%		99.6	%		96.9	%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	RSUI			CapSpecialty			Total
	($ in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	365.9		$	85.5		$	451.4
Net premiums written		244.5			78.2			322.7

Net premiums earned		229.4			81.9			311.3
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		108.2			48.9			157.1
Current year catastrophe losses		9.3			0.1			9.4
Prior years		(1.5	)		0.2			(1.3	)
Total net loss and LAE		116.0			49.2			165.2
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		57.8			33.8			91.6
Underwriting profit (loss)⁽¹⁾	$	55.6		$	(1.1	)	$	54.5

Loss ratio⁽²⁾:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		47.2	%		59.8	%		50.5	%
Current year catastrophe losses		4.1	%		0.0	%		3.0	%
Prior years		(0.7	%)		0.3	%		(0.4	%)
Total net loss and LAE		50.6	%		60.1	%		53.1	%
Expense ratio⁽³⁾		25.2	%		41.2	%		29.4	%
Combined ratio⁽⁴⁾		75.8	%		101.3	%		82.5	%

(1)

(2)	The loss ratio is derived by dividing the amount of net loss and LAE by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(3)	The expense ratio is derived by dividing the amount of commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses by net premiums earned, all as determined in accordance with GAAP.

(4)

Insurance Segment: Premiums. The following table presents premiums for the insurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Percent
	2021		2020		Change
	($ in millions)
RSUI
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	420.9	$	365.9		15.0	%
Net premiums written		272.5		244.5		11.5	%
Net premiums earned		283.6		229.4		23.6	%
CapSpecialty
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	102.2	$	85.5		19.5	%
Net premiums written		87.4		78.2		11.8	%
Net premiums earned		91.3		81.9		11.5	%
Total
Premiums written:
Gross premiums written	$	523.1	$	451.4		15.9	%
Net premiums written		359.9		322.7		11.5	%
Net premiums earned		374.9		311.3		20.4	%

RSUI. The increase in gross premiums written in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects growth in most lines of business due to increases in business opportunities, higher rates and improved general market conditions, particularly in the directors’ and officers’ liability, property, and umbrella/excess lines of business.

The increase in net premiums earned in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects increases in gross premiums written in recent quarters, partially offset by higher ceded premiums earned related to the growth in the heavily reinsured property lines of business.

CapSpecialty. The increase in gross premiums written in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects growth in the professional liability and other specialty casualty lines of business and, to a lesser extent, the impact of CapSpecialty’s purchases of certain renewal rights in May 2020 and growth in the surety lines of business, partially offset by a curtailment of certain unprofitable broker relationships. Growth in the professional liability and other specialty casualty lines of business reflect increases in business opportunities and higher rates.

Insurance Segment: Net loss and LAE. The following table presents net loss and LAE for the insurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
RSUI
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	130.8		$	108.2			20.9	%
Current year catastrophe losses		80.1			9.3			761.3	%
Prior years		(2.7	)		(1.5	)		80.0	%
Total net loss and LAE	$	208.2		$	116.0			79.5	%

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		46.2	%		47.2	%
Current year catastrophe losses		28.2	%		4.1	%
Prior years		(1.0	%)		(0.7	%)
Total net loss and LAE		73.4	%		50.6	%
CapSpecialty
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	53.8		$	48.9			10.0	%
Current year catastrophe losses		1.1			0.1			1,000.0	%
Prior years		0.1			0.2			(50.0	%)
Total net loss and LAE	$	55.0		$	49.2			11.8	%

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		58.9	%		59.8	%
Current year catastrophe losses		1.2	%		0.0	%
Prior years		0.1	%		0.3	%
Total net loss and LAE		60.2	%		60.1	%
Total
Net loss and LAE:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)	$	184.6		$	157.1			17.5	%
Current year catastrophe losses		81.2			9.4			763.8	%
Prior years		(2.6	)		(1.3	)		100.0	%
Total net loss and LAE	$	263.2		$	165.2			59.3	%

Loss ratio:
Current year (excluding catastrophe losses)		49.2	%		50.5	%
Current year catastrophe losses		21.7	%		3.0	%
Prior years		(0.7	%)		(0.4	%)
Total net loss and LAE		70.2	%		53.1	%

RSUI. The increase in net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher catastrophe losses and, to a lesser extent, the impact of higher net premiums earned, partially offset by a lower overall current accident year loss ratio (excluding catastrophe losses).

Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2021 primarily relate to $80.0 million from the Winter Storms. Catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2020 primarily relate to a tornado in Tennessee and severe weather and flooding in the Southeastern U.S.

Net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 include (favorable) unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development as presented in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	($ in millions)
Casualty	$	(1.1	)	⁽¹⁾	$	(1.0	)	⁽²⁾
Property and other		(1.6	)	⁽³⁾		(0.5	)	⁽⁴⁾
Total	$	(2.7	)		$	(1.5	)

(1)

(2)

(3)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2017 and 2018 accident years, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2020 accident year.

(4)	Primarily reflects favorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2018 accident year, partially offset by unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development related to catastrophes in the 2017 accident year.

The favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 reflect favorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in prior periods. The favorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 did not impact assumptions used in estimating RSUI’s loss and LAE liabilities for business earned in the first quarter of 2021.

CapSpecialty. The increase in net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned and $0.9 million of catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2021 from the Winter Storms, partially offset by a lower overall casualty loss ratio.

Net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2021 includes modest unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in several casualty lines of business. Net loss and LAE in the first quarter of 2020 includes unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in certain specialty lines of business written through a program administrator in connection with a terminated program in the 2009 and 2010 accident years. The unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 and 2020 reflects unfavorable loss emergence compared with loss emergence patterns assumed in prior periods. The unfavorable prior accident year loss reserve development in the first quarter of 2021 did not impact assumptions used in estimating CapSpecialty’s loss and LAE liabilities for business earned in the first quarter of 2021.

Insurance Segment: Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses. The following table presents commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses for the insurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
RSUI
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	64.1		$	57.8			10.9	%

Expense ratio		22.6	%		25.2	%

CapSpecialty
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	35.9		$	33.8			6.2	%

Expense ratio		39.4	%		41.2	%

Total
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses	$	100.0		$	91.6			9.2	%

Expense ratio		26.7	%		29.4	%

RSUI. The increase in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned, as discussed above and, to a lesser extent, higher short-term incentive compensation expense accruals, partially offset by lower overall commission rates.

CapSpecialty. The increase in commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of higher net premiums earned, as discussed above and, to a lesser extent, greater investments in technology and higher short-term incentive compensation expense accruals, partially offset by a reduction in travel and entertainment costs.

Insurance Segment: Underwriting profit. The following table presents our underwriting profit (loss) for the insurance segment:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Percent
	2021			2020			Change
	($ in millions)
RSUI
Underwriting profit	$	11.3		$	55.6			(79.7	%)

Combined ratio		96.0	%		75.8	%

CapSpecialty
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	0.4		$	(1.1	)		(136.4	%)

Combined ratio		99.6	%		101.3	%

Total
Underwriting profit	$	11.7		$	54.5			(78.5	%)

Combined ratio		96.9	%		82.5	%

RSUI. The decrease in underwriting profit in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher catastrophe losses, as discussed above, partially offset by a lower expense ratio and a lower overall current accident year loss ratio (excluding catastrophe losses).

CapSpecialty. The underwriting profit in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the underwriting loss in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects a lower casualty loss ratio and a lower expense ratio, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses, all as discussed above.

Investment Results for the Reinsurance and Insurance Segments

The following table presents the investment results for our reinsurance and insurance segments:

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Percent
	2021		2020			Change
	($ in millions)
Net investment income	$	123.1	$	109.7			12.2	%
Change in the fair value of equity securities		85.3		(521.6	)		(116.4	%)
Net realized capital gains		10.5		45.1			(76.7	%)
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		1.9		(30.7	)		(106.2	%)

Net investment income. The increase in net investment income in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher partnership income and, to a lesser extent, higher dividend income, partially offset by lower interest income. Our partnership income in the first quarter of 2020 reflected the impact of the Pandemic on lower-quality debt securities held by certain of our investment partnerships. The increase in dividend income reflects an increased allocation to higher-yielding stocks. Lower interest income reflects the impact of low reinvestment yields on debt securities and lower yields on short term investment and floating-rate debt securities.

Change in the fair value of equity securities. The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2021 reflects appreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio, primarily from our holdings in the financial, healthcare and industrial sectors. The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2020 reflects significant depreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio due primarily to the impact of the Pandemic and related economic and financial market disruptions, as discussed above.

Net realized capital gains. The decrease in net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower gains from sales of debt securities.

Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities. The change in allowance for credit losses on AFS in the first quarter of 2021 primarily reflects a $1.9 million reduction of credit losses on AFS securities from bond sales. The change in allowance for credit losses on AFS in the first quarter of 2020 reflects $30.7 million of unrealized losses on debt securities, primarily related to the energy sector and lower-quality corporate bonds in other sectors due to a significant decline in their fair value relative to their amortized cost.

See Note 3 to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional detail on credit losses, credit quality and gross unrealized investment losses for debt securities as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Alleghany Capital Segment Results

The Alleghany Capital segment consists of: (i) industrial operations conducted through PCT, Kentucky Trailer, W&W|AFCO Steel and Wilbert; (ii) non-industrial operations conducted through IPS, Jazwares and Concord; and (iii) corporate operations at the Alleghany Capital level, which include hotel development projects. On April 1, 2020, Alleghany Capital acquired an additional approximately 55 percent of Wilbert it previously did not own, bringing its equity interest in Wilbert to approximately 100 percent, and as of that date, the results of Wilbert were included in our consolidated results. Prior to April 1, 2020, Wilbert was accounted for under the equity method of accounting and was included in other assets.

The following table presents the results of the Alleghany Capital segment for the first three months of 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021												Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Industrial			Non- industrial			Corp. & other			Total			Industrial			Non- industrial			Corp. & other			Total
	($ in millions)
Noninsurance revenue⁽¹⁾	$	404.4		$	354.7		$	—		$	759.1		$	242.5		$	214.7		$	0.1		$	457.3
Net investment income		—			—			—			—			1.8			—			—			1.8
Net realized capital gains		0.1			0.8			—			0.9			5.1			(0.2	)		—			4.9
Total revenues	$	404.5		$	355.5		$	—		$	760.0		$	249.4		$	214.5		$	0.1		$	464.0
Other operating expenses⁽¹⁾		372.2			332.5			4.5			709.2			236.9			213.8			—			450.7
Amortization of intangible assets		4.0			7.3			—			11.3			3.3			5.9			—			9.2
Interest expense		2.0			1.8			—			3.8			2.0			2.4			(0.6	)		3.8
Earnings (losses) before income taxes	$	26.3		$	13.9		$	(4.5	)	$	35.7		$	7.2		$	(7.6	)	$	0.7		$	0.3

Earnings (losses) before income taxes	$	26.3		$	13.9		$	(4.5	)	$	35.7		$	7.2		$	(7.6	)	$	0.7		$	0.3
Less: net realized capital gains		(0.1	)		(0.8	)		—			(0.9	)		(5.1	)		0.2			—			(4.9	)
Add: amortization of intangible assets		4.0			7.3			—			11.3			3.3			5.9			—			9.2
Adjusted earnings (losses) before income taxes⁽²⁾	$	30.2		$	20.4		$	(4.5	)	$	46.1		$	5.4		$	(1.5	)	$	0.7		$	4.6

(1)

For industrial and non-industrial operations: (i) noninsurance revenue consists of the sale of manufactured goods and services; and (ii) other operating expenses consist of the cost of goods and services sold and selling, general and administrative expenses. Other operating expenses also include finders’ fees, legal and accounting costs and other transaction-related expenses of $0.9 million and $2.8 million for the first quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2)

Adjusted earnings before income taxes is a non-GAAP financial measure and does not replace earnings before income taxes determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of profitability. See “Comment on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” herein for additional detail on the presentation of our results of operations. Adjusted earnings before income taxes represents noninsurance revenue and net investment income less other operating expenses and interest expense and does not include: (i) amortization of intangible assets; (ii) change in the fair value of equity securities; (iii) net realized capital gains; (iv) change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities; and (v) income taxes.

The changes in Alleghany Capital’s equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are presented in the table below:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021												2020
	Industrial			Non- industrial			Corp. & other			Total			Industrial			Non- industrial			Corp. & other			Total
	($ in millions)
Equity, beginning of period	$	629.5		$	482.7		$	(3.1	)	$	1,109.1		$	523.3		$	410.6		$	(33.0	)	$	900.9
Earnings (losses) before income taxes		26.3			13.9			(4.5	)		35.7			7.2			(7.6	)		0.7			0.3
Income taxes⁽¹⁾		(1.8	)		(1.0	)		(4.4	)		(7.2	)		(1.5	)		0.1			0.3			(1.1	)
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests⁽²⁾		(3.5	)		(4.6	)		—			(8.1	)		—			0.2			—			0.2
Capital contributions (returns of capital) and other⁽³⁾		(22.7	)		(17.9	)		(11.1	)		(51.7	)		13.0			65.1			22.3			100.4
Equity, end of period	$	627.8		$	473.1		$	(23.1	)	$	1,077.8		$	542.0		$	468.4		$	(9.7	)	$	1,000.7

(1)

Federal income taxes for most Alleghany Capital subsidiaries are incurred at the Alleghany Capital corporate level. Estimated federal income tax (expense) benefit incurred at the Alleghany Capital corporate level attributable to industrial and non-industrial operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was ($5.4) million and ($2.9) million, respectively, and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was ($1.5) million and $1.6 million, respectively.

(2)	During the first three months of 2021, the noncontrolling interests outstanding were approximately as follows: Kentucky Trailer - 23 percent; W&W\|AFCO Steel - 20 percent; IPS - 15 percent; Jazwares - 24 percent; and Concord - 15 percent.

(3)

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, capital contributions primarily reflect funding provided by: (i) Alleghany Capital to PCT for its acquisition of a manufacturer of high-performance carbide end mills in March 2020; (ii) Alleghany Capital to Jazwares in advance of its acquisition of Kelly Toy that closed on April 1, 2020; and (iii) Alleghany to Alleghany Capital in advance of its purchase of an additional approximately 55 percent of Wilbert it previously did not own that closed on April 1, 2020.

Noninsurance revenue. The increase in noninsurance revenue in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 reflects higher revenue from industrial and non-industrial operations.

The increase in industrial noninsurance revenue primarily reflects higher revenue at W&W|AFCO Steel and the impact of Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results, as well as Wilbert’s underlying revenue growth. The higher revenue at W&W|AFCO Steel reflects the realization of a strong backlog with higher man-hours worked and the timing of revenue recognition on certain large construction projects and Pandemic-related safety measures undertaken in the first quarter of 2020.

The increase in non-industrial noninsurance revenue primarily reflects higher sales at Jazwares due to the impact of its April 1, 2020 acquisition of Kelly Toy, strong customer demand across its portfolio of licenses and brands and Pandemic-related temporary disruptions to shipping schedules in the first quarter of 2020. Typically, the first quarter of the year is a seasonal low for the sale of toys. To a lesser extent, the increase in non-industrial revenue reflects higher revenue at IPS, due to the realization of a much higher backlog and higher employee utilization in the first quarter of 2021, and Pandemic-related project delays and safety measures undertaken in the first quarter of 2020.

Net investment income. The decrease in net investment income in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects a cessation of equity-method income from Wilbert upon Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results.

Net realized capital gains. Net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2021 primarily reflects modest gains from certain foreign currency exchange rate impacts. Net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects realized gains from a reduction of certain contingent consideration liabilities at the PCT-level in connection with its acquisition of a provider of high-performance solid carbide end mills in June 2019.

Other operating expenses. The increase in other operating expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects an increase in costs related to higher revenues in industrial and non-industrial operations, as described above and, to a lesser extent, higher supply chain costs at Jazwares, partially offset by lower costs of Pandemic-related safety measures. In addition, the increase in other operating expenses in 2021 reflected an increase in long term incentive compensation accruals in Alleghany Capital’s corporate operations.

Amortization of intangible assets. The increase in amortization expense in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the Kelly Toy acquisition by Jazwares, as well as the impact of Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results.

Earnings (losses) before income taxes. The increase in earnings before income taxes in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher non-industrial and industrial earnings, partially offset by an increase in long term incentive compensation accruals in Alleghany Capital’s corporate operations. Non-industrial earnings before income taxes in the first quarter of 2021 compared with losses before income taxes in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects an increase in sales at Jazwares,and, to a lesser extent, an increase in revenue and margins at IPS, all as discussed above. Higher industrial earnings before income taxes in the first quarter of 2021 primarily reflects an increase in revenue and margins at W&W|AFCO Steel and the impact of Wilbert’s April 1, 2020 inclusion in our consolidated results and revenue growth, partially offset by lower realized capital gains and lower net investment income, all as discussed above.

Corporate Activities Results

The primary components of corporate activities are Alleghany Properties, activities at the Alleghany parent company and, prior to its December 31, 2020 sale, SORC. The following table presents the results for corporate activities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	($ in millions)
Net premiums earned	$	—	$	—
Net investment income		30.4		0.5
Change in the fair value of equity securities		27.4		(1.4	)
Net realized capital gains		1.5		(37.0	)
Change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities		0.1		(0.7	)
Noninsurance revenue		0.1		3.2
Total revenues		59.5		(35.4	)

Net loss and loss adjustment expenses		—		—
Commissions, brokerage and other underwriting expenses		—		—
Other operating expenses		0.3		6.1
Corporate administration		10.1		(12.3	)
Amortization of intangible assets		—		—
Interest expense		13.1		7.8
Earnings (losses) before income taxes	$	36.0	$	(37.0	)

2021 primarily reflects appreciation in a certain partnership that has exposure to cryptocurrencies. The increase in dividend income reflects an increased allocation to higher-yielding stocks.

Change in the fair value of equity securities. The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2021 reflects appreciation in the value of equity securities at the Alleghany parent company-level, primarily from our holdings in the material sector. The change in the fair value of equity securities in the first quarter of 2020 reflects significant depreciation in the value of equity securities at the Alleghany parent company-level due primarily to the impact of the Pandemic, as discussed above.

Net realized capital gains. The net realized capital gains in the first quarter of 2021 reflect the sale of debt securities. The net realized capital losses in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects a $30.0 million impairment charge from a write-down of certain SORC assets arising from a significant decline in energy prices as of March 31, 2020 and a $7.1 million realized loss as a result of an early redemption of certain senior notes as of January 15, 2020. See Note 8(a) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on this early redemption.

Noninsurance revenue and other operating expenses. The decreases in noninsurance revenue and other operating expenses in the first quarter of 2021 from the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflect the absence of energy sales and related operating costs arising from the sale of SORC as of December 31, 2020.

Earnings (losses) before income taxes. Earnings before income taxes in the first quarter of 2021 compared with losses before income taxes in the first quarter of 2020 primarily reflects appreciation in the value of equity securities at the Alleghany parent company-level compared with depreciation in the first quarter of 2020, higher net investment income and a SORC impairment charge in the first quarter of 2020, partially offset by higher corporate administration expense, all as discussed above.

Reserve Review Process

Our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries analyze, at least quarterly, liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE established in prior years and adjust their expected ultimate cost, where necessary, to reflect favorable or unfavorable development in loss experience and new information, including, for certain catastrophe events, revised industry estimates of the magnitude of a catastrophe. Adjustments to previously recorded liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE, both favorable and unfavorable, are reflected in our financial results in the periods in which these adjustments are made and are referred to as prior accident year loss reserve development. The following table presents the reserves established in connection with the loss and LAE of our reinsurance and insurance segments on a gross and net basis by line of business. These reserve amounts represent the accumulation of estimates of ultimate loss (including for losses that have been incurred but not reported) and LAE.

	As of March 31, 2021								As of December 31, 2020
	Gross Loss and LAE Reserves			Reinsurance Recoverables on Unpaid Losses			Net Loss and LAE Reserves		Gross Loss and LAE Reserves			Reinsurance Recoverables on Unpaid Losses			Net Loss and LAE Reserves
	($ in millions)
Reinsurance Segment
Property	$	2,217.4		$	(494.2	)	$	1,723.2	$	2,086.0		$	(480.0	)	$	1,606.0
Casualty & other⁽¹⁾		7,810.9			(362.1	)		7,448.8		7,728.0			(350.7	)		7,377.3
		10,028.3			(856.3	)		9,172.0		9,814.0			(830.7	)		8,983.3
Insurance Segment
Property		600.3			(213.1	)		387.2		585.6			(222.1	)		363.5
Casualty⁽²⁾		2,538.5			(656.0	)		1,882.5		2,441.4			(640.1	)		1,801.3
Workers' Compensation		2.0			—			2.0		2.3			—			2.3
All other⁽³⁾		195.8			(85.2	)		110.6		197.6			(81.1	)		116.5
		3,336.6			(954.3	)		2,382.3		3,226.9			(943.3	)		2,283.6
Eliminations		(71.9	)		71.9			—		(70.3	)		70.3			—
Total	$	13,293.0		$	(1,738.7	)	$	11,554.3	$	12,970.6		$	(1,703.7	)	$	11,266.9

(1)

Primarily consists of the following reinsurance lines of business: directors’ and officers’ liability; errors and omissions liability; general liability; medical malpractice; ocean marine and aviation; auto liability; accident and health; mortgage reinsurance; surety; asbestos-related illness and environmental impairment liability; and credit.

(2)	Primarily consists of the following direct lines of business: umbrella/excess; directors’ and officers’ liability; professional liability; and general liability.

(3)	Primarily consists of commercial multi-peril and surety lines of business, as well as loss and LAE reserves for terminated lines of business and loss reserves acquired in connection with prior acquisitions for which the sellers provided loss reserve guarantees.

Changes in Gross and Net Loss and LAE Reserves between March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Gross and net loss and LAE reserves as of March 31, 2021 increased from December 31, 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of growing net premiums earned and catastrophe losses incurred in the first three months of 2021, partially offset by payments on catastrophe losses incurred primarily in 2017 through 2020, and net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, all as discussed above.

Reinsurance Recoverables

Our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries reinsure portions of the risks they underwrite in order to reduce the effect of individual or aggregate exposure to losses, manage capacity, protect capital resources, reduce volatility in specific lines of business, improve risk-adjusted portfolio returns and enable them to increase gross premiums writings and risk capacity without requiring additional capital. Our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries generally purchase reinsurance and retrocessional coverages from highly-rated third-party reinsurers or on a collateralized basis. If the assuming reinsurers are unable or unwilling to meet the obligations assumed under the applicable reinsurance agreements, our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries would remain liable for such reinsurance portion not paid by these reinsurers. As such, funds, trust agreements and letters of credit are held to collateralize a portion of our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverables, and our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries reinsure portions of the risks they underwrite or assume with multiple reinsurance programs.

As of March 31, 2021, our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries had total reinsurance recoverables of $1,829.2 million, consisting of $1,738.7 million of ceded outstanding loss and LAE and $96.5 million of recoverables on paid losses, less $6.0 million of an allowance for credit losses. See Note 4 to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional information on: (i) the reinsurance purchased by our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries; (ii) the allowance for credit losses; (iii) the concentration of our reinsurance recoverables; and (iv) the ratings profile of our reinsurers.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that directly affect our reported financial condition and operating performance. More specifically, these estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We rely on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances to make judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and reported revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from reported results to the extent that estimates and assumptions prove to be inaccurate.

We believe our most critical accounting estimates are those with respect to the liability for unpaid loss and LAE reserves, fair value measurements of certain financial assets, change in allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities, goodwill and other intangible assets and reinsurance premium revenues, as they require management’s most significant exercise of judgment on both a quantitative and qualitative basis. The accounting estimates that result require the use of assumptions about certain matters that are highly uncertain at the time of estimation. To the extent actual experience differs from the assumptions used, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be affected, possibly materially.

See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” of the 2020 Form 10-K for a more complete description of our critical accounting estimates.

Financial Condition

Alleghany Parent Company-Level

General. In general, we follow a policy of maintaining a relatively liquid financial position at our unrestricted holding companies. This policy has permitted us to expand our operations through internal growth at our subsidiaries and through acquisitions of, or substantial investments in, operating companies. As of March 31, 2021, we held total marketable securities and cash of $1,230.1 million, compared with $1,123.7 million as of December 31, 2020. The increase in marketable securities and cash in the first quarter of 2021 primarily reflects the receipt of dividends by TransRe and RSUI and appreciation in the value of holding company-level equity securities portfolio, partially offset by repurchases of shares of our common stock, as discussed below.

The $1,230.1 million is composed of $858.1 million at the Alleghany parent company, $292.8 million at AIHL and $79.2 million at the TransRe holding company. We also hold certain non-marketable investments at our unrestricted holding companies. We believe that we have and will have adequate internally generated funds, cash resources and unused credit facilities to provide for the currently foreseeable needs of our business, and we had no material commitments for capital expenditures as of March 31, 2021.

Stockholders’ equity attributable to Alleghany stockholders was approximately $8.7 billion as of March 31, 2021, compared with approximately $8.8 billion as of December 31, 2020. The decrease in stockholders’ equity in the first three months of 2021 primarily reflects depreciation in the value of our debt securities portfolio and repurchases of our common stock, all as discussed below, partially offset by net earnings, as discussed above. As of March 31, 2021, we had 13,940,669 shares of our common stock outstanding, compared with 14,041,180 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2020.

Debt. On May 18, 2020, we completed a public offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal of our 3.625% senior notes due on May 15, 2030. On September 9, 2014, we completed a public offering of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.90% senior notes due on September 15, 2044. On June 26, 2012, we completed a public offering of $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.95% senior notes due on June 27, 2022. On September 20, 2010, we completed a public offering of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.625% senior notes due on September 15, 2020, and on January 15, 2020, we redeemed these senior notes. See Note 8(a) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on our senior notes and our early redemption of debt.

Credit Agreement. On July 31, 2017, we entered into a five-year credit agreement, or the “Credit Agreement,” with certain lenders party thereto, which provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $300.0 million. The credit facility is scheduled to expire on July 31, 2022, unless earlier terminated. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will be available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including permitted acquisitions and repurchases of common stock. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear a floating rate of interest based in part on our credit rating, among other factors. The Credit Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants customary for bank loan facilities of this nature.

There were no borrowings under the Credit Agreement from inception through March 31, 2021.

Common Stock Repurchases. In June 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of shares of our common stock at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $400.0 million. In September 2019, our Board of Directors authorized, upon the completion of the program authorized in 2018, the repurchase of additional shares of our common stock at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $500.0 million. As of March 31, 2021, we had $369.2 million remaining in the aggregate under our share repurchase authorizations.

The following table presents the shares of our common stock that we repurchased in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Shares repurchased		103,025		62,540
Cost of shares repurchased (in millions)	$	63.2	$	44.3
Average price per share repurchased	$	613.36	$	707.84

Special Dividend. In February 2020, our Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $15.00 per share for stockholders of record on March 5, 2020. On March 16, 2020, we paid dividends to stockholders totaling $215.0 million.

Investments in Certain Variable Interest Entities. In December 2012, TransRe obtained an ownership interest in Pillar Capital Holdings, Limited, or “Pillar Holdings,” a Bermuda-based insurance asset manager focused on collateralized reinsurance and catastrophe insurance-linked securities. Additionally, TransRe and, to a lesser extent, AIHL invested in limited partnership funds managed by Pillar Holdings, or the “Funds.” We have concluded that both Pillar Holdings and the Funds, or collectively, the “Pillar Investments,” represent variable interest entities and that we are not the primary beneficiary, as we do not have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact each entity’s economic performance. Therefore, the Pillar Investments are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. See Note 3(h) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional information on Pillar Investments as of March 31, 2021.

See Note 9(d) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding certain variable interest entities.

Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio was $639.6 million and $670.2 million, respectively, representing the unpaid principal balance on the loans, less allowance for credit losses. See Note 3(i) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional detail on the ratings of our commercial mortgage portfolio as of March 31, 2021.

Subsidiaries

Financial strength is also a high priority of our subsidiaries, whose assets stand behind their financial commitments to their customers and vendors. We believe that our subsidiaries have and will have adequate internally generated funds, cash resources and unused credit facilities to provide for the currently foreseeable needs of their businesses. Our subsidiaries had no material commitments for capital expenditures as of March 31, 2021.

The obligations and cash outflow of our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries include claim settlements, commission expenses, administrative expenses, purchases of investments and interest and principal payments on TransRe’s 8.00% senior notes due on November 30, 2039. In addition to premium collections, cash inflow is obtained from interest and dividend income, maturities and sales of investments and reinsurance recoveries. Because cash inflow from premiums is received in advance of cash outflow required to settle claims, our reinsurance and insurance operating units accumulate funds which they invest pending the need for liquidity. As the cash needs of a reinsurance or an insurance company can be unpredictable due to the uncertainty of the claims settlement process, the portfolios of our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of debt securities and short-term investments to ensure the availability of funds and maintain a sufficient amount of liquid securities.

Included in Alleghany Capital is debt associated with its operating subsidiaries, which totaled $501.3 million as of March 31, 2021, which is generally used to support working capital needs and to help finance acquisitions. The $501.3 million included:

•

$92.3 million of borrowings by W&W|AFCO Steel under its available credit facilities and term loans, including borrowings incurred and assumed from its acquisition of Hirschfeld Holdings, LP in 2018;

•

$72.8 million of borrowings by Wilbert under its available credit facility and term loans;

•

$67.2 million of term loans at Kentucky Trailer primarily related to borrowings to finance small acquisitions, including its acquisition of controlling interests in two manufacturers of aluminum feed transportation equipment in 2018 and 2019, and borrowings under its available credit facilities;

•

$40.9 million of borrowings by IPS under its available credit facility and term loans, in part to finance a small acquisition in 2019; and a

•

None of these liabilities are guaranteed by Alleghany or Alleghany Capital. In December 2019, third-party, floating-rate term loans at Concord were repaid and replaced with approximately $33 million of intercompany floating-rate debt funded by the Alleghany parent company. The intercompany debt and related interest expenses are eliminated at the Alleghany consolidated level.

Hotel Development Commitments. Commencing in 2020, Alleghany Capital invested $0.8 million in certain hotel development projects. The projects are conducted through certain limited liability entities, which are variable interest entities, to which we are not the primary beneficiary. As of March 31, 2021, we guaranteed up to $5.3 million of debt of these entities to certain third-party lenders for which we receive a fee.

Consolidated Investment Holdings

Investment Strategy and Holdings. Our investment strategy seeks to avoid permanent loss of capital and maintain appropriate levels of liquidity while maximizing long-term risk-adjusted, after-tax returns. Our investment decisions are guided mainly by the nature and timing of expected liability payouts, management’s forecast of cash flows and the possibility of unexpected cash demands, such as, to satisfy claims due to catastrophe losses. Our consolidated investment portfolio consists mainly of highly rated and liquid debt and equity securities listed on national securities exchanges. The overall credit quality of the debt securities portfolio is measured using the lowest rating of three large, reputable rating agencies. In this regard, the overall weighted-average credit quality rating of our debt securities portfolio as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was AA-. Although a portion of our debt securities, which consist predominantly of municipal bonds, are insured by third-party financial guaranty insurance companies, the impact of such insurance was not significant to the debt securities credit quality rating as of March 31, 2021. See Note 3(f) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional detail on the ratings of our debt securities portfolio as of March 31, 2021.

Our debt securities portfolio has been designed to enable management to react to investment opportunities created by changing interest rates, prepayments, tax and credit considerations or other factors, or to circumstances that could result in a mismatch between the desired duration of debt securities and the duration of liabilities and, as such, is classified as available for sale.

Effective duration measures a portfolio’s fair value sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Shorter lengths of time to maturity are generally associated with shorter duration and less sensitivity to changes in market yields. As such, duration generally falls as time passes, all else being equal. Furthermore, a portfolio’s duration can also be impacted by adjustments made to the composition of the portfolio as well as changes in the level of market yields. As yields rise (fall), duration generally decreases (increases). As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our debt securities portfolio had an effective duration of approximately 4.2 years and 4.3 years, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, approximately $4.0 billion, or 27 percent, of our debt securities portfolio represented securities with maturities of five years or less. See Note 3(b) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional detail on the contractual maturities of our consolidated debt securities portfolio. We may increase the proportion of our debt securities portfolio held in securities with maturities of more than five years should the yields of these securities provide, in our judgment, sufficient compensation for their increased risk. We do not believe that this strategy would reduce our ability to meet ongoing claim payments or to respond to significant catastrophe losses.

In the event paid losses accelerate beyond the ability of our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries to fund these paid losses from current cash balances, current operating cash flow, dividend and interest receipts and security maturities, we would need to liquidate a portion of our investment portfolio, make capital contributions to our reinsurance and insurance subsidiaries, and/or arrange for financing. Strains on liquidity could result from: (i) the occurrence of several significant catastrophe events in a relatively short period of time; (ii) the sale of investments into a depressed marketplace to fund these paid losses; (iii) the uncollectibility of reinsurance recoverables on these paid losses; (iv) the significant decrease in the value of collateral supporting reinsurance recoverables; or (v) a significant reduction in our net premium collections.

We may, from time to time, make significant investments in the common stock of a public company, subject to limitations imposed by applicable regulations.

On a consolidated basis, as of March 31, 2021, our invested assets decreased to approximately $20.0 billion from approximately $20.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, primarily reflecting depreciation in the value of our debt securities portfolio and repurchases of shares of our common stock, as discussed above, partially offset by the appreciation in the value of our equity securities portfolio as discussed above. The depreciation in the value of our debt securities portfolio reflects an increase in risk-free interest rates in the first quarter of 2021.

Fair Value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing, able and knowledgeable market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. In addition, a three-tiered hierarchy for inputs is used in management’s determination of fair value of financial instruments that emphasizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available under the circumstances. In assessing the appropriateness of using observable inputs in making our fair value determinations, we consider whether the market for a particular security is “active” or “inactive” based on all the relevant facts and circumstances. A market may be considered to be inactive if there are relatively few recent transactions or if there is a significant decrease in market volume. Furthermore, we consider whether observable transactions are “orderly” or not. We do not consider a transaction to be orderly if there is evidence of a forced liquidation or other distressed condition; as such, little or no weight is given to that transaction as an indicator of fair value. See Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on our accounting policy on fair value.

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of our consolidated financial instruments as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
	($ in millions)
Assets
Investments (excluding equity method investments and loans)⁽¹⁾	$	18,852.7	$	18,852.7	$	19,051.9	$	19,051.9

Liabilities
Senior notes and other debt⁽²⁾	$	2,080.3	$	2,325.8	$	2,135.9	$	2,468.7

(1)

(2)	See Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K for additional information on the senior notes and other debt.

See Note 2 to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q for additional information on our financial instruments measured at fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of inputs used as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Municipal Bonds. The following table provides the fair value of our municipal bonds as of March 31, 2021, categorized by state and revenue source. Special revenue bonds are debt securities for which the payment of principal and interest is available solely from the cash flows of the related projects. As issuers of revenue bonds do not have the ability to draw from tax revenues or levy taxes to fund obligations, revenue bonds may carry a greater risk of default than general obligation bonds.

	Special Revenue
State	Education		Hospital		Housing		Lease Revenue		Special Tax		Transit		Utilities		All Other Sources		Total Special Revenue		Total General Obligation		Total Fair Value
	($ in millions)
New York	$	0.8	$	—	$	2.6	$	8.7	$	116.0	$	63.5	$	41.9	$	—	$	233.5	$	11.7	$	245.2
Texas		13.3		—		0.1		11.3		6.6		23.5		86.5		1.9		143.2		76.4		219.6
California		6.1		39.1		2.2		7.8		—		10.7		45.7		—		111.6		68.2		179.8
Massachusetts		16.0		5.7		10.7		—		39.5		1.3		21.4		0.3		94.9		66.6		161.5
Pennsylvania		6.1		0.9		11.5		—		—		32.5		7.8		31.6		90.4		39.6		130.0
Washington		—		—		1.8		—		3.2		10.8		41.8		2.3		59.9		56.7		116.6
Florida		—		0.3		3.3		—		18.7		43.7		8.6		9.7		84.3		11.0		95.3
Ohio		35.2		1.2		3.0		1.2		2.2		0.2		11.6		9.2		63.8		31.4		95.2
Michigan		4.2		12.7		3.5		10.0		12.8		—		—		4.8		48.0		18.1		66.1
South Carolina		—		—		—		2.1		2.2		—		4.9		42.7		51.9		12.1		64.0
All other states		98.3		56.7		33.8		60.7		90.6		68.9		167.7		78.7		655.4		210.3		865.7
Total	$	180.0	$	116.6	$	72.5	$	101.8	$	291.8	$	255.1	$	437.9	$	181.2	$	1,636.9	$	602.1		2,239.0
Total advanced refunded / escrowed maturity funds																						340.0
Total municipal bonds																					$	2,579.0

Recent Accounting Standards

For a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, see Note 1(c) to Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The primary market risk related to our debt securities is the risk of loss associated with adverse changes in interest rates. We hold our debt securities as AFS. Any changes in the fair value in these securities, net of tax, would be recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. However, if a decline in fair value relative to cost is believed to be other than temporary, a loss is generally recorded on our statement of earnings. We also invest in equity securities which are subject to fluctuations in market value. In addition, significant portions of our assets (principally investments) and liabilities (principally loss and LAE reserves and unearned premiums) are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The net change in the carrying value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies is generally recorded as a component of other comprehensive income.

The sensitivity analyses presented below provide only a limited, point-in-time view of the market risk of our financial instruments. The actual impact of changes in market interest rates, equity market prices and foreign currency exchange rates may differ significantly from those shown in these sensitivity analyses. The sensitivity analyses are further limited because they do not consider any actions we could take in response to actual and/or anticipated changes in equity market prices, market interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, these sensitivity analyses do not provide weight to risks related to market issues such as liquidity and the credit worthiness of investments.

Interest Rate Risk

The primary market risk for our debt securities is interest rate risk at the time of refinancing. We monitor the interest rate environment to evaluate reinvestment and refinancing opportunities. We generally do not use derivatives to manage market and interest rate risks. The table below presents a sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2021 of our (i) consolidated debt securities and (ii) senior notes and other debt, which are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Sensitivity analysis is defined as the measurement of potential change in future earnings, fair values or cash flows of market sensitive instruments resulting from one or more selected hypothetical changes in interest rates over a selected time period. In the sensitivity analysis model below, we use a +/- 300 basis point range of change in interest rates to measure the hypothetical change in fair value of the financial instruments included in the analysis. The change in fair value is determined by calculating hypothetical March 31, 2021 ending prices based on yields adjusted to reflect a +/- 300 basis point range of change in interest rates, comparing these hypothetical ending prices to actual ending prices, and multiplying the difference by the par outstanding. The selected hypothetical changes in interest rates do not reflect what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.

	-300		-200		-100		0		100			200			300
	($ in millions)
Assets:
Debt securities, fair value	$	17,034.9	$	16,274.2	$	15,580.7	$	14,945.5	$	14,317.8		$	13,717.0		$	13,153.5
Estimated change in fair value		2,089.4		1,328.7		635.2		—		(627.7	)		(1,228.5	)		(1,792.0	)

Liabilities:
Senior notes and other debt, fair value	$	2,895.3	$	2,676.1	$	2,488.0	$	2,325.8	$	2,185.3		$	2,062.0		$	1,954.3
Estimated change in fair value		569.5		350.3		162.2		—		(140.5	)		(263.8	)		(371.5	)

Equity Risk

Our equity securities are subject to fluctuations in market value. The table below presents our equity market price risk and reflects the effect of a hypothetical increase or decrease in market prices as of March 31, 2021 on the estimated fair value of our consolidated equity portfolio. The selected hypothetical price changes do not reflect what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.

As of March 31, 2021
($ in millions)
Fair Value		Hypothetical Price Change	Estimated Fair Value After Hypothetical Change in Price		Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
$	3,312.2	20% Increase	$	3,974.7		6.0%
		20% Decrease		2,649.8		(6.0%)

In addition to debt and equity securities, we invest in several partnerships which are subject to fluctuations in market value. Our partnership investments are included in other invested assets and are accounted for at fair value or using the equity method, and had a carrying value of $381.8 million as of March 31, 2021.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the potential change in value arising from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our reinsurance operations located in foreign countries maintain some or all of their capital in their local currency and conduct business in their local currency, as well as the currencies of the other countries in which they operate. To mitigate this risk, we maintain investments denominated in certain foreign currencies in which the claims payments will be made. As of March 31, 2021, the largest foreign currency net liability exposure for these foreign operations was the Japanese Yen, and the largest foreign currency net asset exposures for these foreign operations were the Euro and Canadian Dollar. The table below presents our foreign currency exchange rate risk and shows the effect of a hypothetical increase or decrease in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar as of March 31, 2021 on the estimated net carrying value of our foreign currency denominated assets, net of our foreign currency denominated liabilities. The selected hypothetical changes do not reflect what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.

As of March 31, 2021
($ in millions)
Estimated Fair Value		Hypothetical Price Change	Estimated Fair Value After Hypothetical Change in Price	Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
$(86.0)	⁽¹⁾	20% Increase	($103.2)	(0.2%)
		20% Decrease	(68.8)	0.2%

(1)	Denotes a net liability position as of March 31, 2021.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer, or “CEO,” and our chief financial officer, or “CFO,” of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” Based on that evaluation, our management, including our CEO and CFO, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and timely reported as specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our disclosure controls and procedures were designed to provide such assurance; however, we note that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and we cannot assure you that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

No changes occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Certain of our subsidiaries are parties to pending litigation and claims in connection with the ordinary course of their businesses. Each such subsidiary makes provisions for estimated losses to be incurred in such litigation and claims, including legal costs. We believe such provisions are adequate and do not believe that any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows. See Note 12(a) to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the 2020 Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes from the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the 2020 Form 10-K. Please refer to that section for disclosures regarding what we believe are the more significant risks and uncertainties related to our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table presents our common stock repurchases for the quarter ended March 31, 2021:

	Total Number of Shares Repurchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs⁽¹⁾		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs⁽¹⁾ (in millions)
January 1 to January 31		36,022	$	596.70		36,022	$	410.9
February 1 to February 28		33,769		604.80		33,769		390.4
March 1 to March 31		33,234		640.13		33,234		369.2
Total		103,025		613.36		103,025

(1)

In June 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of shares of our common stock, at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $400.0 million. In September 2019, our Board of Directors authorized, upon the completion of the previously announced program, the repurchase of additional shares of our common stock at such times and at prices as management determines to be advisable, up to an aggregate of $500.0 million.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number		Description

31.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of the Company pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) of the Exchange Act.

31.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of the Company pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) of the Exchange Act.

32.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” as a part of this Form 10-Q.

32.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” as a part of this Form 10-Q.

101		Interactive Data Files formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020; and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	ALLEGHANY CORPORATION
	(Registrant)

Date: May 6, 2021	By:	/s/ Kerry J. Jacobs
		Kerry J. Jacobs
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)