UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

OR

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number 001-37769

VBI VACCINES INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

222 Third Street, Suite 2241

Cambridge, MA 02142

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(617) 830-3031

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2020, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the last sale price of the common equity was $499,170,016

As of February 26, 2021, the registrant had 254,004,515 common shares issued and outstanding, with no par value per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A to be furnished to stockholders in connection with its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

VBI VACCINES INC.

FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VBI Vaccines, Sci-B-Vac, our logo, and other trademarks or service marks appearing in this report are the property of VBI Vaccines Inc. or its subsidiaries. Trade names, trademarks, and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, and trade names included in this report are without the ®, ™, or other applicable symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks, and trade names.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “will”, “may,” or other similar expressions in this Form 10-K. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions; prospective products, applications, customers, and technologies; future performance or results of anticipated products; anticipated expenses; and projected financial results. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations, and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy, and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions, and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Form 10-K, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make or collaborations or strategic partnerships we may enter into.

You should read this Form 10-K and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Form 10-K is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “VBI,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to VBI Vaccines Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Unless indicated otherwise, all references to the United States Dollar, Dollar, or $ are to the United States Dollar, the legal currency of the United States of America and all references to € mean Euros, the legal currency of the European Union. We may also refer to NIS, which is the New Israeli Shekel, the legal currency of Israel, and the Canadian Dollar or CAD, which is the legal currency of Canada.

Except for share and per share amounts or as otherwise specified, amounts presented are stated in thousands.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

VBI Vaccines Inc. (“VBI”) is a biopharmaceutical company driven by immunology to deliver powerful prevention and treatment of disease. Through its innovative approach to virus-like particles (“VLPs”), including a proprietary enveloped VLP (“eVLP”) platform technology, VBI develops vaccine candidates that mimic the natural presentation of viruses, designed to elicit the innate power of the human immune system. VBI is committed to targeting and overcoming significant infectious diseases, including hepatitis B, coronaviruses, and cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), as well as aggressive cancers including glioblastoma (“GBM”). VBI is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and a research and manufacturing site in Rehovot, Israel.

Product Pipeline – Lead Program Candidates

VBI’s pipeline is comprised of vaccine and immunotherapeutic candidates developed by virus-like particle technologies to target two distinct, but often related, disease areas – infectious disease and oncology. We prioritize the development of candidates for disease targets that are challenging, underserved, and where the human immune system, when powered and stimulated appropriately, can be a formidable opponent.

VLP vaccines are a type of sub-unit vaccine, in which only the portions of viruses critical for eliciting an immune response are presented to the body. Because of their structural similarity to viruses presented in nature, including their particulate nature and repetitive structure, virus-like particles (VLPs) can stimulate potent immune responses. VLPs can be customized to present any protein antigen, including multiple antibody and T cell targets, making them, we believe, ideal technologies for the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, only a few antigenic proteins self-assemble into VLPs, which limit the number of potential targets. Notably, HBV antigens are among those that are able to spontaneously form orderly VLP structures. VBI’s proprietary enveloped VLP (eVLP) platform technology expands the list of potentially-viable target indications for VLPs by providing a stable core (Gag Protein) and lipid bilayer (the “envelope”). It is a flexible platform that enables the synthetic manufacture of an “enveloped” VLP, or “eVLP”, which looks structurally and morphologically similar to the virus, with no infectious material.

A summary of these programs and recent developments follows.

Prophylactic Pipeline

3-antigen HBV Vaccine

A scientifically-differentiated approach to HBV vaccination, our 3-antigen HBV vaccine candidate expresses all three surface antigens of HBV – pre-S1, pre-S2, and S. Published data demonstrate pre-S1 antigens induce key neutralizing antibodies that block virus receptor binding, and T cell responses to pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens can further boost responses to the S antigen. Our 3-antigen HBV vaccine is further distinguished from other commercially available HBV vaccines because it is produced in mammalian cells (Chinese hamster ovary “CHO” cells) rather than in yeast.

Our 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine is approved for use and commercially available in Israel, under the brand name Sci-B-Vac^®, and successfully completed its pivotal Phase III program in the United States, Europe, and Canada in January 2020. This Phase III program consisted of two Phase III studies – PROTECT and CONSTANT – designed to assess efficacy and safety of VBI’s 3-antigen HBV vaccines compared with Engerix-B^®, a single-antigen HBV vaccine, and lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency of three consecutive lots of VBI’s vaccine. As announced in June 2019 and January 2020, results from these two studies showed VBI’s 3-antigen vaccine achieved: (1) non-inferiority of seroprotection rate (SPR) in all adults age 18 and older (VBI: 91.4% vs. Engerix-B: 76.5%); (2) superiority (as defined in the clinical protocol) of SPR in adults age 45 and older (VBI: 89.4% vs. Engerix-B: 73.1%); (3) higher SPR and titers at all time points across all subgroup populations, including age, diabetic status, and obesity; (4) a safety profile consistent with the known safety profile of the vaccine and comparable to that of Engerix-B; and (5) manufacturing consistency.

The completed Phase III studies support the regulatory submissions to the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”); the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”); the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products, Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”); and Health Canada. We submitted our Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”) to the EMA on November 23, 2020, which was accepted for review on December 22, 2020, and the Biologics License Application (“BLA”) to the FDA on November 30, 2020, which was accepted for review on January 29, 2021. As part of the review process, the FDA has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of November 30, 2021. The submissions to UK and Health Canada are in process and we expect to complete those regulatory filings in 2021.

On December 7, 2020, we announced a partnership for the commercialization of our 3-antigen HBV vaccine with Syneos Health (“Syneos”), who was selected for their robust and innovative commercialization experience and deep vaccine expertise, including successful partnerships with leading vaccine manufacturers.

VBI-2900: Coronavirus Vaccine Program (VBI-2901 & VBI-2902)

In response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, VBI initiated development of a prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses by nature which make them a prime target for VBI’s flexible eVLP platform technology.

On March 31, 2020, we announced a collaboration with the National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”), Canada’s largest federal research and development organization, to develop a coronavirus vaccine candidate. The collaboration combines VBI’s viral vaccine expertise, eVLP technology platform, and coronavirus antigens with the NRC’s uniquely designed SARS-CoV-2 antigens and assay development capabilities to select the most immunogenic vaccine candidate for further development.

On July 3, 2020, we and the NRC as represented by its Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”) signed a contribution agreement whereby the NRC agreed to contribute up to CAD $1 million for the transfer and scale-up of the technical production process for our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program.

On August 5, 2020, we announced that VBI Cda had been awarded up to a CAD$56 million contribution from the Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”), established by the Government of Canada, to support the Company’s coronavirus vaccine development program through Phase II clinical studies. This award is governed by the terms of a Contribution Agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”), dated September 16, 2020, with Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry, pursuant to which our subsidiary, Variation Biotechnologies Inc., is obligated to develop a novel, broadly reactive coronavirus vaccine against COVID-19, SARS, and MERS, and/or a monovalent vaccine targeting only COVID-19 through Phase II studies. We agreed to complete such project in or before the first quarter of 2022, which will be conducted exclusively in Canada, except as permitted otherwise under certain circumstances.

On August 26, 2020, we announced data from three pre-clinical studies conducted to enable selection of optimized clinical candidates for our coronavirus vaccine program. As a result of these studies, VBI selected two vaccine candidates, with the goal of bringing forward candidates that add meaningful clinical and medical benefit to those already approved – be it as a one-dose administration and/or providing broader protection against known and future mutated strains of COVID-19: (1) VBI-2901, a trivalent pan-coronavirus vaccine candidate expressing the COVID-19, SARS, and MERS spike proteins; and (2) VBI-2902, a monovalent vaccine candidate expressing an optimized “prefusion” form of the COVID-19 spike protein. The initial clinical study of the first candidate (VBI-2902) is expected to initiate in March 2021, subject to release of clinical materials and regulatory approval. Work is ongoing to further optimize and manufacture VBI-2901, with the anticipation that a Phase I/II study will begin later in 2021. On December 21, 2020, we signed an amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to broaden the scope of collaboration to include certain pre-clinical evaluations, bioprocess optimization, technology transfer, and the performance of additional scale up work. The amendment also extended the expiry date of the agreement to March 15, 2022.

VBI-1501: Prophylactic CMV Vaccine Candidate

CMV may cause severe infections in newborn children (congenital CMV) and may also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. Our prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate uses the eVLP platform to express a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B (“gB”) antigen and is adjuvanted with alum, an adjuvant used in FDA-approved products.

Following the successful completion of the Phase I study in May 2018, and positive discussions with Health Canada, we announced plans for a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-1501 on December 20, 2018. We received similarly positive guidance from the FDA in July 2019. The Phase II study is expected to assess the safety and immunogenicity of dosages of VBI-1501 up to 20µg with alum. We are currently evaluating the timing of the Phase II study.

Therapeutic Pipeline

VBI-2601: HBV Immunotherapeutic Candidate

VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is our novel, recombinant, protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in development for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, a disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Chronic HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocellular cancer, and other liver disease, making it a life-threatening global health problem. VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is formulated to induce broad immunity against HBV virus, including T-cell immunity which plays an important role in controlling HBV infection.

VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is in an ongoing Phase Ib/IIa study in patients with chronic HBV infection, which initiated enrollment in November 2019, and is being conducted by our partner Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”) pursuant to a Collaboration and License Agreement (“License Agreement”) announced on December 6, 2018. The Phase Ib/IIa study is a randomized, controlled study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, antiviral and immunological activity of VBI-2601 (BRII-179). The study is designed as a two-part dose-escalation study assessing different dose levels of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with and without an immunomodulatory adjuvant and enrolled 46 patients. The study is being conducted at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China.

On November 18, 2020, we announced interim data from the low-dose cohorts, which achieved human proof-of-concept, demonstrating restoration of both antibody and T cell responses in chronically-infected HBV patients. The data showed 1) potent re-stimulation of T cell responses to HBV surface antigens in 67% (n=6/9) and 78% (n=7/9) of evaluable patients in the low-dose VBI-2601 unadjuvanted and adjuvanted study arms, respectively; and 2) antibody responses against HBV surface antigens in 60% of evaluable patients (n=6/10) in the unadjuvanted cohort and in 67% (n=6/9) in the adjuvanted cohort. The low-dose, with and without the adjuvant, was well-tolerated with no safety signals observed. Based on the results of this study, Brii Bio is planning to initiate a Phase II clinical study in Q1 2021 to assess the safety and efficacy of the combination of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) and BRII-835 (VIR-2218), a novel, investigational RNA interference therapeutic, in chronically infected HBV patients who are on stable nucleos(t)ide therapies.

VBI-1901: CMV-Associated Cancer Vaccine Immunotherapeutic Candidate

Our cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic program, VBI-1901, targets CMV proteins present in tumor cells. CMV is associated with a number of solid tumors including glioblastoma (“GBM”), breast cancer, and pediatric medulloblastoma.

In January 2018, we initiated dosing in a two-part, multi-center, open-label Phase I/IIa clinical study of VBI-1901 in 38 patients with recurrent GBM. Phase I (Part A) of the study was a dose-escalation phase that defined the safety, tolerability, and optimal dose level of VBI-1901 adjuvanted with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in recurrent GBM patients with any number of prior recurrences. In December 2018, this phase completed enrollment of 18 patients across three dose cohorts, the highest of which (10 µg) was selected as the optimal dose level to test in the Phase IIa portion (Part B) of the study. Phase IIa of the study, which initiated enrollment in July 2019, is a subsequent extension of the 10 µg doses level cohort. This phase is a two-arm study that enrolled 20 first-recurrent GBM patients to receive 10 µg of VBI-1901 in combination with either GM-CSF or GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”) proprietary adjuvant system, AS01, as immunomodulatory adjuvants. AS01 is provided pursuant to a Clinical Collaboration and Support Study Agreement (“Collaboration Agreement”) we entered into with GSK on September 10, 2019. Enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm was completed in March 2020 and enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with AS01 was completed in October 2020.

Data from the ongoing Phase IIa portion of the study was announced throughout 2020, with the latest data presented in November 2020 at the Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) 2020 Annual Meeting. This data showed two partial responses (“PRs”) and two stable disease (“SD”) observed in the VBI-1901 plus GM-CSF vaccinated group, resulting in a disease control rate of 40% (n=4/10). A 56% disease control rate was achieved in the group vaccinated with VBI-1901 plus AS01, with 5 stable disease observations (n=5/9). Presumed pseudoprogression was observed in both vaccinated groups, defined as immune infiltration into the tumor which appears initially as tumor growth but later subsides resulting in tumor growth stabilization and/or shrinkage. In the VBI-1901 plus GM-CSF study arm, a normal baseline CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was identified as a biomarker associated with tumor response. In the VBI-1901 plus AS01 study arm, however, tumor responses were seen regardless of this biomarker, suggesting that AS01 may help overcome deficits in immune function.

VBI-1901 continues to be safe and well tolerated at all doses tested, with no safety signals observed.

Based on the data seen to-date, VBI is exploring a randomized, controlled, clinical study with registration potential for the next phase of development, which, subject to approval from regulatory bodies, is expected to begin in 2021.

In addition to the lead program candidates described above, we may also seek to in-license clinical-stage vaccines or vaccine-related technologies that we believe complement our product and pipeline portfolio, in addition to technologies that may supplement our therapeutic and preventative vaccination efforts in both immuno-oncology and infectious disease.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business

In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, and on March 12, 2020, the WHO declared the global outbreak of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, to be a pandemic. In an effort to contain and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, many countries, including the United States, Canada, Israel and China, have imposed unprecedented restrictions on travel, quarantines, and other public health safety measures. According to the WHO situation report, dated as of January 5, 2021, approximately 83.3 million cases were reported globally and 1.8 million of these were deadly, making the development of effective vaccines to prevent this disease a major global priority. Multiple vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are under development, and in December 2020, certain large, multinational pharmaceutical companies were granted authorizations for emergency use by the FDA. In the United States, widespread distribution of the currently available vaccines has begun pursuant to Operation Warp Speed, a partnership among components of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the Department of Defense, as well as certain private firms and other federal agencies. The treatments for COVID-19, including symptomatic and supportive therapies, among other things, continue to be updated on a rolling basis by healthcare authorities and agencies.

Since early in the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 variants started to emerge and certain of these variants have been identified as having a significant public health impact. In December 2020 the United Kingdom reported to WHO a variant that contains 23 nucleotide substitutions associated with increased transmissibility. Also, in December 2020, South Africa reported to WHO a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 named 501Y.V2. The 501Y.V2 variant is associated with a higher viral load and increased transmissibility, and may be less sensitive to neutralizing antibody responses elicited by currently available COVID-19 vaccines. VBI is closely following changing SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and plans to study the impact of specific mutations that may impact vaccine efficacy and vaccine design. Further investigations are required to understand the impact of specific mutations on viral properties and the effectiveness of vaccines.

The ultimate impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to future developments. Relevant factors include but are not limited to the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of new variants, and any additional preventative and protective actions that regulators, or our board of directors or management may determine are needed. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our vaccine development efforts, healthcare systems, or the global economy as a whole. However, the effects may have a material impact on our operations, liquidity, and capital resources, and we continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to operate in isolated groups, to reduce exposure risk, and with fewer employees on site at both our manufacturing facility in Israel, where we manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601, and at our research and development laboratories in Ottawa, Canada. Our manufacturing facility in Israel and contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”) that we engage to manufacture our eVLP vaccine candidates are dependent on sourcing raw materials from third party suppliers. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted lead times and availability of many raw materials, which may adversely impact our ability to manufacture products in a timely manner. Further, restrictions on our ability to travel, stay-at-home orders and other similar restrictions on our business have limited our ability to support our operations.

We have two ongoing clinical studies being conducted at clinical sites worldwide: the ongoing Phase Ib/IIa clinical study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China, and the ongoing Phase I/IIa clinical study of VBI-1901 at various hospitals in the United States. In addition to the active clinical studies, we have several planned clinical studies expected to begin in 2021, including: a Phase II study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) to be conducted by Brii Bio at multiple study sites in Asia Pacific countries; a further clinical study with VBI-1901 to be conducted by VBI in the United States; and the clinical evaluation of our coronavirus vaccine candidates in Canada. The enrollment of patients at some of the clinical sites in our studies was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and may again be suspended, and enrollment of patients at other clinical sites may be suspended or delayed as hospitals and clinics where we are conducting or planning to conduct clinical trials may reallocate resources and limit access to or close clinical facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, if our trial participants are unable to travel to or visit to our clinical study sites as a result of quarantines or other restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we will experience higher drop-out rates or delays in our clinical studies. Government-imposed quarantines and restrictions may also require us to temporarily close our clinical sites, research laboratories, or manufacturing facility. Furthermore, if we determine that our trial participants may suffer from exposure to COVID-19 as a result of their participation in our clinical trials, we may voluntarily close certain clinical sites as a safety measure until we reasonably believe that the likelihood of exposure has subsided. As a result, our expected development timelines for VBI-2601 (BRII-179), VBI-1901, our coronavirus vaccine candidates, and possibly our regulatory timelines for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate, may be negatively impacted.

Severe and/or long-term disruptions in our operations will negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition in other ways, as well. Specifically, we anticipate that the stress of COVID-19 on healthcare systems generally around the globe will negatively impact regulatory authorities and the third parties that we may engage in connection with the development and testing of our coronavirus vaccine candidates.

In addition, while the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of, COVID-19 may be difficult to assess or predict, it has significantly disrupted global financial markets, and may limit our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity. A recession or market correction resulting from the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic may occur and could materially affect our business and the value of our common shares.

Finally, the FDA announced in March 2020 that it is temporarily postponing regulatory inspections of overseas facilities, such as our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel. This could cause a number of delays and/or issues for our operations, but most importantly, could delay the review of the BLA we submitted for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate, which could delay its approval beyond the current PDUFA target action date of November 30, 2021 (which such approval is not guaranteed). Any such delays would have a material adverse impact on our ability to commercialize our HBV vaccine candidate in the United States.

Corporate History

We were incorporated under the laws of British Columbia by Memorandum of Association on April 9, 1965 under the name “Alice Arm Molybendum Co. Ltd.” On October 21, 1965, we changed our name to “Alice Arm Mining Ltd.” and subsequently, on July 13, 1975, changed our name to “New Congress Resources Ltd.” On January 12, 1983, we changed our name to “Levon Resources Ltd.”

On July 9, 2015, we, then known as Levon Resources Ltd. (“Levon”), completed a plan of arrangement (the “Levon Merger”) pursuant to which SciVac Ltd. (“SciVac”), an Israel based company, completed a reverse takeover of Levon. Levon changed its name from Levon Resources Ltd. to SciVac Therapeutics Inc. and SciVac became our wholly-owned subsidiary.

On May 6, 2016, we completed our acquisition of VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc. (“VBI DE”), pursuant to which Seniccav Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiary, merged with and into VBI DE, with VBI DE continuing as the surviving corporation and as our wholly-owned subsidiary (the “VBI-SciVac Merger”). Upon completion of the VBI-SciVac Merger, we (then named “SciVac Therapeutics Inc.”) changed our name to “VBI Vaccines Inc.” and received approval for the listing of our common shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Our common shares commenced trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market at the opening of trading on May 9, 2016 under our new name and the symbol “VBIV.” Following the effective time of the VBI-SciVac Merger, our common shares began to trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the new symbol “VBV.” Effective as of March 23, 2018, we voluntarily delisted our common shares from the TSX.

Our registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver British Columbia V6C 2X8. Our principal executive offices are located at 222 Third St. Suite 2241, Cambridge, MA 02142. Our manufacturing operations are located at 13 Gad Feinstein Road, POB 580, Rehovot, Israel 7610303 and our research operations are located at 310 Hunt Club Road East, Suite 201, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1V 1C1.

Background of VBI DE

VBI DE was originally established in 1970 as Paulson Capital Corp., an Oregon corporation (“Paulson Oregon”), which began as a holding company whose operating subsidiary, Paulson Investment Company, Inc., was a full-service brokerage firm. Effective March 20, 2014, Paulson Oregon changed its state of incorporation from the State of Oregon to the State of Delaware, and as a result, Paulson Oregon became “Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp.” and Paulson Oregon ceased to exist.

On July 25, 2014, Variation Biotechnologies (US), Inc. (“VBI US”) completed its merger with VBI Acquisition Corp. (“Merger Sub”), a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp., whereby Merger Sub merged with and into VBI US, with VBI US continuing as the surviving corporation. As a result of this merger, VBI US was acquired by, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Paulson Capital (Delaware) Corp., which changed its name to VBI Vaccines Inc. and then subsequently to VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc. on July 19, 2016.

Subsidiaries

SciVac, located in Rehovot, Israel, is our wholly-owned subsidiary that was incorporated on April 18, 2005 pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law (1999), as amended.

VBI DE, a Delaware corporation, is our wholly-owned subsidiary.

VBI US, a Delaware corporation, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of VBI DE and was incorporated on December 18, 2006 in the State of Delaware.

Variation Biotechnologies Inc. (“VBI Cda”), located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of VBI US, was incorporated on August 24, 2001 under the Canada Business Corporations Act.

SciVac Hong Kong Limited, is a wholly-owned subsidiary, and was incorporated pursuant to the Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) on January 29, 2019.

VBI Vaccines B.V., is a wholly-owned subsidiary, and was incorporated on October 21, 2020 in the Netherlands.

Contractual Arrangements

Collaboration and License Agreement with Brii Biosciences – VBI-2601 (BRII-179)

On December 4, 2018, we entered into the License Agreement with Brii Bio, pursuant to which, among other things, subject to terms and conditions set forth in the License Agreement:

Pursuant to the License Agreement and the initial development plan, Brii Bio shall fund all clinical trials for the Licensed Territory. We and Brii Bio will jointly own all right, title and interest in the joint know-how development and the patents claiming joint inventions made pursuant to the License Agreement.

As part of the consideration for the collaboration, we received from Brii Bio a total upfront payment of $11 million. We are also eligible to receive an additional $117.5 million in potential milestone payments, along with potential low double-digit royalties on commercial sales in the Licensed Territory. In connection with the License Agreement, we and Brii Bio entered into a stock purchase agreement, dated as of December 4, 2018, pursuant to which we issued to Brii Bio an aggregate of 2,295,082 common shares in exchange for a gross contractual allocation of $7 million (included in the $11 million upfront payment), or $3.05 per share, which had a fair value of $3.6 million on the date of issuance.

The License Agreement will be in effect until the last-to-expire of the latest of the following terms in each region of the Licensed Territory: (i) expiration, invalidation or lapse of the last of our patent claiming a Licensed Product, (ii) 10 years from the date of first commercial sale of a Licensed Product in the applicable region, or (iii) termination or expiration of our obligation to pay third party royalties with respect to sales of a Licensed Product. Upon expiration (but not an earlier termination) of the License Agreement in each region of the Licensed Territory, we will grant Brii Bio a perpetual, non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free license under our technology related to the Licensed Compounds (as defined in the License Agreement) or Licensed Products pursuant to the License Agreement in such region to make and sell Licensed Products for the diagnosis and treatment of HBV in such region. Each party may terminate the License Agreement upon a material breach of the License Agreement which has not been cured within 60 days (or 30 days for a breach payment obligations) after notice from the terminating party requesting cure of the breach, or upon bankruptcy or insolvency, either voluntary or involuntary, dissolution, or liquidation of a party. In addition, Brii Bio may terminate the License Agreement without cause upon 180 days’ notice or, if the Data and Safety Monitoring Board or any regulatory authority in the Licensed Territory imposes a clinical hold on any clinical trial for a Licensed Product for six consecutive months, immediately upon notice. We may terminate the License Agreement immediately upon notice, if Brii Bio or its affiliates, directly, or indirectly through any third party, commences any interference or opposition proceeding with respect to, challenges the validity or enforceability of, or opposes any extension of or the grant of a supplementary protection certificate with respect to, any patents owned or controlled by us related to the composition or the method of making or using Licensed Compounds or Licensed Products, or are otherwise necessary or useful to research, develop, make, or otherwise commercialize the licensed compounds or Licensed Products.

Prior to us entering into the License Agreement, we paid $6 million to terminate a distribution agreement with a third party who previously held certain distribution rights to certain Asian markets.

Ferring and SciGen License Agreements

Our manufactured and marketed product, a 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine, is the subject of a license agreement between Savient Pharmaceuticals Inc. and SciGen Ltd dated June 2004, as subsequently amended (the “Ferring License Agreement”). Under the Ferring License Agreement, we are committed to pay Ferring royalties equal to 7% of net sales (as defined therein) of HBsAg “Product” (as defined therein). Under an Assignment Agreement between FDS Pharma LLP and SciGen Ltd., dated February 14, 2012 (the “SciGen Assignment Agreement”), we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods.

Royalty payments under the Ferring License Agreement of $20 and $38, were recorded in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Royalty payments under the SciGen Assignment Agreement of $14 and $27 were recorded in cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

In addition, we are committed to pay 30% of any and all non-royalty consideration, in any form, received by us from sub-licensees (other than consideration based on net sales for which a royalty is due under the Ferring License Agreement), provided that the payment of 30% shall not apply to a grant of rights in or relating to: (i) the Territory (as such term was defined in the Ferring License Agreement prior to an amendment dated January 24, 2005); or (ii) the Berna Territory (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement).

Government contribution agreements

On July 3, 2020, we and the NRC as represented by its Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”) signed a contribution agreement whereby the NRC agreed to contribute up to CAD $1 million for the transfer and scale-up of the technical production process for our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program.

On August 5, 2020, we announced that VBI Cda had been awarded up to a CAD$56 million contribution from the Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”), established by the Government of Canada, to support our coronavirus vaccine development program through Phase II clinical studies (the “Project”). This award is governed by the terms of a Contribution Agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”), dated September 16, 2020, with Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry, pursuant to which our subsidiary, Variation Biotechnologies Inc., is obligated to develop a novel, broadly reactive coronavirus vaccine against COVID-19, SARS, and MERS, and/or a monovalent vaccine targeting only COVID-19 through Phase II studies. We agreed to complete such project in or before the first quarter of 2022 (“Project Completion Date”), which will be conducted exclusively in Canada, except as permitted otherwise under certain circumstances.

Pursuant to the Contribution Agreement, the Minister will contribute an amount not exceeding the lesser of (i) 75% of VBI Cda’s costs incurred in respect of the Project, subject to certain eligibility limitations as set forth in the Contribution Agreement and (ii) CAD$55,976. In consideration of such contribution, we agreed to guarantee the complete performance and fulfillment of VBI Cda’s obligations under the Contribution Agreement. In the event VBI Cda fails to perform or otherwise satisfy any of its obligations related to the Contribution Agreement, we will become a primary obligor under the Contribution Agreement.

For the term of the Contribution Agreement, VBI Cda must have exclusive ownership of all intellectual property developed in connection with the Project (the “Project Intellectual Property”). Pursuant to the Contribution Agreement, we are required to obtain a consent of the Minister, not to be unreasonably withheld, prior to granting any right or license to any of the Project Intellectual Property and certain other intellectual properties that is required for the carrying out of the Project (the “Background Intellectual Property,”); subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Contribution Agreement. Furthermore, if we are unable to provide a sufficient Canada-sourced supply of the COVID-19 vaccine, the Minister may require us to grant a license on commercially reasonable terms to use the Project Intellectual Property and the Background Intellectual Property, but only to the extent necessary to ensure such supply.

Under the terms of the Contribution Agreement, we agreed to obtain the Minister’s written consent prior to (i) making significant changes in the scope, objectives, outcomes or benefits of the Project, (ii) dispose of any assets, which were, in whole or in part, funded by the Minister under the Agreement, and (iii) effecting a Change in Control (as defined in the Contribution Agreement). In addition, we will provide a written notice to the Minister of any acquisition of a business, the sale of a business or a merger or amalgamation.

In an event of default, subject to a rectification period available in certain circumstances, among other things, the Minister may (i) suspend or terminate its contribution to the Project and (ii) require repayment of all or part of the contribution paid by the Minster, together with interest from the day of demand at the interest rate set forth in the Contribution Agreement.

The Agreement will terminate no earlier than five years following the Project Completion Date unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the Contribution Agreement. The Contribution Agreement also contains confidentiality and indemnification obligations of the parties.

In connection with execution of the Contribution Agreement, we obtained a consent of K2 HealthVentures LLC pursuant to the Loan Agreement defined below. Pursuant to such consent, certain events of default that result in contributions made under the Contribution Agreement in excess of $500, becoming due and payable could result in an event of default under the Loan Agreement.

eVLP Technology

We are engaged in the inbound licensing of key intellectual property (“IP”). We identified the need for a vaccine antigen discovery and design platform and, through that certain sale and purchase agreement entered into on July 18, 2011 (the “Sale and Purchase Agreement”) among VBI Cda and ePixis SA (“ePixis”) and the shareholders of ePixis (collectively, the “Sellers”), acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of ePixis in order to obtain access to its exclusive rights to key IP covering its eVLP vaccine platform (the “Technology”), including patents (the “Acquired Patents”) covering the Technology. We paid a purchase price of €400 (approximately $450) for the ePixis shares and approximately $75 in related transaction costs. VBI Cda also agreed to make certain contingent payments to the Sellers as follows:

If any eVLP Product is commercialized by one or more sublicensees, we have agreed to make the following payments to the Sellers:

Included in the eVLP Acquired Patents were patents (the “UPMC Patents”) co-owned by L’Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, now Sorbonne Université (“UPMC”), and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (“INSERM”), both in Paris, France. In July 2006, ePixis entered into a license agreement (the “ePixis License Agreement”) with UPMC, INSERM, and L’école Normale Supérieure de Lyon (collectively the “Licensor”) pursuant to which the Licensor granted to ePixis an exclusive license (with the right to sublicense with written consent from UPMC) to exploit the UPMC Patents for the purpose of developing, promoting and marketing products within the United States, Japan, Canada, and Europe until the expiry of the last of the UPMC Patents, including any supplementary protection certificates. Pursuant to the ePixis License Agreement, ePixis was to pay certain fees to the Licensor based on net sales (as defined in the ePixis License Agreement) of products developed from the UPMC Patents, sublicensing income based on net sales (“Sublicensing Payments”) and one-time payments (“Lump Sum Payments”) for each product developed from the UPMC Patents. ePixis also agreed to reimburse UPMC for fees and costs related to filing and maintaining the patent applications.

On July 12, 2011, the parties to the ePixis License Agreement entered into the first amendment to the ePixis License Agreement (the “ePixis Amendment”). The ePixis Amendment authorized the transfer of the ePixis License Agreement to VBI Cda and laid out new financial terms and conditions for the rights granted under the ePixis License Agreement.

The ePixis Amendment provides that the fees to be paid to the Licensor by ePixis on net sales of eVLP Products based on the UPMC Patents will be 1.75% of net sales for annual sales between €0 and €50,000, 1% of net sales for annual sales between €50,000 and €100,000, and 0.75% of net sales for annual sales in excess of €100,000. Pursuant to the ePixis Amendment, Lump Sum Payments shall be made as follows:

UPMC is also a co-owner of the patent family covering our VBI-1501 CMV vaccine and we are currently negotiating extension of our existing license to cover this patent family.

Fees on income earned from sublicenses under the ePixis Amendment were revised as follows: 25% of any amounts received by ePixis for the sublicense if the sublicense is entered into prior to the start of Phase I clinical studies; 10% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into during Phase I clinical studies and prior to the start of Phase II clinical studies; 7% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into during Phase II clinical studies and prior to the start of Phase III clinical studies, and 5% of any amounts received by ePixis if the sublicense is entered into after the start of Phase III clinical studies. There was no change to the requirement that ePixis reimburse UPMC for fees and costs related to filing and maintaining the patent applications and patents.

The parties may terminate the ePixis License Agreement, as amended, by mutual agreement. There is also a cancellation right that may be exercised in the event of breach. UPMC may terminate the ePixis License Agreement if we, among other things, declare bankruptcy; do not put forth reasonable effort or are unable to develop and market the products, and, in particular, if we suspend the development of the products for more than six months; our inability to make the payments required by the ePixis License Agreement; lack of sales of a product, or lack of a signed sub-license agreement within one year from the date of acquiring AMM (Autorisation de mise sur le marché – Regulation of Therapeutic Goods) authorization, or the necessary equivalent authorization for the use of the products; and lack of sales of a product for more than two years after the initial marketing has taken place. During the year-ended December 31, 2016, VBI Cda paid UPMC €200 in milestone payments related to CMV Phase I clinical trial approval and start. During the year ended December 31, 2018, VBI Cda paid UPMC €200, in milestone payments related to the GBM Phase I/IIa clinical trial approval and start. No payments have been made in 2020 or 2019, however we are obligated to make a payment of €50 in 2021 in relation to our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program and to potentially make additional payments upon the start of any clinical studies.

Description of Operations

We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel and our research facility in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Cambridge headquarters allows us to leverage our location in a biotechnology hub, and provides us with access to experienced consultants and executive level talent.

We operate a proprietary, mammalian cell-derived vaccine manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, which we use to manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine, as well as clinical study supply of VBI-2601 (BRII-179). The facility was built in December 2006 and was GMP certified by the IMoH. It has also received IMoH authorization to release vaccine batches to export markets. In 2013, the EU entered into an agreement with Israel regarding conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products. This agreement recognizes Israel’s industrial standards as being equivalent to EU standards. It covers products for human and veterinary use (medicinal products, active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients) and procedures related to GMP. The agreement means that Israel and the EU recognize each other’s GMP inspection conclusions, manufacturing and import authorizations and certification of conformity of batches; however, our facility will have to pass FDA inspection as part of the BLA application process for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate in the United States. In 2018, we temporarily closed our manufacturing facility for modernization and capacity increase. We re-commenced operations in May 2019, and we received a certificate of GMP compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020. In addition to the GMP compliance certification, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine manufactured at the modernized facility. We increased the capacity of our manufacturing facility to be able to supply commercial quantities of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine upon marketing authorization and approval in the U.S., Europe, and Canada.

The Canadian research site benefits from its location in Canada’s National Capital Region, providing us with access to world-class research facilities. VBI Cda’s active research collaboration with the Canadian federal government’s NRC provides its staff with on-site access to the NRC’s animal facility for greater control over the testing of our pipeline candidates. NRC staff manages the general animal husbandry and maintenance requirements for VBI Cda’s animal research activities.

The three sites collaborate efficiently through the use of a unified information technology infrastructure and web-based video-conferencing services.

Commercialization

To date, where approved or available through our active named-patient program, our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine is distributed through a network of local distributors, and available under the brand name Sci-B-Vac^®.

On December 7, 2020, we announced our partnership with Syneos Health (“Syneos”) in preparation for the commercialization of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine in the U.S., Europe, and Canada, pending regulatory approvals. VBI and Syneos have been working together on the pre-launch strategy and activity since 2019, and have expanded the relationship to build the leadership team and field teams dedicated to VBI, incorporating full-service commercialization solutions. The Master Commercial Services Agreement (“Commercial Agreement”), dated December 17, 2019, has an initial term of five (5) years.  Details regarding activities, leaderships team, and field teams are covered in various work orders, entered into pursuant to and governed by the Commercial Agreement.

Customers

Our customers for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine are mainly physicians and pharmacists in markets where the product is approved.

Through SciVac, services are also made available to the biotechnology industry in Israel pursuant to an agreement with the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel) and ancillary to the core vaccine development and manufacturing focus.

In addition to direct sales of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine in approved territories, we are also engaged in the development of vaccine platforms and products which may be licensed to major pharmaceutical companies and larger biotechnology companies.

Competitors

Our products and pipeline candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by: rapid technological change; evolving industry standards; emerging competition; and new product introductions. Competitors have existing products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies and may develop and commercialize additional products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies. Because several competing companies and institutions may have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to: provide broader services and product lines; make greater investments in research and development (“R&D”); and carry on larger R&D initiatives. Competitors may also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking nonclinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. They may also have greater name recognition and better access to customers.

We face general market competition from several subsectors of the vaccine development field, including: large, multinational pharmaceutical companies including Sanofi S.A. (“Sanofi”), GSK, Merck & Co (“Merck”), Janssen Pharmaceutical, Inc (“Janssen”), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited and Pfizer, Inc. (“Pfizer”); mid-size pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotechnology companies including Dynavax Technologies Corporation (“Dynavax”), Novavax Inc., Moderna, Inc., BioNTech SE, and Hookipa Biotech AG; and academic and not-for-profit vaccine researchers and developers including the National Institutes of Health. The industry is typified by extensive collaboration, licensing, and merger and acquisition activity despite the intense competition.

Within the HBV vaccine space, we have several key competitors currently commercializing single-antigen HBV vaccines, including: GSK, the manufacturer of Engerix-B and Twinrix, Merck, the manufacturer of Recombivax HB, and Dynavax, the manufacturer of Heplisav-B.

Within the therapeutic HBV space, we face both competition from and potential collaboration with other developers of innovative HBV therapeutics designed to achieve a functional cure in combination with other therapeutics. Key large pharmaceutical companies in the space include: GSK, Janssen, Gilead Sciences, Inc, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (“Roche”). Additionally, there are a number of mid-size companies developing alternative approaches to treat HBV, including: VIR Biotechnology Inc., Arbutus Biopharma Corp, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals Inc, and Assembly Biosciences, Inc. It is not yet known which modes of action, or combinations thereof, will lead to a HBV functional cure.

Given the significant unmet medical need for GBM, there are numerous competitors seeking to develop new immunotherapies or vaccines to treat GBM. Among these, Immunomic Therapeutics Inc (“Immunomic”), Immatics Biotechnologies GmBH, Stemline Therapeutics Inc., Mimivax LLC, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc are developing vaccines that are also currently completing clinical studies. Immunomic’s approach also targets CMV antigens associated with GBM using a dendritic cell vaccine. Additional cell-based therapies and oncolytic viruses include those under clinical study by DNAtrix Inc, Transgene SA, and Ziopharm Oncology Inc.

Within the COVID vaccine space, over one hundred vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are under development, and in December 2020, two vaccines were granted authorizations for emergency use by the FDA – one from Pfizer, Inc./BioNTech SE and one from Moderna, Inc. In February 2021, an additional emergency use authorization was granted to Janssen. Additional emergency use authorizations and approvals are anticipated in 2021 and beyond. Key companies in the space with late-stage clinical or pre-approval vaccine candidates include, Novavax, Inc., AstraZeneca PLC, CureVac N.V., Medicago Inc., GSK, Sanofi S.A., Dynavax, and Valneva SE. Dozens of additional companies and institutions are running clinical studies, and we expect the COVID space to evolve rapidly over the next year.

Within the CMV vaccine space, we have several key competitors, some of whom are further advanced with their CMV vaccine development. Among these, Merck’s CMV vaccine entered Phase II testing in 2019 and Moderna Inc’s CMV vaccine is in Phase II. Additionally, Hookipa Biotech AG is engaged in clinical development of a prophylactic CMV vaccine.

Suppliers, Contractors and Collaborations

Suppliers

We rely on a single source for our supply of vials and certain raw materials required for the manufacturing of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine. We have supply agreements with these vendors intended to assure quality and flow of materials. Alternative sources from which we can obtain our supply of these materials is under assessment. We may not be able to find alternative suppliers in a timely manner that would provide supplies of these materials at acceptable quantities and prices, if at all. Additionally, critical supplies and reagents are also required by our Contractors for manufacturing and release testing of our eVLP-based pipeline candidates. Any interruption in the supply of these materials would disrupt our ability to manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and our pipeline candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Contractors

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations (“CROs”) for clinical trials and CDMOs for manufacturing of our eVLP vaccine candidates. We also enter into contracts in the normal course of operations with vendors for research studies, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice.

We engage CRO’s to conduct our clinical programs including the ongoing GBM Phase I/IIa clinical program and our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program. Our reliance on these CRO’s reduces our control over these activities and involves certain risks. See “Risk Factors” on page 21 for more information regarding the risks associated with our reliance on CROs.

We engage CDMOs to manufacture our eVLP vaccine candidates and these CDMOs are dependent on sourcing raw materials from third party suppliers. Our reliance on these CDMOs reduces our control over these activities and involves certain risks. See “Risk Factors” on page 21 for more information regarding the risks associated with our reliance on CDMOs.

We rely on a number of contractors to provide services to characterize and release our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine for Israel and on a named patient basis where it is not approved. While alternative contractors exist for these services, we may not be able to transition to alternative contractors in a manner that does not disrupt the normal course of manufacturing operations and the supply of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine.

Our novel vaccine development efforts depend on a number of key suppliers to continue our research operations. We have identified the following parties as key suppliers of reagents, technology or expertise which impact our development plans with our eVLP pipeline candidates:

Collaborations

We also enter into contracts in the normal course of business with vendors for pre-clinical safety and research studies, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice and do not include any minimum purchase commitments, and therefore are cancellable contracts.

Employees

As of December 31, 2020, we had a total of 127 full-time and 6 part-time employees. The SciVac manufacturing site in Israel had 83 full-time employees and 3 part-time employees and the VBI Cda research site employed 36 full-time and 3 part-time employees, as of December 31, 2020. The remaining 9 full-time employees worked out of our headquarters in Cambridge, MA. None of our employees are represented by unions. Our management considers its relationship with our employees to be good.

Facilities and Offices

Our registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2X8 with our headquarters located at 222 Third Street, Suite 2241, Cambridge, MA 02142. Our manufacturing operations are located in Rehovot, Israel and our primary research facility is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, refer to “Part I – Item 2. Properties.”

We rent office, manufacturing and research facility space under various operating leases, and we made rent payments of $1,144 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

We believe that our office, manufacturing and research facilities are suitable and adequate for our current operations but will consider term extensions or expansion of leased space, depending on market conditions and needs.

Research and Development

We invest heavily in R&D. R&D expenses were $14.9 million and $26.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. All R&D was funded by equity financings, term loan financings, collaboration agreements, or government grants and contributions. Our most significant R&D expenses to date have been related to the development of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate, followed by the development of our CMV candidate, our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine candidates, and the related eVLP platform. Although we have completed the Phase III clinical trial for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate, our R&D expenses are expected to increase as we plan to continue to invest in and advance our lead pipeline candidates. In addition, we may bring other pipeline candidates through the clinical development stage and explore other vaccine opportunities and/or collaborations.

Intellectual Property

Patents

Our IP portfolio includes 19 active patent families consisting of 149 fully owned or co-owned or exclusively licensed patents and patent applications. The highlights of our patent portfolio include:

We have a process of continuously monitoring the competitive landscape for infectious disease vaccines to better understand the research, business, and patent activities of our academic and industrial competitors. This process helps management to understand the competitive positioning of our pipeline. This knowledge has informed and shaped our patent portfolio, which is designed to protect our proprietary vaccine technologies and establish a defense against third-party infringement claims. Our licensed patent family relating to virus like particles (7 of which have now been issued) has a patent term that extends to 2022 and in the United States and 2021 in other countries. Our most recently filed patent family will have a patent term that extends to 2041.

Trade Secrets

Some of our know-how and technology is not patentable. To protect our proprietary rights in unpatentable intellectual property and trade secrets, we require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into agreements regarding intellectual property and confidential information.

Trademarks

We use the Sci-B-Vac trademark in connection with our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine. We have registered these trademarks in 16 countries. The trademarks are renewable indefinitely, so long as we make the appropriate filings when required. We also have a registration for the LPV mark in Canada.

Governmental Regulation and Product Approval

Vaccine development is a highly regulated field. The manufacturing and marketing of our potential products and our ongoing research and development activities are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable regulatory agencies of local, state, and foreign jurisdictions, such as Health Canada in Canada, and the European Medicines Agency in Europe. New products must go through extensive pre-clinical and clinical development prior to product launch. This process can take more than ten years from candidate identification to licensure/marketing approval by health authorities worldwide. Despite efforts to harmonize regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions, there exists a divergence of legal and regulatory requirements in different countries and territories. Delays in regulatory approval to move from one stage of development to another can potentially cause us significant delays and can affect our market capitalization.

United States, Europe and Canada Regulatory Agencies

Before any of our products can be marketed and sold in the United States, Europe, or Canada, they must receive approval from the relevant regulatory agencies, including the U.S. FDA, EMA, UK MHRA or Health Canada. To receive regulatory approvals to market any drug or vaccine, including those we develop, the products in development must undergo rigorous pre-clinical testing and clinical studies that demonstrate the product’s safety and effectiveness for each indicated use. This extensive regulatory path includes process controls in development, testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, record keeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, and distribution of the pharmaceutical products.

In general, before any new pharmaceutical or biological product can be marketed in the mentioned geographical areas, the process typically required by the regulatory agencies includes:

Pre-clinical Testing

In the United States, drug candidates are tested in animals until adequate proof of safety and efficacy is established. These pre-clinical studies generally evaluate the mechanism of action and pharmacology of the product and assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product. Tested compounds must be produced according to applicable current GMP requirements and pre-clinical safety tests must be conducted in compliance with FDA and international regulations regarding good laboratory practices. The results of the pre-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are generally submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence. The IND will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA requests an extension or raises concerns about the conduct of the clinical trials as outlined in the application. If the FDA has any concerns, the sponsor of the application and the FDA must resolve those concerns before clinical trials may begin. Regulatory authorities may require additional pre-clinical data before allowing the clinical studies to commence or proceed from one phase to another, and could demand that the studies be discontinued or suspended at any time if there are significant safety issues.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials for new vaccine drug candidates are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. In Phase I, the initial introduction of the vaccine drug candidate into human volunteers, the emphasis is on testing for safety or adverse effects, dosage, tolerance, metabolism, distribution, excretion, and clinical pharmacology. Phase II involves studies in a limited patient population to determine the initial efficacy of the vaccine drug candidate for specific targeted indications, to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, and to identify possible adverse side effects and safety risks. Once a vaccine compound shows evidence of effectiveness and is found to have an acceptable safety profile in Phase II evaluations, pivotal Phase III trials are undertaken to more fully evaluate clinical outcomes and to establish the overall risk/benefit profile of the drug, and to provide, if appropriate, an adequate basis for product labeling. During all clinical trials, physicians will monitor patients to determine the effectiveness of the drug candidate and to observe and report any reactions or safety risks that may result from use of the vaccine drug candidate. The FDA, the trial sites internal review board, and/or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, the results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The submission of a BLA requires payment of a substantial user fee to the FDA, and the sponsor of an approved BLA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees. These fees are typically increased annually. A waiver of user fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. Under applicable laws and FDA regulations, each BLA submitted for FDA approval is usually given an internal administrative review within 60 days following submission of the BLA. If deemed complete, the FDA will “file” the BLA, thereby triggering substantive review of the application. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable. The FDA has established internal substantive review goals of six months for priority BLAs (for biologics addressing serious or life-threatening conditions for which there is an unmet medical need) and ten months for regular BLAs. However, these are agency proposed time frames, and so the FDA is not legally required to complete its review within these periods, and these performance goals may change over time. Moreover, the outcome of the review, even if generally favorable, is not typically an actual approval, but an “action letter” that describes additional work that must be done before the BLA can be approved. The FDA’s review of a BLA may involve review and recommendations by an independent FDA advisory committee. The FDA may deny approval of a BLA or BLA supplement if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or the FDA may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase III clinical study. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide the BLA does not satisfy its criteria for approval.

Data Review and Approval

Substantial financial resources are necessary to fund the research, clinical trials and related activities necessary to satisfy FDA requirements or similar requirements of state, local and foreign regulatory agencies. It normally takes many years to satisfy these various legal and regulatory requirements, assuming they are ever satisfied. Information generated in this process is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval at any stage of the process. Accordingly, the actual time and expense required to bring a product to market may vary substantially. We cannot assure you that we will submit applications for required authorizations to manufacture and/or market potential products or that any such application will be reviewed and approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities in a timely manner, if at all. Success in early stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later stage clinical trials. Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or have conditions placed on it that restrict the commercial applications, advertising, promotion or distribution of these products.

Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory standards are not met or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized. The FDA also has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. The FDA may also request additional clinical trials after a product is approved. These so-called Phase IV studies may be made a condition to be satisfied after a drug receives approval. The results of Phase IV studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate and can provide important safety information via the FDA’s voluntary adverse drug reaction reporting system. Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to any FDA approvals would be subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse experiences with the drug. Drug and biologics manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with GMP, which impose certain procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we or our present or future manufacturers or suppliers will be able to comply with the GMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. If our present or future manufacturers or suppliers are not able to comply with these requirements, the FDA may halt our clinical trials, require us to recall a product from distribution, withdraw approval of the NDA for that drug, or revoke or suspend a biologics license. Furthermore, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown negative effects of a product may result in restrictions on the product or even its complete withdrawal from the market.

The FDA closely regulates the marketing and promotion of drugs and biologics. Approval is typically subject to post-marketing surveillance and other record keeping and reporting obligations, and involves ongoing requirements such as post-marketing annual reports and labeling updates. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur following initial marketing. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising and potential civil and/or criminal penalties. Physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturers’ communications on the subject of such off-label use.

Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA)

Under the Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “Affordable Care Act”), enacted in 2010, and specifically, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA) included therein, there is an abbreviated path in the United States for regulatory approval of biosimilar versions of approved biological products. The Affordable Care Act provides a regulatory mechanism that enables FDA approval of biologic drugs that are similar to (but not exact copies of) innovative drugs on the basis of less extensive data than is required by a full BLA. Under this regulation, an application for approval of a biosimilar may not be filed until four years after marketing approval of the innovator product. Pioneer innovative biological products will receive 12 years of regulatory exclusivity, meaning that the FDA will not approve a biosimilar version until 12 years after the innovative biological product was first approved by the FDA.

Fast Track Approval

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), as amended, and the related FDA regulations provide certain mechanisms for the accelerated “Fast Track” approval of potential products intended to treat serious or life-threatening illnesses which have demonstrated the potential to address unmet medical needs. These procedures permit early consultation and commitment from the FDA regarding the pre-clinical and clinical studies necessary to gain marketing approval. Provisions of this regulatory framework also permit, in certain cases, BLAs to be approved on the basis of valid indirect measurements of benefit of product effectiveness, thus accelerating the normal approval process. In the future, certain potential products employing our technology might qualify for this accelerated regulatory procedure. Even if the FDA agrees that these potential products qualify for accelerated approval procedures, FDA may deny approval of our drugs or may require additional studies before approval. The FDA may also require us to perform post-approval, or Phase IV, studies as a condition of such early approval. In addition, the FDA may impose restrictions on distribution and/or promotion in connection with any accelerated approval, and may withdraw approval if post-approval studies do not confirm the intended clinical benefit or safety of the potential product.

Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs or biologics intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in very limited circumstances, for seven years. These very limited circumstances are (i) an inability to supply the drug in sufficient quantities or (ii) a situation in which a new formulation of the drug has shown superior safety or efficacy. This exclusivity, however, also could block the approval of our product for seven years if a competitor obtains earlier approval of the same drug for the same indication.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will continue to be subject to a variety of laws and regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our products in foreign countries. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must separately obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of those foreign countries before we may commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.

The policies of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be enacted which could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products and could also increase the cost of regulatory compliance. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.

Under the applicable EU regulatory regime, we may submit marketing authorization applications (MAAs) either under a centralized or decentralized procedure (which also includes the mutual recognition procedure available for companies who already hold national licenses). The decentralized procedures provide for mutual recognition of national approval decisions. These authorizations provide marketing authorizations. The centralized procedure, which is available for medicines, inter alia, produced by biotechnology, intended to treat specific illnesses, or which are highly innovative, provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU member states (as well as in Northern Ireland and the European Economic Area (EEA) countries of Iceland, Liechstenstein and Norway).

The procedure for obtaining marketing authorizations in the United Kingdom has been affected by Brexit, which took place on January 31, 2020. A transitional period was in place until December 31, 2020, during which time regulation of pharmaceuticals was still governed by EU law. As of January 1, 2021, the UK MHRA has implemented new procedures for MAAs. Among these new procedures is a Great Britain marketing authorization that relies on a decision taken by the European Commission (“EC”) in respect of a marketing authorization for the same product in the centralized procedure. This route – the EC decision reliance procedure (“ECDRP”) – is currently available to all authorizations approved in the centralized procedure.

Other Government Regulation

Our research and development activities use biological and hazardous materials that are dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. We are subject to a variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes resulting from these materials. We are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and federal, provincial and state environmental protection agencies and to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act.

In addition, once our products are marketed commercially, we will have to comply with the various laws relating to the Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs. These federal laws include, by way of example, the following:

Sanctions for violating these federal laws include criminal and civil penalties that range from punitive sanctions, damage assessments, money penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid payments, or exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or some combination thereof. These laws also impose an affirmative duty on those receiving Medicare or Medicaid funding to ensure that they do not employ or contract with persons excluded from Medicare and other government programs.

We are building out our legal and regulatory compliance capabilities through in-house hiring and external consultants who have extensive experience with the regulatory and commercialization process.

We also use additional regulatory consultants including several former FDA regulators with experience at the Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (“CBER”), which is the division of FDA that regulates vaccines and other drugs.

Available Information

Our Internet website can be found at www.vbivaccines.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this report. We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and, in accordance therewith, we file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may access our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.

ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various risks that may materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. An investment in our common shares is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. In evaluating an investment in our common shares, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information included in this Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes.

The risks described below are not the only risks we face. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occurs, or if additional risks and uncertainties later materialize, that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, then our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment in our shares. The risks discussed below include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common shares speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common shares.

Risks Related to Our Product Development

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has caused interruptions or delays of our business plan and may have a significant adverse effect on our business.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, and on March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19, disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, to be a pandemic. In an effort to contain and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, many countries, including the United States, Canada, China, and Israel, have imposed unprecedented restrictions on travel, quarantines, and other public health safety measures. Such government-imposed precautionary measures may have been relaxed in certain countries or states, but there is no assurance that more strict measures will not be put in place again due to a resurgence in COVID-19 cases.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are operating in isolated groups, to reduce exposure risk, and with fewer employees on site at both our manufacturing facility in Israel, where we manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601, and at our research and development laboratories in Ottawa, Canada. Our manufacturing facility in Israel and CDMOs that we engage to manufacture our eVLP vaccine candidates are dependent on sourcing raw materials from third party suppliers. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted lead times and availability of many raw materials, which may adversely impact our ability to manufacture products in a timely manner. For example, unanticipated delays in receipt of release testing materials have impacted the timing of the initiation of our Phase I/II study of our monovalent coronavirus vaccine candidate, VBI-2902. In addition, the FDA announced in March 2020 that it is temporarily postponing regulatory inspections of overseas facilities, such as our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel. This could cause a number of delays and/or issues for our operations, but most importantly, could delay the review of the BLA we submitted for our 3-antigen HBV vaccine candidate, which could delay its approval beyond the current PDUFA target action date of November 30, 2021 (which such approval is not guaranteed). Any such delays would have a material adverse impact on our ability to commercialize our HBV vaccine candidate in the United States.

We have two ongoing clinical studies being conducted at clinical sites worldwide: the ongoing Phase Ib/IIa clinical study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China, and the ongoing Phase I/IIa clinical study of VBI-1901 at various hospitals in the United States. In addition to the active clinical studies, we have several planned clinical studies expected to begin in 2021, including: a Phase II study of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) conducted by Brii Bio at multiple study sites in Asia Pacific countries; a further clinical study with VBI-1901 conducted by VBI in the United States; and the clinical evaluation of our coronavirus vaccine candidates in Canada. The enrollment of patients at some of the clinical sites in our studies was suspended and may again be suspended, and enrollment of patients at other clinical sites may be suspended or delayed as hospitals and clinics where we are conducting clinical trials reallocate resources and limit access to or close clinical facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, if our trial participants are unable to travel to or visit to our clinical study sites as a result of quarantines or other restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we will experience higher drop-out rates or delays in our clinical studies. Government-imposed quarantines and restrictions may also require us to temporarily close our clinical sites, research laboratories, or manufacturing facility. Furthermore, if we determine that our trial participants may suffer from exposure to COVID-19 as a result of their participation in our clinical trials, we may voluntarily close certain clinical sites as a safety measure until we reasonably believe that the likelihood of exposure has subsided. As a result, our expected development timelines for VBI-2601 (BRII-179), VBI-1901, our coronavirus vaccine candidates, and possibly our regulatory timelines for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate, may be negatively impacted. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as consequences of such an event are highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical studies, our research programs, and our manufacturing; however, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt or delay our business operations, further divert the attention and efforts of the medical community to coping with COVID-19 and disrupt the marketplace in which we operate, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Moreover, the various precautionary measures taken by many governmental authorities around the world in order to limit the spread of the COVID-19 has had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on the global markets and global economy generally, including on the availability and cost of employees, resources, materials, manufacturing and delivery efforts, and other aspects of the global economy. There have been business closures and a substantial reduction in economic activity in countries that have had significant outbreaks of COVID-19. Significant uncertainty remains as to the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy as a whole. It is currently not possible to predict how long the pandemic will last or the time that it will take for economic activity to return to prior levels. The COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt our business and operations, interrupt our sources of supply, hamper our ability to raise additional funds or sell our securities, and continue to slow down the global economy.

Our pursuit of coronavirus vaccine candidates is at an early stage. We may be unable to produce a vaccine that successfully treats the virus in a timely manner, if at all.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 30, 2020, we entered into a Collaborative Research Agreement with the NRC, and subsequently amended on December 21, 2020, pursuant to which we collaborated on certain activities to advance development of our trivalent pan-coronavirus vaccine candidate targeting COVID-19, SARS and MERS and our monovalent coronavirus vaccine candidate targeting COVID-19. Our development of the vaccine candidates is in the pre-clinical stage, and we may be unable to develop a vaccine that successfully and safely protects against the viruses in a timely manner, if at all. Furthermore, even if we successfully develop a vaccine, we may encounter difficulties developing and scaling up manufacturing processes suitable for production of sufficient supply for our clinical trials or for commercialization in a cost-effective manner. Due to the number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in clinical trials, we may also encounter difficulty locating clinical sites with capacity to conduct clinical trials, and therefore, we may experience delays in initiating or enrolling clinical trials of our vaccine candidate. We are also committing financial resources and personnel to the development of a coronavirus vaccine which may cause delays in or otherwise negatively impact our other development programs, despite uncertainties surrounding the longevity and extent of coronavirus as a global health concern. Our business could be negatively impacted by our allocation of significant resources to a global health threat that is unpredictable and could rapidly dissipate or against which our vaccine, if developed, may not be partially or fully effective.

Given the global footprint and the widespread media attention on the COVID-19 pandemic, there are efforts by public and private entities to develop a vaccine against COVID-19 as soon as possible, including large, multinational pharmaceutical companies such as AstraZeneca, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna Inc., Pfizer, and Sanofi, with vaccine candidates that are currently at more advanced stage of development than our coronavirus vaccine candidates. In December 2020, the FDA began to issue emergency use authorizations for vaccines developed by certain of these large, multinational pharmaceutical companies and it is possible that additional vaccines developed by such large, multinational pharmaceutical companies may receive further approvals and authorizations in the near term. Those other entities may develop COVID-19 vaccines that are more effective than any vaccine we may develop, may develop a COVID-19 vaccine that becomes the standard of care, may develop a COVID-19 vaccine at a lower cost or earlier than we are able to develop any COVID-19 vaccine, or may be more successful at commercializing a COVID-19 vaccine. Many of these other organizations are much larger than we are and have access to larger pools of capital, and as such, are able to fund and carry-on larger research and development initiatives. Such other entities may have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking nonclinical and clinical testing of vaccine candidates, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. Our competitors may also have greater name recognition and better access to customers. In addition, based on the competitive landscape, additional COVID-19 vaccines or therapeutics will likely be approved to be marketed. These products could reduce the commercial opportunity for our coronavirus vaccine candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. Moreover, if we experience delayed regulatory approvals or disputed clinical claims, we may not have a commercial or clinical advantage over competitors’ products. The success or failure of other entities, or perceived success or failure, may adversely impact our ability to obtain any future funding for our vaccine development efforts or for us to ultimately commercialize and market any vaccine candidate, if approved. In addition, we may not be able to compete effectively if our product candidates do not satisfy government procurement requirements with respect to biodefense products.

We rely on government grants or subsidies to contribute to our coronavirus vaccine development program. If we are unable to satisfy our contractual obligations or meet expected deadlines, the development of the coronavirus vaccine candidates may be extended, delayed, modified, or terminated and we may be required to repay all or part of the grants or subsidies.

On September 16, 2020, we signed the Contribution Agreement with Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry (“ISED”) whereby ISED agrees to contribute up to CAD $56 million from the SIF to support the development of our coronavirus vaccine program, VBI-2900, though Phase II clinical studies (the “Project”). We agreed to complete the Project in or before the first quarter of 2022, which will be conducted exclusively in Canada, except as permitted otherwise under certain circumstances. In an event of default, subject to a rectification period available in certain circumstances, among other things, the Minister may (i) suspend or terminate its contribution to the Project, or (ii) require repayment of all or part of the contribution paid by the Minster, together with interest from the day of demand at the interest rate set forth in the Contribution Agreement. As a result, if we default on our obligations under the Contribution Agreement, we may not have sufficient funds available to continue the development of our coronavirus vaccine program, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain additional capital to fund the program. In addition, we may be required to repay the grants made under the Contribution Agreement, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, in connection with execution of the Contribution Agreement, we obtained a consent of K2 HealthVentures LLC, as administrative agent for the lenders and a lender, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, dated May 22, 2020. Pursuant to such consent, certain events of default that result in contributions made under the Contribution Agreement in excess of $500 becoming due and payable could result in an event of default under the Loan Agreement.

Government involvement may limit the commercial success of our coronavirus vaccine candidates.

The coronavirus pandemic has been classified as a pandemic by public health authorities, and it is possible that one or more government entities may take actions that directly or indirectly have the effect of abrogating some of our rights or opportunities. In particular, the Government of Canada has announced that foreign investments into Canada will be subject to enhanced review under the Investment Canada Act, particularly foreign direct investments in Canadian businesses that are related to public health or involved in the supply of critical goods and services to Canadians or to the government. If we were to develop a coronavirus vaccine, the economic value of such a vaccine to us could be affected by these measures.

Various government entities, including the U.S., Israeli, and Canadian governments, are offering incentives, grants, and contracts to encourage additional investment by commercial organizations into preventative and therapeutic agents against coronavirus, which may have the effect of increasing the number of competitors and/or providing advantages to known competitors. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully establish a competitive market share, if any, for our coronavirus vaccine even if we succeed in developing one.

Furthermore, government grants and subsidies may limit our ability to develop and manufacture our coronavirus vaccine candidates in the most efficient way. For example, under the terms of the Contribution Agreement, we are required to conduct Phase II studies of our coronavirus vaccine program in Canada, unless permitted otherwise. As a result of such limitations, we may be unable to pursue the most efficient or profitable path in developing our coronavirus vaccine program.

If we are successful in producing a vaccine against COVID-19 or more broadly, coronaviruses, we may need to devote significant resources to its scale-up and development including for use by the Canadian or the U.S. government.

In the event that the pre-clinical and clinical trials for our coronavirus vaccine candidates are perceived to be successful, we may need to work toward the large scale technical development, manufacturing scale-up and larger scale deployment of this potential vaccine through a variety of U.S. government mechanisms such as an Expanded Access Program or an Emergency Use Authorization program or Canadian government programs. In this case we may need to divert significant resources to this program, which would require diversion of resources from our other programs. In addition, since the path to licensure of any vaccine against coronavirus is accelerated, if use of the vaccine is mandated by the Canadian or the U.S. government, we may have a widely used vaccine in circulation in Canada, the United States or another country prior to our full validation of the overall long-term safety and efficacy profile of our vaccine platform and technology. Unexpected safety issues in these circumstances could lead to significant reputational damage for us and our technology platform going forward and other issues, including delays in our other programs, the need for re-design of our clinical trials and the need for significant additional financial resources. Also, under the Contribution Agreement, if we are unable to provide a sufficient Canada-sourced supply of the COVID-19 vaccine, the Minster may require us to grant a license on commercially reasonable terms to use our intellectual property to the extent necessary to ensure such supply. This provision may inhibit us from pursuing more profitable means of manufacturing and commercializing our coronavirus vaccine candidates.

Because our product development efforts depend on new and rapidly evolving technologies, we cannot be certain that our efforts will be successful.

Our product development efforts depend on new, rapidly evolving technologies and on the marketability and profitability of our products. Commercialization of our vaccines could fail for a variety of reasons, and include the possibility that:

The FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies may require additional information or clinical trial data for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate before granting regulatory approval, if regulatory approval is granted at all.

We submitted the BLA to the FDA and the MAA to the EMA in the fourth quarter of 2020 for our 3-antigen HBV vaccine candidate, which have subsequently been accepted for review by the regulatory authorities. Our registration and commercial timelines for such vaccine candidate depend on further discussions with the FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies. They could have requirements and requests for additional data, beyond what is included in the submissions, or completion of additional clinical trials, including a request to increase the size of the safety data set. Any such requirements or requests could:

Pre-clinical and clinical trials will be lengthy and expensive. Delays in clinical trials are common for many reasons and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales as currently contemplated.

As part of the regulatory process, we must conduct clinical trials for each vaccine candidate to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities, including the FDA for the United States, the EMA for the European Union, the MHRA for UK, and Health Canada for Canada. Clinical trials are subject to current Good Clinical Practice regulations (“cGCP”). cGCPs are rigorous practices that are incorporated into the FDA’s clinical trial regulatory requirements and are expensive and time-consuming to design and implement. We may experience delays in clinical trials for any of our pipeline candidates, and the projected timelines for continued development of the technologies and related pipeline candidates by us may otherwise be subject to delay or suspension. Our planned clinical trials might not begin on time; may be interrupted, delayed, suspended, or terminated once commenced; might need to be redesigned; might not enroll a sufficient number of patients; or might not be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including the following:

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the investigational drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Any of these delays in completing our clinical trials could increase costs, slow down the product development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue.

Development of sufficient and appropriate clinical protocols to demonstrate safety and efficacy are required, and we may not adequately develop such protocols to support approval.

In addition to FDA requirements and those of other regulatory authorities, an independent institutional review board or an independent ethics committee at each medical institution proposing to participate in the conduct of the clinical trial generally must review and approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent form before commencement of the study at the respective medical institution. The institutional review boards approve the clinical trial protocols and conduct periodic reviews of the clinical trials. The clinical trial protocols describe the type of people who may participate in the clinical trial, the schedule of tests and procedures, the medications and dosages to be studied, the length of the study, the study’s objectives, and other details. In general, the institutional review board will consider, among other matters, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects and the possibility of liability of the institution conducting the trial. Our pre-clinical studies may not be adequate proof of safety and efficacy, and as a result, we may not be successful in developing clinical trial protocols necessary to support institutional review board approval. Any delay or failure to obtain institutional review board approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site could materially impact the costs, timing, or successful completion of a clinical trial.

We rely on CROs, third-party investigators, and independent sites to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not fulfill their contractual obligations or meet expected deadlines, our planned clinical trials may be extended, delayed, modified, or terminated and we may fail to obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize our pipeline candidates.

We rely on third-party CROs to conduct our clinical trials. CROs, third-party investigators, and independent sites are subject to cGCPs that include conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials and to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. The FDA enforces cGCPs through periodic inspections. If these CROs do not perform their obligations, comply with laws or cGCPs, or meet expected deadlines, our planned clinical trials may be extended, delayed, modified, or terminated. We rely on the processes of our CROs to ensure that accurate records are maintained to support the results of the clinical trials. While we or our CROs conduct regular monitoring of clinical sites, we are dependent on the processes and quality control efforts of our third-party contractors to ensure that detailed, quality records are maintained to support the results of the clinical trials that they are conducting on our behalf. Any extension, delay, modification, or termination of our clinical trials or failure to ensure adequate documentation and the quality of the results in the clinical trials could delay or otherwise adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and pipeline candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We rely upon independent sites and investigators, such as universities and medical institutions and their faculty or staff, to conduct our clinical trials. These sites and investigators are not our employees and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. If these investigators or collaborators fail to devote sufficient time and resources to our product development programs, do not conduct their activities in compliance with the law, or if their performance is substandard, the approval of our regulatory submissions and our introductions of new products will be delayed or prevented.

Our potential collaborators may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. If outside collaborators assist our competitors to our detriment, the approval of our regulatory submissions will be delayed and the sales from our products, if and when commercialized, will be less than expected. Even if clinical trials are completed as planned, their results may not support expectations or intended marketing claims. The clinical trials process may fail to demonstrate that our pipeline candidates are safe and effective for indicated uses. Such failure could cause us to abandon one or more pipeline candidates and could delay development of other pipeline candidates.

Additional delays to the completion of clinical studies may result from modifications being made to the protocol during the clinical trial, if such modifications are warranted and/or required by the occurrences in the given trial.

Each modification to a protocol for a clinical trial must be submitted to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities and the institutional review boards. This submission could result in the delay or suspension of a clinical trial while the modification is evaluated. In addition, depending on the magnitude and nature of the changes made, the FDA and other regulatory authorities could take the position that the data generated by the clinical trial prior to the protocol modification cannot be pooled with the data collected after the modification because the same protocol was not used throughout the trial. This prohibition might require the enrollment of additional subjects, which could result in the extension of the clinical trial and the FDA and other regulatory authorities delaying approval of one or more pipeline candidates.

We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials because of adverse side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our biologic candidates.

Our clinical trials may be suspended or terminated at any time for a number of reasons. A clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our collaborators, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities because of a failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, presentation of unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the investigational biologic, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions, lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial, or negative or equivocal findings of the data safety monitoring board or the institutional review board for a clinical trial. An institutional review board may also suspend or terminate our clinical trials for failure to protect patient safety or patient rights. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants. If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any proposed product that we develop, the commercial prospects of such proposed product will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from such proposed product will be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly.

The future results of our current or future clinical trials may not support our pipeline candidates claims or may result in the discovery of unexpected adverse side effects.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that the results will support our pipeline candidates claims or that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our pipeline candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses. If the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities conclude that the clinical trials for any of our pipeline candidates for which we might seek approval have failed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, we would not receive regulatory approval to market that product in the United States or in other jurisdictions for the indications sought. In addition, such an outcome could cause us to abandon the pipeline candidates and might delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of any product submissions with the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our pipeline candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of the product candidate’s profile. Adverse clinical trial results, such as death or injury due to side effects, could jeopardize regulatory approval, and if approval is granted, such results may also lead to marketing restrictions or prohibitions. In addition, the clinical trials performed for programs other than for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate involve a relatively small patient population. Because of the small sample size, their results may not be indicative of future results.

International commercialization of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and our pipeline candidates faces significant obstacles, including obtaining regulatory approvals. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing or selling our products in such jurisdictions.

Our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine is approved for sale in Israel, under the brand name Sci-B-Vac^®. In countries where we do not currently have the required approvals (including the United States, EU member states, UK, and Canada), we will need to obtain separate approvals from the relevant regulatory, pricing, and reimbursement authorities to market or sell our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine or any of our pipeline candidates. Pursuing regulatory approvals will be time-consuming and expensive, and we may not obtain United States or foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. The regulations vary among countries, and regulatory authorities in one market may require different or additional clinical trials than those required to obtain approval in another market, and the time required to obtain approval may differ in one market from that required to obtain approval in another market. Obtaining approval in one country does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries.

In addition, we have limited international regulatory, clinical, and commercial resources. We entered into a collaborative relationship with Brii Bio for development of a HBV recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau, and may plan to do so with other pipeline candidates in the future, and, as such, current and future partners are critical to our international success. We may not be able to maintain current, or enter into future, collaboration agreements with appropriate partners for important foreign markets on acceptable terms, if at all. Current and future collaborations with foreign partners may not be effective or profitable.

Future legislation, or regulations and policies adopted by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, may increase the time and costs required for us to conduct and complete clinical trials for our pipeline candidates.

The FDA has established regulations, guidelines, and policies to govern the pharmaceutical and biologic development and approval processes, as have foreign regulatory authorities. We expect there will continue to be federal and state laws and/or regulations, proposed and implemented, that could impact our operations and business. Any change in regulatory requirements resulting from the adoption of new legislation, regulations or policies may require us to amend existing clinical trial protocols or add new clinical trials to comply with these changes. Such amendments to existing protocols or clinical trial applications or the need for new ones, may significantly and adversely affect the cost, timing, and completion of the clinical trials for our candidates.

In addition, the FDA’s policies and those of other regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be issued that could prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our pipeline candidates, or impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

Developments by competitors may establish standards of care that affect our ability to conduct our clinical trials as planned.

Changes in standards related to clinical trial design could affect our ability to design and conduct clinical trials as planned. For example, regulatory authorities may not allow us to compare one or more of our pipeline candidates to a placebo, or may require a change of standard-of-care used as a comparator in a particular clinical indication where approved products are available. In that case, both the cost and the amount of time required to conduct a clinical trial could increase.

We face product liability exposure, which, if not covered by insurance, could result in significant financial liability.

The risk of product liability is inherent in the research, development, manufacturing, marketing, and use of pharmaceutical products. Our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine is currently approved for sale in Israel, under the brand name Sci-B-Vac^®; our pipeline candidates currently in clinical trials; and any products that we may commercially market in the future may cause, or may appear to have caused, injury or dangerous drug reactions, and expose us to product liability claims. These claims might be made by patients who use the product, their families, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, our corporate collaborators, or others selling such products. If our current products or any of our pipeline candidates during clinical trials were to cause adverse side effects, we may be exposed to substantial liabilities.

In September 2018, two civil claims were brought in the District of Court of the central district in Israel which named our subsidiary SciVac as a defendant. In one claim, two minors, through their parents, allege, among other things: defects in certain batches of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine discovered in July 2015; that our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine was approved for use in children and infants in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; that SciVac failed to provide accurate information about our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine to consumers; and, that each child suffered side effects from the vaccine. The claim was filed together with a motion seeking approval of a class action on behalf of 428,000 children vaccinated with our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine in Israel since April 2011 and seeking damages in a total amount of NIS 1,879,500,000 (not in thousands) ($584.6 million). The second claim is a civil action brought by two minors and their parents against SciVac and IMoH alleging, among other things, that SciVac marketed an experimental, defective, hazardous, or harmful vaccine; that our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine was marketed in Israel without establishing its safety; and that our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine was produced and marketed in Israel without approval of a western regulatory body. The claim seeks damages for past and future losses and expenses as well as punitive damages. The motion seeking approval of a class action has been suspended until a ruling is given on the question of liability in the civil action. The preliminary hearings for the trial of the civil action began on January 15, 2020, with subsequent preliminary hearings held on May 13, 2020 and December 3, 2020 to discuss document disclosure. The next preliminary hearing is scheduled to be held on March 24, 2021.

Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, product liability claims or other claims related to our products or pipeline candidates may result in:

We currently maintain product liability insurance, and we generally obtain clinical trial insurance once a clinical trial is initiated. However, the insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and, in the future, we, or any of our collaborators, may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts or at all to protect us against losses due to liability. Even if our agreements with any current or future collaborators entitle us to indemnification against product liability losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our pipeline candidates. If a successful product liability claim or series of claims is brought against us for uninsured liabilities or in excess of insured liabilities, our assets may not be sufficient to cover such claims and our business operations could be impaired.

Should any of the events described above occur, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates, we will still face extensive, ongoing regulatory requirements and review, and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates in the United States or other regions, which we cannot guarantee, the FDA or other regulatory bodies may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing, or impose conditions for approval, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, including Phase IV clinical trials or post-marketing surveillance. As a condition to granting marketing approval of a product, the FDA or other regulatory bodies may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. The results generated in these post-approval clinical trials could result in loss of marketing approval, changes in product labeling, or new or increased concerns about side effects or efficacy of a product. For example, the labeling for our pipeline candidates, if approved, may include restrictions on use or warnings. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 gives the FDA enhanced post-market authority, including the explicit authority to require post-market studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information and compliance with FDA-approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS programs”). If approved, our pipeline candidates will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record keeping, and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The FDA’s exercise of its authority could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials, and regulatory review, increased costs to comply with additional post-approval regulatory requirements, and potential restrictions on sales of approved products. Foreign regulatory agencies often have similar authority and may impose comparable costs. Post-marketing studies, whether conducted by us or by others and whether mandated by regulatory agencies or voluntary, and other emerging data about marketed products, such as adverse event reports, may also adversely affect sales of our pipeline candidates once approved, and potentially our other marketed products. Further, the discovery of significant problems with a product similar to one of our products that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) an entire class of products could have an adverse effect on sales of our approved products. Accordingly, new data about our products could negatively affect demand because of real or perceived side effects or uncertainty regarding efficacy and, in some cases, could result in product withdrawal or recall. Furthermore, new data and information, including information about product misuse, may lead government agencies, professional societies, and practice management groups or organizations involved with various diseases to publish guidelines or recommendations related to the use of our products or the use of related therapies or place restrictions on sales. Such guidelines or recommendations may lead to lower sales of our products.

The holder of a BLA that has been approved also is subject to obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the BLA. License holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws, including, by way of example, the Federal Trade Commission Act. Any sales and promotional activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA, or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. In particular, any labeling approved by such regulatory agencies for our pipeline candidates may also include restrictions on use. Such regulatory agencies may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of our pipeline candidates as part of a mandatory plan, such as limiting prescribing to certain physicians or medical centers that have undergone specialized training, limiting treatment to patients who meet certain safe-use criteria and requiring treated patients to enroll in a registry. If we receive marketing approval for one or more of our pipeline candidates, physicians may nevertheless prescribe such products to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. In particular, the United States federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.

Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet post-approval requirements by us or our third-party collaborators can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, FDA issuance of Form 483, untitled letters, and/or warning letters, suspension or termination of any ongoing clinical trials, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant amounts of time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity and significantly inhibit our ability to bring to market or continue to market our products and generate revenue.

We may seek to in-license pipeline candidates or technologies to expand our product pipeline and may not succeed.

If and when we deem it to be our strategic priority, we may seek to in-license pipeline candidates or technologies to expand our product pipeline and may not succeed. The number of such candidates and technologies is limited. Competition among large pharmaceutical companies and biopharmaceutical companies for promising pipeline candidates and technologies is intense because such companies generally desire to expand their product pipelines through in-licensing. If we fail to carry out such in-licensing and expand our product pipeline, our potential future revenues may suffer especially if our current products or pipeline candidates fail to generate material revenue.

The failure by us or our current or future manufacturers to obtain FDA or other regulatory agencies’ approval for manufacturing facilities could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our manufacturing facilities and any of our current and future contract manufacturers, whether the facilities are ours or third-party manufacturer facilities, must be inspected by the FDA, after we submit a BLA and before approval, and/or by the regulators in other jurisdictions for our pipeline candidates to be manufactured for commercial production. In the event that we are approved to market a drug product in the United States, we or our third-party manufacturers must register the manufacturing facilities with the FDA and are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations. Similar rules apply in the event we are approved to market a medicinal product in the European Union. Other than for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate and VBI-2601, which are currently manufactured by us at our manufacturing site in Israel, we are completely dependent on third-party manufacturers for compliance with the requirements of United States and ex-United States regulators for the manufacture of our finished products.

If we or our third-party manufacturers cannot successfully produce material that conforms to our specifications and current good manufacturing practice requirements of any applicable regulatory agency, we will not be able to secure approval for our manufacturing facilities. If the FDA or another regulatory agency does not approve these facilities for commercial production, we will need to find alternative suppliers, which would result in significant delays in obtaining required regulatory approvals. In addition, if we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility, or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing, requiring new warnings or other labeling changes to limit use of the drug, requiring that we conduct additional clinical trials, imposing new monitoring requirements or requiring that we establish a REMS program. These challenges may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We manufacture clinical and commercial supplies of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601 at a single location. Any disruption in the operations of our manufacturing facility could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, for the manufacture of all clinical and commercial supplies of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and clinical supplies of VBI-2601. Our current manufacturing facility contains highly specialized equipment and materials and utilizes complicated production processes developed over a number of years, which would be difficult, time-consuming, and costly to duplicate or, though a remote risk, may be impossible to duplicate. If our facility were damaged or destroyed, or otherwise subject to disruption, including contamination, it would require substantial lead-time to replace our manufacturing capabilities and could cause costly delays. In such event, we would be forced to identify and rely entirely on third-party contract manufacturers for an indefinite period of time, which we may not be able to do in a timely manner and would further increase our production costs. Any disruptions or delays at our facility or its failure to meet regulatory compliance would significantly impair our ability to manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine for sale in the jurisdictions where it is approved for sale, for future potential clinical studies of our 3-antigen HBV vaccine, and for our ongoing and future clinical studies of VBI-2601, which would result in increased costs and losses and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We incurred significant costs to modernize and increase the capacity of our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel. Any delays in validating the modernization and capacity increase of our facility could adversely affect our ability to supply our vaccines for commercial sale and clinical development.

We invested substantial funds to modernize and increase the capacity of our manufacturing facility in Rehovot, Israel, where we manufacture all clinical and commercial supplies of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and clinical materials of VBI-2601. During the modernization and capacity increase, which started in April 2018, we ceased manufacturing operations at our manufacturing facility. Although the modernization and the capacity increase of our manufacturing facility has been completed and we obtained a certificate of GMP compliance from the IMoH on January 27, 2020, the IMoH will also need to review and approve the process validation submission and provide approval for us to sell our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine manufactured at the modernized facility. If we are unable to promptly obtain IMoH approval, our ability to commercially sell our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine could be interrupted, the costs associated with our modernization project would increase, and our sales of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and the timing of our clinical studies related to VBI-2601 could be adversely affected.

If a supplier of our raw materials and certain reagents fails to provide sufficient quantities to us, we may not be able to obtain an alternative supply on a timely or acceptable basis.

We rely on a single source for our supply of some of our raw materials and certain reagents required for the manufacture of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601. We do not have a written or oral agreement with these single sources of supply, as all orders are handled through individual purchase orders or on an order-by-order basis. Alternative sources from which we can obtain our supply of most of these materials exist. However, we may not be able to find alternative suppliers in a timely manner that would provide supplies of these raw materials or reagents at acceptable quantities and prices, if at all. Any interruption in the supply of these materials would disrupt our ability to manufacture our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine or VBI-2601 for further development, current and future clinical trials, and commercial manufacturing, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, commercialization of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601 and future profit margins, if any.

We do not manufacture any of our raw materials nor do we plan to develop any capacity to do so. Instead, we rely on multiple sources to supply our raw materials so that we can manufacture sufficient quantities of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine and VBI-2601 at our manufacturing facility in Israel and sufficient quantities of our eVLP vaccine candidates at CDMOs. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted lead times and availability of many raw materials, which may adversely impact our ability to manufacture products in a timely manner. Some of the countries of origin of our raw materials are not the same as our drug manufacturing location. Any disruption in supply of raw materials from a qualified supplier could result in significant delays with our manufacturing, clinical trials, BLA filing, BLA approval or commercial sale of the finished product due to contract delays, the need to manufacture new raw materials, out of specification raw materials, the need for import and export permits, and the failure of the newly sourced raw materials to perform to the standards of the previously sourced raw materials. These delays could have a material adverse effect on our business and future profit margins, if any.

We expect the healthcare industry to face increased limitations on reimbursement, rebates, and other payments as a result of continued healthcare reform changes, which could adversely affect third-party coverage of our products and how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will prescribe or administer our products.

In both the United States and other countries, sales of our products will depend in part upon the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers, which include governmental authorities, managed care organizations and other private health insurers. Third-party payers are increasingly challenging the price and examining the cost effectiveness of medical products and services.

Increasing expenditures for healthcare have been the subject of considerable public attention in the United States. Both private and government entities are seeking ways to reduce or contain healthcare costs. Numerous proposals that would effect changes in the United States healthcare system have been introduced or proposed in Congress and in some state legislatures, including reducing reimbursement for prescription products and reducing the levels at which consumers and healthcare providers are reimbursed for purchases of pharmaceutical products.

Cost reduction initiatives and changes in coverage implemented through legislation or regulation could decrease utilization of and reimbursement for any approved products, which in turn would affect the price we can receive for those products. Any reduction in reimbursement that results from federal legislation or regulation may also result in a similar reduction in payments from payers. New laws may also result in additional reductions in healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers, which may affect our financial operations. Legislative and regulatory proposals may expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be certain whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether relevant regulations, guidance, or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on our products may be.

Although we cannot predict the full effect on our business of the implementation of existing legislation or the enactment of additional legislation pursuant to healthcare and other legislative reform, we believe that legislation or regulations that would reduce reimbursement for, or restrict coverage of, our products could adversely affect how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will prescribe or administer our products. This could materially and adversely affect our business by reducing our ability to generate revenue, raise capital, obtain additional collaborators and market our products. In addition, we believe the increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States has and will continue to put pressure on the price and usage of pharmaceutical products, which may adversely impact product sales.

Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our future revenues.

In some countries, particularly countries in Europe, the pricing and/or reimbursement of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In Canada, the prices of patented medicines are subject to price controls. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a study that compares the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

We face intense competition and rapid technological change, which may make it more difficult to achieve significant market penetration. If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

The market for our pipeline candidates is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances. For example, if it is approved in the future, our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine will compete in the United States with approved HBV vaccines marketed by GSK, Dynavax, and Merck and will compete outside the United States with vaccines from GSK, Merck, and several additional established pharmaceutical companies. If competitors’ existing products or new products are more effective than or considered superior to our current or future products, the commercial opportunity for our products will be reduced or eliminated. Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our products or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost. We face competition from fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. Many of our competitors have products or pipeline candidates already approved or in development. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, are larger than us and have substantially greater financial, technical, research, marketing, sales, distribution, and other resources. Existing and potential competitors may develop or market products that are more effective or commercially attractive than any that we are developing or marketing. Competitors may obtain regulatory approvals and introduce and commercialize products before we do. These developments could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition. Even if we are able to compete successfully, we may not be able to do so in a profitable manner.

We may be exposed to liability claims associated with the use of hazardous materials and chemicals.

Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. Although we believe that our safety procedures for using, storing, handling and disposing of these materials comply with federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages and any liability could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the federal, provincial, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products may require us to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our pipeline candidates may never achieve market acceptance, even if we obtain regulatory approvals.

Even if we receive regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our pipeline candidates, the commercial success of these pipeline candidates will depend on, among other things, their acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers such as health insurance companies and other members of the medical community as a prophylaxis or therapeutic and a cost-effective alternative to competing products. If our pipeline candidates fail to gain market acceptance, we may be unable to earn sufficient revenue to continue our business. Market acceptance of, and demand for, any product that we may develop and commercialize will depend on many factors, including:

If our pipeline candidates do not become widely accepted by physicians, patients, third-party payers and other members of the medical community, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates in sufficient quantities, at sufficient yields or are unable to obtain regulatory approvals for a manufacturing facility for our vaccines, we may experience delays in product development, clinical trials, regulatory approval, commercial distribution, and the In Process Research & Development (“IPR&D”) assets may become impaired and be written off at some time in the future.

Completion of our clinical trials and commercialization of our eVLP pipeline candidates require access to, or development of, facilities to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates at sufficient yields and at commercial-scale. We have limited experience manufacturing any of our eVLP pipeline candidates in the volumes that will be necessary to support large-scale clinical trials or commercial sales. Efforts to establish these capabilities may not meet initial expectations as to scheduling, scale-up, reproducibility, yield, purity, cost, potency, or quality.

If we are unable to manufacture our eVLP pipeline candidates in clinical or commercial quantities, as the case may be, in sufficient yields, with sufficient purity, potency, quality, and identity, then we must find, qualify, and rely on third parties. Any new third-party manufacturers must also receive FDA approval before we may use product manufactured by them as our commercial products and pipeline candidates. Our products may be in competition with other products for access to these facilities and may be subject to delays in manufacture if our third-party manufacturers give other products greater priority. Any delays experienced by third-party manufacturers, whether directly or by its raw material suppliers in relation to our project, may result in delays in clinical development of our eVLP pipeline candidates.

As a result, any delay or interruption, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, the IPR&D assets may become impaired and be written off at some time in the future, which could also have a material adverse effect on the financial statements.

In light of our current resources and limited commercial experience, we have and may need to continue to establish third-party relationships to successfully commercialize our pipeline candidates.

The near and long-term commercial viability of our pipeline candidates may depend, in part, on our ability to successfully execute current strategic collaborations and establish new strategic collaborations with contract commercial organizations, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, non-profit organizations, and government agencies. Establishing and maintaining strategic collaborations and obtaining government funding is difficult and time-consuming. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position or based on their internal pipeline or available resources; government agencies may reject contract or grant applications based on their assessment of public need, the public interest, the ability of our products to address these areas, or other reasons beyond our expectations or control. If we fail to establish or maintain collaborations or government relationships necessary for successful commercialization on acceptable terms, we may not be able to commercialize our pipeline candidates or generate sufficient revenue to fund further research and development efforts.

New or existing collaborations, including our collaborations with Syneos Health and with Brii Bio, and/or government funding may never result in the successful development or commercialization of any pipeline candidates for several reasons, including the fact that:

If we or our collaborators fail to maintain our existing agreements or in the event we fail to establish agreements as necessary, we could be required to undertake research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization activities solely at our own expense. These activities would significantly increase our capital requirements and, given our lack of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, significantly delay the commercialization of our pipeline candidates.

Our marketing, promotional, and business practices, including those that occur prior to the FDA’s or another regulatory authority’s approval of a product candidate, are subject to extensive regulation and any material failure to comply could result in significant sanctions against us.

The marketing, promotional, and business practices of pharmaceutical and biologics companies are subject to extensive regulation, the enforcement of which may result in the imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties, injunctions, and/or limitations on marketing practices for some of our products.

There is no official FDA definition of “promotion,” but FDA regulations, guidance documents, and enforcement actions make clear that the FDA takes a broad view of the term. Promotional materials include any written, oral, graphic, or broadcast material made and distributed to consumers by a company or its agents with the intent to proactively communicate certain attributes (e.g., use/indication, safety, effectiveness, etc.) of a given drug or biologic product. Examples include presentations, posters, brochures, notes, e-mail messages (external), blog postings, corporate websites, social media posts, videos, oral representations made by company representatives, product samples, reprints of scientific, and medical articles, among others. To be lawful, promotions, at a minimum, must:

Aside from off-label promotion, a lack of fair balance between risk information and benefit information has become the highest enforcement priority for the FDA in this context. We may also be subject to enforcement action in connection with any promotion of an investigational product. Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a sponsor or investigator, or any person acting on behalf of a sponsor or investigator, shall not represent in a promotional context that an investigational new drug is safe or effective for the purposes for which it is under investigation or otherwise promote the product candidate. The most common factors that trigger FDA enforcement actions for unauthorized promotion of an investigational drug include:

Any enforcement action or lawsuit brought against us in connection with alleged violations of applicable promotion requirements, or prohibitions, could harm our business and our reputation, as well as the reputation of any then approved products we may promote or commercialize.

We may be subject to additional risks due to the involvement of third-party drugs, devices, or other products in clinical studies evaluating the safety and/or efficacy of our pipeline candidates and/or in connection with the commercial use of any such candidates approved by the FDA for marketing in the United States in the future.

One or more existing FDA-approved therapies may be involved in the clinical testing of a given product candidate, as such product candidate may be tested in combination with a therapy developed by another company or administered using a third-party medical device.

For example, our cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, VBI-1901, is in a two-arm Phase I/IIa clinical study where it is administered in combination with two separate adjuvants via intradermal injection. Accordingly, our clinical studies for VBI-1901, and any other study involving a third-party product, may subject us to additional risks that we may not otherwise face in connection with studies conducted without third-party products.

Among other potential risks, a third-party product we utilize could be defective, removed from the market, or otherwise rendered unavailable for the applicable use. Additionally, the safety and/or efficacy of such products may be called into question for reasons beyond our control, including, but not limited to, serious adverse events associated with the product; regulatory enforcement action against the product’s manufacturer, developer, or other responsible party, as applicable; or any other circumstance or finding that negatively impacts the perceived utility or reliability of the product. The occurrence of any such events in connection with a third-party drug, device, or other product used in our clinical studies could cause the FDA and/or industry to question the validity of our clinical trial data or improperly attribute safety or efficacy issues to our pipeline candidates, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize such candidates. We cannot predict the ultimate impact that any third-party product used in our clinical studies may have on our business, as such is dependent upon a number of factors outside of our reasonable control.

Risks Related to Our Capital Requirements and Financings

We will need additional financing to continue our operations. If we are unable to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, we may have to curtail or cease our development plans and operations.

Our revenue generating activities include product sales and research and development services pursuant to fee for service agreements, collaboration agreements, and certain governmental research and development grants. However, our revenues have not been significant to date. Our long-term success and ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund the research and development of our products, to bring about their successful commercial release, if approved, to generate revenue, and, ultimately, to attain profitable operations or alternatively advance the products and technology to such a point that an acquirer would find attractive. We face substantial demand on our cash resources to fund operations and our growth plans in the future.

To date, we have been able to obtain financing; however, there is no assurance that financing will be available in the future, or if it is, that it will be available at terms acceptable to us. Additional financings may be effected through debt financing and/or the issuance of equity securities, there being no assurance that any type of financing on terms acceptable to us will be available or otherwise occur. Debt financing must be repaid regardless of whether we generate revenues or cash flows from operations and may be secured by substantially all of our assets. Any equity financing or debt financing that requires the issuance of equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities would cause the percentage ownership of our shareholders to be diluted, which dilution may be substantial. Also, any additional equity securities issued may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders. Furthermore, if we issue additional securities, whether equity or debt, or if investors believe we may issue additional securities, the market price of our common shares could decline. If such financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be required to reduce or eliminate certain pipeline candidates and development activities, and it may ultimately require us to suspend or cease operations, which could cause investors to lose the entire amount of their investment.

We have incurred significant losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. We incurred net losses of approximately $46.2 million and $54.8 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $308.6 million. Our income generating activities have been from sales of our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine in Israeli markets that have generated a limited number of sales to-date, fees from research and development services, and revenue from partnership collaborations. We expect to incur significant operating losses for the next several years as we support our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine regulatory submissions and pre-commercialization activities, expand our research and development, advance other pipeline candidates into and through clinical development, including our immunotherapeutic HBV candidate, GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program candidates, and CMV candidate, complete clinical trials and seek regulatory approval. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products, as well as those related to our expectations for the License Agreement, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or guarantee when, or if, our company will become profitable or cash flow positive. If we never achieve profitability or positive cash flows, or achieve either later than we anticipate, you may lose some or all of your investment in us.

Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis; we must raise additional capital to fund our operations in order to continue as a going concern.

In its report dated March 2, 2021, EisnerAmper LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as we have suffered recurring losses from operations and have insufficient liquidity to fund our future operations. If we are unable to improve our liquidity position, we may not be able to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result if we are unable to continue as a going concern and, therefore, be required to realize our assets and discharge out liabilities other than in the normal course of business which could cause investors to suffer the loss of all or a substantial portion of their investment. As of December 31, 2020, we had $93.8 million of cash and cash equivalents. In order to have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund our operations in the future, we will need to raise additional equity or debt capital and cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in doing so.

Risks Related to Our Business

Adverse effects resulting from vaccines or immunotherapies or therapies could also negatively affect the perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our pipeline candidates.

There are many other companies that have developed or are currently trying to develop vaccines or immuno-oncology products for the treatment or prevention of diseases that overlap with our pipeline candidates. If adverse effects were to result from vaccines or immunotherapy drugs or therapies being developed, manufactured and marketed by others that overlap with our pipeline candidates, it could be attributed to our pipeline candidates or immunotherapy protocols as a whole. In fact, in the past biologics have been associated with certain safety risks and other companies developing biologics have had patients in trials suffer from serious adverse events, including death. Any such attribution could negatively affect the perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our pipeline candidates. Our industry is susceptible to rapid technological changes and there can be no assurance that we will be able to overcome any new technological challenges presented by the adverse effects resulting from vaccines or immunotherapy drugs or therapies developed, manufactured or marketed by others.

We have international operations, which subject us to risks inherent with operations outside of Canada.

We have international operations and we may seek to obtain market approvals in foreign markets that we deem to generate significant opportunities. However, even with the cooperation of a commercialization partner, conducting drug development in foreign countries involves inherent risks, including, but not limited to: difficulties in staffing, funding, and managing foreign operations; different and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; export restrictions; tariffs and other trade barriers; different reimbursement systems; economic weaknesses or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; compliance with tax, employment, immigration, and labor laws for employees living or travelling abroad; supply chain and raw materials management; difficulties in protecting, acquiring, enforcing, and litigating intellectual property rights; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and potentially adverse tax consequences.

If we were to experience any of the difficulties listed above, or any other difficulties, our international development activities and our overall financial condition may suffer and cause us to reduce or discontinue our international development and market approval efforts.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to:

In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commissions, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions that we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may be subject to federal, provincial and state healthcare laws, regulations, and policies in connection with our current and/or future activities and our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions.

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing and other applicable regulations, if we obtain FDA approval to commercialize any of our current or future product candidates in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly, through our relationships with healthcare providers, customers, and third-party payors, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation the following:

Further, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity can be found guilty of fraud or false claims under the Affordable Care Act without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes. Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could involve substantial costs. Possible sanctions for violation of the applicable fraud-and-abuse laws may include monetary fines, civil, and criminal penalties, exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs, forfeiture of amounts collected in violation of such prohibitions, individual imprisonment, additional reporting obligations, and oversight (if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws), and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against such claims, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians and teaching hospitals for marketing, medical directorships, and other purposes. Some states impose a legal obligation on companies to adhere to voluntary industry codes of behavior (e.g., the PhRMA Code and the AdvaMed Code of Ethics), which apply to pharmaceutical and medical device companies’ interactions with healthcare providers; some mandate implementation of corporate compliance programs, along with the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians, and some states limit or prohibit such gifts.

Most recently, there has been a trend in federal and state legislation aimed at requiring pharmaceutical companies to disclose information about their production and marketing costs, and ultimately lowering costs for drug products. Several states have passed or introduced bills that would require disclosure of certain pricing information for prescription drugs that have no threshold amount or are above a certain annual wholesale acquisition cost. In June 2016, Vermont became the first state to pass legislation requiring certain drug companies to disclose information relating to justification of certain price increases and various others have since-followed. The United States Congress has also introduced bills targeting prescription drug price transparency, and two such bills—the Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act (for private plans) and the Know the Lowest Price Act (for Medicare Parts C and D)—were signed into law on October 10, 2018. These laws and any other such implementation of legislation requiring publication of drug costs could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations by promoting a reduction in drug prices.

The scope and enforcement of these laws is uncertain and subject to change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. We are not able to predict the impact on our business of any changes in these laws. Federal or state regulatory authorities may challenge our future activities under these laws. Any such challenge could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. Any state or federal regulatory review of the Company, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming.

Our business, and our current and future activities, product candidates, or any future approved products, if any, may also be subject to equivalent healthcare-related laws and regulations of any or all of the other countries, provinces, or other applicable jurisdictions in which we currently operate or may operate in the future. There can be no assurance that the potential compliance obligations of any such foreign laws, and any corresponding consequences of noncompliance, will be similar to those of United States fraud and abuse laws.

Healthcare legislative reform measures or other changes may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives focused on containing the cost of healthcare. The Affordable Care Act, for example, substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that could impact our business and operations, primarily, once we obtain FDA approval to commercialize one of our product candidates in the United States, if ever, and may also affect our operations in ways we cannot currently predict. ACA provisions that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under health insurance exchanges, expansion of the 340B program, expansion of state Medicaid programs, and fraud and abuse enforcement. Such changes may impact existing government healthcare programs, industry competition, formulary composition, and may result in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives, health technology assessments, and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

During his time in office, former President Trump supported the repeal of all or portions of the Affordable Care Act. However, the Trump administration’s relevant repeal and/or reform efforts were met with substantial opposition from various federal and state legislators and agencies and other industry stakeholders, which has contributed to the current state of uncertainty as to the validity and application of healthcare reform measures initiated thus far, the fate of the Affordable Care Act, and the current and future implications for applicable participants within the United States healthcare industry, including providers, patients, manufacturers, developers, and other relevant individuals and institutions.

In January 2017, Congress passed a budget resolution that authorizes congressional committees to draft legislation to repeal all or portions of the Affordable Care Act and permits such legislation to pass with a majority vote in the Senate. President Trump also issued an executive order in which he stated that it is his administration’s policy to seek the prompt repeal of the Affordable Care Act and directed executive departments and federal agencies to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of the provisions of the Affordable Care Act to the maximum extent permitted by law.

Additionally, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the Affordable Care Act provision requiring individuals to purchase and maintain health coverage, or the “individual mandate,” by reducing the associated penalty to zero, beginning in 2019. In December 2018, a district court in Texas held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that the rest of the Affordable Care Act is, therefore, invalid. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the holding on the individual mandate but remanded the case back to the lower court to reassess whether and how such holding affects the validity of the rest of the Affordable Care Act. Substantial uncertainty remains as to the future of the Affordable Care Act after the United States Supreme Court declined to expedite its review of the Fifth Circuit’s holding on January 21, 2020. Accordingly, these issues were not resolved before the election of President Biden in November 2020. There is no way to predict whether, and to what extent, if any, the Affordable Care Act will remain in-effect in the future, and it is unclear how these decisions, subsequent appeals, or other efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act will impact the United States healthcare industry or our business.

Furthermore, we cannot predict what actions the Biden administration will implement in connection with the Affordable Care Act. The adoption or implementation of new or amended legislation at the federal or state level could affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for any of our vaccine candidates and the commercial viability of our future approved products, if any. We cannot predict the ultimate nature, timing, or effect of any changes to the Affordable Care Act or other federal and state reform efforts, and there is no assurance that such efforts will not adversely affect our future business and financial results.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party vendors, collaborators, or other contractors may be subject to various federal and state confidentiality and privacy laws in the United States and abroad and could sustain system failures, security breaches, or other disruptions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Numerous international, national, federal, provincial and state laws, including state privacy laws (such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or “CCPA”), state security breach notification and information security laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who may, in future, prescribe and dispense our products in the United States and research institutions in the United States with whom we collaborate for our sponsored clinical trials are “covered entities” subject to privacy and security requirements under Health Care Insurance and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”). Among other things, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards directly applicable to business associates, independent contractors, or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. Certain of our clinical sites or collaborators could be subject to a wide range of penalties and sanctions under HIPAA, including criminal penalties if they knowingly obtain or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Failure to comply with current and future privacy laws and regulations could result in governmental enforcement actions (including the imposition of significant penalties), criminal and civil liability, and/or adverse publicity that negatively affects our business.

Moreover, we rely on our internal and third-party provided information technology systems and applications to support our operations and to maintain and process company information including personal information, confidential business information and proprietary information. Furthermore, we generate intellectual property that is central to the future success of the business and transmit certain amounts of confidential information. Additionally, we collect, store and transmit confidential information of collaborators, employees or other third-party contractors. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, cybersecurity incidents, threats, and intrusions. Incidents, threats, and intrusions may require remediation to protect sensitive information, including our intellectual property and personal information, and our overall business. The continually changing threat landscape of cybersecurity today makes our systems potentially vulnerable to service interruptions, system errors or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, partners, and vendors, and from attacks by malicious third parties, including supply chain attacks originating at our third-party partners. Such attacks are of ever-increasing levels of sophistication. Attacks may be made by individuals or groups that have varying levels of expertise, some of which are technologically advanced and well-funded including, without limitation, nation states, organized criminal groups, and hacktivists organizations. A breach of cybersecurity, a disruption in availability, or the unauthorized alteration of systems or data could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, or lead to the loss, theft, destruction, corruption, or compromise of our information or that of our collaborators, or third-party contractors, as applicable.

While we have invested in cybersecurity and have implemented processes and procedural controls to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such information, there can be no guarantee that our efforts will prevent all service interruptions or security breaches. Any such interruption or breach of our systems could adversely affect our business operations and result in the loss of critical or sensitive confidential information or intellectual property, and could result in financial, legal, and reputational harm to our business, including legal claims and proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, government enforcement actions, and regulatory penalties, as well as remediation costs. While we seek to protect our information technology systems from these types of incidents, the healthcare sector continues to see a high frequency of cyberattacks and increasingly sophisticated threat actors, and our systems and the information maintained within those systems remain potentially vulnerable to data security incidents. Moreover, losses from such events may not be completely covered by insurance coverage (or may not be covered at all by any of our insurance policies depending on the circumstances). Furthermore, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems.

Any of the above-described cyber or other security-related incidents may trigger notification obligations to affected individuals and government agencies, legal claims or proceedings, and liability under foreign, federal, provincial, and state laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information. Our proprietary and confidential information may also be accessed. Any one of these events could cause our business to be materially harmed and our results of operations may be adversely impacted. Finally, as cyber threats continue to evolve, and privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations continue to develop, we may need to invest additional resources to implement new compliance measures, strengthen our information security posture, or respond to cyber threats and incidents.

We may expand our business through the acquisition of rights to new pipeline candidates that could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.

We may expand our product offerings, and we may seek acquisitions of pipeline candidates or technologies to do so. We may also seek to expand our business through the acquisition of businesses or companies having rights to new pipeline candidates. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including substantial cash expenditures; potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities; incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of the acquisition; difficulties in assimilating the acquired technologies or the operations of the acquired companies; diversion of management’s attention away from other business concerns; risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and the potential loss of key employees or key employees of the acquired companies.

There can be no assurance that any acquisition by us will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We may incorrectly judge the value or worth of an acquired product, company or business. In addition, future success of the combined company will depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with some of these acquisitions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to make the combination of our business with that of any acquired products, businesses, or companies work or be successful. Furthermore, the development or expansion of our business or any acquired products, businesses, or companies may require a substantial capital investment by us. We may not have these necessary funds, or such funds might not be available on acceptable terms or at all. We may also seek to raise funds by selling capital stock or instruments convertible into or exercisable for capital stock, which could dilute each shareholder’s ownership interest.

Under current United States, Canadian, and Israeli law, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete or to prevent the breach of confidentiality agreements, and therefore, may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees and certain key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and certain key consultants, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. However, under current United States, Canadian, and Israeli law, we may be unable to enforce these agreements, in whole or in part, and therefore, we cannot be sure that these employees and key consultants will not compete with us. For example, in the past, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer which have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we are unable to demonstrate that harm would be caused to us or otherwise enforce these non-competition agreements, in whole or in part, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

We rely on confidential information that we seek to protect through confidentiality agreements with our employees and other parties. If these agreements are breached, competitors may obtain and use our confidential information to gain a competitive advantage over us or could substantially delay product development or harm our commercialization activities. We may not have any remedies against our competitors and any remedies that may be available to us may not be adequate to protect our business or compensate us for the damaging disclosure. In addition, we may have to expend resources to protect our interests from possible infringement by others, which may divert our available funds away from our business activities.

We have significant operations located in Israel and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic, and military instability in Israel.

Our subsidiary’s operations are located in Rehovot, Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities, or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business have sometimes declined to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements.

Since the Gaza Strip’s 2007 coup, by which the terrorist organization Hamas seized control, there have been a number of armed conflicts between Hamas and Israel – in December-January 2008-9, November 2012, July-August 2014 and as recently as May 2019 – in all of which conflicts, rockets were fired from Gaza into Israeli civilian population centers. During the summer of 2006, Israel was engaged in an armed conflict with Hezbollah, a Lebanese Islamist Shiite militia group and political party backed by Iran and controlling large swathes of Lebanon. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our Rehovot facilities, employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Civil unrest and political turbulence has occurred in other countries in the region, including Syria which shares a common border with Israel, and is affecting the political stability of those countries. Since April 2011, a civil war that has been ongoing in Syria has escalated, and evidence indicates that chemical weapons have been used in the region. This instability and any intervention may lead to additional conflicts in the region. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran also has a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and both the Allawite regime and various rebel militia groups in Syria. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events which may affect Israel and us. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities, or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

Commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to covering the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions generally and could harm our results of operations.

Political relations could limit our ability to sell or buy internationally.

We could be adversely affected by the interruption or reduction of trade between Israel and its trading partners. To date the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been repeatedly subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries, companies and organizations continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli firms and others doing business with Israel or with Israeli companies. Also, over the past several years there have been calls in Europe and elsewhere to reduce trade with Israel. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

The operations of our subsidiary in Israel may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of Israeli citizens to perform military service.

Many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases more, of annual military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are officers or who have certain special training) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity and recent armed conflicts, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty call-ups in the future. The operations of our subsidiary in Israel could be disrupted by such call-ups, which may include the call-up of our employees or the employees of our Israeli business partners. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Exchange rate fluctuations between the United States dollar, Canadian dollar and the New Israeli Shekel currencies may negatively affect our earnings cash flows.

Our functional currency is the United States dollar. We incur expenses in New Israeli Shekel, which we refer to as NIS, Canadian Dollars and United States dollars. As a result, we are exposed to the risks that the United States dollar may devalue relative to the Canadian Dollar or NIS, or, if the United States dollar appreciates relative to the Canadian Dollar or NIS, that the inflation rate in the United States may exceed such rate of devaluation of the United States dollar, or that the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in the United States. The average exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2020, was US$1.00 = NIS 3.4370 and US$1.00 = CAD $1.3399. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in the United States or the rate of devaluation, if any, of the United States dollar against the Canadian Dollar or NIS.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology. We may become subject to third parties’ claims alleging infringement of patents and proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate our patents or proprietary rights, which would be costly, time-consuming, and, if successfully asserted against us, delay or prevent the development of our current or future pipeline candidates or commercialization of our products.

Our success in large part depends on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology. To do so, we must, at significant cost, prosecute patent applications and maintain existing patents, obtain new patents, and pursue trade secret and other intellectual property protection. We also must operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties or allowing third parties to infringe our rights. We currently have rights to over 149 fully owned, co-owned, or exclusively licensed patents and patent applications. However, patent issues relating to pharmaceuticals and biologics involve complex legal, scientific, and factual questions.

To date, no consistent policy has emerged regarding the breadth of biotechnology patent claims that are granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or enforced by the federal courts. Therefore, we do not know whether our patent applications will result in the issuance of patents, or that any patents issued to us will provide us with any competitive advantage. We also cannot be sure that we will develop additional proprietary products that are patentable. Furthermore, there is a risk that others will independently develop similar technology or products or circumvent the patents issued to us.

Even if we are issued patents for our technologies, there is always a risk that third parties will initiate post grant review or inter parties review proceedings to challenge the validity of one or more of our patents. These proceedings can result in the loss of patent claims. Even if we are successful in defending our patents during post grant review or inter parties review proceedings, these procedures are time consuming and expensive and may have a negative impact on our results.

There is also a risk that third parties may challenge our existing patents in court or claim that we are infringing their patents or proprietary rights. We cannot assure you that the manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, or importation of any of our products or current or future pipeline candidates will not infringe existing or future patents. Because we have not conducted a formal freedom to operate analysis for patents related to our products or pipeline candidates, we may not be aware of patents that have already been issued that a third-party might assert are infringed by one of our products or current or future pipeline candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for eighteen months or more after filing, there also may be applications now pending of which we are unaware and which may later result in issued patents that we may infringe by commercializing any of our products or current or future pipeline candidates. We could incur substantial costs in defending patent infringement suits or in filing suits against others to have their patents declared invalid or to claim infringement of our patents. It is also possible that we may be required to obtain licenses from third parties to avoid infringing third-party patents or other proprietary rights. We cannot be sure that such third-party licenses would be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain required third-party licenses, we may be delayed in or prohibited from developing, manufacturing or selling products requiring such licenses.

Although our patent filings include claims covering various features of our pipeline candidates, including composition, methods of manufacture and use, our patents do not provide us with complete protection against the development of competing products. Furthermore, follow-on versions of patented biologic products (i.e., biosimilars) may have structural differences that cause them to fall outside the scope of patent claims. Some of our know-how and technology is not patentable. To protect our proprietary rights in unpatentable intellectual property and trade secrets, we require employees, consultants, advisors, and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how, or other proprietary information.

Our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine is not currently protected by any pending patent application nor any unexpired patent. Accordingly, our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine may be subject to competition from the sale of generic products that could adversely affect our business and operations.

Our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine has no patent protection, and therefore, we will seek to rely on non-patent data exclusivity in the BCPIA and similar legislation in other countries, which is described further under “—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property —We may not be able to obtain marketing exclusivity in the United States under the BPCIA or equivalent regulatory data exclusivity protection in other jurisdictions for our products.”

Our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine is the only product we currently market (outside of the U.S., Europe, and Canada). Failure to obtain and retain marketing exclusivity or expiration of the market exclusivity could seriously adversely affect the revenue potential for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine in the jurisdictions where it is approved for sale.

Our ability to protect and enforce our patents does not guarantee that we will secure the right to commercialize the patents.

A patent is a limited monopoly right conferred upon an inventor, and any successors in title, in return for the making and disclosing of a useful, new, and non-obvious invention. This monopoly is of limited duration but, while in force, allows the patent holder to prevent others from making and/or using his invention. While a patent gives the holder this right to exclude others, it is not a license to commercialize the invention, where other permissions may be required for permissible commercialization to occur. For example, a drug cannot be marketed in the United States without the appropriate authorization from the FDA, regardless of the existence of a patent covering the product. Further, the invention, even if patented itself, may be prohibited from commercialization if it infringes the valid patent rights of another party.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent offices, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign governmental patent offices require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We are dependent on technologies we have licensed, and we may need to license in the future, and if we fail to obtain licenses we need, or fail to comply with our payment obligations in the agreements under which we in-license intellectual property and other rights from third parties, we could lose our ability to develop our pipeline candidates.

We currently are dependent on licenses from third parties for certain of our key technologies, including the license under the Ferring License Agreement and the license from UPMC. Under the Ferring License Agreement, we are committed to pay Ferring royalties equal to 7% of net sales (as defined therein) of HbsAg “Product” (as defined therein). Under the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods. Under our license agreement with UPMC and other licensors relating to eVLP technology, we have an exclusive license to a family of patents that is expected to expire in the United States in 2022 and 2021 in other countries. Under this agreement, we are required to pay UPMC between 0.75% to 1.75% of net sales and certain lump-sum milestone payments. UPMC is also a co-owner of the patent family covering our VBI-1501 CMV vaccine and we are currently negotiating extension of our existing license to cover this patent family.

No assurance can be given that our existing license will be extended on reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we expect we will need to license intellectual property from other third parties in the future and that these licenses will be material to our business. No assurance can be given that we will generate sufficient revenue or raise additional financing to meet our payment obligations in the license agreements with Ferring, UPMC, or other license agreements we enter into with third parties in the future. Any failure to make the payments required by the license agreements may permit the licensor to terminate the license. If we were to lose or otherwise be unable to maintain these licenses for any reason, it would halt our ability to develop our pipeline candidates. Furthermore, such loss of these licenses may enable development of new products that may compete with our pipeline candidates, and our competitors may gain proprietary position. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

In addition, we do not own the patents or patent applications that we license, and as such, we may need to rely upon our licensors to properly prosecute and maintain those patent applications and prevent infringement of those patents. If our licensors are unable to adequately protect their proprietary intellectual property we license from legal challenges, or the Company is unable to enforce such licensed intellectual property against infringement or alternative technologies, we will not be able to compete effectively in the drug discovery and development business.

If patent laws or the interpretation of patent laws change, our competitors may be able to develop and commercialize our discoveries.

Important legal issues remain to be resolved as to the extent and scope of available patent protection for biopharmaceutical products and processes in the United States and other important markets outside the United States, such as Europe, China and Japan. As such, litigation or administrative proceedings may be necessary to determine the validity, scope and ownership of certain of our and others’ proprietary rights. Any such litigation or proceeding may result in a significant commitment of resources in the future and could force us to do one or more of the following: cease selling or using any of our products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property, which would adversely affect our revenue; obtain a license or other rights from the holder of the intellectual property right alleged to have been infringed or otherwise violated, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all; and redesign our products to avoid infringing or violating the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may be time-consuming or impossible to do. In addition, changes in patent laws in the United States and other countries may result in allowing others to use our discoveries or develop and commercialize our products. We cannot provide assurance that the patents we obtain or the unpatented technology we hold will afford us significant commercial protection.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world. This risk is exacerbated for us because we expect that one or more of our pipeline candidates will be manufactured and used in a number of foreign countries.

The laws of foreign countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. This risk is exacerbated for us as a result of our existing and planned manufacturing operations, clinical study sites, and marketing authorizations in a number of foreign countries.

The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property rights. For example, several foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents and trade secrets may provide limited or no benefit.

Most jurisdictions in which we have applied for, intend to apply for or have been issued patents have patent protection laws similar to those of the United States, but some of them do not. For example, in addition to the collaboration with Brii Bio, we may do business in China, Indonesia, and India in the future, these countries may not provide the same or similar protection as that provided in the United States. Additionally, due to uncertainty in patent protection law, we have not filed applications in many countries where significant markets exist.

Proceedings to enforce patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of our intellectual property.

We may not be able to monetize intangible assets, including IPR&D and goodwill, which may result in the need to record an impairment charge.

Our consolidated balance sheet contains approximately $62.2 million of intangible assets. For IPR&D assets, which consist of the CMV and GBM programs, the risk of failure is significant, and there can be no certainty that these assets ultimately will yield successful products. The nature of our business is high-risk and requires that we invest in a large number of projects in an effort to achieve a successful portfolio of approved products. Our ability to realize value on these significant investments is often contingent upon, among other things, regulatory approvals and market acceptance. These IPR&D and goodwill assets may become impaired and be written off at some time in the future, which can have a material adverse effect on the financial statements. An example of an event that is indicative of impairment is a projection or forecast that indicates losses or reduced profits associated with an asset or the market capitalization of a company falling below the net equity value. For IPR&D projects, this could result from, among other things, a change in outlook based on clinical trial data, a delay in the projected launch date or additional expenditures to commercialize the product.

While all intangible assets can face events and circumstances that can lead to impairment, in general, intangible assets that are most at risk of impairment include IPR&D assets. IPR&D assets are high-risk, as research and development is an inherently risky activity.

We may not be able to obtain marketing exclusivity in the United States under the BPCIA or equivalent regulatory data exclusivity protection in other jurisdictions for our products.

The BPCIA, which is included in the Affordable Care Act, provides the manufacturer of innovator biologic to seek a twelve-year period of marketing exclusivity. Similar data exclusivity regimes exist in the European Union and in Canada, although the term of market exclusivity is shorter than in the United States. We intend to seek the maximum period of market exclusivity for our 3-antigen prophylactic HBV vaccine candidate and our other pipeline candidates in each jurisdiction, but there is no guarantee that any of our products will receive any marketing exclusivity under the BPCIA, or under analogous legislation in other jurisdictions. Furthermore, changes in applicable law could alter any period of market exclusivity or limit its availability. Our failure to obtain exclusivity for any product that is ultimately approved by the FDA, the EMA or Health Canada may expose us to substantial competition, which could have significant adverse financial consequences.