As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 7, 2021

Registration No. 333-254435

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 

 

Amendment No. 1

to

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER THE

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

agilon health, inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

 

 

Delaware		8090		37-1915147
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1 World Trade Center, Suite 2000

Long Beach, CA 90831

(562) 256-3800

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Steven J. Sell

Chief Executive Officer

agilon health, inc.

1 World Trade Center, Suite 2000

Long Beach, CA 90831

(562) 256-3800

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

Peter J. Loughran, Esq. Paul M. Rodel, Esq. Debevoise & Plimpton LLP 919 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022 (212) 909-6000		William V. Fogg, Esq. Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP 825 Eighth Avenue New York, New York 10019 (212) 474-1000

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer		☐		Accelerated filer		☐
Non-accelerated filer		☒		Smaller reporting company		☐
				Emerging growth company		☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered		Amount to be Registered(1)(2)		Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Share		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2)		Amount of Registration Fee(3)
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share		53,590,000		$23		$1,232,570,000		$134,473.39

(1)	Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(2)	Includes 6,990,000 shares of common stock subject to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

(3)	The registrant previously paid $10,910 of the registration fee in connection with a prior filing of this Registration Statement.

 

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission declares our registration statement effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state or jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED APRIL 7, 2021

46,600,000 Shares

 

agilon health, inc.

Common Stock

 

 

This is the initial public offering of shares of common stock of agilon health, inc. (“agilon health”). We are offering 46,600,000 shares of common stock. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $20.00 and $23.00 per share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We have applied to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “AGL”.

After the completion of this offering, we expect to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE.

We will be treated as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, for certain purposes until we complete this offering. As such, in this prospectus, we have taken advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations that apply to emerging growth companies. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 23 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

 

		Per Share				Total
Initial public offering price		$				$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)		$				$
Proceeds, before expenses, to agilon health, inc.		$				$

 

(1)	See “Underwriting” for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

The underwriters also may purchase up to 6,990,000 additional shares from us at the initial offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within 30 days from the date of this prospectus.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved the securities described herein or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

One or more funds and/or accounts affiliated with Counterpoint Global (Morgan Stanley Investment Management), Capital World Investors, Wellington Management, Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC, and Rock Springs (collectively, the “cornerstone investors”) have indicated an interest, severally and not jointly, in purchasing up to an aggregate of $500 million in shares in this offering at the initial public offering price. Because this indication of interest is not a binding agreement or commitment to purchase, the cornerstone investors may determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering or the underwriters may determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of the cornerstone investors. The underwriters will receive the same discount on any of our shares purchased by the cornerstone investors as they will from any other shares sold to the public in this offering.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares to purchasers on or about                 , 2021.

 

 

 

J.P. Morgan		Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC		BofA Securities

 

Deutsche Bank Securities		Wells Fargo Securities

 

William Blair				Truist Securities		Nomura

Prospectus dated                , 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Prospectus Summary			1
Risk Factors			23
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Information			67
Use of Proceeds			70
Dividend Policy			71
Capitalization			72
Dilution			74
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			76
Business			103
Management			142
Executive Compensation			149
Principal Stockholders			159
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions			161
Description of Capital Stock			164
Shares Available for Future Sale			170
Description of Certain Indebtedness			172
Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders			175
Underwriting			179
Validity of Common Stock			190
Experts			190
Where You Can Find More Information			190
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered to you. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with information different from, or in addition to, that contained in this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurances as to the reliability of, any information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is only accurate as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus and any sale of shares of our common stock.

 

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Certain Important Terms

 

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“We,” “us,” “our,” “agilon” and the “Company” mean agilon health, inc., a Delaware corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context refers only to agilon health, inc., as a corporate entity (which we refer to as “agilon health”).

 

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“Anchor geography” means the geographies in which our anchor physician groups operate.

 

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“Anchor physician groups” means the physician groups with which we have long-term contractual arrangements, typically including joint governance, operations and leadership, and surplus sharing, and does not include physicians in our Hawaii geography.

 

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“Capitation” means a payment arrangement in which a set amount for each enrolled beneficiary is paid to a provider or entity during an agreed upon period, regardless of whether or not such beneficiary seeks medical services or treatment.

 

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“CMS” means the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

 

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“CMS Innovation Center” means the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation.

 

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“DCE” means a Direct Contracting Entity participating in the CMS Innovation Center Direct Contracting Model.

 

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“FFS” means fee-for-service.

 

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“Independent physicians” means physicians not employed by health systems or insurance providers.

 

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“Live,” when referring to a physician partner or a geography, means implementation of our platform with the physician partner or in the geography is complete, and we are generating revenue and assuming financial risk pursuant to agreements with payors.

 

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“MA” means Medicare Advantage.

 

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“Members” means the MA patients who are attributed to our PCPs (as defined below) by our payors (as defined below).

 

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“Payors” means health insurance providers.

 

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“Our PCPs” means PCPs contracted by our anchor physician groups and our network of contracted physicians.

 

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“PCP” means primary care physician.

 

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“Physician partners” means our anchor physician groups and all other physicians with whom we have contractual arrangements.

 

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“PMPM” means per member per month.

 

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“RBE” means a risk-bearing entity.

 

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“STAR rating” means annual ratings awarded by CMS to health plans which measure the quality of health services received by beneficiaries enrolled in MA based on various calculated quality metrics.

 

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“Total Care Model” means a PCP-led global capitation reimbursement model in which physicians receive a monthly payment from health plans to manage the total healthcare needs of their attributed patients.

Market and Industry Data

This prospectus includes estimates regarding market and industry data and forecasts, which are based on publicly available information, industry publications and surveys, reports from government agencies, reports by market research firms and our own estimates based on our management’s knowledge of, and experience in, the

 

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healthcare industry. Third-party industry publications and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources generally believed to be reliable.

Throughout this prospectus, all references to “net promoter score” or “NPS” are to a measure of satisfaction widely used in the healthcare industry. We calculate patient and provider net promoter score based on responses to patient and provider surveys, administered as electronic surveys annually, that ask the patient or provider to rank, on a scale of 0 to 10, how likely they are to recommend their (or their provider’s) practice to a friend or family member. We assign the designation of “Promoter” to respondents who provide a score of 9 or 10, the designation of “Passive” to respondents who provide a score of 7 or 8, and the designation of “Detractor” to respondents who provide a score of 0 to 6. We then subtract the percentage of Detractors from Promoters to determine our overall net promoter score. We believe that this method of calculation aligns with industry standards and that this metric is meaningful for investors because of the correlation that we believe exists between net promoter score and patient and provider satisfaction.

Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the captions “Risk Factors,” “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Service Marks, Trademarks and Trade Names

We hold various service marks, trademarks and trade names, such as “agilon health,” “agilon” and our logo design, that we deem particularly important to the advertising activities conducted by each of our businesses. This prospectus also contains trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies which are the property of their respective holders. We do not intend our use or display of such names or marks to imply relationships with, or endorsements of us by, any other company.

Basis of Presentation

During 2020, we implemented a plan to divest all of our California operations, which includes the entirety of our Medicaid line of business, via three separate transactions with different parties. In February 2021, we completed the divestiture of our California operations. As a result of the divestiture of all of our California operations, our financial statements included in this prospectus reflect discontinued operations presentation for all California operations. Financial and operating information contained in this prospectus is presented without California operations data unless expressly stated otherwise. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—California Operations” for additional information.

 

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RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of net losses, we anticipate increasing expenses in the future and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant net losses in the past, including net losses (including discontinued operations) of $60.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $282.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As a result of these losses, we had accumulated deficits of $551.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and $491.1 million as of December 31, 2019. We expect that our expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future and our losses will continue, including for the year ended December 31, 2021, in part as we invest in growing our business, expanding our management team, building relationships with physician partners and payors, developing new services and complying with the requirements associated with being a public company. These expenses may prove to be more significant than we currently anticipate, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We may not succeed in sufficiently increasing our revenue to offset these expenses. Consequently, we may not be able to achieve and maintain profitability for the current or any future fiscal year. Our prior losses and potential for future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

Any failure by us to identify and develop successful new geographies, physician partners and payors and to successfully execute upon our growth initiatives may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our business depends on our ability to identify and develop successful geographies and relationships with physician partners and payors, and to successfully execute upon our growth initiatives to increase the profitability of our physician partners. In order to pursue our strategy successfully, we must effectively implement our platform, partnership and network model, including identifying suitable candidates and successfully building relationships with and managing integration of new physician partners and payors. We contract with a limited number of physician partners and rely on physician partners within each geography. Our growth initiatives in our existing geographies depend, in part, on our physician partners’ ability to grow their practices through the addition of PCPs to increase their capacity to service Medicare patients, and to effectively meet increased patient demand. Our physician partners may encounter difficulties in recruiting additional PCPs to their practices due to many factors, including significant competition in their geographies. Accordingly, the loss or dissatisfaction of any physician partners, our inability to recruit and integrate physician partners into our model, or the failure of our physician partners to recruit additional PCPs or manage and scale capacity to timely meet patient demand, could substantially harm our brand and reputation, impact our competitiveness, inhibit widespread adoption of our platform, partnership and network model and impair our ability to attract new physician partners and maintain existing physician partnerships, both in new geographies and in geographies in which we currently operate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Further, our growth strategy depends, in part, on securing and integrating new high-caliber physician partners and expanding into new geographies in which we have little or no operating experience. Integration and other risks can be more pronounced for larger and more complicated relationships or relationships outside of our core business space, or if multiple relationships are pursued simultaneously. Additionally, new geographies may be characterized by stakeholder preferences for, and experience with, a Total Care Model, rates of MA enrollment, MA reimbursement rates, payor concentration and rates of unnecessary variability in and utilization of medical care that differ from those in the geographies where our existing operations are located. Likewise, new geographies into which we seek to expand may have laws and regulations that differ from those applicable to our current operations. As an immature and rapidly growing company, we may be unfamiliar with the regulatory requirements in each geography that we enter, and we may be forced to incur significant expenditures

 

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to ensure compliance with requirements to which we are subject. If we are unable or unwilling to incur such costs, our growth in new geographies may be less successful than in our current geographies.

Further, our growth to date has increased the significant demands on our management, operational and financial systems, infrastructure and other resources. We must continue to improve our existing systems for operational and financial management, including our reporting systems, procedures and controls. These improvements could require significant capital expenditures and place increasing demands on our management. We may not be successful in managing or expanding our operations or in maintaining adequate financial and operating systems and controls. If we do not successfully manage these processes, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be harmed.

We may be unsuccessful in executing our operating strategies, or we may not achieve results consistent with our historical performance.

Our success is dependent on our ability to successfully execute upon defined operating strategies in our existing and future geographies. Such strategies include successfully growing our geographies through the addition of PCPs and our physician partners’ capacity to serve new members, providing medical services for our members at appropriate levels of utilization and cost, and generating medical services revenue through appropriate and effective contracting strategies with our MA payors. We may not be successful in executing upon these strategies, or we may fail to implement such strategies in future markets as effectively as with our initial markets. The failure to successfully execute upon such strategies or to produce results consistent with our historical results or the financial and operational models used in the analysis of our potential relationships may result in an inability to grow our business; may cause ongoing operating losses, asset write-offs, restructuring costs or other expenses; and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Further, as a rapidly growing and relatively immature company with a limited operating history, it is uncertain whether our platform, partnership and network model will achieve and sustain high levels of demand, physician and payor acceptance and market adoption. Due to our limited operating history, it is also difficult for us to evaluate our business compared to prior periods. If we do not develop, if we develop more slowly than we expect, if we encounter negative publicity or if our value propositions for physician partners, patients and payors do not drive sufficient member growth, the growth of our business will be harmed. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on our ability to demonstrate the value of our platform, partnership and network model to physicians and payors. Our ability to replicate the success of our model also enables us to attract and retain skilled physician partners. Accordingly, if we are unable to effectively manage our growth and replicate the success of our platform, partnership and network model in new geographies and with new partners, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be harmed.

Amounts of medical expenses which are incurred on behalf of our members may exceed the amount of medical revenues we receive to provide care for such members.

Under our agreements with our payors, we receive a PMPM-based capitation payment, and we assume financial risk for the expense of providing medical services on behalf of our physician partners. To the extent that utilization of medical services or the cost of providing such services increases beyond our expectations, the total cost to provide medical services to our members may exceed the corresponding amount of revenue we receive, which may result in losses and adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Additionally, factors which impact medical costs incurred by our members, and medical expenses we incur, may be subject to fluctuations which we may not be able to control. Such factors include the following:

 

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Changes to the Medicare fee schedule or other rate schedules which serve as the basis for payments issued to hospitals, specialty and ancillary physicians and other providers;

 

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Contractual rates paid to hospitals, specialty and ancillary physicians and other providers;

 

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The utilization rates of healthcare services, including inpatient hospitalization, by our members;

 

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Changes to member benefit levels established annually by payors; and

 

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The utilization rate and cost of pharmaceuticals or specialty drugs utilized by our members.

Fluctuations in the magnitude of the hospital and physician network, including the discontinuation of a hospital or specialty or ancillary physician’s participation in our MA payors’ provider network, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

As we expand into new geographies, we may be unable to secure contracts with MA payors, or such contracts may be established at less favorable financial terms than are necessary to meet our financial targets.

As we enter into new geographies, potential physician partners will typically provide care to members affiliated with one or more MA payors, in a structure other than a Total Care Model. Our ability to successfully operate in a market is dependent upon our ability to enter into contractual relationships with MA payors which have an existing presence in that market under a global risk structure. MA payors may take the position that it is not in their strategic or financial interests to enter into a contract with us, or they may have already established exclusive relationships with other value-based care providers or affiliates in a geography and ,therefore, elect to not enter into a similar arrangement with us. Therefore, we may be unsuccessful in executing contractual relationships with MA payors, or such contracts may be established at financial terms which result in lower revenues or higher costs than we project or which are necessary to generate profits in a given geography. To the extent we are unsuccessful in establishing contractual relationships with MA payors in new geographies, or such relationships are established at less favorable terms than we project, we may not be able to successfully launch into a given geography, or the membership or revenue levels we are able to attain will be lower than our projections.

We incur startup costs during the initial stages of development of our physician partner relationships and program initiatives, and if we are unable to maintain and grow these physician partner relationships or program initiatives over time, we may not recover these costs.

We devote resources to the establishment of new physician partner relationships, including costs relating to physician recruiting to enhance access and support growth of the network, physician incentives to support the transition to a Total Care Model and operational support. Our startup investment in new physician partners can be significant and the associated revenue must be earned and sustained over time in order for us to recoup these costs. As a result, as our business grows, our physician partnership startup costs could outpace our buildup of recurring revenue if we do not achieve economies of scale, and we may be unable to achieve profitability until our revenues associated with new partnerships are more mature. We may never recoup our startup costs in a physician partner relationship, including as a result of such physician partner’s difficulty transitioning to a Total Care Model. If we fail to achieve appropriate economies of scale, if we fail to manage or anticipate the evolution of the Total Care Model or if we fail to raise necessary capital to fund our startup costs, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We also devote resources to establishing program initiatives to ensure a successful transition to a Total Care Model for members, physician partners and payors. Establishment of these program initiatives requires investments that may not be recouped. For example, investment in preventive care and incentivizing physician partners to complete annual wellness visits may increase our total medical services expense, particularly in the short term, and may fail to generate expected cost savings in the long term. If we fail to realize quality of care outcomes and projected revenues or cost savings due to effectively managed healthcare costs with these program initiatives, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 

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We may require substantial additional capital to support our business in the future, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect to spend substantial amounts of cash for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our cash and cash equivalents were $106.8 million and $123.6 million, respectively. If our cash and cash equivalents and any cash generated from operations are not sufficient to meet our future cash requirements, we will need to access additional capital to fund our operations and our continued growth and expansion.

We may seek to raise capital by, among other things, issuing additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities, issuing debt securities or borrowing funds under a credit facility. In the past, the securities and credit markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruption, which has increased due to the effects of COVID-19. The availability of credit, from virtually all types of lenders, has at times been limited. In the event we need access to additional capital to pay our operating expenses, fund subsidiary surplus requirements, make payments on or refinance our indebtedness, pay capital expenditures, or fund acquisitions, our ability to obtain such capital may be limited and the cost of any such capital may be significant, particularly if we are unable to access our Credit Facilities.

Our access to additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as prevailing economic and credit market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to our industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity and perceptions of our financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. If one or any combination of these factors were to occur, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain sufficient additional financing on favorable terms, within an acceptable time, or at all. Financings, if available, may be on terms that restrict our operational flexibility, dilute the economic or voting rights of our stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock. If we require new sources of financing but they are insufficient or unavailable, we would be required to modify our operating plans to take into account the limitations of available funding, which would harm our ability to maintain or grow our business.

Significant reduction in our membership could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

A significant reduction in membership could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations because our payor contracts compensate us on a per-member basis. Many factors that could cause such a reduction are outside our control.

Factors that could contribute to a reduction in membership include:

 

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failure to obtain new physician partners or members or to retain existing physician partners or members;

 

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decision by a payor to not renew the existing contractual agreement upon termination of such contract;

 

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low quality of care by our physician partners, including as a result of our failure to provide tools and information to deliver high-quality care;

 

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alternative care opportunities that are more attractive than those provided by our physician partners;

 

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premium increases, benefit revisions or other similar changes, which cause our current payor relationships to be less attractive to members than other alternatives, including traditional Medicare or MA plans with which we do not maintain a relationship;

 

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negative publicity, through social media, news coverage or otherwise, related to us, our physician partners, payors or MA;

 

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failure of our payors to maintain their annual ratings awarded by CMS to health plans which measure the quality of health services received by beneficiaries enrolled in MA based on various calculated quality metrics (“STAR ratings”), which leads to members disenrolling from such payors; and

 

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federal and state regulatory changes.

We contract with a limited number of payors, and our membership is dependent on such payors attracting and retaining members. In addition, if a payor fails to renew its contract with us or members disenroll from such payor, the members such payor attributes to our platform could transition to another payor which is not on our platform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We may also fail to address factors within our control that could contribute to a reduction in enrollment, including providing our physician partners the tools and information to provide high-quality care.

The transition to a Total Care Model may be challenging for physician partners.

The transition to a Total Care Model may be challenging for our physician partners, and fully capitated or other provider-risk arrangements have had a history of financial challenges for physicians. It may take time for physician partners to acclimate to a capitation model, and some physician partners may not be successful at transitioning to a Total Care Model. If we are not able to attract or retain physician partners who are successful at transitioning to a Total Care Model, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If the estimates and assumptions we use to project the size, revenue or medical expense amounts of our target geographies are inaccurate, our future growth rate may be impacted and we may generate losses in such markets, or we may fail to attain financial performance targets.

We often do not have access to reliable historical data regarding the size, revenue or medical expense levels of our target geographies or potential physician partners. As a result, our market opportunity estimates and financial forecasts developed as we enter into a new geography are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The estimates and forecasts in this prospectus relating to the size and expected growth of the market for our services and the estimates of our market opportunity may prove to be inaccurate.

Principal assumptions relating to our market opportunity include estimates of the total number and average length of relationships between MA patients and their physicians, historical MA patient growth rates, amount of revenue and medical expenses associated with MA members expected to be attributed to our physician partners and historical experience that physician partners have with a Total Care Model. Our opportunity is based on the assumption that our platform, partnership and network model will be more attractive to potential physician partners than competing options. However, potential physician partners may elect to pursue a different strategic option.

The spread of, and response to, the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, underscores certain risks we face and the rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact to us of COVID-19.

COVID-19 continues to spread in the United States and throughout the world. COVID-19 and the efforts to contain the outbreak have led to significant economic disruption, including extreme volatility in financial markets, reduced economic activity and a sharp increase in unemployment claims, as well as disruption in some of our physician partners’ businesses. The spread of COVID-19 underscores certain risks we face in our business described herein.

Governmental and non-governmental organizations may not effectively combat the spread and severity of COVID-19, increasing the potential for harm for our members. If the spread of COVID-19 is not contained, the

 

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medical services revenue we receive may prove to be insufficient to cover the cost of healthcare services delivered to our enrolled members, which could increase significantly as a result of higher utilization rates of medical facilities and services and other increases in associated medical claims and related costs. Over time, we may also experience increased costs or decreased revenues if, as a result of our enrolled members being unable to see their PCPs due to actions taken to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, we are unable to implement clinical initiatives to manage healthcare costs and chronic conditions of our enrolled members and appropriately document their risk profiles. In addition, the clinical disease burdens of our members may increase over time to the extent that members have received reduced preventative care to manage their existing clinical conditions, and the amount of medical care which has been deferred during the pandemic may exceed our expectations. Furthermore, we may experience reduced revenues as a result of changes to future capitation payment rates if Medicare members use fewer services due to COVID-19. For example, restrictions imposed as a result of COVID-19 may continue to decrease utilization of preventative or non-emergency healthcare, significantly decreasing provider costs. Should CMS adjust reimbursement rates based on margins during the pendency of COVID-19, our revenues in future periods and financial results may be materially adversely affected. Such measures and any further steps taken by us, or governmental action, to expand or otherwise modify the services delivered to our enrolled members, provide relief for the healthcare provider community, or in connection with the relaxation of stay-at-home and physical distancing orders and other restrictions on movement and economic activity intended to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including enhanced measures to implement widespread testing as a component of lifting these measures, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The spread of COVID-19, or actions taken to mitigate this spread, including the efficacy, ability to administer or extent of adoption of COVID-19 vaccines, could have material and adverse effects on our ability to operate effectively, including as a result of the complete or partial closure of facilities or labor shortages. Disruptions in public and private infrastructure, including communications, financial services and supply chains, could materially and adversely disrupt our normal business operations. We have transitioned a significant subset of our employee population to a remote work environment in an effort to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, which could exacerbate certain risks to our business, including an increased demand for information technology resources, increased risk of phishing and other cybersecurity attacks as well as other risks to the privacy and confidentiality of data, and increased risk of unauthorized dissemination of sensitive personal information or proprietary or confidential information about us or our members or other third parties. We have taken, and may take, further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by local, state, or federal authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees. Such measures could negatively affect our ability to provide care to members, relationship with physician partners, marketing efforts, employee productivity, or customer retention, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, physician partners may not be able to complete the required annual wellness visits necessary to assess and document the health conditions of our members as comprehensively as we have in the past. Medicare pays capitation using a “risk adjustment model,” which compensates providers based on the health status (acuity) of each individual patient, based on each patient’s documented clinical diagnoses activity in the preceding calendar year. Medicare requires that a patient’s health issues be clinically assessed and sufficiently documented annually regardless of the permanence of the underlying clinical conditions. Historically, this clinical assessment and documentation was required to be completed during an in-person visit with a patient. As part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or “CARES Act,” Medicare is allowing documentation for conditions identified during video visits with patients. However, given the disruption caused by COVID-19, it is unclear whether our physician partners will be able to conduct patient interactions to clinically assess and accurately and sufficiently document the health conditions of our members, which could adversely impact our revenue in 2021 and beyond.

The rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate impact on us of COVID-19. We are continuing to monitor the spread of COVID-19, changes to our payors’ benefit coverages, the

 

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ongoing costs and business impacts of dealing with COVID-19, including the potential costs associated with lifting restrictions on movement and economic activity and with administering vaccines, and related risks, as well as potential costs associated with provision of care to our members suffering from COVID-19. The magnitude and duration of the pandemic and its ultimate impact on us is uncertain as this continues to evolve globally, but such impacts could be material to our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our estimates of our members’ risk adjustment factors, medical services expense, incurred but not reported claims and earnings pursuant to payor contracts could be inaccurate.

Medical services revenue related to our members is based on clinical disease conditions identified and documented by physicians during patient visits during the preceding calendar year, as well as other factors such as the age and gender of the member, which is summarized in a risk-adjustment factor assigned to each member. To estimate the related amount of revenue that will ultimately be realized for the periods presented, we estimate our members’ risk adjustment factors based on our knowledge of members’ health status, which is in turn based on physicians’ clinical assessment and documentation of members’ health status, existing risk adjustment factors and applicable Medicare guidelines. These factors may not be predictive of our members’ risk adjustment factors, or we may otherwise fail to accurately estimate such score, which could cause our revenue estimates for the relevant period to be inaccurate.

We establish liabilities on our balance sheet for the amount of medical services which have been incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) or paid as of the given balance sheet date. IBNR estimates are developed using actuarial methods and are based on many variables, including the utilization of healthcare services, historical payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, changes in membership and other factors. These estimation methods and the resulting reserves are periodically reviewed and updated. COVID-19 has also resulted in fluctuations in our medical expenses and increased challenges in accurately estimating the amount of medical expenses which have been incurred by our members.

Given the numerous uncertainties inherent in such estimates, our actual medical claims liabilities for a particular quarter or other period could differ significantly from the amounts estimated and reserved for that quarter or period. Our actual medical claims liabilities have varied and will continue to vary from our estimates, particularly in times of significant changes in utilization, medical cost trends and populations and geographies served. If our actual liability for claims payments is higher than previously estimated, our earnings in any particular quarter or annual period could be negatively affected. Our estimates of IBNR liabilities may be inadequate in the future, which would negatively affect our results of operations for the relevant time period. Furthermore, if we are unable to accurately estimate adequate IBNR levels, our ability to take timely corrective actions may be limited, further exacerbating the extent of the negative impact on our results.

When we enter into a new physician partner relationship or when we prepare operating and financial forecasts, we and our payors estimate medical services expense. Our medical services expense may exceed our or our payors’ estimates, which may result in our establishing unfavorable financial terms in our contractual agreements with our payors, or may result in our payors’ actuarial projections submitted to CMS being inaccurate. In either case, we may incur higher medical expenses than we anticipated or in excess of the revenues we receive, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Additionally, we cannot be certain that the stop-loss coverage we maintain to protect us against certain severe or catastrophic medical claims currently is or will be adequate or available to us in the future or that the cost of such stop-loss coverage will not limit our ability to obtain it.

Restrictive clauses in some of our contracts with physician partners may prohibit us from establishing new RBEs within certain geographies in the future, and as a result may limit our growth.

Most of our contracts with our physician partners include restrictive provisions that, among other things, preclude us from establishing new RBEs within certain geographies in the future. These restrictive provisions

 

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typically preclude us or our RBEs from contracting to provide a Total Care Model in specific geographic areas other than through the relevant RBE, and in certain circumstances may limit the providers with which the RBE may contract. Any contracts with restrictive provisions may limit our ability to conduct business with certain potential partners, including partnering with or providing services to other physicians or purchasing services from other physicians within certain time periods, and in certain regions. Accordingly, these restrictive provisions may limit growth and prevent us from entering into long-term relationships with potential partners and could cause our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations to be harmed.

Exclusivity provisions in some of our agreements with physician partners could subject us to investigations or litigation.

Most of our contracts with our physician partners contain restrictive provisions that preclude our physician partners from providing specified services for the duration of our contracts. Such provisions could be the subject of investigations and enforcement actions by regulatory authorities and litigation by payors or physicians operating in the geographic areas where such contracts exist. Any such investigations, enforcement actions or litigation could require us to take actions which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations or could require us to pay substantial amounts of money. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management’s attention and resources from other matters.

We rely on our management team and key employees and our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be harmed if we are unable to retain qualified personnel.

Our success depends, in part, on the skills, working relationships and continued services of our senior management team and other key personnel. All of our employees are “at-will” employees or have offer letters or employment agreements that allow their employment to be terminated by us or them at any time, for any reason and without notice, subject, in certain cases, to severance payment rights. Prior to this offering, in order to retain and motivate valuable employees, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we provided stock options that either vest over time or are based on the equity return realized by our controlling stockholder. The value to employees of these stock options is significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are outside our control. The compensation and benefits we provide to our employees, together with the value of stock options that we have granted, may at any time be insufficient to counteract offers from other organizations. The departure of key personnel could adversely affect the conduct of our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In such event, we would be required to hire other personnel to manage and operate our business, and we may not be able to employ a suitable replacement for the departing individual at favorable terms, or at all. Following the offering, we intend to continue to use equity awards as part of our executive compensation program, and volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may also affect our ability to attract any replacements or retain these employees.

Competition for qualified personnel in our field is intense due to the limited number of individuals who possess the skills and experience required by our industry, particularly with respect to a Total Care Model. As a result, as we enter new geographies, it may be difficult for us to hire additional qualified personnel with the necessary skills to work in such geographies. If our hiring efforts in new or existing geographies are not successful, our business will be harmed. In addition, we have experienced employee turnover and expect to continue to experience employee turnover in the future. New hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. New employees may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. If our retention efforts are not successful or our employee turnover rate increases in the future, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations will be harmed.

 

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We may never realize the full value of our intangible assets, which could cause us to record impairments that may negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We have a significant amount of intangible assets on our balance sheet, and we may never realize the full value of such assets. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, we had $102.0 million and $112.7 million of net intangible assets, including $41.5 million of goodwill. In addition to our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter, our intangible assets, including goodwill, are subject to impairment tests when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset, or related group of assets, may not be recoverable. There are several factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our intangible assets, including goodwill may not be recoverable, including macroeconomic conditions, industry considerations, our overall financial performance (including an analysis of our current and projected cash flows), revenue and earnings, a sustained decrease in our share price and other relevant entity-specific events (including changes in strategy, physicians, members or litigation). Where the carrying value of the asset, or related group of assets, is not recoverable, we would record an impairment charge that may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. A detailed discussion of our impairment testing is included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates.”

Due to the continued deterioration in the performance of our California reporting unit, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we initiated a process to evaluate strategic alternatives for our California operations, including a sale or abandonment of all or substantially all of such operations. We therefore performed an assessment of the long-lived assets in the California reporting unit for impairment and determined that the carrying value of certain of those assets was not recoverable. Accordingly, we wrote-down such assets to fair value, resulting in the recognition of a $98.3 million impairment charge included in discontinued operations in the audited consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. See “Note 19. Discontinued Operations” in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Any future impairments could be significant and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Adverse determinations of tax matters could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We are subject to tax laws in the various jurisdictions in which we operate, and the application of these laws to us may be unclear. Some interpretations adopted by us could be challenged by the relevant tax authorities. A successful challenge could result in adverse consequences for us, including potentially the payment of taxes, penalties or interest in amounts that may be material. See “Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions to our data platforms could compromise sensitive information related to our business and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition, cash flows and results of operation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, use and disclose sensitive data, including what the law defines as protected health information (“PHI”) and other types of personal or identifying information. Our member information is encrypted but not always de-identified. We manage and maintain our business and data through a combination of data center systems and cloud-based computing center systems.

We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the internet, to securely process, transmit and store this information. We utilize third-party service providers for important aspects of the collection, storage and transmission of PHI and other sensitive information and, therefore, we may be unable to control the use of such information or the security protections employed by such third parties. The

 

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security of our technology platform and other aspects of our services, including those provided or facilitated by our third-party service providers, is important to our operations and business strategy because of the sensitivity of the PHI and other confidential information we and our providers collect, store, process and transmit. Our information technology and infrastructure, and that of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to various forms of attacks by hackers or to viruses, other technical failures or breaches due to third-party action, or due to employee and contractor negligence, error or malfeasance. We may also experience cybersecurity and other breach incidents that may remain undetected for an extended period of time. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to otherwise disrupt computer systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we or our third-party service providers may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures or effectively respond to breaches in a timely fashion. Examples of currently known data security threats facing us and our third-party service providers include ransomware, phishing, business email compromise and credential stuffing.

We have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past and may experience them in the future. Such breaches of our infrastructure or information, or that of our third-party providers, whether as a result of physical break-ins, computer viruses, cyberattacks, or employee or contractor error, negligence or malfeasance, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure or modification of sensitive information, including PHI. As a result, such data security breaches could result in the loss of data or inappropriate use of information. Any interruption in access to member information, unauthorized access to information, improper disclosure or other loss of information could also result in federal or state government investigations and liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy of member information, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), potentially resulting in damages and regulatory penalties. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Federal and State Privacy and Security Requirements.” Sustained or repeated system failures could damage our reputation and reduce the attractiveness of our platform, partnership and network model to members and physician partners, possibly resulting in contract terminations and reductions in revenue. Additionally, the detection, prevention and remediation of known or unknown security vulnerabilities, including those arising from third-party hardware or software, may result in additional material direct or indirect costs.

Any or all of these issues could adversely affect our ability to attract new physician partners and members, cause existing physician partners to fail to renew their agreements with us, cause existing members to disenroll or switch their coverage to non-contracted payors and result in reputational damage. Our general liability or data security insurance policies may not be adequate to cover all potential claims to which we are exposed and may not be adequate to indemnify us for the liability that may be imposed or the losses associated with such events, and in any case, such insurance may not cover all of the specific costs, expenses and losses we could incur in responding to and remediating a security breach.

We rely on third-party internet infrastructure and bandwidth providers for our operations, and any failure or interruption in the services provided by these third parties could negatively impact our ability to operate and our relationships with members and physician partners and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our ability to aggregate and evaluate member, physician partner, payor and other relevant data to facilitate our operations, including to process and adjudicate claims payments, provide data analytics and store data, depends on the development and maintenance by third parties of the internet infrastructure we use to operate our business. We rely on internal systems as well as third-party bandwidth and telecommunications equipment providers and other service providers to maintain and operate our internet-based services. This includes maintenance of a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, bandwidth capacity and security. Our services are designed to operate without interruption. However, we may experience future interruptions and delays in services and availability from time to time. In the event of an interruption or a catastrophic event with respect to one or more of the systems we use, we may experience an extended period of

 

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system unavailability, which could negatively impact our relationship with members, physician partners and payors. To operate without interruption, both we and our service providers must guard against:

 

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damage from fire, power loss, natural disasters and other events outside our control;

 

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communications failures;

 

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software and hardware errors, failures and crashes;

 

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data security breaches, ransomware attacks, computer viruses, hacking, denial-of-service attacks and similar disruptions; and

 

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other potential interruptions.

If any of the foregoing occur, our reputation, operations and financial results may be materially adversely impacted. Further, any failure of or by the systems we use to handle the volume of use, either by us or others on such systems, or any increased volume of use, could significantly harm our business. We have limited control over our third-party internet infrastructure and bandwidth providers, and, as a result, limited ability to independently address problems with services they provide. Any errors, failures, interruptions or delays experienced in connection with these providers’ services could negatively impact our relationships with members, physician partners or payors.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our know-how and other proprietary and internally developed information, our operations could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on internally developed information, including our databases, confidential information and know-how, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. We may not be able to protect our know-how and other internally developed information, including clinical and analytical outcomes generated from data we collect from physician partners, payors and other relevant sources. Our physician partners, employees, consultants and other parties (including independent contractors and companies with which we conduct business) may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally disclosed or obtained and is using any of our internally developed information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect know-how and other proprietary information. We rely, in part, on non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements with our physician partners, independent contractors, consultants and companies with which we conduct business to protect our know-how and internally developed information. These agreements may not be self-executing, or they may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. Moreover, third parties may independently develop similar or equivalent proprietary information or otherwise gain access to our know-how and other internally developed information. Our failure to protect the confidentiality of our know-how and other proprietary and internally developed information could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We could be required to devote significant attention and resources to the provision of certain transition services in connection with the disposition of our California Operations.

In February 2021, we completed the divestiture of our California Operations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the notes in our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

In connection with the divestiture, we have agreed to continue to provide administrative support and transition services for a specified period of time. The transition services to be provided by us could require significant management attention and resources which could negatively affect our ongoing business. Additionally, we could experience operational difficulties and increased costs that exceed our estimates to provide the transition services if we are unable to perform such services with our existing resources at an acceptable level, or at all, or obtain them from a third party on reasonable terms.

 

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For the Southern California and Fresno divestiture transactions, we will continue to be responsible for any liabilities arising from the business which were incurred prior to the closing date of each transaction, including the payment of claims for medical services incurred prior to the effective date of each transaction, a liability for unrecognized tax benefits for which we are indemnified and other contingent liabilities that we currently believe are remote. See “Note 8. Medical Claims and Related Payables,” “Note 14. Income Taxes” and “Note 19. Discontinued Operations” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We may not be successful in managing the risks associated with the divestiture of our California operations.

Our subsidiaries’ lack of performance or ability to fund their operations could require us to fund such losses.

If our subsidiaries suffer losses due to their lack of performance, our physician partners’ failure to perform under their contracts or other reasons, we may be required to fund such losses or our subsidiaries may breach their payor contracts or incur regulatory consequences. We have in the past chosen to or been required to, and may in the future choose to or be required to, fund our subsidiaries’ losses. If unfunded, such losses have in the past, and could in the future, result in substantial doubt related to such subsidiary’s ability to continue operating as a going concern, and the contractual and regulatory consequences of such failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We are economically dependent on maintaining our contracts with a limited number of key payors.

We contract with a limited number of key payors, and we are economically dependent on maintaining our contracts with such payors. See “Note 3. Concentration of Credit Risk” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As a result, our key payors may have increased bargaining power, and we may be required to accept less favorable contractual terms with them. Because we rely on a limited number of payors for a significant portion of our revenue, we depend on their creditworthiness. Our payors are subject to a number of risks including reductions in payment rates from governmental programs, higher than expected healthcare costs and lack of predictability of financial results when entering into new lines of business, particularly with high-risk populations. If the financial condition of our payors declines, our credit risk could increase. Should one or more of our significant payors declare bankruptcy, be declared insolvent or otherwise be restricted by state or federal laws or regulation from continuing in some or all of their operations, such payor may be unable to reimburse us for expenses incurred in managing patient care, and the members such payor attributes to our platform could transition to another payor who is not on our platform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Future consolidation of payors in the healthcare industry could reduce the number of payors even further, increasing these risks.

Our contracts with our payors are for limited terms, and may not be renewed upon their expiration.

Our contracts with payors generally have terms of one to three years and are typically renewed for one-year periods unless terminated in accordance with the terms of such agreements. In the ordinary course of business, we engage in active discussions and renegotiations with our payors in respect of the services we collectively provide and the terms of our payor agreements. As our payors’ businesses respond to market dynamics and financial pressures, and as our payors make strategic business decisions in respect of the lines of business they pursue and programs in which they participate, certain of our payors have sought, and we expect that in the future additional payors will, from time to time, seek to renegotiate or terminate their contracts with us. These negotiations could result in reductions to the economic terms and changes to the scope of services contemplated by our existing payor contracts and consequently could negatively impact our revenues, business and prospects and render our assumptions, estimates and reserves inaccurate. If any of our contracts with our payors is terminated, we may experience a reduction in the number of members attributed to our platform, which may result in a reduction of our revenues and may have a material adverse effect on our business. We have in the past, with respect to certain of our discontinued operations, and may in the future, recognize impairment charges for such terminations.

 

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If a payor does terminate or elects not to renew its relationship with us, our ability to retain members associated with that payor is limited. We and our physician partners must comply with the CMS Medicare Marketing Guidelines regarding communication and information provided to members, which limits the types of permissible communications that may be made to members. In addition, in Ohio, we are contractually prohibited from forming our own health plan, which effectively prohibits us from directly marketing to members in accordance with the CMS Medicare Marketing Guidelines.

Additionally, if a payor with which we contract for these services loses its Medicare contract or CMS decides to discontinue its MA or commercial plans, decides to contract with another company to provide capitated care services to its members or decides to directly provide care, our contract with that payor could be at risk and we could lose revenue. Additionally, payors with whom we currently contract in a particular geography may not maintain their government-awarded contracts in future years. For example, a group contract through which certain of our members in our Texas geography receive care was awarded to a new payor with whom we are not currently contracted to attribute members for 2021. Moreover, our inability to maintain our agreements with payors, in particular with key payors such as Humana, Aetna and United Healthcare, with respect to their MA members or to negotiate favorable terms for those agreements in the future, could result in the loss of patients and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We rely on our payors for membership attribution and assignment, data and reporting accuracy and claims payment.

We rely on our payors for membership attribution and assignment, data and reporting accuracy and claims payment, and if our payors do not adequately fulfill these functions, fewer members may be attributed to our platform or we may not receive complete and accurate information necessary to effectively manage our business. We receive payments from payors based on the number of assigned or attributed members participating in Medicare, which can be based upon complex attribution algorithms provided by our payors that may not be accurate. Additionally, payors may choose to assign specific member populations to specialty risk-bearing organizations, which would decrease the number of members attributed to us. We may not be reimbursed for members that payors fail to assign or attribute to us, which could result in lost margin and disruption to member care. Such a failure could materially reduce our revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Payors also regularly provide us an array of data associated with patients attributed to our physician partners, including information related to revenue and risk adjustment factors for our members, and details associated with amounts paid by payors for medical services rendered to our members. To the extent a payor does not provide us with complete or accurate data sets related to our members, or if we are unable to effectively ingest the information which payors provide to us, we and our physician partners may not be able to effectively ensure our members disease burdens are identified and may not be able to effective operate our business.

In addition, we are exposed to various risks related to our incentive programs with our payors, including those in which the payor typically has not delegated claims payment services to us. If our payors do not timely and accurately process claims and reimburse us for all covered members, are unable to contract with providers at market-based rates, change their utilization management methodologies, or are unable to secure an adequate network of specialists, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We are dependent on physician partners and other providers to effectively manage the quality and cost of care and perform obligations under payor contracts.

Our success depends upon our continued ability to collaborate with and expand a network of high-caliber physician partners who can provide high quality of care, improve clinical outcomes and effectively manage healthcare costs, which are key drivers of our profitability. While the precise terms of each relationship vary, we

 

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do not directly employ our physician partners. Accordingly, our physician partners could demand an increased payment arrangement or take other actions, or fail to take actions, that could result in higher medical costs, lower quality of care for our members, harm to our reputation or create difficulty meeting regulatory or other requirements. Likewise, our physician partners could take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies or objectives or applicable law, or could have economic or business interests or goals that are or become inconsistent with our own. Further, our physician partners may not engage with our platform to assist in improving overall quality of care and management of healthcare costs, which could produce results that are inconsistent with our estimates and financial models and negatively impact our growth.

In addition to receiving care from our physician partners, our members also receive care from an array of hospitals, specialists and ancillary providers who typically contract directly with our payors. Similar to our physician partner relationships, we do not directly employ providers from whom our members receive care. As such, we cannot guarantee the quality and efficiency of services from such providers, over which we have no control. Members who receive poor quality healthcare from such providers may be dissatisfied with our physician partners, which would have a negative impact on member satisfaction and retention. Any of these consequences could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could also experience significant losses if the expenses incurred to deliver healthcare services to our attributed members exceed revenues we receive from payors in respect of our attributed members. Under a capitation contract, a payor typically prospectively pays periodic capitation payments representing a prospective budget from which our physician partnerships manage healthcare expenses on behalf of the population enrolled with that physician partnership. To manage total medical services expense, we rely on our physician partners’ ability to improve clinical outcomes, implement clinical initiatives to provide a better healthcare experience for our members and accurately and sufficiently document the risk profile of our members. While our contracts vary, generally, if the cost of medical care provided exceeds the corresponding capitation revenue we receive we may realize operating deficits, which are typically not capped, and could lead to substantial losses.

Difficulties in obtaining accurate and complete diagnosis data could have adverse consequences.

The accurate and complete coding and documentation of diagnosis data underlying our members’ existing disease conditions is important because our contracts with payors require the submission of complete and correct encounter data. Such data includes members’ medical information, as documented by physicians, other medical professionals and hospitals, and is used by payors to attribute membership and reimburse healthcare providers for the services rendered. The accurate and complete coding and documentation of diagnosis is also important because the CMS risk adjustment model adjusts reimbursement for members with existing qualifying diagnoses. Additionally, in geographies in which payors adjudicate claim payments to the provider network, we rely on providers to submit accurate diagnosis information and other encounter data to payors. To the extent we or providers in our network fail to submit diagnosis data underlying our members’ existing disease condition, we may receive less medical services revenue than is necessary to provide healthcare services for such members. Furthermore, we project our medical services revenue in part based upon the data submitted and expected to be submitted to CMS. Failure by us or our provider network to submit complete and accurate diagnosis information or encounter data may result in inaccuracies in our projections of medical services revenue, or in other estimation processes. We may be held liable for inaccuracies or deficiencies in the submitted encounter data and potentially could be subject to financial penalties imposed by government authorities and breach of contract claims by payors. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, challenges in obtaining complete and accurate encounter data due to difficulties with our internal compliance and monitoring systems receiving and processing data from multiple systems, with physicians and third-party vendors submitting claims in a timely fashion and in the proper format, and with payors properly recording and coordinating such submissions. We may not be successful in collecting accurate and complete encounter data, correcting inaccurate or incomplete encounter data and developing systems that allow us to receive and process data from multiple systems. Further, it may be prohibitively expensive or impossible for us to collect or reconstruct historical encounter data.

 

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We depend on physician partners to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services, and their failure to do so could result in nonpayment for services rendered or allegations of fraud. If any diagnosis information or encounter data are inaccurate or incorrect, claims or encounter data submissions to payors may not be compliant, resulting in potential overpayments, possible recoupments and liability under the federal False Claims Act or through RADV audits.

Our revenue will be negatively impacted if our physician partners or our network providers, including hospitals and specialist physicians, fail to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services or if our internal compliance and monitoring programs fail to ensure that documentation is complete, timely and accurate. We rely upon physician partners to accurately, timely and sufficiently complete medical record documentation and assign appropriate reimbursement codes for their services. We also rely on our internal compliance and monitoring systems to ensure that documentation is complete, timely and accurate. However, we do not directly employ or control our physician partners, and accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding their noncompliance with documentation requirements are uncertain and unpredictable. Reimbursement is conditioned upon, in part, physician partners providing the correct procedure and diagnosis codes and properly documenting the services themselves, including the level of service provided and the medical necessity for the services. If our affiliated physicians have provided incorrect or incomplete documentation or selected inaccurate reimbursement codes, or if our internal compliance and monitoring procedures to ensure complete, timely and accurate submission of data are ineffective, this could result in nonpayment for services rendered or lead to allegations of billing fraud. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Health Care Fraud Statute.”

In addition, CMS and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) Office of Inspector General perform audits of selected MA contracts related to risk adjustment diagnosis data. In these Risk-Adjustment Data Validation Audits (“RADV audits”), the government reviews medical records to determine whether physician medical record documentation and coding practices are compliant, which can result in the recovery of payments from managed care organizations if errors are identified and influence the calculation of premium payments by CMS to MA plans. Disclosure of any adverse investigation or audit results or sanctions could negatively affect our reputation and make it more difficult to attract members, physician partners and payors. Additionally, exception rates of existing documentation identified through a RADV audit may be extrapolated to an overall population of members attributed to a payor, which may result in a reduction of our revenues.

In recent years, the U.S. Department of Justice has brought a number of investigations and actions under the federal False Claims Act against both physicians and payors for alleged upcoding or improper coding of diagnosis codes under the risk-adjustment methodology. The Medicare Risk Adjustment Factor (“RAF”) scores attributable to members determine, in part, the revenue to which health plans and, in turn, we are entitled for the provision of medical care to such members. The data submitted to CMS by each health plan is based, in part, on medical charts and diagnosis codes submitted to health plans. Each health plan generally relies on us and our physician partners to maintain accurate medical records and appropriately document clinical diagnoses associated with medical services provided to members. If our physician partners have provided incorrect or incomplete documentation or selected inaccurate reimbursement codes, or if our internal compliance and monitoring systems fail to ensure that documentation is complete and accurate, we could be subject to potential civil and criminal penalties, including exclusion from government healthcare programs, such as Medicare, that constitute a substantial percentage of our total revenues.

A health plan may seek repayment from us should CMS make any payment adjustments as a result of its audits or hold us liable for any penalties owed to CMS for inaccurate or unsupportable RAF scores provided by us or our affiliated physicians. We could, further, be liable for penalties to the government under the FCA that range from $11,181 to $22,363 (adjusted for inflation) for each false claim, plus up to three times the amount of damages caused by each false claim, which can be as much as the amounts received directly or indirectly from the government for each such false claim.

In addition, payors may disallow, in whole or in part, requests for reimbursement based on determinations that certain amounts are not covered, services provided were not medically necessary, or supporting

 

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documentation was not adequate. Retroactive adjustments may change amounts realized from payors and result in recoupments or refund demands, affecting revenue already received.

Any of these consequences of inaccurate data recordation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition cash flows and results of operations. Furthermore, a health plan may be randomly selected or targeted for review by CMS and the outcome of such a review may result in a material adjustment in our revenue and profitability, even if the information we submitted to the plan is accurate and supportable.

We rely on third-party software and data to operate our business and provide services to our members and physician partners, and any restrictions on our use of, or ability to license, such third-party resources could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We rely on software licensed from third parties, as well as data received from third parties, including government agencies, in order to operate our business. These licenses are generally commercially available on varying terms. It is possible that the licenses and rights necessary to use the software and data necessary for the provision of our services may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or that our use of such software or data may be restricted. Our suppliers of data may increase restrictions on our use of such data, fail to adhere to our quality-control standards or otherwise satisfactorily perform services or otherwise change the terms upon which we can access such data. Any loss of the right to use or receive any of this software or data could significantly increase our expenses and otherwise result in delays in the provision of our services until supplemental data is able to be obtained, or equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available from another source, is identified, obtained and integrated. In the future, we may need to obtain additional licenses from third parties in connection with our growth into new geographies or provision of new or supplemental services, and such additional licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Furthermore, our use of additional or alternative third-party software or data requires us to enter into license agreements with third parties, and integration of new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Also, the software we license is complex and may contain errors or failures that are not detected until after the software is introduced or updated and new versions are released. In addition, it is possible that hardware failures or errors in the third-party software we use could result in data loss or corruption or cause the information to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies. Any undetected errors, defects or corruption in third-party software or data could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our software, delay new updates or enhancements to our services, result in a failure of our services and injure our reputation. We have limited control over such third-party providers, and these third parties may not continue to invest the appropriate levels of resources to maintain and enhance the capabilities of their software, continue to collect and disseminate relevant data, or even remain in business. Integration of software provided by various third parties is also less reliable than an owned, fully integrated network, which we do not have. Any failure or interruption in the services provided by these third parties could negatively impact our ability to operate, relationships with members and physician partners and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Industry and Government Programs

Consolidation in the healthcare industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Many healthcare industry participants, including physician groups and payors, are consolidating to create larger and more integrated healthcare delivery systems with greater bargaining power, given their market share. We expect regulatory and economic conditions to result in additional consolidation. Physician groups or payors that have consolidated and are not already part of our network may try to use their increased bargaining power to negotiate better terms upon which to join our network. Consolidation may also result in the acquisition or future development by our partners or unaffiliated third parties of products and services that compete with us. Finally,

 

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consolidation may result in physician groups merging with, or being acquired by, each other or by health plans or other types of providers such as hospitals, and such groups may not have a need for our services which could reduce our market opportunity. Any of these potential results of consolidation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Substantially all of our total revenues relate to federal government healthcare programs, and reductions in their reimbursement rate or methodology applied to derive reimbursement, or discontinuation of such healthcare programs, would adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Substantially all of our total revenues relate to federal government healthcare coverage programs. The MA program accounted for approximately 100% and 99% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively. See “Note 3. Concentration of Credit Risk” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The policies and decisions made by the federal government regarding these programs have a substantial impact on our profitability. We cannot predict changes to these programs, and we may be unable to adapt our business to such changes, either at all or in relation to our competitors.

On an annual basis, CMS issues a final rule to establish the MA county-level benchmark payment rates for the following calendar year. Rates we receive from payors may be reduced as a result of annual reimbursement changes, changes to the risk-adjustment methodology (including revisions to the FFS normalization rate, coding intensity adjustment or other elements of the methodology) for the services we provide or other changes to the CMS reimbursement model. Any reductions in rates that we receive from payors could have a significant adverse impact on our revenue and financial results. We cannot predict the nature of future changes. The final impact of the MA rates can vary from any estimate we may have and may be further impacted by the relative growth of our MA patient volumes across markets as well as by the benefit plan designs submitted by the health plans. It is possible that we may underestimate the impact of the changes in MA rates on our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, our MA revenues may continue to be volatile in the future, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. The rates we or our payors pay to physician partners are generally based on the Medicare FFS schedule, which is subject to change and outside our control. Increases in the Medicare FFS schedule could cause us or our payors to modify our physician partner reimbursement methodology in ways that we cannot predict, which would result in increases to our medical services expenses.

There are sometimes wide variations in the established reimbursement rates per member as a result of, among other things, members’ risk status, acuity levels and age, plan benefit design and geography. As the composition of our membership base changes, due to programmatic, competitive, regulatory, benefit design, economic or other changes, there is a corresponding change to our premium revenue, costs and margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Furthermore, changes to Medicare or MA, such as if CMS were to scale back these programs or discontinue MA, could have a significant adverse impact on our membership levels, revenue and financial results. Changes in individual plan dynamics, such as changes in benefits provided by the payors, premiums charged by the payors or our payors’ STAR ratings, could also adversely impact us.

Uncertain or adverse economic conditions, including a downturn or decrease in government expenditures, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Historically, government budget limitations have resulted in reduced spending. The existing federal deficit and continued deficit spending by the federal government and significant economic pressure on state budgets

 

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have the potential to lead to reduced government expenditures, including for government-funded programs in which we participate such as Medicare. Any sustained failure to identify and respond to these trends could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Unfavorable economic conditions could also impact enrollment in MA plans with our payors, cause our payors to change the benefits structure that is offered to our members or weaken our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms. For example, unfavorable economic conditions could cause our payors to reduce the benefits that are offered to our members and could result in the cancellation by certain members of our payors’ products and services, which would reduce our overall membership, premiums and fee revenues. Any reduction in membership, premiums or fee revenues would, in turn, adversely affect the financial position of physician practice groups.

We operate in a competitive industry, and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations will be harmed.

Our industry is competitive and we expect it to attract increased competition, which could make it difficult for us to succeed. We currently face competition in various aspects of our business, including in offering a favorable reimbursement structure for physician partners and potential physician partners and attracting payors and physician partners who are not contracted with us, from a range of companies that provide a Total Care Model under different care models that could attract patients, providers and payors, including hospitals, managed service organizations and provider networks and data analysis consultants. Further, individual physicians who are contracted within our network may affiliate with our competitors. Competition from hospitals, managed service organizations and provider networks and data analysis consultants, payors and other parties could result in payors changing the benefit structure that is offered to our members, which could negatively impact our profitability and market share.

Our primary competitors include ChenMed, Oak Street Health, Optum and VillageMD, in addition to numerous local provider networks, hospitals and health systems. Moreover, large, well-financed payors have in some cases developed their own managed services tools and may provide these services to their physicians and patients at discounted prices, or may seek to expand their relationships with additional competing physicians or physician networks, including in geographic areas we serve. This may result in a more competitive environment and increased challenges to grow at the rates we have projected. We expect that competition will continue to increase as a result of consolidation in the healthcare industry and increased demand for a Total Care Model.

Some of our competitors may have greater name recognition, particularly in local geographies, longer operating histories, superior products or services and significantly greater resources than we do. Further, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by or partner with third parties with greater available resources than we have. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial benefits structure and premium competition. In addition, current and potential competitors have established, and may in the future establish, cooperative relationships with providers of complementary services, technologies or services to increase the attractiveness of their services.

Accordingly, new competitors or alliances may emerge that have greater market share, a larger customer base, better data aggregation systems, greater marketing expertise, greater financial resources and larger marketing teams than we have, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Our competitors could also be better positioned to serve certain segments of the healthcare delivery industry, which could create additional pressure on the premiums that our payors are able to charge. If we are unable to successfully compete, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 

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Our compensation and reputation are dependent on government performance standards and benchmarks, some of which depend on factors outside our control.

We contract with payors that participate in government healthcare programs and, as a result, are required to satisfy certain conditions, performance standards and benchmarks which we may not be able to control. For example, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), the level of reimbursement each MA plan receives from CMS is dependent, in part, upon the quality rating of the plan. Such ratings impact the percentage of any cost savings rebate and any bonuses earned by such health plan. The CMS STAR rating system considers various measures, including, among others, quality of care, preventive services, chronic illness management and customer satisfaction. Agreements with certain of our payors may condition amounts paid to us based upon improvements to contracted payors’ STAR ratings. If we are not eligible for quality bonuses or if we contract with payors who experience a reduction in their STAR ratings, we may experience a negative impact on our revenues, which could materially and adversely affect the marketability of our platform, partnership and network model to physicians, our membership levels and our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Further, our payors’ STAR ratings are based on the services they provide to their overall contracted attributed membership in a defined geography. As a result, even if we effectively engage and manage our membership, changes in such payors’ STAR ratings are outside our control. Furthermore, CMS has terminated MA plans that have had a low quality rating for three consecutive years. Low quality ratings can potentially lead to the termination of certain plans with which we contract, or a shifting of beneficiaries to alternative plans with higher STAR ratings, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Government funding for healthcare programs is subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations of policy and determinations by intermediaries and governmental funding restrictions, all of which could materially impact program coverage and reimbursements for both institutional and professional services.

The healthcare industry in the United States is undergoing significant structural change and is rapidly evolving. Such changes could ultimately result in substantial changes in Medicare coverage and reimbursement, as well as changes in coverage or amounts paid by private payors, which could have an adverse impact on our revenues from those sources. The frequent enactment of, changes to or interpretations of laws and regulations relating to healthcare could, among other things: force us to restructure our relationships with payors and physician partners within our network; require us to implement additional or different programs and systems; restrict revenue and member growth; increase our medical and administrative costs; impose additional capital and surplus requirements; increase or change our liability to members in the event of malpractice by our physician partners and potentially increase, or add new, criminal, civil and administrative penalties that could be imposed on us in the event our operations were found to be non-compliant with new or existing laws and regulations. In addition, changes in political party or administrations at the state or federal level may change the attitude towards healthcare programs and result in changes to the existing legislative or regulatory environment.

Government funding for healthcare programs is subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations of policy and determinations by intermediaries and governmental funding restrictions, all of which could materially impact program coverage and reimbursement levels. Various legislative, judicial and executive efforts have made the status of federal healthcare program funding and many other aspects of the U.S. healthcare system, particularly the status of reforms implemented under the ACA, unclear. Budget pressures often lead the federal government to reduce or impose limitations on reimbursement rates, which has in the past and could in the future result in substantial reductions in our revenue and operating margins. For example, since the passage of the Sequestration Transparency Act of 2012, Medicare payments have been subject to a 2% sequestration reduction; these cuts were the result of a congressional deal to address the debt ceiling crisis. The CARES Act temporarily suspended the 2% sequestration payment adjustment on Medicare payments from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020, which was extended to March 31, 2021 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. Further, the passage of the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation

 

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(“IMPACT”) Act imposes a stringent timeline for implementing benchmark quality measures and data metrics across post-acute care providers. CMS has promulgated, and may continue to promulgate, regulations to implement provisions of the IMPACT Act. The costs of implementation could be significant, particularly with respect to the design of a unified payment methodology for post-acute providers. Failure to meet implementation requirements could expose providers to payment reductions and penalties.

There is also uncertainty regarding both MA payment rates and beneficiary enrollment, which, if reduced, would adversely affect our overall revenues and net income. Each year, CMS issues a final rule to establish the MA benchmark payment rates for the following calendar year. Any reduction to such benchmark rates may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We may be further impacted by the relative growth of our MA patient volumes across geographies. However, MA enrollment may not continue to grow at the same rate it has over the last decade. Further, we may not capture a material portion of enrollments, particularly since MA enrollment is increasingly concentrated amongst a small group of payors. Uncertainty over MA payment rates and enrollment presents a continuing risk to our business.

We are unable to determine how any future federal spending cuts or other industry changes and reform will affect Medicare reimbursement and, accordingly, our business. There likely will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal level directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare that, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Our inability to keep pace with changes in government regulations and the healthcare industry could constrain our ability to grow and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare, including the Direct Contracting Model, and our participation, voluntary or otherwise, in such proposed models, could impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations.

The CMS Innovation Center continues to test an array of alternative payment models that could impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations. For example, the CMS Innovation Center has created the Direct Contracting Model to allow a variety of different organizations called DCEs to negotiate directly with the government to manage traditional Medicare beneficiaries and share in the savings and risks generated from managing such beneficiaries. We, in conjunction with some of our physician partners, have applied and been accepted to participate in the Direct Contracting Model in certain geographies beginning April 1, 2021. The Direct Contracting Model’s economic structure, including risk adjustment methodologies, quality reporting and model timelines, has not yet been finalized by CMS, particularly as CMS continues to address the COVID-19 public health emergency. Because the Direct Contracting Model is a new and evolving program, we are unable to determine how the Direct Contracting Model, or other alternative payment models promulgated by the CMS Innovation Center, will affect Medicare reimbursement and capitation benchmarks. For example, if the CMS Innovation Center fails to ensure the long-term predictability of revenue under the Direct Contracting Model by utilizing, for example, MA-like market benchmarks, such reimbursement instability could adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations. Further, the CMS Innovation Center has not yet finalized its attribution methodology under the Direct Contracting Model’s Geographic Population-Based Payment (“Geographic PBP”) model option. If the CMS Innovation Center grants Geographic PBP DCEs an attribution advantage over other types of performance-based risk model participants, the impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations may depend on our arrangements with CMS. In arrangements where we are contracted directly as a DCE, we may benefit, and in arrangements where we are downstream from a DCE, we may be adversely impacted. Additionally, if the CMS Innovation Center fails to streamline incentive program requirements for physicians across payment models, such conflicting requirements may impose additional compliance burdens on our affiliated physician partners’ practices, which may have a material adverse effect on process, quality and efficiency.

Additionally, we are unable to predict how states will regulate DCEs and our participation in the Direct Contracting Model. For example, certain states in which we operate may require DCEs to obtain specific

 

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licensure to participate in the Direct Contracting Model and assume risk directly from CMS, which may require us to maintain certain levels of tangible net equity, meet working capital requirements, or expend significant resources on operational development. There likely will continue to be regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare that, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, including with respect to our contractual relationships with providers and payors.

We, as well as our physician partners and affiliates, have in the past, and could in the future, be subject to federal and state investigations, audits and enforcement actions.

Expansion of federal, state and payor enforcement activity could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Due to our payors’ participation in government and private healthcare programs, we are from time to time involved in inquiries, reviews, audits and investigations by governmental agencies and private payors of our business practices, including assessments of our compliance with coding, billing and documentation requirements and compliance with rules governing delegation of insurance functions, ranging from claims management to utilization review. In this regard, both federal and state government agencies have active civil and criminal enforcement efforts against healthcare companies and their executives and managers. These investigations could also be initiated by private whistleblowers.

Responding to audit and investigative activities can be costly and disruptive to our business, even when the allegations are without merit. If we are subject to an audit or investigation, a finding could be made that we have violated relevant state or federal legal standards in our operations or in how we have structured our arrangements and relationships or that we or our affiliates have erroneously billed or were incorrectly reimbursed. At the conclusion of such audits or investigations, we may be required to repay such agencies or payors, and may be subjected to pre-payment reviews, which can be time-consuming and result in non-payment or delayed payments for the services we or our affiliates provide. We may also be subject to financial sanctions or required to modify our operations.

Investigations, audits or enforcement actions with respect to our physician partners could have an adverse effect on us. We do not directly employ or control our physician partners, and accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding such government activities are outside our control and are uncertain and unpredictable.

We have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to regulatory inquiries and CAPs imposed by our payors.

We have in the past been, and may in the future be, subject to regulatory inquiries and corrective action plans (“CAPs”) imposed by our payors, and the status of certain state regulatory and payor inquiries is uncertain. For example, in February 2018, our subsidiary, PPMC, self-disclosed to the California Department of Managed Health Care (“DMHC”), the California Department of Health Care Services, and our affected payors certain noncompliant practices in our claims and utilization management. We submitted an interim report on May 17, 2018 and coordinated with the DMHC and certain of our payors to remediate noncompliant claims and utilization management practices and implement improvements through various CAPs. On December 17, 2019, we completed substantial remediation of all known deficiencies identified by the DMHC’s audit findings. In February 2021, we divested all of our California operations. On March 9, 2021, we received a set of investigative interrogatories from the DMHC pursuant to its investigation of conduct and matters described in our interim report. The interrogatories seek information concerning certain claims data and authorizations denied due to lack of medical necessity, including information regarding the health plans affected thereby. We are cooperating with the DMHC to provide all requested information. Any adverse review, audit or investigation could result in, among other things: refunding of amounts we have been paid pursuant to our contracts; or the imposition of fines, penalties and other sanctions on us, or certain of our payors. While we do not expect the amount to be material, we are unable to predict the potential dollar value of recoupments or fines, penalties or other sanctions that may be imposed on us or our payors related to the DMHC’s audit findings, if any. Additionally, while our payors have not to date sought indemnification for penalties related to DMHC’s audit findings, we are unable to predict the potential dollar value of claims or demands that could be asserted in the future, if any. While we have

 

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divested all of our California operations as of February 2021, for the Southern California and Fresno divestiture transactions we will continue to be responsible for any liabilities arising from the business which were incurred prior to the closing date of each transaction, including any fines, penalties and other sanctions relating to the DMHC matter described above, the payment of claims for medical services incurred prior to the effective date of each transaction, a liability for unrecognized tax benefits for which we are indemnified and other contingent liabilities that we currently believe are remote. See “Note 8. Medical Claims and Related Payables,” “Note 14. Income Taxes” and “Note 19. Discontinued Operations” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Further, we may be audited by payors and regulatory bodies, and we have been required to engage in and respond to payor corrective action plans and regulatory inquiries in the past. In some cases, payors and regulatory bodies have required us to contribute a material amount of risk-bearing capital to our local operating subsidiaries in the form of letters of credit or restricted deposits, and we expect that payors and regulatory bodies will continue to require us to contribute risk-bearing capital going forward. As of December 31, 2020, risk-bearing capital required across our geographies and payors totaled $38.8 million. There is also a risk that such amounts may be increased in the future as a result of regulatory changes, changes in performance by our local operating subsidiaries and physician partners and expansion of our business.

Repayment obligations arising out of payor audits, such as CMS RADV audits, can be significant and adversely impact reimbursement rates.

Our payors are subject to audit by government health plans, including, but not limited to, CMS, in connection with the MA program. CMS and the HHS Office of Inspector General perform RADV audits, which can result in the recovery of payments from managed care organizations if errors are identified and influence the calculation of premium payments by CMS to MA plans. In addition, certain of our payor contracts incorporate language that enables payors to recoup funding from us in the event that CMS requires payment under an RADV audit. As a result of such audits and contracts, our payors may demand recoupments or adjustments from us, bring recovery proceedings against us, require us to submit and implement corrective action plans, or terminate agreements with our physician partners. The results of RADV audits could also adversely impact the compensation we receive from payors, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue. Disclosure of any adverse audit results could also negatively affect our reputation and make it more difficult to attract members, physician partners and payors.

CMS may modify the methodology utilized to determine revenue associated with MA members, including but not limited to the CMS Risk Adjustment Processing System for calculating risk adjustment factors, which could adversely impact us.

Changes to how CMS calculates revenues associated with MA members, as well as members’ risk adjustment factors under the MA program, could adversely impact our revenues or understate risk adjustment factors for our members, causing us to be underpaid relative to expenses incurred, especially for members with severe or chronic medical conditions. CMS is currently phasing in the process of calculating risk adjustment factors using diagnosis data from the Encounter Data System (“EDS”) rather than using diagnosis data from the CMS Risk Adjustment Processing System (“RAPS”). The RAPS process requires MA plans to apply a filter logic based on CMS guidelines and only submit diagnoses that satisfy those guidelines. Conversely, the EDS process requires MA plans to submit all encounter data, and CMS will apply the risk adjustment filtering logic to determine the risk adjustment factors. For 2020 and 2019, respectively, 50% and 25% of our MA members’ risk adjustment factor was calculated from claims data submitted through EDS. In 2021, CMS increased that percentage to 75%. The phase-in from RAPS to EDS could result in different risk adjustment factors from each dataset as a result of plan processing issues, CMS processing issues and filtering logic differences between RAPS and EDS. Such changes in risk adjustment factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

 

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CMS may annually adjust other components of the methodology utilized to determine revenues associated with MA members, including but not limited to the fee for service normalization factor, coding intensity adjustment or corridors utilized to determine calculations contributing to rebate amounts or STAR ratings. Such revisions could result in a reduction of our revenues.

Negative publicity regarding the managed healthcare industry generally could adversely affect our results of operations or business.

Negative publicity regarding the managed healthcare industry generally, or the MA program in particular, may result in increased regulation and legislative review of industry practices that further increase our costs of doing business and adversely affect our results of operations or business by:

 

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requiring us to change our platform and services;

 

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increasing the regulatory, including compliance, burdens under which we operate, which, in turn, may negatively impact the manner in which we provide services and increase our costs;

 

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adversely affecting our ability to market our services through the imposition of further regulatory restrictions regarding the manner in which plans market to MA enrollees; or

 

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adversely affecting our ability to attract and retain physician partners and have patients attributed to those physician partners.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

The healthcare industry is intensely regulated at the federal, state and local levels and government authorities may determine that we fail to comply with applicable laws or regulations and take actions against us.

As a company involved in the healthcare industry with substantially all of our revenue derived from government programs, our business activities are subject to substantial governmental regulation. There are significant costs involved in complying with these laws and regulations. If we are found to have violated any applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to civil or criminal damages, fines, sanctions or penalties, including exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare, and we may be required to change our method of operations and business strategy. These consequences could be the result of our current conduct or even conduct that occurred a number of years ago, including prior to the acquisition of our subsidiary, PPMC, and prior to existing physician partners joining our network. We have in the past incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs to defend ourselves if we become the subject of an investigation or legal proceeding alleging a violation of these laws and regulations. A federal, state or local government could determine that we are not operating in accordance with the law, or whether, when or how the laws, or the interpretation thereof, will change in the future and impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

In addition, some of the governmental and regulatory bodies that regulate us may consider enhanced or new regulatory requirements or may seek to exercise their supervisory or enforcement authority in new or more robust ways. Any of these possibilities, if they occur, could adversely affect us.

Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local government laws and regulations, such as:

 

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Federal and state laws, and related regulations, including the False Claims Act and the Civil Monetary Penalties Law (“CMPL”), which impose civil and criminal liability on individuals or entities that knowingly submit false or fraudulent claims for payment, or knowingly make, or cause to be made, a false statement in order to have a false claim paid, including qui tam or whistleblower suits, and impose civil monetary penalties on entities that fail to disclose and repay known overpayments;

 

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Federal and state anti-kickback laws, and related regulations, which generally prohibit transactions intended to induce or reward referrals for items or services reimbursable by a federal healthcare program;

 

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Federal and state physician self-referral prohibition statutes, and related regulations, which generally prohibit physicians from referring a patient to an entity providing designated health services (“DHS”) if the physician (or his/her immediate family member) has a financial relationship with that entity;

 

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Provisions of, and regulations enacted pursuant to, HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (the “HITECH Act”) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, as well as similar or more stringent state laws, regarding the collection, use and disclosure of health information;

 

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Federal laws and regulations that require providers to enroll in the Medicare program before submitting any claims for services, to promptly report certain changes in operations to the agencies that administer these programs, and to re-enroll in these programs when changes in direct or indirect ownership occur or in response to revalidation requests from Medicare;

 

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Federal and state laws that govern managed care organizations, such as our payors, and downstream contracted entities, such as our RBEs, including laws governing timely payment of claims, quality assurance, utilization review, credentialing, financial solvency, downstream transfers of risk and payor-provider contractual relationships;

 

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State laws that govern the activities of third-party administrators and utilization review agents; and

 

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State laws that prohibit general business entities from practicing medicine, controlling physicians’ medical decisions or engaging in certain practices, such as splitting fees with physicians.

These and other healthcare laws and regulations that may affect us are further described in “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters.”

The laws and regulations applicable to our business are complex, changing and often subject to varying interpretations. As a result, we may not be able to adhere to all applicable laws and regulations. Any violation or alleged violation of any of these laws or regulations by us or our affiliates, or our physician partners or payors, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We have been and may be a party to various lawsuits, demands, claims, qui tam suits, government investigations and audits, of which any could result in, among other things, substantial financial penalties or awards against us, reputational harm, termination of relationships or contracts related to our business, mandated refunds, substantial payments made by us, required changes to our business practices, exclusion from future participation in Medicare and other healthcare programs and possible criminal penalties.

If we are found in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could suffer severe consequences that would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, reputation and stock price, including:

 

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suspension or termination of our participation in federal healthcare programs;

 

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criminal or civil liability, fines, damages or monetary penalties for violations of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the federal False Claims Act, CMPL, Anti-Kickback Statute and Stark Law;

 

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enforcement actions by governmental agencies or claims for monetary damages by patients under federal or state patient privacy laws, including HIPAA;

 

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repayment of amounts received in violation of law or applicable payment program requirements, and related monetary penalties;

 

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mandated changes to our practices or procedures that materially increase operating expenses;

 

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imposition of corporate integrity agreements that could subject us to ongoing audits and reporting requirements as well as increased scrutiny of our billing and business practices;

 

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termination of various relationships or contracts related to our business; and

 

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harm to our reputation which could negatively affect our business relationships, decrease our ability to attract or retain patients and physicians, decrease access to new business opportunities and impact our ability to obtain financing, among other things.

Responding to lawsuits and other proceedings as well as defending ourselves in such matters will continue to require management’s attention and cause us to incur significant legal expense. It is also possible that criminal proceedings may be initiated against us or individuals in our business in connection with investigations by the federal government.

We rely on our physician partners to comply with certain laws or regulations, including licensure and certification requirements to provide healthcare services, operate facilities or administer pharmaceuticals in the states in which we conduct business, and billing and coding compliance with respect to the provision of services. Although we provide some high-level training, and, if needed, supplemented clinical or coding staff as appropriate, to ensure that all health conditions are assessed and sufficiently documented by our physician partners and network providers, and we perform audits on this process, we do not as a general matter supervise or control our physician partners or network providers; accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding their noncompliance are uncertain and unpredictable.

The healthcare industry is subject to antitrust scrutiny, and if it is found that we violate antitrust laws, we could be subject to enforcement actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The healthcare industry is subject to antitrust scrutiny. The federal government and most states have enacted antitrust laws that prohibit certain types of conduct deemed to be anti-competitive. The Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and state Attorneys General actively review and, in some cases, take enforcement action against business conduct and acquisitions in the healthcare industry. Private parties harmed by alleged anti-competitive conduct can also bring antitrust suits. Violations of antitrust laws may be punishable by substantial penalties, including significant monetary fines and treble damages, civil penalties, criminal sanctions and consent decrees and injunctions prohibiting certain activities or requiring divestiture or discontinuance of business operations. If antitrust enforcement authorities conclude that we violate any antitrust laws, we could be subject to enforcement actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

If we are unable to effectively adapt to changes in the healthcare industry, including changes to laws and regulations regarding or affecting the U.S. healthcare reform, our business may be harmed.

Due to the importance of the healthcare industry in the lives of all Americans, federal, state and local legislative bodies frequently pass legislation and promulgate regulations relating to healthcare reform or that affect the healthcare industry. As has been the trend in recent years, it is reasonable to assume that there will continue to be increased government oversight and regulation of the healthcare industry in the future. We cannot predict the ultimate content, timing or effect of any new healthcare legislation or regulations, nor is it possible at this time to estimate the impact of potential new legislation or regulations on our business. It is possible that future legislation enacted by Congress or state legislatures, or regulations promulgated by regulatory authorities at the federal or state level, could adversely affect our business or could change the operating environment of our primary care centers. It is also possible that the changes to federal healthcare program reimbursements may serve as precedent to possible changes in other payors’ reimbursement policies in a manner adverse to us. Similarly, changes in private payor reimbursements could lead to adverse changes in federal healthcare programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

 

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There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully address changes in the current regulatory environment. Some of the healthcare laws and regulations applicable to us are subject to limited or evolving interpretations, and a review of our business or operations by a court, law enforcement or a regulatory authority might result in a determination that could have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, the healthcare laws and regulations applicable to us may be amended or interpreted in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

If our physician alignment strategies with our physician partners—including the formation of risk and shared savings pools, making downstream payments and joint venture arrangements—are not in compliance with the state and federal fraud and abuse laws, including physician incentive plan laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties.

A central component of our clinical and operational strategy is to encourage alignment with our physician partners so as to incentivize them to (i) increase the quality of care while appropriately managing overall costs and (ii) participate in various care management and care coordination programs. Such alignment is often achieved through the design of risk or other incentive pools, with gating quality metrics that participating physicians must first satisfy before being allowed to share in cost savings. In other instances, we may support the delivery of care through a number of means, such as the provision of additional capital to improve and enhance the delivery of quality of care and improve access to quality care or by entering into a joint venture with a physician partner and other healthcare entities.

All such arrangements can implicate, and must be structured to be in compliance with, all applicable federal and state fraud and abuse laws including the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the Stark Law. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Federal and State Anti-Kickback Statutes” and “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Stark Law.”

The laws and regulations, however, are complex, and we may not be successful in structuring our arrangements in compliance with them. Should government regulatory or enforcement authorities find any arrangement to be out of compliance with such laws or regulations, then criminal, civil and administrative penalties could be imposed on us or on our physician partners and affiliated entities.

In addition, all such arrangements can implicate, and must be structured in compliance with, state and federal laws and regulations that prohibit payors and their downstream entities from linking physician incentives to reducing or limiting necessary medical services to patients. Violation of such laws or regulations can subject payors to significant civil monetary penalties, as well as possible sanctions, such as suspension of the payor’s enrollment of patients, suspension of communication activities to potential patients and exclusion from government healthcare programs. Our failure to comply with these laws could cause us to be in breach of our agreements with payors, which could lead to significant financial penalties or termination of our contracts with payors, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our business development and member engagement activities may implicate laws and regulations regarding marketing, beneficiary inducements, telemarketing and use of protected health information.

Medicare product marketing and sales activities are regulated by CMS and the states in which we operate. Medicare Managed Care marketing requirements are outlined in the Medicare Marketing Guidelines, a sub-regulatory guidance document updated annually. CMS has oversight over all MA marketing materials and outreach activities. To maintain appropriate beneficiary safeguards while not impeding the physician-patient relationship, the Medicare Marketing Guidelines set forth acceptable activities in the healthcare setting. For example, payors may not allow contracted physicians to accept/collect scope of appointment forms, but may allow contracted physicians to make available communication materials regarding MA plans in areas where care is being delivered. Similarly, state laws governing managed care organizations also address allowable marketing and enrollee communication practices.

 

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Marketing and outreach activities undertaken in the healthcare industry—whether undertaken by or on behalf of providers and payors—are subject to a complex web of laws and regulations designed to prevent fraud and abuse. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Federal and State Anti-Kickback Statutes” and “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Civil Monetary Penalties Statute.” Our physician partners and the payors with which we contract risk running afoul of applicable state and federal fraud and abuse laws—including the Anti-Kickback Statute and CMPL—and laws governing marketing and member outreach (e.g., the Medicare Marketing Guidelines). Failure to comply with such laws can lead to severe penalties, including sanctions, fees, civil monetary penalties, imprisonment and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. The imposition of such penalties against our physician partners or the payors with which we contract, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our business development and member engagement activities may implicate the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), related Federal Communication Commission (“FCC”) orders and analogous state laws which impose significant restrictions on the ability to utilize telephone calls and text messages to mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication, when the prior consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Consumer Protection Laws.” A determination that we, one of our affiliates, one of our vendors or one of our physician partners violated the TCPA or other communications-based statutes could expose us to significant damage awards that could, individually or in the aggregate, materially harm our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Certain failures by our physician partners to comply with these laws could have an adverse effect on us. We do not directly employ or control our physician partners, and accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding their noncompliance are uncertain and unpredictable.

These activities also implicate privacy laws, such as HIPAA and analogous state laws, which limit how we and our affiliates can use an individual’s protected health information in connection with marketing activities and member outreach activities. A violation of such laws could subject us to significant penalties.

Our physician partners are subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations.

Our physician partners are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including, among others, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, Stark Law and False Claims Act and analogous state laws. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters.” Violations of these laws can occur under many different circumstances, including, for example, if a physician partner is engaging in prohibited financial and referral relationships with other physicians or providers; is improperly documenting and coding for services; is making prohibited internal referrals for certain services covered by the Stark Law or analogous state laws or is providing benefits to induce patients to self-refer. Depending on the circumstances, violations of these laws can be punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs. Should government authorities find that our physician partners have violated applicable law or regulations, our physician partners could be subject to criminal and civil penalties that could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

In addition, our physician partners are subject to federal, state and local licensing regulations relating to, among other things, professional credentialing, the ability to practice medicine, professional ethics and prescribing medication and controlled substances. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Other Laws and Regulations.” If our physician partners fail to obtain and maintain all necessary licenses, certifications, accreditations and other approvals and operate in compliance with applicable healthcare and other laws, their ability to provide medical services to members would be impaired.

 

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Given our reliance on anchor physician practices in some geographies, such noncompliance could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We do not directly employ or control our physician partners, and accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding their noncompliance with laws and regulations are uncertain and unpredictable.

Our use, disclosure and processing of protected health information is subject to HIPAA and state patient confidentiality laws, and our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm and, in turn, cause a material adverse effect on our members and revenue.

Numerous state and federal laws and regulations govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability, integrity and other processing of PHI and, more broadly, personally identifiable information whether or not related to healthcare. These laws and regulations include HIPAA, as amended by the HITECH Act. HIPAA establishes a set of national privacy and security standards for the protection of PHI by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as covered entities, and the business associates with which such covered entities contract for services. Components of our business are considered “covered entities” under HIPAA and others are considered “business associates” of our healthcare partners and payors.

HIPAA requires covered entities and business associates to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to PHI that is used or disclosed, including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. HIPAA also implemented the use of standard transaction code sets and standard identifiers that covered entities must use when submitting or receiving certain electronic healthcare transactions, including activities associated with the billing and collection of healthcare claims.

In addition to federal regulations issued under HIPAA, some states have enacted their own data privacy and security statutes or regulations that govern the use and disclosure of a person’s health information or records. Such state laws, if more stringent than HIPAA requirements, are not preempted by the federal requirements, and we are required to comply with them. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Federal and State Privacy and Security Requirements.” These and other laws and regulations affecting data security and data privacy are often uncertain, contradictory and subject to changing interpretations, and we expect new laws, rules and regulations regarding data privacy and information security to be proposed and enacted in the future. This complex, dynamic legal landscape creates significant compliance issues and potentially exposes us to expense, adverse publicity and liability. The regulatory framework for data privacy and security issues worldwide is evolving and is likely to remain in flux for the foreseeable future, so it is unclear how regulatory changes could impact our business or the costs of compliance, though the impacts and costs seem likely to increase. The general legal trend in the data privacy and security area is toward the broader adoption of more stringent laws and toward more aggressive enforcement.

The data privacy and security measures we have implemented may not adequately protect us from the risks associated with the storage and transmission of customer information and PHI. The security measures that we, and our third-party vendors and subcontractors, have in place to promote compliance with data privacy and data security laws may not protect our facilities and systems from data security breaches, acts of vandalism or theft, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and human errors, or other similar events. In the event that new data security laws are implemented, we may not be able to timely comply with such requirements, or such requirements may not be compatible with our current safeguards. Changing our safeguards could be time-consuming and expensive, and failure to timely implement required changes could subject us to liability for non-compliance. Under HIPAA, certain of our entities are directly liable for any data privacy and data security breaches that occur in our capacity as a covered entity. Under the HITECH Act, as business associates, our RBEs may also be liable under certain circumstances for data privacy and data security breaches and failures of our subcontractors. We from time to time experience security and privacy issues that require assessment of our duties and obligations under HIPAA, and we cannot guarantee that we will not face security or privacy breaches in the

 

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future. Additionally, the investigation and remediation of privacy breaches may result in additional material direct or indirect costs.

We incur substantial costs related to ordinary-course compliance with HIPAA and the HITECH Act. Such compliance could also require us to change our practices in a manner adverse to our business. Failure to comply with any applicable standards regarding patient privacy, or data privacy and data security more generally, may subject us to penalties, including significant civil monetary penalties and, in some circumstances, criminal penalties. In addition, any such failures may injure our reputation and adversely affect our ability to retain customers and attract new customers. Even an unsuccessful challenge by regulatory authorities could result in adverse publicity and could require a costly response. Any of the foregoing consequences could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Certain failures or non-compliance by our physician partners under these laws could result in their being required as covered entities to report to governmental authorities and patients, implement expensive corrections and pay civil penalties. To the extent the physician partners’ non-compliance impacts members who are attributed to our RBEs (e.g., through the loss of protected patient information), or otherwise implicates our data processing or billing operations, we could suffer reputational harm or a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Failure to obtain or maintain an insurance license, a certificate of authority or an equivalent authorization allowing our participation in downstream risk-sharing arrangements with payors could subject us to significant penalties and adversely impact our operations.

Regulation of downstream risk-sharing arrangements, including, but not limited to, global risk and other value-based arrangements, varies significantly from state to state. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Federal and State Insurance and Managed Care Laws.” We therefore expect significant uncertainty regarding whether our operations fall within the scope of certain laws or regulations.

If a state in which we currently operate, or a new geography, views our participation in risk-sharing arrangements as the assumption of insurance risk, the arrangement may fall within the purview of state insurance or managed care laws. If so, in connection with our continued operations or our expansion into new geographies, we may be required to obtain a state insurance or managed care license (or some other type of registration) and comply with the state’s insurance or managed care laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations may subject us to significant oversight by state regulators in the form of periodic reporting and audits, required financial reserves and refraining from taking certain actions without prior regulatory approval. The majority of states do not explicitly address whether and in what manner the state regulates the transfer of risk by a payor to a downstream entity, and in such states, regulators may nonetheless interpret statutes and regulations to regulate such activity. If downstream risk-sharing arrangements are not regulated directly in a particular state, the state regulatory agency may nonetheless require oversight by the licensed payor as the party to such a downstream risk-sharing arrangement. Such oversight is accomplished via contract and may include the imposition of reserve requirements and reporting obligations. Failure to comply with these direct and indirect oversight laws can result in significant monetary penalties, administrative fines, fraud or misrepresentation charges, denial of future insurer applications or loss of membership or suspension of membership growth.

Laws regulating the corporate practice of medicine could restrict the manner in which we are permitted to conduct our business, and the failure to comply with such laws, or any changes to such laws or regulations or similar laws or regulations could subject us to penalties and restructuring, or have a material adverse effect on our consolidation of the accounts of our majority-owned subsidiaries.

Some of the states in which we operate limit the practice of medicine to licensed individuals or professional organizations comprising licensed individuals, and lay business corporations generally may not exercise control over the medical decisions of physicians. Certain state regulatory bodies have taken the position that an

 

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arrangement that confers too much control over a physician practice to a lay entity may violate the corporate practice of medicine doctrine. See “Business—Healthcare and Other Applicable Regulatory Matters—Corporate Practice of Medicine.” A violation of the corporate practice of medicine doctrine constitutes the unlawful practice of medicine, which is subject to fines and other legal consequences. Penalties for violating fee-splitting statutes or regulations may include medical license revocation, suspension, probation or other disciplinary actions.

It is possible that a state regulatory agency or a court could determine that under applicable rules governing the corporate practice of medicine, we are violating the corporate practice of medicine doctrine or that our arrangements constitute unlawful fee splitting. As a result, our arrangements could be deemed invalid, potentially resulting in a loss of revenues and an adverse effect on results of operations derived from such arrangements. We could be subject to civil or other legal consequences, and our agreements and the accompanying governance structures and arrangements could be found legally unenforceable (in whole or in part). Such a determination could force a restructuring of the arrangements with our RBEs and physician partners. Such a restructuring may not be feasible or may not be accomplished within a reasonable time frame or on reasonable terms, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We have been the subject of regulatory inquiries regarding our compliance with the corporate practice of medicine doctrine, and we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to such inquiries in the future.

Further, our financial statements are consolidated in accordance with applicable accounting standards and include the accounts of our majority-owned subsidiaries, including RBEs, classified as variable interest entities. Such consolidation for accounting or tax purposes does not, is not intended to, and should not be deemed to, imply or provide us any control over the medical or clinical affairs of such practices. In the event of a change in accounting standards promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or in interpretation of its standards, or if there is an adverse determination by a regulatory agency or a court, or a change in state or federal law relating to the ability to maintain such agreements or arrangements, we may not be permitted to continue to consolidate the revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities of our majority-owned subsidiaries classified as variable interest entities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

If we or our physician partners inadvertently employ or contract with an excluded person, we may face government sanctions.

Individuals and entities can be excluded from participating in the Medicare program for violating certain laws and regulations, or for other reasons such as the loss of a license in any state, even if the person retains other licensure. This means that the excluded person or entity is prohibited from receiving payments for such person’s or entity’s services rendered to Medicare or MA beneficiaries, and if the excluded person is a physician, all services ordered (not just provided) by such physician are also non-covered and non-payable. Entities that employ or contract with excluded individuals are prohibited from billing the Medicare program for the excluded individual’s services and are subject to civil penalties if they do. We might inadvertently contract or do business with an excluded person or entity, such as a physician partner, contracted or employed physician, or any other contracted party, or with an excluded person which could become excluded in the future without our knowledge. If this occurs, we or our physician partnerships may be subject to substantial repayments and civil penalties. Physician partners are also expected to comply with these requirements. We do not directly control our physician partners, and accordingly any adverse effects on us regarding their noncompliance with these laws are uncertain and unpredictable.

We may face lawsuits not covered by insurance and related expenses may be material. Our failure to avoid, defend and accrue for claims and litigation could negatively impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We are exposed to, and may become involved in, various litigation matters arising out of our business, including from time to time, actual or threatened lawsuits. Lawsuits for tort liabilities associated with managed

 

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care activities that we conduct in our managed care business are common in the healthcare industry. Common liability exposures we face include performance of utilization review, performance of credentialing and peer review, provider network contracting determinations, and vicarious liability for the conduct of affiliated providers. Liability exposures in the managed care industry in which we operate vary greatly by state. The status of tort reform, availability of non-economic damages or the presence or absence of other statutes, such as elder abuse or vulnerable adult statutes, influence the incidence and severity of managed care litigation. We may also be subject to other types of lawsuits, inquiries, audits, investigations or other proceedings, such as those initiated by our competitors, stockholders, employees, service providers, contractors or by government agencies, including when we terminate relationships with them, which could involve large claims and significant defense costs. Furthermore, lawsuits for tort liabilities arising out of business activities, including the acquisition of other businesses or physician groups, also are common. Common liability exposures we face include interference with contract, interference with prospective economic advantage, violation of the Voidable Transactions Act, successor liability, and antitrust and unfair competition.

The results of any such lawsuits, inquiries, audits, investigations or other proceedings cannot be predicted, and determining reserves for pending litigation or other matters requires significant judgment. Further, the defense of litigation, including fees of legal counsel, expert witnesses and related costs, is expensive and difficult to forecast accurately. Such costs may be unrecoverable even if we ultimately prevail in litigation, and could consume a significant portion of our limited capital resources. To defend lawsuits or participate in other proceedings, it may also be necessary for us to divert officers and other employees from our normal business functions to gather evidence, give testimony and otherwise support litigation efforts. If any such proceeding is not resolved in our favor, we could face material judgments or awards against us. An unfavorable resolution of one or more of the proceedings in which we are involved now or in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We may also in the future find it necessary to file lawsuits to recover damages or protect our interests. The cost of such litigation could also be significant and unrecoverable, which could also deter us from aggressively pursuing even legitimate claims. All of our physician partners are required to carry medical malpractice insurance. We also currently maintain managed care errors and omissions insurance. We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover liabilities arising out of claims asserted against us, our affiliated professional organizations or our affiliated physicians. Liabilities incurred by us or our affiliates in excess of our insurance coverage, including coverage for professional liability and other claims, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Our insurance coverages generally must be renewed annually and may not continue to be available to us in future years at acceptable costs and on favorable terms, which could increase our exposure to litigation. Further, such coverage typically has substantial deductibles for which we would be responsible.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

We have substantial indebtedness and may incur additional indebtedness, which could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to obtain financing in the future, react to changes in our business or satisfy our obligations.

As of December 31, 2020 we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary agilon health management, inc., had approximately $68.6 million of total long-term consolidated indebtedness outstanding under our secured credit agreement, dated as of July 1, 2016 (as amended from time to time, the “Secured Credit Agreement”) governing the term loan and revolving credit facility (the “Secured Credit Facility”), and our unsecured credit agreement, dated as of December 22, 2017 (the “Unsecured Credit Agreement”), governing our unsecured term loan facility (the “Unsecured Term Loan Facility” and, together with the Secured Credit Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). As of such date, we also had $41.5 million of additional borrowings available under our revolving credit facility after taking into account $18.5 million of letters of credit outstanding. On February 18, 2021, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary agilon health management, inc., entered into the 2021 Secured Credit Agreement to refinance our outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facilities, consisting of (i) a senior secured term loan

 

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facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million and (ii) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness.” In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness in the future, subject to the limitations contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness. Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences to you. Because of our substantial indebtedness:

 

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our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, pay dividends and make other distributions or to purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or for general corporate purposes and our ability to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness may be impaired in the future;

 

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a large portion of our cash flow from operations must be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available to us for other purposes;

 

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we are exposed to the risk of increased interest rates because a significant portion of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest;

 

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it may be more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations to our creditors, resulting in possible defaults on, and acceleration of, such indebtedness;

 

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we may be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

 

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we may be at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors with proportionately less indebtedness or with comparable indebtedness on more favorable terms and, as a result, they may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns;

 

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our ability to refinance indebtedness may be limited or the associated costs may increase;

 

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our flexibility to adjust to changing market conditions and ability to withstand competitive pressures could be limited;

 

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our ability to pay dividends and make other distributions or to purchase, redeem or retire capital stock may be limited; and

 

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we may be prevented from carrying out capital spending and restructurings that are necessary or important to our growth strategy and efforts to improve our operating margins.

Despite our indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may incur substantially more indebtedness, which could increase the risks created by our indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the credit agreement, dated as of February 18, 2021 (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) governing our term loan and revolving credit facility (as amended by the First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2021, the “2021 Secured Credit Facilities”) by and among agilon health management, inc., Agilon Health Intermediate Holdings, Inc. (“Intermediate Holdings”), the Lenders party thereto, the Issuers party thereto (each as defined therein), JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and as collateral agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Nomura Securities International, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners does not fully prohibit our subsidiaries from incurring additional debt. If our subsidiaries are in compliance with certain coverage ratios set forth in the agreements governing the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities, they may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness, which could increase the risks created by our current indebtedness. In addition, subject to certain conditions and without the consent of the then-existing lenders, the loans under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities may be expanded (or new term loan facilities, revolving credit facilities or letter of credit facilities added) by up to $50.0 million plus an additional amount equal to the aggregate amount of certain prepayments, repayments and redemptions of term loans and/or permanent reduction in the revolving credit facilities.

 

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Increases in interest rates would increase the cost of servicing our indebtedness and could reduce our profitability.

A significant portion of our outstanding indebtedness bears interest at variable rates, including $48.6 million of outstanding borrowings and $41.5 million of additional borrowings available under our Secured Credit Facility after taking into account $18.5 million of letters of credit outstanding, as of December 31, 2020. As adjusted for the entry into the 2021 Credit Facilities, $100.0 million of outstanding borrowings and $81.5 million of additional borrowings available under the 2021 Credit Facilities bear interest at variable rates, after taking into account $18.5 million of letters of credit outstanding as of February 18, 2021. As a result, increases in interest rates would increase the cost of servicing our indebtedness and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. As of December 31, 2020, assuming the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) exceeded 1.00%, each one percentage point change in interest rates would have resulted in a change of approximately $0.5 million in the annual interest expense on our Secured Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2020, assuming availability was fully utilized, each one percentage point change in interest rates would have resulted in a change of approximately $1.1 million in annual interest expense on the Secured Credit Facility. The impact of increases in interest rates could be more significant for us than it would be for some other companies because of our indebtedness, thereby affecting our profitability.

Furthermore, uncertainty about the continuing availability of LIBOR may adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that after December 31, 2021, it would no longer compel banks to submit the rates required to calculate LIBOR. On March 5, 2021, the current administrator of LIBOR, ICE Benchmark Administration, announced that it would cease publication of certain tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR on June 30, 2023. With this announcement, there is uncertainty about the continued availability of LIBOR after 2021 or, in certain circumstances, 2023. If LIBOR ceases to be available or the methods of calculating LIBOR change from the current methods, financial products with interest rates tied to LIBOR may be adversely affected. Even if LIBOR remains available, it is uncertain whether it will continue to be viewed as an acceptable market benchmark, what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR or what the effect of any such changes in views or alternatives may be on the markets for LIBOR-indexed financial instruments. As of December 31, 2020, adjusted to reflect the entry into the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities, all of our aggregate consolidated indebtedness was indexed to LIBOR. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the interest rates on such indebtedness may be adversely affected.

The agreements and instruments governing our indebtedness contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly impact our ability to operate our business.

Our 2021 Secured Credit Facilities contain covenants that, among other things, restrict the ability of agilon management and its subsidiaries to:

 

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incur additional indebtedness and create liens;

 

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pay dividends and make other distributions or to purchase, redeem or retire capital stock;

 

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purchase, redeem or retire certain junior indebtedness;

 

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make loans and investments;

 

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enter into agreements that limit agilon management’s or its subsidiaries’ ability to pledge assets or to make distributions or loans to us or transfer assets to us;

 

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sell assets;

 

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enter into certain types of transactions with affiliates;

 

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consolidate, merge or sell substantially all assets;

 

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make voluntary payments or modifications of junior indebtedness; and

 

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enter into lines of business.

 

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agilon management and its subsidiaries accounted for 100% of our total assets and 100% of our total liabilities as of December 31, 2020. Consequently, the restrictions in the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business and may make it difficult for us to execute our business strategy successfully or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. We may also incur future debt obligations that might subject us to additional restrictive covenants that could affect our financial and operational flexibility. We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness, at maturity or otherwise, on terms acceptable to us or at all.

The ability of agilon management to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions outside our control including credit or capital market disruptions. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default that would permit the applicable lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. If we are unable to repay indebtedness, lenders having secured obligations, such as the lenders under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities, could proceed against the collateral securing the indebtedness. All obligations under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities are guaranteed by Intermediate Holdings and each domestic subsidiary of agilon management other than certain excluded subsidiaries. All obligations of agilon management and each guarantor are secured by a perfected security interest in substantially all tangible and intangible assets of agilon management and each such guarantor, including the capital stock of each domestic subsidiary of agilon management and each such guarantor, and 65% of each series of capital stock of any non U.S. subsidiary held directly by agilon management or any guarantor, subject to certain exceptions. In any such case, we may be unable to borrow under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities and may not be able to repay the amounts due under such facilities. This could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.

Our ability to generate the significant amount of cash needed to pay interest and principal on our indebtedness and our ability to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness or obtain additional financing depends on many factors outside our control.

agilon management, the borrower under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities, is a holding company, and as such it has no independent operations or material assets other than ownership of equity interests in its subsidiaries. agilon management depends on its subsidiaries to distribute funds to it so that it may pay obligations and expenses, including satisfying obligations with respect to indebtedness. Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance our obligations under, our indebtedness depends on the financial and operating performance of the subsidiaries of agilon management and their ability to make distributions and dividends to it, which, in turn, depends on their results of operations, cash flows, cash requirements, financial position and general business conditions and any legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends to which they may be subject, many of which could be outside our control.

We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek to obtain additional equity capital or restructure our indebtedness. In the future, our cash flow and capital resources may not be sufficient for payments of interest on and principal of our indebtedness, and such alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.

The final maturity date of the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility and the 2021 Secured Revolving Facility is February 18, 2024 or, following consummation of this offering (so long as this offering generates total gross proceeds in excess of $500.0 million), February 18, 2026. We may be unable to refinance any of our indebtedness or obtain additional financing, particularly because of our substantial indebtedness. Market disruptions, such as those experienced in 2008, 2009 and March 2020, as well as our indebtedness levels, may increase our cost of borrowing or adversely affect our ability to refinance our obligations as they become due.

 

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We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness, at maturity or otherwise, on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness or access additional credit, or if short-term or long-term borrowing costs dramatically increase, our ability to finance current operations and meet our short-term and long-term obligations could be adversely affected.

If agilon management cannot make scheduled payments on its indebtedness, it will be in default and the lenders under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities could terminate their commitments to loan money or, in the case of lenders under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities, foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and This Offering

An active trading market for our common stock may not develop, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for shares of our common stock. Although our common stock will be approved for listing on the NYSE, an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. The initial public offering price of our common stock was determined through negotiations between us and the underwriters. This initial public offering price may not be indicative of the market price of our common stock after this offering. In the absence of an active trading market for our common stock, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the initial public offering price or at the time that they would like to sell.

agilon health is a holding company with no operations of its own, and it depends on its subsidiaries for cash to fund all of its operations and expenses, including to make future dividend payments, if any.

Our operations are conducted entirely through our subsidiaries, and our ability to generate cash to fund our operations and expenses, to pay dividends or to meet debt service obligations is highly dependent on the earnings and the receipt of funds from our subsidiaries through dividends or intercompany loans. Deterioration in the financial condition, earnings or cash flow of agilon management and its subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay such distributions. Many of these subsidiaries are subject to regulatory, contractual or other legal restrictions that may restrict such subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” To the extent our subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of our financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide funds to the extent of our needs, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

For example, we are currently contractually required, and may in the future be required by state laws or regulations, to maintain specific prescribed minimum amounts of capital in certain subsidiaries. When we enter into a new payor contract, we are typically required by the payor to contribute risk-bearing capital to the local operating subsidiary. This typically takes the form of letters of credit or restricted deposits, or the payor may retain a percentage of the capitation payments due under the applicable contract. Risk-bearing capital required by payors varies by payor and geography and ranged from $50,000 to $10.0 million, or $38.8 million in the aggregate across all of our geographies and payors, as of December 31, 2020. In addition, the agreements governing the Credit Facilities significantly restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends, make loans or otherwise transfer assets to us. Furthermore, our subsidiaries are permitted under the terms of the Credit Facilities to incur additional indebtedness that may restrict or prohibit the making of distributions, the payment of dividends or the making of loans by such subsidiaries to us. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funds from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, our results of business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

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The market price of our common stock may be volatile and could decline after this offering.

Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are:

 

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industry, regulatory or general market conditions;

 

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domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance;

 

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changes in our physician partners’ or their patients’ preferences;

 

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new regulatory pronouncements and changes in regulatory guidelines;

 

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lawsuits, enforcement actions and other claims by third parties or governmental authorities;

 

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

 

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lack of research coverage and reports by industry analysts or changes in any securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance;

 

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action by institutional stockholders or other large stockholders, including future sales of our common stock;

 

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failure to meet any guidance given by us or any change in any guidance given by us, or changes by us in our guidance practices;

 

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announcements by us of significant impairment charges;

 

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speculation in the press or investment community;

 

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investor perception of us and our industry;

 

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changes in market valuations or earnings of similar companies;

 

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the impact of short selling or the impact of a potential “short squeeze” resulting from a sudden increase in demand for our common stock;

 

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, dispositions or strategic partnerships;

 

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war, terrorist acts and epidemic disease, including COVID-19;

 

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any future sales of our common stock or other securities;

 

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additions or departures of key personnel; and

 

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misconduct or other improper actions of our employees.

In particular, we cannot assure you that you will be able to resell your shares at or above the public offering price. Stock markets have experienced extreme volatility in recent years that has been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, class action litigation has often been instituted against the affected company. Any litigation of this type brought against us could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the proceeds we receive in this offering and might not apply the proceeds in ways that increase the value of your investment.

Our management will have broad discretion to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering, and you will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the use of these proceeds. Our management might

 

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not apply the net proceeds of this offering in ways that increase the value of your investment. We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including accelerating the growth of our existing geographies and our national network of partners, and to make available financing options to our physician partners in connection with taxes payable on shares to be distributed to them upon consummation of the offering under the partner physician group equity agreements, in an aggregate amount estimated to be approximately $90 million to $120 million. Additionally, if the gross proceeds from this offering exceed $1.0 billion, the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility requires a mandatory prepayment and reduction in an amount equal to the lesser of the net cash proceeds arising from this offering and $50.0 million. In addition, we may also use a portion of the net proceeds to establish a foundation to advance our commitment to the future of diversity and growth in primary care leadership and education and training in value-based care. We do not currently have a specific plan for a significant portion of the remaining net proceeds. Our management might not be able to yield a significant return, if any, on any investment of the net proceeds received from this offering, which could compromise our ability to pursue our growth strategy. You will not have the opportunity to influence our decisions on how to use the net proceeds from this offering.

Future sales of shares by us or our existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market following this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

As of March 31, 2021, adjusted to give effect to this offering, we had 384,836,394 outstanding shares of common stock. Of these shares, all of the 46,600,000 shares to be sold in this offering will be immediately tradable without restriction under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), except for any shares held by “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”). We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register the shares of common stock to be issued under our equity compensation plans and, as a result, all shares of common stock acquired upon exercise of stock options granted under our plan will also be freely tradable under the Securities Act, subject to the terms of the lock-up agreements, unless purchased by our affiliates. As of March 31, 2021, there were stock options outstanding to purchase a total of 41,412,100 shares of our common stock. Conditioned on completion of this offering, 12,487,317 shares will be issued pursuant to our partner physician group equity agreements (representing a number of shares equivalent to $268.5 million at the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of the prospectus). See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Stock-based Compensation” for additional information.

The remaining 325,749,077 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2021 are restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, but will be eligible for resale subject to applicable volume, means of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144 under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from registration under Rule 701 under the Securities Act, or “Rule 701,” subject to the lock-up agreements to be entered into by us, the CD&R Investor, certain of our stockholders and our executive officers and directors.

In connection with this offering, we, the CD&R Investor, certain of our stockholders and our executive officers and directors will sign lock-up agreements under which we and they will agree not to, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, engage in any hedging or similar transaction or arrangement, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our securities that are substantially similar to the securities offered hereby, without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. See “Underwriting.” Following the expiration of this 180-day lock-up period, 338,236,394 shares of our common stock will be eligible for future sale, subject to the applicable volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144 or

 

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pursuant to an exemption from registration under Rule 701. See “Shares Available for Future Sale” for a discussion of the shares of common stock that may be sold into the public market in the future. In addition, our significant stockholders may distribute shares that they hold to their investors who themselves may then sell into the public market following the expiration of the lock-up period. Such sales may not be subject to the volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144. Furthermore, the CD&R Investor and other significant stockholders have the right to require us to register shares of common stock for resale in certain circumstances. As resale restrictions end, the market price of our common stock could decline if the holders of those shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.

In the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of our common stock in connection with a financing, strategic investment, litigation settlement or employee arrangement or otherwise. Any of these issuances could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us or our business. We may never obtain research coverage by industry or financial analysts. If no or few analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price of our stock would likely decrease. Even if we do obtain analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts that covers our common stock downgrades our stock or publishes misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of the analysts ceases coverage of our common stock or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline.

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of $21.50 per share, purchasers of our common stock in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value of $19.25 per share. See “Dilution” for a more detailed description of the dilution to new investors in the offering.

Participation in this offering by the cornerstone investors could reduce the public float for our shares of common stock.

The cornerstone investors have indicated an interest, severally and not jointly, in purchasing up to an aggregate of $500 million in shares in this offering at the initial public offering price. Because this indication of interest is not a binding agreement or commitment to purchase, the cornerstone investors may determine to purchase more, less or no shares in this offering or the underwriters may determine to sell more, less or no shares to any of the cornerstone investors. The underwriters will receive the same discount on any of our shares purchased by the cornerstone investors as they will from any other shares sold to the public in this offering. If the cornerstone investors are allocated all or a portion of the shares in which they have indicated an interest in this offering or more, and purchase any such shares, such purchase could reduce the available public float for our shares if the cornerstone investors hold these shares long term.

 

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Fulfilling our obligations incident to being a public company, including compliance with the Exchange Act and the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, will be expensive and time-consuming, and any delays or difficulties in satisfying these obligations could have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations and our stock price.

As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting, accounting and corporate governance requirements of the NYSE, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) that apply to issuers of listed equity, which impose certain significant compliance requirements, costs and obligations upon us. The changes necessitated by being a publicly listed company and ongoing compliance with these rules and regulations require a significant commitment of additional resources and management oversight, which will increase our operating costs and could divert our management and personnel from other business concerns, particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company. Further, to comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to undertake various actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us, among other things, to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight.

In addition, our internal resources and personnel may in the future be insufficient to avoid accounting errors, and our auditors may identify deficiencies, significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control environment in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered implementing required new or improved controls could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NYSE. As a public company, we are required to comply with the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and are therefore required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose, but we are not required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our second Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our independent registered public accounting firm has identified material weaknesses in the past, and the measures we implemented to remediate such weaknesses may be insufficient to identify or prevent material weaknesses in the future. As of December 31, 2019, these material weaknesses have been remediated. However, the measures we implemented may be insufficient to identify or prevent future material weaknesses.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until we cease to be an emerging growth company or a non-accelerated filer. We ceased to be an emerging growth company on December 31, 2020, and we do not expect to be a non-accelerated filer beginning as of December 31, 2022. As such, we will be required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The expenses associated with being a public company include increases in auditing, accounting and legal fees and expenses, investor relations expenses, increased directors’ fees and director and officer liability insurance costs,

 

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registrar and transfer agent fees and listing fees, as well as other expenses. As a public company, we are required, among other things, to define and expand the roles and the duties of our board of directors and its committees and institute more comprehensive compliance and investor relations functions. Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage us as a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operation. Failure to comply with the requirements of being a public company could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or other regulatory authorities.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Following the completion of this offering, the CD&R Investor will continue to control us and may have conflicts of interest with other stockholders.

Following the completion of this offering, the CD&R Investor will own approximately 58% of the outstanding shares of our common stock (or approximately 57% if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). As a result, the CD&R Investor will have sufficient voting power without the consent of our other stockholders to be able to control all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, which could reduce the market price of our common stock.

Because the CD&R Investor’s interests may differ from your interests, actions the CD&R Investor takes as our controlling stockholder may not be favorable to you. For example, the concentration of ownership held by the CD&R Investor could delay, defer or prevent a change of control of us, impede a merger, takeover or other business combination that another stockholder may otherwise view favorably or cause us to enter into transactions or agreements that are not in the best interests of all stockholders. Other potential conflicts could arise, for example, over matters such as employee retention or recruiting, or our dividend policy.

Furthermore, as long as the CD&R Investor continues to beneficially own at least 40% of our outstanding common stock, the CD&R Investor will be able to determine the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of the members of our board of directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions, such as mergers and the sale of substantially all of our assets. Even after the CD&R Investor reduces its beneficial ownership below 40% of our outstanding common stock, it will likely still be able to assert significant influence over our board of directors and certain corporate actions. Following the completion of this offering, the CD&R Investor will continue to have the right to designate for nomination for election at least a majority of our directors as long as the CD&R Investor beneficially owns at least 50% of our common stock and to designate our Chairman of the board of directors so long as it beneficially owns at least 25% of our common stock.

Under our Certificate of Incorporation, the CD&R Investor and its affiliates and, in some circumstances, any of our directors and officers who is also a director, officer, employee, member or partner of the CD&R Investor and its affiliates, will have no obligation to offer us corporate opportunities.

The policies relating to corporate opportunities and transactions with the CD&R Investor set forth in our Certificate of Incorporation will address potential conflicts of interest between agilon health, on the one hand,

 

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and the CD&R Investor and its officers, directors, employees, members or partners who are directors or officers of our company, on the other hand. In accordance with those policies, the CD&R Investor may pursue corporate opportunities, including acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, without offering those opportunities to us. By becoming a stockholder in agilon health, you will be deemed to have notice of and have consented to these provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation. Although these provisions are designed to resolve conflicts between us and the CD&R Investor and its affiliates fairly, conflicts may not be resolved in our favor or be resolved at all.

Future offerings of debt or equity securities which would rank senior to our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

If, in the future, we decide to issue debt or equity securities that rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that such securities will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Issuing additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors outside our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings, reducing the market price of our common stock or diluting the value of their stock holdings in us.

Anti-takeover provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws could discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and our By-laws will include a number of provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. For example, our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws collectively will:

 

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authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt;

 

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provide for a classified board of directors, which divides our board of directors into three classes, with members of each class serving staggered three-year terms, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at an annual meeting;

 

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limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors if the CD&R Investor ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock;

 

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provide that vacancies on our board of directors, including vacancies resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office;

 

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prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders if the CD&R Investor ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock;

 

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prohibit stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders, if the CD&R Investor ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock;

 

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opt out of Section 203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years following the time the person became an interested stockholder, until the CD&R Investor ceases to beneficially own at least 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock;

 

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establish advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election as directors or to bring other business before an annual meeting of our stockholders; and

 

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require the approval of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of our common stock to amend our By-laws and certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation if the CD&R Investor ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

These provisions may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context or from changing our management and board of directors. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if the provisions are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future. See “Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Effects of Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws.”

Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. Furthermore, the existence of the foregoing provisions, as well as the significant amount of common stock that the CD&R Investor will continue to own following this offering, could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment that may delay, deter, render more difficult or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders.

We could be the subject of securities class action litigation due to future stock price volatility, which could divert management’s attention and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The stock market in general, and market prices for the securities of companies like ours in particular, have from time to time experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of the underlying companies. A certain degree of stock price volatility can be attributed to being a newly public company. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In certain situations in which the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a similar lawsuit against us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment depends on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not intend to declare and pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to use our future earnings, if any, to repay debt, to fund our growth, to develop our business, for working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your common stock for the foreseeable future, and the success of an investment in shares of our common stock depends upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares. Payments of dividends, if any, are at the sole discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications of the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us, and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our operations are conducted almost entirely through our subsidiaries. As such, to the extent that we determine in the future to pay dividends on our common stock, none of our subsidiaries will be obligated to make funds available to us for the payment of dividends. Further, the agreements governing the Credit Facilities significantly restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise transfer assets to us, and we may enter into other credit agreements or borrowing arrangements in the future that restrict or limit our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock.

 

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In addition, Delaware law imposes additional requirements that may restrict our ability to pay dividends to holders of our common stock.

Although we ceased to be an “emerging growth company,” we can continue to take advantage of certain reduced disclosure requirements in this registration statement, which may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We ceased to be an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act on December 31, 2020, because our annual revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 exceeded $1.07 billion. However, because we ceased to be an emerging growth company after we confidentially submitted our registration statement related to this offering to the SEC, we will be treated as an emerging growth company for certain purposes until the earlier of the date on which we complete this offering and December 31, 2021. As such, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including (i) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and (ii) not being required to provide more than two years of audited financial statements in this prospectus. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we have relied on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive, there may be less demand for our common stock and the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock may decrease.

We expect to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of rules and, as a result, we will qualify for, and currently intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

After the completion of this offering, the CD&R Investor will continue to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. Accordingly, we expect to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of corporate governance standards. Under the NYSE rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance standards, including:

 

•

the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

 

•

the requirement that our Nominating and Governance Committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

 

•

the requirement that we have a Compensation Committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

 

•

the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of the Nominating and Governance and Compensation Committees.

Following this offering, we intend to continue to utilize these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a majority of independent directors, our Nominating and Governance Committee and Compensation Committees do not consist entirely of independent directors and such committees may not be subject to annual performance evaluations. Consequently, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance rules and requirements. Our status as a controlled company could make our common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.

At such time as the CD&R Investor no longer controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, we will no longer be a “controlled company” within the meaning of rules. However, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements during a one-year transition period.

At such time as the CD&R Investor no longer controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, we will no longer be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate

 

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governance standards. The NYSE rules require that we (i) have a majority of independent directors on our board of directors within one year of the date we no longer qualify as a “controlled company,” (ii) have at least one independent director on each of the Compensation and Nominating and Governance Committees on the date we no longer qualify as a “controlled company,” at least a majority of independent directors on each of the Compensation and Nominating and Governance Committees within 90 days of such date and the Compensation and Nominating and Governance Committees composed entirely of independent directors within one year of such date and (iii) perform an annual performance evaluation of the Nominating and Governance and Compensation Committees. During this transition period, we may continue to utilize the available exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements as permitted by the NYSE rules. Accordingly, during the transition period, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE. Furthermore, a change in our board of directors and committee membership may result in a change in corporate strategy and operation philosophies, and may result in deviations from our current strategy.

Our Certificate of Incorporation will designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed to us or our stockholders by any of our directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders, (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising out of or pursuant to or seeking to enforce any right, obligation or remedy under the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (including, without limitation, any action asserting a claim arising out of or pursuant to our Certificate of Incorporation or our By-laws) or (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to such Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants. It is possible that a court could find that the exclusive forum provisions described above are inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. As permitted by Delaware law, our Certificate of Incorporation will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the election of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder. To the fullest extent permitted by law, by becoming a stockholder in our company, you will be deemed to have notice of and have consented to the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation related to choice of forum. The choice of forum provision in our Certificate of Incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders, which could discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Additionally, a court could determine that the exclusive forum provision is unenforceable, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find these provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

 

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INFORMATION

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements and cautionary statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terms such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “shall,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “seeks,” “aims,” “projects,” “is optimistic,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or the negative versions of these words or other comparable terms. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this prospectus and include, without limitation, statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, assumptions or current expectations concerning, among other things, our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, prospects and growth strategies.

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which may be outside our control. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or outcomes and that actual performance and outcomes, including, without limitation, our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the market in which we operate, may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and the development of the market in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods. A number of important factors, including, without limitation, the risks and uncertainties discussed under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this prospectus, could cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. Factors that could cause actual results and outcomes to differ from those reflected in forward-looking statements include, without limitation:

 

•

our history of net losses, and our ability to achieve or maintain profitability in an environment of increasing expenses;

 

•

our ability to identify and develop successful new geographies, physician partners and payors, or to execute upon our growth initiatives;

 

•

our ability to execute our operation strategies or to achieve results consistent with our historical performance;

 

•

our expectation that our expenses will increase in the future and the risk that medical expenses incurred on behalf of members may exceed the amount of medical revenues we receive;

 

•

our ability to secure contracts with MA payors or to secure MA at favorable financial terms;

 

•

our ability to recover startup costs incurred during the initial stages of development of our physician partner relationships and program initiatives;

 

•

our ability to obtain additional capital needed to support our business;

 

•

significant reductions in our membership;

 

•

challenges for our physician partners in the transition to a Total Care Model;

 

•

inaccuracies in the estimates and assumptions we use to project the size, revenue or medical expense amounts of our target market;

 

•

the spread of, and response to, the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, and the inability to predict the ultimate impact on us;

 

•

inaccuracies in the estimates and assumptions we use to project our members’ risk adjustment factors, medical services expense, incurred but not reported claims and earnings pursuant to payor contracts;

 

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•

the impact of restrictive or exclusivity clauses in some of our contracts with physician partners that may prohibit us from establishing new RBEs within certain geographies in the future;

 

•

the impact of restrictive or exclusivity clauses in some of our contracts with physician partners that may subject us to investigations or litigation;

 

•

our ability to retain our management team and key employees or attract qualified personnel in the future;

 

•

our ability to realize the full value of our intangible assets and any impairment charges we have or may record;

 

•

adverse determinations of tax matters;

 

•

security breaches, loss of data or other disruptions to our data platforms;

 

•

our reliance on third parties for internet infrastructure and bandwidth to operate our business and provide services to our members and physician partners;

 

•

our ability to protect the confidentiality of our know-how and other proprietary and internally developed information;

 

•

the impact of devoting significant attention and resources to the provision of certain transition services in connection with the disposition of our California operations;

 

•

our subsidiaries’ lack of performance or ability to fund their operations, which could require us to fund such losses;

 

•

our dependence on a limited number of key payors;

 

•

the limited terms of our contracts with payors and that they may not be renewed upon their expiration;

 

•

our reliance on our payors for membership attribution and assignment, data and reporting accuracy and claims payment;

 

•

our dependence on physician partners and other providers to effectively manage the quality and cost of care and perform obligations under payor contracts;

 

•

difficulties in obtaining accurate and complete diagnosis data;

 

•

our dependence on physician partners to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services and potential False Claims Act or other liability if any diagnosis information or encounter data are inaccurate or incorrect;

 

•

our reliance on third-party software and data to operate our business and provide services to our members and physician partners;

 

•

the impact of consolidation in the healthcare industry;

 

•

reductions in reimbursement rates or methodology applied to derive reimbursement from, or discontinuation of, federal government healthcare programs, from which we derive substantially all of our total revenue;

 

•

uncertain or adverse economic conditions, including a downturn or decrease in government expenditures;

 

•

our ability to compete in our competitive industry;

 

•

the impact of government performance standards and benchmarks on our compensation and reputation;

 

•

statutory or regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations of policy and determinations by intermediaries and governmental funding restrictions, and their impact on government funding, program coverage and reimbursements;

 

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•

regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare and our participation in such proposed models;

 

•

we, our physician partners or affiliates being subject to federal or state investigations, audits and enforcement actions;

 

•

regulatory inquiries and corrective action plans imposed by our payors;

 

•

repayment obligations arising out of payor audits;

 

•

the impact on our revenue of CMS modifying the methodology used to determine the revenue associated with MA members;

 

•

negative publicity regarding the managed healthcare industry;

 

•

the extensive regulation of the healthcare industry at the federal, state and local levels;

 

•

our substantial indebtedness and the potential that we may incur additional indebtedness;

 

•

no public market for our common stock and the potential that one may not develop;

 

•

the significant influence the CD&R Investor has over us; and

 

•

risks related to other factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

You should read this prospectus completely and with the understanding that actual future results may be materially different from expectations. All forward-looking statements made in this prospectus are qualified by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this prospectus, and we do not undertake any obligation, other than as may be required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking or cautionary statements to reflect changes in assumptions, the occurrence of events, unanticipated or otherwise, and changes in future operating results over time or otherwise.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately $943.2 million, or approximately $1,086.0 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The principal purposes of this offering are to increase our capitalization and financial flexibility, create a public market for our common stock and enable access to the public equity market for us and our shareholders. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including accelerating the growth of our existing geographies and our national network of partners, and to make available financing options to our physician partners in connection with taxes payable on shares to be distributed to them upon consummation of the offering under the partner physician group equity agreements, in an aggregate amount estimated to be approximately $90 million to $120 million. Additionally, if the gross proceeds from this offering exceed $1.0 billion, the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility requires a mandatory prepayment and reduction in an amount equal to the lesser of the net cash proceeds arising from this offering and $50.0 million. The 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate equal to the sum of, for LIBO Rate Loans: 4.00% (stepping down to 3.50% on and following October 1, 2023) and the higher of (a) LIBO, as defined in the credit agreement, and (b) 0%; and the sum of, for Base Rate Loans, 3.00% (stepping down to 2.50% on and following October 1, 2023) and the highest of: (a) 0.50% in excess of the overnight federal funds rate, (b) the prime rate established by the administrative agent from time to time, (c) the one-month LIBO rate (adjusted for maximum reserves) plus 1.00% and (d) 0%. The 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility will mature on February 18, 2024, or, following the consummation of this offering (so long as this offering generates total gross proceeds in excess of $500.0 million), February 18, 2026. The proceeds from the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility were used to refinance our outstanding indebtedness under the Secured Credit Facility and Unsecured Credit Facility, with the remaining $30.1 million used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Affiliates of certain of the underwriters are lenders under the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility and accordingly may receive a portion of the net proceeds of this offering. In addition, we may also use a portion of the net proceeds to establish a foundation to advance our commitment to the future of diversity and growth in primary care leadership and education and training in value-based care. We do not currently have a specific plan for a significant portion of the remaining net proceeds. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses of the net proceeds that we receive from this offering and, as a result, are not able to allocate the net proceeds among any potential uses at this time in light of the variety of factors that will impact how we ultimately utilize such net proceeds. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in using these proceeds. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Common Stock and This Offering—Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the proceeds we receive in this offering and might not apply the proceeds in ways that increase the value of your investment.”

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from this offering by $44.3 million, assuming the number of shares offered by us remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us by $20.4 million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

 

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We do not intend to declare or pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to use our future earnings, if any, to repay debt, to fund our growth, to develop our business and for working capital needs and general corporate purposes. Our ability to pay dividends to holders of our common stock is significantly limited as a practical matter by the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities insofar as we may seek to pay dividends out of funds made available to us by agilon management or its subsidiaries, because the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities restrict agilon management’s ability to pay dividends or make loans to us. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness” for a description of restrictions on our ability to pay dividends under the 2021 Secured Credit Facilities. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and depend upon various factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity requirements, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, contractual restrictions with respect to payment of dividends, restrictions imposed by Delaware law, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 2020 on an (i) actual basis and (ii) as adjusted basis giving effect to:

 

•

the sale by us of 46,600,000 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us; and

 

•

the amendment and restatement of our certificate of incorporation and the reclassification of 76,201,300 shares of contingently redeemable common stock as common stock upon the completion of this offering.

You should read this table in conjunction with “Summary Historical Consolidated Financial Data,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Description of Certain Indebtedness” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

		As of December 31, 2020
		Actual				As Adjusted(1)
		(dollars in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents(2)		$	106,795			$	1,051,115
Long-term debt(2)(3)			67,706				67,706
Mezzanine and Stockholders’ Equity:
Contingently redeemable common stock, $0.01 par value(4)(6)			309,500				0
Common stock, $0.01 par value(5)(6)			2,494				3,847
Additional paid-in capital			263,966				1,783,827
Accumulated deficit			(551,190	)			(819,667	)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)			(284,730	)			968,007
Total capitalization		$	92,476			$	1,035,713

 

(1)

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share would increase or decrease, as applicable, our as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital and total equity by $44.3 million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us by $20.4 million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

(2)	If the gross proceeds from this offering exceed $1.0 billion, the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility requires a mandatory prepayment and reduction in an amount equal to the lesser of the net cash proceeds arising from this offering and $50.0 million.

(3)

As of December 31, 2020, we had $48.6 million outstanding under the Secured Term Loan Facility and our Unsecured Term Loan Facility of $20.0 million with a lender affiliated with the CD&R Investor. As of December 31, 2020, we had availability under the Secured Revolving Facility (as defined herein) totaling $41.5 million and outstanding letters of credit totaling $18.5 million. On February 18, 2021, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary agilon management entered into the 2021 Secured Credit Agreement to refinance our outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facilities. As of February 18, 2021, $100.0 million was outstanding under the 2021 Secured Term Loan Facility and availability under the 2021 Secured Revolving Facility was $81.5 million. See “Description of Certain Indebtedness” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

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(4)	As of December 31, 2020, we had 76,201,300 shares and no shares, respectively, of contingently redeemable common stock issued and outstanding on an actual and as adjusted basis.

(5)	As of December 31, 2020, we had 249,373,577 shares and 384,662,194 shares, respectively, of common stock issued and outstanding on an actual and as adjusted basis.

(6)

Beginning in 2018, we issued contingently redeemable common stock to third-party investors that included a redemption feature that could require us, in certain limited circumstances, to repurchase such stock. As a result, the related capital contribution was classified as temporary equity in the mezzanine section of our consolidated balance sheet. The redemption feature will terminate upon the completion of this offering. See “Note 12. Common Stock” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The foregoing information excludes:

 

•

41,412,100 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2021 at a weighted average exercise price of $3.85 per share, of which 25,546,250 shares will be exercisable as of the consummation of this offering;

 

•

28,718,548 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance following this offering under our equity plans; and

 

•

35,400 shares of our common stock subject to outstanding RSUs granted to directors.

The foregoing information includes:

 

•

12,487,317 shares of common stock issuable under partner physician group equity agreements conditioned on completion of this offering (representing a number of shares equivalent to $268.5 million at the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of the prospectus). See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Stock-based Compensation” for additional information.

 

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per share offering price of the common stock exceeds the book value per share attributable to the shares of common stock held by existing stockholders.

Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2020 was $(80.0) million or $(0.25) per share. Net tangible book value per share before the offering has been determined by dividing net tangible book value, which is equal to total book value of tangible assets (excluding deferred offering costs), less total liabilities, by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2020.

After giving effect to the sale of shares of our common stock sold by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2020 would have been $866.0 million, or $2.25 per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value per share of $2.50 to the existing stockholders and an immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value per share of $19.25 to new investors who purchase shares in this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution to new investors:

 

		Per Share
Assumed initial public offering price per share		$	21.50
Net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2020			(0.25	)
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors in this offering			2.50
Adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering			2.25
Dilution of net tangible book value per share to new investors		$	19.25

If the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares, the adjusted tangible book value per share after giving effect to the offering would be $2.58 per share. This represents an immediate increase in adjusted net tangible book value of $2.83 per share to the existing stockholders and an immediate and substantial dilution in adjusted net tangible book value of $18.92 per share to new investors.

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $21.50 per share would increase or decrease total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by $44.3 million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us set forth on the front cover of this prospectus remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease the total consideration paid to us by new investors and total consideration paid to us by all stockholders by $20.4 million, assuming an initial public offering price of $21.50 per share remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

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The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2021, the total number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid to us and the average price per share paid by the existing stockholders and by new investors purchasing shares in this offering as well as new investors receiving shares of common stock issuable under partner physician group equity agreements conditioned on completion of this offering (amounts in thousands, except percentages and per share data):

 

		Shares Purchased								Total Consideration								Average Price Per Share
		Number				Percent				Amount				Percent
Existing stockholders			325,749				84.65	%		$	562,328				35.95	%		$	1.73
New investors			59,087				15.35	%		$	1,001,900				64.05	%		$	16.96
Total			384,836				100.0	%		$	1,564,228				100.00	%		$	4.06

The foregoing table does not reflect stock options outstanding under our stock incentive plans or stock options to be granted after this offering. As of March 31, 2021, there were 41,412,100 stock options outstanding with an average exercise price of $3.85 per share. The foregoing table includes 12,487,317 shares of common stock issuable under partner physician group equity agreements conditioned on completion of this offering (representing a number of shares equivalent to $268.5 million at the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of the prospectus). See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Stock-based Compensation” for additional information.

After giving effect to the sale of shares by us in this offering, new investors will hold 59,087,317 shares, or 15.35% of the total number of shares of common stock after this offering and existing stockholders will hold 84.65% of the total shares outstanding. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, the number of shares held by new investors will increase to 66,077,317, or 16.86% of the total number of shares of common stock after this offering, and the percentage of shares held by existing stockholders will decrease to 83.14% of the total shares outstanding.

To the extent that any of these stock options are exercised, there may be further dilution to new investors. See “Executive Compensation” and “Note 13. Stock Incentive Plan” in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus and “Prospectus Summary—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial Data.” The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Information.”

Company Overview

Our business is transforming healthcare by empowering the PCP to be the agent for change in the communities they serve. We believe that PCPs, with their intimate patient-physician relationships, are best positioned to drive meaningful change in quality, cost and patient experience when provided with the right infrastructure and payment model. Through our combination of the agilon platform, a long-term partnership model with existing physician groups and a growing network of like-minded physicians, we are poised to revolutionize healthcare for seniors across communities throughout the United States. Our purpose-built model provides the necessary capabilities, capital and business model for existing physician groups to create a Medicare-centric, globally capitated line of business. Our model operates by forming RBEs within local geographies, that enter into arrangements with payors providing for monthly payments to manage the total healthcare needs of our physician partners’ attributed patients (or, global capitation arrangements), contract with agilon to perform certain functions and enter into long-term professional service agreements with one or more anchor physician groups pursuant to which the anchor physician groups receive a base compensation rate and share in the savings from successfully improving quality of care and reducing costs.

Our company was formed in 2016, and we established our inaugural partnership with an anchor physician group in 2017. Our ability to rapidly build scaled positions in local communities has allowed us to grow to 16 anchor physician groups and 17 geographies in fewer than five years. Our platform has enabled us to grow our total membership by 45% and revenue by 53% from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020. Currently, the PCPs on our platform serve approximately 210,000 MA members on our platform. In addition, through our participation in the CMS Innovation Center Direct Contracting Model, our PCPs are expected to serve over 50,000 Medicare FFS beneficiaries through our five currently approved DCEs. For the year ended December 31, 2020, our DCEs did not contribute to our revenue.

Our business model is differentiated by its focus on existing community-based physician groups and is built around three key elements: (1) agilon’s platform; (2) agilon’s long-term physician partnership approach; and (3) agilon’s network. With our model, our goal is to remove the barriers that prevent community-based physicians from evolving to a Total Care Model, where the physician is empowered to manage health outcomes and the total healthcare needs of their attributed Medicare patients.

Our platform, partnership and network model enable our physician partners to be the quarterback for healthcare delivery in their community, and successfully operate a Medicare-centric, globally capitated line of business. This generates improving quality and cost outcomes, growing membership and increasing medical margin per member, which we share with our physician partners pursuant to our long-term partnership model. We believe this continuous improvement in patient and physician engagement and experience leads to more PCPs joining our platform and ultimately improves the success of each physician partner on the platform. As our platform grows, we believe we will be able to leverage our scale to drive additional investment in our geographies to accelerate this flywheel for the benefit of our physician partners and their patients.

 

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Impact of Medicare Advantage and Traditional Medicare on the Business

MA is a federal program that provides eligible persons age 65 years of age and over and some disabled persons with a variety of hospital, medical insurance and prescription drug benefits. In 2020, approximately 62 million Americans were enrolled in Medicare nationally, of which nearly 25 million, or 40%, were enrolled in MA. Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in an MA plan, under which payors contract with CMS to provide a defined range of healthcare services that are comparable to Medicare FFS (which is also referred to as “traditional Medicare”).

The Direct Contracting Model is a voluntary payment model option aimed at reducing expenditures and preserving or enhancing quality of care for beneficiaries in Medicare established by the CMS Innovation Center that is set to begin in the first half of 2021. A key aspect of the Direct Contracting Model is providing new opportunities for us to participate in value-based care arrangements directly with our existing physician partners for their current Medicare members. In each community we serve, our Total Care Model can be extended to our physician partners’ patients enrolled in traditional Medicare through the Direct Contracting Model. We have applied and been approved to participate in the program through five currently approved DCEs. Because of the size and scale of our network, we expect to be able to serve over 50,000 Medicare FFS beneficiaries in 2021 through the Direct Contracting Model.

Under MA, CMS issues a fixed PMPM premium, or capitation payment, to payors in exchange for providing defined healthcare benefits to attributed MA members. Under the typical capitation arrangement, we are entitled to monthly PMPM fees from payors to provide a defined range of healthcare services for MA health plan members attributed to our PCPs. These PMPM fees comprise our medical services revenue and are determined as a percent of the premium payors receive from CMS for these members. The amount of the monthly premium payment varies based on the county in which a member resides, adjusted for demographic and health risk factors. CMS assigns to each member a “risk adjustment factor,” which is based on, among other things, the member’s age, gender and diagnosed disease conditions, and is utilized by CMS to determine the amount of monthly premium payment paid to payors. MA revenue received by us is subject to federal government reviews and audits which can result, and have resulted, in retroactive and prospective revenue adjustments.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Growing Medicare Advantage Membership on Our Platform

Membership and revenue are tied to the number of members attributed to our physician partners by our payors. We believe we have multiple avenues to serve additional members, including through:

 

•

Adding new physician partnerships through the expansion into new geographies,

 

•

Growth in membership in existing geographies as a result of:

 

•

Patients who are attributed to our physician partners who (a) age into Medicare and elect to enroll in MA or (b) elect to convert from Medicare FFS to MA, and

 

•

Growth in the number of PCPs at existing physician partners, expanding our physician partners’ capacity to care for a greater membership population.

The retention of existing members is also important to our membership and revenue growth. We believe we are well-positioned to continue our relationships with existing members due to the sticky patient-physician relationship, 13-year average physician tenure at our anchor physician groups and long-term agreements with anchor physician groups that are typically 20-years in duration.

The strength of our multi-pronged growth strategy is evident by our growth from 2017 to 2020. At December 31, 2020, we managed global risk for 131,000 members on our platform as compared to 28,900

 

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members at December 31, 2017, representing a compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 65% over this period. Additionally, we have approximately 49,000 additional MA members with physician groups contracted to go-live on January 1, 2022.

The chart and table below illustrate membership growth since 2017:

 

 

 

		MA Membership
Geography Go-Live		December 31, 2017				December 31, 2018				December 31, 2019				December 31 2020				CAGR
2017 & Prior			28,900				31,400				33,700				36,700				8	%
2018			—				25,100				29,700				35,500				19	%
2019			—				—				26,800				33,000				23	%
2020			—				—				—				25,800
			28,900				56,500				90,200				131,000				65	%

Expanding into New Geographies

The proven exportability of our platform, partnership and network model positions us to expand into new geographies by establishing new regional hubs across the country. We have historically demonstrated success in effectively establishing new geographies. We have entered into 17 geographies within eight states, which includes three geographies that became operational in January 2021 and six geographies that will become operational in January 2022. We believe growth in the MA market overall will further increase our market opportunity. We consider our current addressable market to be the estimated 17.5 million Medicare beneficiaries affiliated with independent PCPs in states in which we already have a physician partner or a signed letter of intent with a physician group as of January 2021, and those in which we have identified near-term prioritized geographies. Based on 2021 estimated average annual revenue per Medicare member to us of approximately $10,000, we estimate that this represents a total addressable market size of approximately $175 billion in 2020.

Our business development team maintains an active pipeline of new partnership opportunities. These potential opportunities are developed through significant inbound interest through the powerful network effect we have seen from our highly engaged existing physician partners, our proactive assessment of the independent provider market landscape and opportunities identified through our strategic relationships with national payors. With partnership dialogue and implementation planning often commencing 12 months prior to standing up operations in a given

 

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geography, we have significant forward visibility into new membership and associated revenue coming onto the platform. We currently have approximately 49,000 MA members with physician groups for which we are contracted to go live on January 1, 2022. Furthermore, in January of each year we typically have visibility into greater than 90% of that year’s projected revenue.

Growing Members in Existing Geographies

Within our existing geographies, our attributed membership grows through:

 

•

Patients who are attributed to our physician partners who age-in to Medicare and elect to enroll in MA or otherwise transition to MA.

 

•

Growth in the number of PCPs at existing physician partners, expanding our physician partners’ capacity to care for a greater membership population.

We have three anchor geographies on the platform that have been live for two or three years that have grown at an average CAGR of 18% over the course of their time on our platform. Our anchor geography that went live January 1, 2018 has grown at a CAGR of 17% over the last three years and the two anchor geographies that went live January 1, 2019 have grown at an average CAGR of 24% over the last two years.

Patients who are attributed to our physician partners who age-in or transition to MA

We have embedded growth opportunity within our existing PCP base. Our physician partners’ patient panels include individuals anticipated to reach Medicare eligibility in the next five years who may elect to enroll in MA and existing Medicare FFS patients who may elect to transition to MA. Across our current physician partners, we estimate this opportunity to be approximately 375,000 members. These existing patients represent a large, growing and durable source of potential attributed member growth. As these patients enroll in MA through our payors, they become attributed to our platform with little incremental cost to us. We expect this embedded opportunity will continue to grow as we enter new geographies and add PCPs to our network who serve under-65 commercially insured patients and Medicare FFS patients.

Growth in the number of PCPs in our local geographies

We seek to increase the number of PCPs on our platform in local geographies and, through that, increase capacity to serve the approximately two million Medicare lives in our existing communities through:

 

•

Affiliated physician groups recruiting new PCPs.

 

•

Affiliated physician groups acquiring other physician groups.

 

•

Contract with additional local physicians and physician groups by leveraging our local infrastructure and existing subscription-like PMPM agreements with payors.

Growing Medical Services Revenue

We expect to have significant visibility to our future revenue as our partnerships with our anchor physician groups are typically structured as 20-year partnerships for the MA line of business. Based on a 2004 study, patients 65 years of age and older remain with their PCP for an average of 10 years, and this sticky patient-physician relationship is further reinforced by a 13-year average physician tenure at our anchor physician groups. These relationships, when combined with the fixed monthly payment dynamics of the MA reimbursement model, create an extremely powerful long-term subscription-like revenue model.

Our medical services revenue consists of capitation revenue under contracts with various payors. Under the typical capitation arrangement, we are entitled to monthly PMPM fees to provide a defined range of healthcare

 

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services for MA health plan members through our contracted physician partners and affiliated PCPs. Such fees are typically based on a defined percentage of corresponding premium which payors receive from CMS. We generally accept full financial risk for members attributed to us through our contracted PCPs and, therefore, are responsible for the cost of all healthcare services required by those members. We recognize capitation revenue over the period eligible members are entitled to receive healthcare services. We expect that our PMPM revenue will continue to improve the longer our members are on our platform as we better understand and assess their health status (acuity) and coordinate their medical care.

We have been able to increase our revenue by growing our network in existing geographies, expanding into new geographies, and attracting new PCPs to join our existing physician partners on our platform in existing geographies. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we generated medical services revenue of $1.2 billion compared to $196.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Growing Medical Margin

Medical margin represents the amount earned from medical services revenue after medical services expenses are deducted. Our profitability depends to a significant degree on our ability to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical margin, through improving healthcare quality and effectively managing costs. We believe our membership and per-member profitability will grow over time due to structural characteristics inherent to our long-term partnerships, durable and growing MA membership within our physician partners and the nature of the MA economic model.

Through our platform, partnership and network model, we enter a geography by creating a long-term partnership with an existing physician group. After we enter a geography, our local network in that geography grows through our low cost and increasingly cost-efficient multi-pronged growth strategy. We also seek to grow medical margin over the course of our partnerships through this growth in our local networks and through improvement of per member medical margin, through improving healthcare quality and effectively managing costs. Medical margin and the pace of medical margin growth is influenced by the historical performance of our anchor physician groups in population health, regional variance in MA premium and healthcare utilization, the rate of member growth in the geography, per member revenue growth, and medical expenses associated with a member’s healthcare delivery. As our membership matures and our physician partners become more adept at effectively managing the continuum of care of our members under a Total Care Model, we have observed that the profitability (measured by medical margin PMPM) of our live geographies typically increases over time.

Two critical factors that enhance our ability to improve medical margin over a long period of time that we believe are unique to our model are (i) our anchor physician groups are critical components of their local healthcare delivery system, having operated in their local geographies for more than 40 years, developing relationships with specialists, hospitals and post-acute facilities, enhancing their ability to coordinate care and (ii) our ability to deliver actionable insight at the patient and physician level through our aligned partnership model with peer-to-peer physician feedback driving accountability and accelerating the pace of change to a Total Care Model.

The power of our model is reflected in the relative performance of our network when compared to local FFS benchmarks. For example, in 2019, our members’ ER utilization was 42% lower than the local FFS benchmark, inpatient acute utilization was 47% lower than the local FFS benchmark and hospital re-admission rate was 26% lower than the local FFS benchmark.

This has resulted in improving year-over-year performance in our anchor physician groups and acceleration of performance in our geographies that are newer to our platform versus markets that joined the platform previously. This ongoing improvement has occurred while membership during that same period in such geographies grew.

 

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The information below illustrates average membership and medical margin PMPM growth for our anchor physician groups that have been operational for more than two years. The medical margin PMPM data presented below reflect the ongoing dilutive impact of new members in any year. Medical margin profiles of cohorts of members grouped by enrollment year have historically improved over their duration on our platform.

 

 

The following table incorporates all live geographies on our platform regardless of time on the platform. We have also included Hawaii in our year 3+ geographies, which is different than our traditional anchor physician group model because Hawaii is not a single partner structure, but is a network of contracted physicians and accepts delegation of certain traditional health plan functions from our contracted payors, such as utilization review, provider network development and claims adjudication. The information below illustrates the medical margin maturity in our live geographies inclusive of the geographies that went live in 2020 and are considered to be in year 1 of their maturity cycle. We believe medical margin rates within any geography will continue to increase over the course of our long-term partnerships, as cohorts of members within the geography are on our platform for longer periods of time. With 70% of our members on our platform for fewer than three years, we believe that we are well-positioned to benefit from significant embedded margin growth from our long-term economic model by improving healthcare outcomes and effectively managing costs.

 

 

Medical margin and the pace of medical margin growth is influenced by the historical performance of our anchor physician groups in population health, regional variance in MA premium and healthcare utilization, the rate of member growth in the geography, per member revenue growth, and medical expenses associated with a member’s healthcare delivery. For this reason, in future periods, we expect to have geographies with different

 

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medical margin PMPM starting points and trajectories. While we believe the data reflected in the preceding tables accurately reflects the directional margin maturity trends in our geographies, the most recent year includes the impact of utilization avoidance resulting from COVID-19. We cannot accurately estimate the net ultimate impact to medical services expense at this time. See “—Impact of COVID-19.”

Achieving Operating Efficiencies

As a result of our aligned partnership model and ability to grow our platform through our low cost and increasingly cost-efficient model, we generate operating efficiencies at both the geography and enterprise level. Our geography operating expenses, which include regionally-based support personnel and other operating costs to support our geographies, are expected to decrease over time as a percentage of revenue as our physician partners add members and our revenue grows. Our operating expenses at the enterprise level include resources and technology to support payor contracting, clinical program development, quality, data management, finance and legal functions. We continue to enhance existing service offerings by designing and developing technology and clinical solutions that can be leveraged by the entire platform across all geographies. While we expect our absolute investment in our enterprise resources to increase over time, we expect it will decrease as a percentage of revenue when we are able to scale this investment across a broader group of physician partners and our attributed membership. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars in the future as we continue to invest to support growth of our business, as well as due to the costs required to operate as a public company, including resulting from increased cost of insurance coverage, investments in internal audit, investor relations and financial reporting functions, fees paid to the exchange on which we list our securities and increased legal and audit fees. The operating efficiencies we are able to achieve with our aligned partnership model have enabled us to grow operating costs to support live geographies and enterprise functions by 12% year-over-year for the year ended December 31, 2020, while revenue grew 53% over the same period.

The table below illustrates our live geographies and enterprise level operating expenses since 2018 (dollars in thousands):

 

		2018				2019				2020
Platform supporting costs		$	59,254			$	89,266			$	99,943
% of Revenue			13	%			11	%			8	%
Note: Represents costs to support our live geographies and enterprise functions, which are included in general and administrative expenses.

Investing in Growth

We expect to continue to focus on long-term growth through investments in onboarding new geographies onto our platform and supporting the continued growth of physicians in our existing geographies. Our new geography investments include establishing local market infrastructure and investments to drive the improvement in cost and quality ahead of a geography becoming live. Following the launch of our foundational partnership with COPC in 2017, the average total launch cost, including both implementation year costs and initial losses (if applicable), for subsequent partnerships has been $4.2 million.

We intend to continue to invest in improving the agilon platform and our technology to drive medical margin growth and enable further reinvestment in local care delivery. We also intend to continue to invest in growing our existing geographies by attracting new PCPs to join our local physician partners. In support of that, we may provide capital support to accelerate the recruitment of new PCPs to our anchor partners. Accordingly, in the short term, we expect our operating expenses to increase. However, in the long term, we anticipate that these investments will positively impact our results of operations.

 

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Impact of Seasonality

Our business is influenced by seasonality in the following primary manners:

 

•

Growth in New Membership—While new members are attributed to our platform throughout the year, our largest amount of growth typically occurs in January of each year. Operations in our new geographies generally begin on January 1, at which time our MA payors attribute members from our new physician partners to our platform as our agreements with those payors in those geographies become effective. This coincides with the beginning of the Medicare program year. Similarly, our same market growth within a given year is typically greatest in January, as a result of the outcome of the Medicare Open Enrollment Period (sometimes called Annual Election Period or AEP), which runs each year from October 15 to December 7.

 

•

Per Member Revenue—Our revenue is a function of the percent of premium we have negotiated with our payors as well as our ability to accurately and appropriately document the acuity of a member’s total health status. We experience an element of seasonality with respect to our average per member revenue as it generally declines over the course of a given year. This results from the monthly cycle of (i) attributed members aging into Medicare, who typically have lower acuity profiles (and, therefore, lower average per member revenue rates) and (ii) older members with more severe acuity profiles (and, therefore, higher per member revenue rates) expiring. Additionally, in January of each year, CMS resets county-level benchmark rates, the risk adjustment factor for each member based upon health conditions documented in the prior year, and other components of premium revenue. The collective impact of these revisions has historically led to an increase in our average per member revenue.

 

•

Medical Expense—Medical expense is driven by utilization of healthcare services by attributed membership. There are seasonal factors that can influence healthcare utilization, such as the flu season or the number of calendar or working days in a given period.

Impact of COVID-19

Since March 2020, we have implemented precautionary measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, physicians and members in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. Because COVID-19 infections have been reported throughout the United States, certain national, provincial, state and local governmental authorities have issued proclamations and/or directives aimed at minimizing the spread of COVID-19. Additional, more restrictive proclamations and/or directives may be issued in the future.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations is unknown and will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and any additional preventative and protective actions that governments, or we, may direct, which may result in an extended period of continued business disruption. The ultimate impact of these matters to us and our financial condition cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

Throughout most of 2020, our members incurred lower healthcare costs than we would have otherwise expected, which resulted in lower medical services expenses incurred. Average medical services expense per member declined 3% relative to 2019. This reduction was impacted by the temporary deferral of non-essential care amid the COVID-19 pandemic and improved medical cost management, among other factors. These costs may be incurred at future points in time, and it is possible that the deferral of healthcare services, or the impact of our members (who are seniors typically with chronic conditions) being diagnosed with COVID-19, could cause additional health problems in our existing members, which could increase our costs in the future. We cannot accurately estimate the net ultimate impact, positive or negative, to medical services expense at this time.

Given the disruption caused by COVID-19, it is unclear whether our physicians will be able to document the health conditions of our members as comprehensively as they did in historical periods. Because risk adjustment factors in the current period are based on the preceding year’s diagnosed disease conditions, our revenue in future periods may be adversely impacted.

 

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On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted to provide economic relief to individuals and businesses facing economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 public health emergency. The CARES Act includes, among other things, provisions relating to payroll tax credits and deferrals, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credits refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The changes in tax law did not have a material impact on our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. We will continue to monitor possible future impacts of changes in tax legislation.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—The spread of, and response to, the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, underscores certain risks we face and the rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact to us of COVID-19.”

Key Financial and Operating Metrics

All of our key metrics exclude historical results from our California operations, which are included as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements. See “—California Operations.”

We monitor the following key financial and operating metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions. We believe the following key metrics are useful in evaluating our business (dollars in thousands):

 

		As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019				% change
MA members(1)			131,000				90,200				45	%
Medical services revenue		$	1,214,270			$	788,566				54	%
Medical margin		$	192,393			$	63,192				204	%
Network contribution(2)		$	99,016			$	25,598				287	%
Adjusted EBITDA(2)		$	5,827			$	(56,711	)			110	%

 

(1)	Excludes MA members with physician groups contracted to go-live on January 1, 2021.

(2)	Network contribution and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information, including reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Medicare Advantage Members

Our MA members include all individuals enrolled in an MA plan that are attributed to the PCPs on our platform at the end of a given period.

Medical Services Revenue

Our medical services revenue consists of capitation revenue under contracts with various payors. Under the typical capitation arrangement, we are entitled to PMPM fees to provide a defined range of healthcare services for MA health plan members through our contracted physician partners and affiliated PCPs. Such fees are typically based on a defined percentage of corresponding premium which payors receive from CMS. We recognize capitation revenue over the period eligible members are entitled to receive healthcare services.

Medical Margin

Medical margin represents the amount earned from medical services revenue after medical services expenses are deducted. Medical services expense represents costs incurred for medical services provided to our

 

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members. As our platform matures over time, we expect medical margin to increase in absolute dollars. However, medical margin PMPM may vary as the percentage of new members brought onto our platform fluctuates. New membership added to the platform is typically dilutive to medical margin PMPM. Furthermore, in light of COVID-19, we continue to evaluate the ultimate impact of the pandemic on medical margin.

The following table presents our medical margin (dollars in thousands):

 

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Medical services revenue		$	1,214,270			$	788,566
Medical services expense			(1,021,877	)			(725,374	)
Medical margin		$	192,393			$	63,192

Network Contribution

We define network contribution as medical services revenue less the sum of: (i) medical services expense and (ii) other medical expenses excluding costs incurred in implementing geographies. Other medical expenses consist of physician incentive expense related to surplus sharing and other direct medical expenses incurred to improve care for our members. We believe this metric provides insight into the economics of our Total Care Model as it includes all medical services expense associated with our members’ care as well as partner incentive and additional medical costs we incur as part of our aligned partnership model. Other medical expenses are largely variable and proportionate to the level of surplus in each respective geography.

The following table presents our network contribution (dollars in thousands):

 

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Medical services revenue		$	1,214,270			$	788,566
Medical services expense			(1,021,877	)			(725,374	)
Other medical expenses—live geographies(1)			(93,377	)			(37,594	)
Network contribution		$	99,016			$	25,598

 

(1)	Excludes costs in geographies for which we are contracted to go live in January of the following period. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, costs incurred in implementing geographies were $8.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for information regarding our use of network contribution and a reconciliation of income (loss) from operations to network contribution.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude: (i) income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, (ii) interest expense, (iii) income tax expense (benefit), (iv) depreciation and amortization costs, (v) geography entry costs, (vi) share-based compensation expense, (vii) severance and related expense and (viii) certain other items that are not considered by us in the evaluation of ongoing operating performance. Net income (loss) is the most directly comparable GAAP measure to Adjusted EBITDA.

See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for information regarding our use of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA.

 

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California Operations

During 2020, we implemented a plan to divest all of our California operations, which includes the entirety of our Medicaid line of business, via three separate transactions with different parties. In August 2020, we disposed of our Southern California operations for a gross sale price of $2.5 million and recognized a gain on sale of $1.3 million. In October 2020, we disposed of our Fresno, California operations for a gross sales price of $26.0 million and recognized a gain on sale of approximately $19.1 million. In December 2020, we signed a definitive agreement to sell our remaining California operations for a gross sales price of $1.0 million. The sale closed in February 2021. For the Southern California and Fresno divestiture transactions, we will continue to be responsible for any liabilities arising from the business which were incurred prior to the closing date of each transaction, including any fines, penalties and other sanctions relating to the DMHC matter described elsewhere in this prospectus, the payment of claims for medical services incurred prior to the effective date of each transaction, a liability for unrecognized tax benefits for which we are indemnified and other contingent liabilities that we currently believe are remote. See “Note 8. Medical Claims and Related Payables,” “Note 14. Income Taxes” and “Note 19. Discontinued Operations” in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our California operations are reflected in the consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations. Income (loss) from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes $3.7 million of severance related to the disposition of our California operations.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenues

Medical Services Revenue

Our medical services revenue consists of capitation revenue under contracts with various payors. Under the typical capitation arrangement, we are entitled to PMPM fees to provide a defined range of healthcare services for MA health plan members through our contracted physician partners and affiliated PCPs. Such fees are typically based on a defined percentage of corresponding premium which payors receive from CMS. We recognize capitation revenue over the period eligible members are entitled to receive healthcare services.

Medical services revenue constitutes substantially all of our total revenue, accounting for 100% and 99% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

For additional discussion related to our revenue, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates—Revenue Recognition” and Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Operating Expenses

Medical Services Expense

In each of our geographies, a network of physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers provide care to our members. Medical services expense represents costs incurred for medical services provided to our members. Our medical services expense trends primarily relate to changes in per visit costs incurred by our members, along with changes in health system and provider utilization of services. Medical services expenses are recognized in the period in which services are provided and include estimates of our obligations for medical services that have been rendered by third parties, but for which claims have either not yet been received, processed or paid.

For additional discussion related to our medical services expense, see “—Critical Accounting Estimates— Medical Services Expense and Related Payables” and Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

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Other Medical Expenses

Other medical expenses include: (i) partner physician incentive expense and (ii) other provider costs. Partner physician incentive expense represents incentive obligations to our physician partners corresponding to a portion of the surplus generated in our geographies, which is a function of medical services revenues less the sum of medical services expenses, other provider costs and market operating costs, for the respective geography. Physician payment amounts payable are reconciled quarterly, and settlement payments are typically issued to providers on an annual basis in arrears, with interim payments issued periodically. Other provider costs include payments for additional incentives support physician-patient engagement, certain other medical costs, and other care management expenses that help to create medical cost efficiency. Other provider costs include costs incurred for payments for geographies that are in implementation and are not yet generating revenue.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of market-based support personnel and other operating costs to support our geographies, personnel and other operating costs to support our enterprise functions, and investments to support development and expansion of our physician partners. Our enterprise functions include salaries and related expenses, stock-based compensation, operational support expenses, technology infrastructure, finance, legal, as well as other costs associated with the continued growth of our platform. For the purposes of calculating physician partner incentive expense, we allocate a portion of our enterprise general and administrative expenses to our geographies.

General and administrative expenses also include severance, investments to support the development and expansion of our physician partners, management fees paid to our majority shareholder and accruals for unasserted claims.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses are associated with our property and equipment and acquired intangible assets. Depreciation includes expenses associated with buildings, computer and network equipment, furniture and fixtures, and leasehold improvements. Amortization primarily includes expenses associated with acquired intangible assets.

Other Income (Expense)

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net includes the following items:

 

•

Interest income, which consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents; and

 

•

Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our outstanding debt, including amortization of debt discounts and costs.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

We are subject to corporate U.S. federal, state and local income taxation. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management believes it is not more likely than not to be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income.

 

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Management makes estimates and judgments about future taxable income based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans and estimates.

Total Discontinued Operations

Total discontinued operations consist of the results of our California operations, which includes the entirety of our Medicaid line of business.

Results of Operations

 

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
		(dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Medical services revenue		$	1,214,270			$	788,566
Other operating revenue			4,063				5,845
Total revenues			1,218,333				794,411
Expenses:
Medical services expense			1,021,877				725,374
Other medical expenses			102,306				40,526
General and administrative			137,292				122,832
Depreciation and amortization			13,531				12,253
Total expenses			1,275,006				900,985
Income (loss) from operations			(56,673	)			(106,574	)
Other income (expense):
Other income (expense), net			2,465				955
Interest expense			(8,135	)			(9,068	)
Income (loss) before income taxes			(62,343	)			(114,687	)
Income tax benefit (expense)			(865	)			232
Income from continuing operations			(63,208	)			(114,455	)
Discontinued operations:
Income (loss) before impairments, gain (loss) on sales and income taxes			(20,049	)			(86,108	)
Impairments			—				(98,343	)
Gain (loss) on sales of assets, net			20,401				—
Income tax benefit (expense)			2,804				16,166
Total discontinued operations			3,156				(168,285	)
Net income (loss)			(60,052	)			(282,740	)
Noncontrolling interests’ share in discontinued operations			—				152
Net income (loss) attributable to common shares		$	(60,052	)		$	(282,588	)

 

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The following table presents our results of operations as a percentage of total revenues:

 

		Year Ended December 31,
		2020				2019
Revenues:
Medical services revenue			100	%			99	%
Other operating revenue			—				1
Total revenues			100	%			100
Expenses:
Medical services expense			84				91
Other medical expenses			8				5
General and administrative			11				15
Depreciation and amortization			1				2
Total expenses			105				113
Income (loss) from operations			(5	)			(13	)
Other income (expense):
Other income (expense), net			—				—
Interest expense			(1	)			(1	)
Income (loss) before income taxes			(5	)			(14	)
Income tax benefit (expense)			—				—
Income from continuing operations			(5	)			(14	)
Discontinued operations:
Income (loss) before impairments, gain (loss) on sales and income taxes			(2	)			(11	)
Impairments			—				(12	)
Gain (loss) on sales of assets, net			2				—
Income tax benefit (expense)			—				2
Total discontinued operations			—				(21	)
Net income (loss)			(5	)			(36	)
Noncontrolling interests’ share in discontinued operations			—				—
Net income (loss) attributable to common shares			(5	)%			(36	)%

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

Medical Services Revenue

 

		Year Ended December 31,								Change
		2020				2019				$				%
		(dollars in thousands)
Medical services revenue		$	1,214,270			$	788,566			$	425,704				54	%
% of total revenues			100	%			99	%

Medical services revenue increased by 54%, due primarily to growth in average membership of 46% which was attributable to four new geographies that began to generate revenue in 2020 and growth in our existing geographies. The increase in medical services revenue was also driven, to a lesser extent, by a 6% increase in PMPM capitation rates.

 

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