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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Sabre Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware001-3642220-8647322
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(Commission File Number)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
3150 Sabre Drive
Southlake, TX 76092
(Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)
(682) 605-1000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 par valueSABRThe NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
6.50% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred StockSABRPThe NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(Title of class)(Trading symbol)(Name of exchange on which registered)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐   No  ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒   No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒ Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐   No  ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates, as of June 30, 2020, was $2,217,426,344. As of February 22, 2021, there were 317,327,863 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2021 annual meeting of stockholders to be held on April 28, 2021, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Table of Contents
 
  Page
  
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
  
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
   
  
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
   
  
Item 15.
Item 16.



FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7, contains information that may constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts, such as statements regarding our future financial condition or results of operations, our prospects and strategies for future growth, the development and introduction of new products, and the implementation of our strategies. In many cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “expects,” "believes," "will," "intends," "outlook," "provisional," “may,” “predicts,” “potential,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” "should,” “plans” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. The forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that may cause events or our actual activities or results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future events, results, actions, levels of activity, performance or achievements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events after the date they are made. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, those factors described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in Part I, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting Our Results” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “Sabre,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours” and “us” refer to Sabre Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.
PART I
ITEM 1.        BUSINESS
Overview
Sabre Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in December 2006. On March 30, 2007, Sabre Corporation acquired Sabre Holdings Corporation (“Sabre Holdings”), which is the sole subsidiary of Sabre Corporation. Sabre GLBL Inc. (“Sabre GLBL”) is the principal operating subsidiary and sole direct subsidiary of Sabre Holdings. Sabre GLBL or its direct or indirect subsidiaries conduct all of our businesses. Our principal executive offices are located at 3150 Sabre Drive, Southlake, Texas 76092.
At Sabre, we make travel happen. We are a software and technology company that powers the global travel industry. We partner with airlines, hoteliers, agencies and other travel partners to retail, distribute and fulfill travel. We connect the world’s leading travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines and tour operators, with travel buyers in a comprehensive travel marketplace. We also offer travel suppliers an extensive suite of leading software solutions, ranging from airline and hotel reservations systems to high-value marketing and operations solutions, such as planning airline crew schedules, re-accommodating passengers during irregular flight operations and managing day-to-day hotel operations. We are committed to helping customers operate more efficiently, drive revenue and offer personalized traveler experiences with next-generation technology solutions.
COVID-19 Pandemic
During 2020, the outbreak of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) has caused, and continues to cause, a severe global health crisis resulting in societal disruptions leading to economic downturn and uncertainties. The travel industry continues to be adversely affected by the global health crisis due to the outbreak of COVID-19, as well as by government directives that have been enacted to slow the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major shifts in the travel ecosystem resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers. This pandemic had a material impact to our consolidated financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020, resulting in a material decrease in transaction-based revenue across both of our business units compared to the prior year. Lower global distribution system ("GDS") volumes resulted in a material decline in incentive consideration costs for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the prior year.
The reduction in revenues as a result of COVID-19 significantly and adversely affected our liquidity. During 2020, we responded with measures such as suspending common stock dividends and share repurchases, borrowing under our existing revolving credit facility, and completing debt and equity offerings. Additionally, given the market conditions as the result of COVID-19, we responded with cost savings measures during 2020, including the reduction of our workforce through voluntary severance and early retirement programs and a right-sizing of our global organization. We believe the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our operations and global bookings will continue to have a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity, and this negative impact may continue well beyond the containment of the outbreak. We believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve months; however, given the magnitude of travel decline and the unknown duration of the impact of COVID-19, we will continue to monitor our liquidity levels and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary or appropriate.
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Business Segments and Products
As discussed above, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused major shifts in the travel ecosystem resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers. As a result, during 2020, we accelerated the organizational changes we began in 2018 to address the changing travel landscape through a strategic realignment (the "Strategic Realignment") of our airline and agency-focused businesses and to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and cost structure. The organizational changes involve the creation of a functional-oriented structure to further enhance our long-term growth opportunities and help deliver new retailing, distribution and fulfillment solutions to the travel marketplace. As a result of our Strategic Realignment, we now operate our business and present our results through two business segments, effective the third quarter of 2020: (i) Travel Solutions, our global travel solutions for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers. All revenue and expenses previously assigned to the Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been consolidated into a unified revenue and expense structure now reported as the Travel Solutions business segment. The historical results of the Hospitality Solutions reporting segment have not changed. Financial information about our business segments and geographic areas is provided in Note 18. Segment Information, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Travel Solutions
Our Travel Solutions business provides global travel solutions for travel suppliers and travel buyers through a business-to-business travel marketplace consisting of our GDS and a broad set of solutions that integrate with our GDS to add value for travel suppliers and travel buyers. Our GDS facilitates travel by efficiently bringing together travel content such as inventory, prices and availability from a broad array of travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines and tour operators, with a large network of travel buyers, including online travel agencies (“OTAs”), offline travel agencies, travel management companies (“TMCs”), and corporate travel departments.
Additionally, our Travel Solutions business offers a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions, through software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) and hosted delivery model, to airlines and other travel suppliers and provides industry-leading and comprehensive software solutions that help our customers better market, sell, serve and operate. Our product offerings include reservation systems for full-cost and low-cost carriers, commercial and operations products, agency solutions and data-driven intelligence solutions. Our reservation systems bring together intelligent decision support solutions that enable end-to-end retailing, distribution and fulfillment, and drive operational effectiveness through holistic planning and management of airline, airport and customer operations. Our commercial and operations products offer services to our customers to enable them to better use our products and help optimize their commercial and operations platforms.
Hospitality Solutions
Our Hospitality Solutions business provides software and solutions, through SaaS and hosted delivery models, to hoteliers around the world. Our SaaS solutions empower hotels and hotel chains to manage pricing, reservations, and retail offerings across thousands of distribution channels while improving guest experience throughout the traveler journey. We serve over 42,000 properties in 180 countries.
Growth Strategy
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. The key elements of our growth strategy include:
•Developing innovative technology products through investment of significant resources in next-generation technology solutions that include delivering retailing intelligence to enable personalized traveler experiences in our marketplace and by travel suppliers, evolving the distribution of travel content including the integration of new distribution capability (“NDC”) content into our GDS, expanding our hospitality technology offerings including through our property management system ("PMS"), and continuing to address key customer needs in the areas of retailing, distribution, and fulfillment of travel and related products.
•Transforming the security, stability, and health of our technology by leveraging maneuverability to enhance agility and modernize infrastructure at a global scale, with the goal of connecting people to experiences that enrich their lives.
•Pursuing new customers across all of our product offerings, including customers seeking distribution of content, new agency relationships, as well as corporations representing buyers of content.
•Strengthening relationships with existing customers, including promoting the adoption of our products within and across our existing customers, to help enable them to operate more efficiently, drive revenue, and spur innovation with next-generation technology solutions.
Technology and Operations
Our technology strategy is based on achieving company-wide stability, reliability and performance at the most efficient price point while continuing to innovate and create value for our customers. Significant investment has gone into building a centralized Platform as a Service ("PaaS") architecture with an emphasis on standardization, simplicity, security and scalability. We invest heavily in software development, delivery and operational support capabilities and strive to provide best in class
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products for our customers. We operate standardized infrastructure in our data center environments across hardware, operating systems, databases, and other key enabling technologies to minimize costs on non-differentiators. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our information technology infrastructure to modernize our architecture, drive efficiency and quality in development, lower recurring technology costs, further enhance the stability and security of our network, comply with data privacy and accessibility regulations, and enable our shift to service enabled and cloud-based solutions. For this reason, we have included Technology costs as a separate category of cost within our consolidated financial statements and notes contained in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our architecture has evolved from a mainframe centric transaction processing environment to a secure processing platform that is one of the world’s most heavily used and resilient service-oriented architecture (“SOA”) environments. A variety of products and services run on this technology infrastructure: high volume air shopping systems; desktop access applications providing continuous, real-time data access to travel agents; airline operations and decision support systems; an array of customized applications available through our Sabre Red 360 application; and web based services that provide an automated interface between us and our travel suppliers and customers. The flexibility and scale of our standardized SOA based technology infrastructure allow us to quickly deliver a broad variety of SaaS and hosted solutions.
Customers
Travel Solutions customers consist of travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels and other lodging providers, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines, tour operators, attractions and services; a large network of travel buyers, including OTAs, offline travel agencies, TMCs and corporate travel departments; and airports, corporate aviation fleets, governments and tourism boards. Airlines served by Travel Solutions vary in size and are located in every region of the world, and include hybrid carriers and low-cost carriers ("LCCs") (collectively, “LCC/hybrids”), global network carriers and regional network carriers. Hospitality Solutions has a global customer base of over 42,000 hotel properties of all sizes.
Sources of Revenue
Transactions—Our Travel Solutions business generates distribution revenue for bookings made through our GDS (e.g., air, car and hotel bookings) and through our partners and generally we are paid directly by the travel supplier. A transaction occurs when a travel agency or corporate travel department books or reserves a travel supplier’s product on our GDS, for which we receive a fee. Transaction fees include, but are not limited to, transaction fees paid by travel suppliers for selling their inventory through our GDS and fees paid by travel agency subscribers related to their use of certain solutions integrated with our GDS. We receive revenue from the travel supplier and the travel agency according to the commercial arrangement with each.
SaaS and Hosted—We generate Travel Solutions' IT Solutions revenue and Hospitality Solutions revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed via SaaS. We maintain our SaaS and hosted software and manage the related infrastructure with the assistance of third-party providers. We collect the implementation fees and recurring usage-based fees pursuant to contracts with terms that typically range between three and ten years and generally include minimum annual volume requirements.
Software Licensing—We generate Travel Solutions' IT Solutions revenue from fees for the installation and use of our software products on premise. Some contracts under this model generate additional revenue for the maintenance of the software product.
Professional Service Fees—We generate Travel Solutions' IT Solutions revenue and Hospitality Solutions revenue through offerings that utilize the SaaS and hosted revenue model which are sometimes sold as part of multiple performance obligation arrangements for which we also provide professional services, including consulting services. Our professional services are primarily focused on helping customers achieve better utilization of and return on their software investment. Often, we provide these services during the implementation phase of our SaaS solutions.
Media—We generate Travel Solutions' IT Solutions revenue from customers that advertise products and purchase preferred placement on our GDS. Additionally, Hospitality Solutions generates revenue from customers that advertise products on our CRS. Advertisers use two types of advertising metrics: (i) display advertising and (ii) action advertising. In display advertising, advertisers generally pay based on the number of customers who view the advertisement, and are charged based on cost-per-thousand impressions. In action advertising, advertisers generally pay based on the number of customers who perform a specific action, such as click on the advertisement, and are charged based on the cost per action. Customers can also purchase preferred placement on hotel shopping displays on travel agency terminals. Customers pay for preferential payment through a subscription fee which is based on the amount of revenue the customer generates through our GDS and geographical market of the customer’s property (designated by airport code).
Competition
We operate in highly competitive markets. Travel Solutions competes with several other regional and global travel marketplace providers, including other GDSs, local distribution systems and travel marketplace providers primarily owned by airlines or government entities, as well as with direct distribution by travel suppliers. In addition to other GDSs and direct distributors, there are a number of other competitors in the travel distribution marketplace, including new entrants in the travel space, that offer metasearch capabilities that direct shoppers to supplier websites and/or OTAs, third party aggregators and peer-to-peer options for travel services. Travel Solutions also competes with a variety of providers in a rapidly evolving marketplace
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which includes global and regional IT providers, various specialists in selected product areas, service providers and airlines that develop their own in-house technology. Hospitality Solutions operates in a dynamic marketplace that includes large global players, significant new entrants and hotels that develop their own in-house technology.
Intellectual Property
We use software, business processes and proprietary information to carry out our business. These assets and related intellectual property rights are significant assets of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions to protect these assets and we license software and other intellectual property both to and from third parties. We may seek patent protection on technology, software and business processes relating to our business, and our software and related documentation may also be protected under trade secret and copyright laws where applicable. We may also benefit from both statutory and common law protection of our trademarks.
Although we rely heavily on our brands, associated trademarks, and domain names, we do not believe that our business is dependent on any single item of intellectual property, or that any single item of intellectual property is material to the operation of our business. However, since we consider trademarks to be a valuable asset of our business, we maintain our trademark portfolio throughout the world by filing trademark applications with the relevant trademark offices, renewing appropriate registrations and regularly monitoring potential infringement of our trademarks in certain key markets.
Government Regulation
We are subject to or affected by international, federal, state and local laws, regulations and policies, which are constantly subject to change. These laws, regulations and policies include regulations applicable to the GDS in the European Union (“EU”), Canada, the United States and other locations.
We are subject to the application of data protection and privacy regulations in many of the countries in which we operate, including the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") in the EU and the California Consumer Protection Act ("CCPA"). See "Risk Factors —Our collection, processing, storage, use and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, differing views on data privacy or security breaches. "
We are also subject to prohibitions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (the “OFAC rules”), which prohibit U.S. persons from engaging in financial transactions with or relating to the prohibited individual, entity or country, require the blocking of assets in which the individual, entity or country has an interest, and prohibit transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons) to such individual, entity or country.
Our businesses may also be subject to legislation and regulations affecting issues such as: trade sanctions, exports of technology, antitrust, anticorruption, telecommunications and e-commerce. These regulations may vary among jurisdictions.
See “Risk Factors—Any failure to comply with regulations or any changes in such regulations governing our businesses could adversely affect us.”
Seasonality
Though the travel industry is typically seasonal in nature, seasonality has not significantly impacted our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020 due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the travel industry. The COVID-19 pandemic severely depressed revenue and resulted in an unprecedented amount of cancellations in 2020. Historically, travel bookings, and the revenue we derive from those bookings were typically seasonally strong in the first and third quarters, but declined significantly each year in the fourth quarter, primarily in December. We recognize air-related revenue at the date of booking, and because, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, customers generally booked their November and December holiday leisure-related travel earlier in the year and business-related travel declined during the holiday season, revenue resulting from bookings was typically lower in the fourth quarter.
Human Capital
We maintain our SabreNext Strategic Framework that defines areas of focus for our culture and highlights how we enable our people to execute the plans and priorities for our technology, product, financial and customer strategies.
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Our People—The significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and operations has resulted in significant variances in our human capital metrics for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to prior years. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our relations with our employees to be good. As of December 31, 2020, we had 7,531 employees worldwide, consisting of the following:
No of Employees% of Total
United States2,40432 %
Europe1,90725 %
APAC2,03127 %
All Other (1)
1,18916 %
Total7,531100 %
(1) Includes Canada, Mexico, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa.
Talent Acquisition, Development and Retention—Through our long operating history and experience with technological innovation, we appreciate the importance of retention, growth and development of our employees. We seek to set compensation at competitive levels that help enable us to hire, incentivize, and retain high-caliber employees. During 2020, we launched our Lead the Way program to support the virtual environment and cultivate talent. This program includes a leadership speaker series, leadership skills series and on-demand resources for all leaders, with a particular focus on first-time or first-level managers. Our formal and informal reward, recognition and acknowledgement programs encourage employees to recognize peers, teams and departments to honor their champions and help promote satisfaction and engagement. To assist in retaining key talent in the current highly volatile macro environment, we offer compensation programs to certain key employees, such as long-term performance-based cash incentive awards, performance-based restricted stock unit awards, time-based restricted stock unit awards, and other awards as appropriate. We monitor and evaluate various turnover and attrition metrics throughout our management teams.
Diversity and Inclusion—With 70 offices around the globe, we believe that diversity and inclusion are at the core of our success and that the different backgrounds, experiences, perspectives, and ideas of our employees are critical to spur innovation, drive growth and sustain competitive advantage in our industry. During 2020, a portion of our executive compensation was linked to our diversity and inclusion initiatives and we established an Inclusion and Diversity Council to help define a globally consistent approach to inclusion and diversity as a business imperative and an enabler of our SabreNext strategy.
Health and Wellness—The health and safety of our team members is of the utmost importance. In addition to core health and welfare benefits, our wellness program offers resources to promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being. During 2020, we extended certain assistance programs to continue to support the well-being of our team members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, to help ensure the safety and wellness of our employees going forward, we have expanded our parental leave program, enhanced our personal time off benefits, and we are in the process of implementing a work-from-anywhere program that will allow our employees additional flexibility in work arrangements and increased opportunities to work remotely.
Corporate Responsibility—We invest globally in our communities by encouraging employee volunteerism on company time. Our employees have donated a significant number of volunteer hours to support our community-oriented and philanthropic culture. Additionally, our Passport to Freedom program has helped fight human trafficking and has provided support to victims and survivors, through increasing awareness and education within the travel industry on human trafficking issues and advocating for legislative change where appropriate.
Available Information
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and under these requirements, we file reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and other information to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available through the investor relations section of our website at investors.sabre.com. Reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website, Twitter account, and other social media channels is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We may use our website, our Twitter account (@Sabre_Corp) and other social media channels as additional means of disclosing information to the public. The information disclosed through those channels may be considered to be material and may not be otherwise disseminated by us, so we encourage investors to review our website, Twitter account and other social media channels. The contents of our website or social media channels referenced herein are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors may be important to understanding any statement in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or elsewhere. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of these factors could directly or indirectly cause our actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has had and is expected to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our business, including our financial results and prospects, and the travel suppliers on whom our business relies.
The spread of COVID-19 and the recent developments surrounding the global pandemic are having significantly negative impacts on all aspects of our business. In response to the pandemic, many governments around the world are implementing a variety of measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including travel restrictions and bans, instructions to residents to practice social distancing, quarantine advisories, shelter-in-place orders and required closures of non-essential businesses. These government mandates have had a significant negative impact on the travel industry and many of the travel suppliers on whom our business relies, including airlines and hotels, and forced many of them, including airlines, to pursue cost reduction measures and seek financing, including government financing and support, in order to reduce financial distress and continue operating, and to curtail drastically their service offerings. The pandemic has resulted and may continue to result in the restructuring or bankruptcy of certain of those travel suppliers, and renegotiation of the terms of our agreements with them. The pandemic and these measures have significantly adversely affected, and may further affect, consumer sentiment and discretionary spending patterns, economies and financial markets, and our workforce, operations and customers. See “—Our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses depend on maintaining and renewing contracts with their customers and other counterparties.”
The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic conditions and government orders have resulted in a material decrease in consumer spending and an unprecedented decline in transaction volumes in the global travel industry. Our financial results and prospects are largely dependent on these transaction volumes. Although it is impossible to accurately predict the ultimate impact of these developments on our business, our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020 have been significantly and negatively impacted, with a material decline in total revenues, net income, cash flow from operations and Adjusted EBITDA as compared to 2019. This downward trend could continue for an unpredictable period. Due to the uncertain and rapidly evolving nature of current conditions around the world, we are unable to predict accurately the impact that COVID-19 will have on our business going forward. We expect the outbreak and its effects to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results for the duration of the pandemic and during the subsequent recovery from the pandemic, which could be an extended period of time.
The COVID-19 pandemic may result in potential impairments of goodwill, long-term investments and long-lived assets; increasing provisions for bad debt including risks associated with travel agencies ability to repay us for incentive fees associated with bookings that have now cancelled; and increases in cash outlays to refund travel service providers for cancelled bookings.
We did not record any material impairments in 2020; however, future changes in our expected cash flows or other factors as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may cause our goodwill or other assets to be impaired, resulting in a non-cash charge. As we cannot predict the duration or scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negative financial impact to our consolidated financial statements of potential future impairments cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material. In addition, given the volatility in global markets and the financial difficulties faced by many of our travel suppliers, we have increased our provisions for bad debt related to certain of our airline providers and, to a lesser extent, car rental providers and hoteliers. We are continuing to closely monitor positions with travel agencies, to identify situations in which cancelled bookings exceed new bookings, resulting in refunds due to us and creating possible additional bad debt exposure. Moreover, due to the high level of cancellations of existing bookings, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, higher than normal cash outlays to refund travel service providers for cancelled bookings. Any material increase in our provisions for bad debt, and any material increase in cash outlays to travel suppliers would have a corresponding effect on our results of operations, liquidity and related cash flows.
The ongoing impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business and the impact on our results of operations is highly uncertain.
The extent of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business, results of operations, cash flows and growth prospects is highly uncertain and will ultimately depend on future developments. These include, but are not limited to, the severity, extent and duration of the global pandemic and its impact on the travel industry and consumer spending more broadly; actions taken by national, state and local governments to contain the disease or treat its impact, including travel restrictions and bans, required closures of non-essential businesses, vaccination levels and aid and economic stimulus efforts; the effect of the changes in hiring levels and remote working arrangements that we have implemented on our operations, including the health, productivity, retention, and morale of management and our employees, and our ability to maintain our financial reporting processes and related controls; the impact on the financial condition on our partners, and any potential restructurings or bankruptcies of our partners; the impact on our contracts with our partners, including force majeure provisions and requests to renegotiate the terms of existing agreements prior to their expiration, including providing temporary concessions regarding contractual minimums; our ability to withstand increased cyberattacks; the speed and extent of the recovery across the broader
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travel ecosystem; short- and long-term changes in travel patterns, including business travel; and the duration, timing and severity of the impact on customer spending, including the economic recession resulting from the pandemic. The pandemic may continue to expand in regions that have not yet been affected or have been minimally affected by the COVID-19 outbreak after conditions begin to recover in currently affected regions, which could continue to affect our business. Also, existing restrictions in affected areas could be extended after the virus has been contained in order to avoid relapses, and regions that recover from the outbreak may suffer from a relapse and re-imposition of restrictions. Governmental restrictions and societal norms with respect to travel may change permanently in ways that cannot be predicted and that can change the travel industry in a manner adverse to our business. Additionally, the potential failure of travel service providers and travel agencies (or acquisition of troubled travel service providers or travel agencies) may result in further consolidation of the industry, potentially affecting market dynamics for our services.
Our business is dependent on the ability of consumers to travel, particularly by air. We do not expect economic and operating conditions for our business to improve until consumers are once again willing and able to travel, and our travel suppliers are once again able to serve those consumers. This may not occur until well after the broader global economy begins to improve. Additionally, our business is also dependent on consumer sentiment and discretionary spending patterns. Significant increases in levels of unemployment in the United States and other regions have occurred and are expected to continue due to the adoption of social distancing and other policies to slow the spread of the virus, which have had and are likely to continue to have a negative impact on consumer discretionary spending, including for the travel industry. Even when economic and operating conditions for our business improve, we cannot predict the long-term effects of the pandemic on our business or the travel industry as a whole. If the travel industry is fundamentally changed by the COVID-19 outbreak in ways that are detrimental to our operating model, our business may continue to be adversely affected even as the broader global economy recovers.
To the extent that the COVID-19 outbreak continues to adversely affect our business and financial performance, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks identified in this “Risk Factors” section, such as those relating to our substantial amount of outstanding indebtedness.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our revenue is highly dependent on transaction volumes in the global travel industry, particularly air travel transaction volumes.
Our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions revenue is largely tied to travel suppliers’ transaction volumes rather than to their unit pricing for an airplane ticket, hotel room or other travel products. This revenue is generally not contractually committed to recur annually under our agreements with our travel suppliers. As a result, our revenue is highly dependent on the global travel industry, particularly air travel from which we derive a substantial amount of our revenue, and directly correlates with global travel, tourism and transportation transaction volumes. Our revenue is therefore highly susceptible to declines in or disruptions to leisure and business travel that may be caused by factors entirely out of our control, and therefore may not recur if these declines or disruptions occur.
Various factors may cause temporary or sustained disruption to leisure and business travel. The impact these disruptions would have on our business depends on the magnitude and duration of such disruption. These factors include, among others: (1) general and local economic conditions; (2) financial instability of travel suppliers and the impact of any fundamental corporate changes to such travel suppliers, such as airline bankruptcies, consolidations, or suspensions of service on the cost and availability of travel content; (3) factors that affect demand for travel such as outbreaks of contagious diseases, including COVID-19, influenza, Zika, Ebola and the MERS virus, increases in fuel prices, government shutdowns, changing attitudes towards the environmental costs of travel, safety concerns and movements toward remote working environments; (4) political events like acts or threats of terrorism, hostilities, and war; (5) inclement weather, natural or man-made disasters; and (6) factors that affect supply of travel, such as travel restrictions, regulatory actions, aircraft groundings, or changes to regulations governing airlines and the travel industry, like government sanctions that do or would prohibit doing business with certain state-owned travel suppliers, work stoppages or labor unrest at any of the major airlines, hotels or airports. Sustained disruptions from COVID-19 have negatively impacted our business, and we expect these negative impacts to continue. See “—The COVID-19 pandemic has had and is expected to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our business, including our financial results and prospects, and the travel suppliers on whom our business relies.”
Our Travel Solutions business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers.
Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. For example, consolidation in the airline industry, the growth of LCC/hybrids and macroeconomic factors, among other things, have driven some airlines to negotiate for lower fees during contract renegotiations, thereby exerting increased pricing pressure on our Travel Solutions business, which, in turn, negatively affects our revenues and margins. In addition, travel suppliers’ use of multiple distribution channels may also adversely affect our contract renegotiations with these suppliers and negatively impact our revenue. For example, as we attempt to renegotiate new GDS agreements with our travel suppliers, they may withhold some or all of their content (fares and associated economic terms) for distribution exclusively through their direct distribution channels (for example, the relevant airline’s website) or offer travelers more attractive terms for content available through those direct channels after their contracts expire. As a result of these sources of negotiating pressure, we may have to decrease our prices to retain their business. If we are unable to renew our contracts with these travel suppliers on similar economic terms or at all, or if our ability to provide this content is similarly impeded, this would also adversely affect the value of our Travel Solutions business as a marketplace due to our more limited content.
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Our ability to recruit, train and retain employees, including our key executive officers and technical employees, is critical to our results of operations and future growth.
Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to recruit new employees and retain and motivate existing employees, particularly professionals with experience in our industry, information technology and systems, as well as our key executive officers. For example, the specialized skills we require can be difficult and time-consuming to acquire and are often in short supply. There is high demand and competition for well-qualified employees on a global basis, such as software engineers, developers and other technology professionals with specialized knowledge in software development, especially expertise in certain programming languages. This competition affects both our ability to retain key employees and to hire new ones. Similarly, uncertainty in the global political environment may adversely affect our ability to hire and retain key employees. Furthermore, the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our business could adversely affect our ability to retain key employees and hire new employees. See “—The COVID-19 pandemic has had and is expected to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our business, including our financial results and prospects, and the travel suppliers on whom our business relies.” Any of our employees may choose to terminate their employment with us at any time, and a lengthy period of time is required to hire and train replacement employees when such skilled individuals leave the company. Furthermore, changes in our employee population, including our executive team, could impact our results of operations and growth. For example, we have announced modifications to our business strategies and increased long-term investment in key areas, such as technology infrastructure, that may continue to have a negative impact in the short term due to expected increases in operating expenses and capital expenditures. If we fail to attract well-qualified employees or to retain or motivate existing employees, our business could be materially hindered by, for example, a delay in our ability to deliver products and services under contract, bring new products and services to market or respond swiftly to customer demands or new offerings from competitors.
Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.
We generate the majority of our revenue and accounts receivable from airlines. We also derive revenue from hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines, tour operators and other suppliers in the travel and tourism industries. Adverse changes in any of these relationships or the inability to enter into new relationships could negatively impact the demand for and competitiveness of our travel products and services. For example, a lack of liquidity in the capital markets or weak economic performance, including as a result of the impacts of COVID-19, may cause our travel suppliers to increase the time they take to pay, or to default, on their payment obligations, which could lead to a higher provision for expected credit losses and negatively affect our results. Any large-scale bankruptcy or other insolvency proceeding of an airline or hospitality supplier could subject our agreements with that customer to rejection or early termination, and, if applicable, result in asset impairments which could be significant. Similarly, any suspension or cessation of operations of an airline or hospitality supplier could negatively affect our results. Because we generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale, our revenues may be subject to credit risk more generally.
Furthermore, supplier consolidation, particularly in the airline industry, could harm our business. Our Travel Solutions business depends on a relatively small number of airlines for a substantial portion of its revenue, and all of our businesses are highly dependent on airline ticket volumes. Consolidation among airlines could result in the loss of an existing customer and the related fee revenue, decreased airline ticket volumes due to capacity restrictions implemented concurrently with the consolidation, and increased airline concentration and bargaining power to negotiate lower transaction fees. See "—Our Travel Solutions business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers."
We operate in highly competitive, evolving markets, and if we do not continue to innovate and evolve, our business operations and competitiveness may be harmed.
Travel technology is rapidly evolving as travel suppliers seek new or improved means of accessing their customers and increasing value. We must continue to innovate and evolve to respond to the changing needs of travel suppliers and meet intense competition. We face increasing competition as suppliers seek IT solutions that provide the same traveler experience across all channels of distribution, whether indirectly through the GDS or directly through other channels. As travel suppliers adopt innovative solutions that function across channels, our operating results could suffer if we do not foresee the need for new products or services to meet competition either for GDS or for other distribution IT solutions.
Adapting to new technological and marketplace developments may require substantial expenditures and lead time and we cannot guarantee that projected future increases in business volume will actually materialize. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, marketing and implementation of enhancements, upgrades and additions. Moreover, we may fail to maintain, upgrade or introduce new products, services, technologies and systems as quickly as our competitors or in a cost-effective manner. For example, we must constantly update our GDS with new capabilities to adapt to the changing technological environment and customer needs. However, this process can be costly and time-consuming, and our efforts may not be successful as compared to our competitors. Those that we do develop may not achieve acceptance in the marketplace sufficient to generate material revenue or may be rendered obsolete or non-competitive by our competitors’ offerings.
In addition, our competitors are constantly evolving, including increasing their product and service offerings through organic research and development or through strategic acquisitions. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to continually improve the speed, accuracy and comprehensiveness of our services and we may be required to make changes to our technology platforms or increase our investment in technology, increase marketing, adjust prices or business models and take other actions, which could affect our financial performance and liquidity.
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We depend upon the use of sophisticated information technology and systems. Our competitiveness and future results depend on our ability to maintain and make timely and cost-effective enhancements, upgrades and additions to our products, services, technologies and systems in response to new technological developments, industry standards and trends and customer requirements. As another example, migration of our enterprise applications and platforms to other hosting environments would cause us to incur substantial costs, and could result in instability and business interruptions, which could materially harm our business.
Implementation of software solutions often involves a significant commitment of resources, and any failure to deliver as promised on a significant implementation could adversely affect our business.
In our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, the implementation of software solutions often involves a significant commitment of resources and is subject to a number of significant risks over which we may or may not have control. These risks include:
•the features of the implemented software may not meet the expectations or fit the business model of the customer;
•our limited pool of trained experts for implementations cannot quickly and easily be augmented for complex implementation projects, such that resources issues, if not planned and managed effectively, could lead to costly project delays;
•customer-specific factors, such as the stability, functionality, interconnection and scalability of the customer’s pre-existing information technology infrastructure, as well as financial or other circumstances could destabilize, delay or prevent the completion of the implementation process, which, for airline reservations systems, typically takes 12 to 18 months; and
•customers and their partners may not fully or timely perform the actions required to be performed by them to ensure successful implementation, including measures we recommend to safeguard against technical and business risks.
As a result of these and other risks, some of our customers may incur large, unplanned costs in connection with the purchase and installation of our software products. Also, implementation projects could take longer than planned or fail. We may not be able to reduce or eliminate protracted installation or significant additional costs. Significant delays or unsuccessful customer implementation projects could result in cancellation or renegotiation of existing agreements, claims from customers, harm our reputation and negatively impact our operating results.
Our Travel Solutions business depends on relationships with travel buyers.
Our Travel Solutions business relies on relationships with several large travel buyers, including TMCs and OTAs, to generate a large portion of its revenue through bookings made by these travel companies. This revenue concentration in a relatively small number of travel buyers makes us particularly dependent on factors affecting those companies. For example, if demand for their services decreases, or if a key supplier pulls its content from us, travel buyers may stop utilizing our services or move all or some of their business to competitors or competing channels. Although our contracts with larger travel agencies often increase the incentive consideration when the travel agency processes a certain volume or percentage of its bookings through our GDS, travel buyers are not contractually required to book exclusively through our GDS during the contract term. Travel buyers may shift bookings to other distribution channels for many reasons, including to avoid becoming overly dependent on a single source of travel content or to increase their bargaining power with GDS providers. Additionally, some regulations allow travel buyers to terminate their contracts earlier.
These risks are exacerbated by increased consolidation among travel agencies and TMCs, including as a result of the impacts of COVID-19 on the travel industry, which may ultimately reduce the pool of travel agencies that subscribe to GDSs. We must compete with other GDSs and other competitors for their business by offering competitive upfront incentive consideration, which, due to the strong bargaining power of these large travel buyers, tend to increase in each round of contract renewals. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting our Results—Increasing travel agency incentive consideration" for more information about our incentive consideration. However, any reduction in transaction fees from travel suppliers due to supplier consolidation or other market forces could limit our ability to increase incentive consideration to travel agencies in a cost-effective manner or otherwise affect our margins.
Our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses depend on maintaining and renewing contracts with their customers and other counterparties.
In our Travel Solutions business, we enter into participating carrier distribution and services agreements with airlines. Our contracts with major carriers typically last for three- to five-year terms and are generally subject to automatic renewal at the end of the term, unless terminated by either party with the required advance notice. Our contracts with smaller airlines generally last for one year and are also subject to automatic renewal at the end of the term, unless terminated by either party with the required advance notice. Airlines are not typically contractually obligated to distribute exclusively through our GDS during the contract term and may terminate their agreements with us upon providing the required advance notice after the expiration of the initial term. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our airline contracts in the future on favorable economic terms or at all. See “—Our Travel Solutions business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers."
We also enter into contracts with travel buyers. Although most of our travel buyer contracts have terms of one to three years, we typically have non-exclusive, five- to ten-year contracts with our major travel agency customers. We also typically have three- to five-year contracts with corporate travel departments, which generally renew automatically unless terminated with the required advance notice. A meaningful portion of our travel buyer agreements, typically representing approximately 15% to 20%
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of our bookings, are up for renewal in any given year. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our travel buyer agreements in the future on favorable economic terms or at all. Similarly, our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses are based on contracts with travel suppliers for a typical duration of three to seven years for airlines and one to five years for hotels, respectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our solutions contracts in the future on favorable economic terms or at all. Additionally, we use several third-party distributor partners and equity method investments to extend our GDS services in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa ("EMEA") and Asia-Pacific ("APAC"). The termination of our contractual arrangements with any of these third-party distributor partners and equity method investments could adversely impact our Travel Solutions business in the relevant markets. See “—We rely on third-party distributor partners and equity method investments to extend our GDS services to certain regions, which exposes us to risks associated with lack of direct management control and potential conflicts of interest.” for more information on our relationships with our third-party distributor partners and equity method investments.
Our failure to renew some or all of these agreements on economically favorable terms or at all, or the early termination of these existing contracts, would adversely affect the value of our Travel Solutions business as a marketplace due to our limited content and distribution reach, which could cause some of our subscribers to move to a competing GDS or use other travel technology providers for the solutions we provide and would materially harm our business, reputation and brand. Our business therefore relies on our ability to renew our agreements with our travel buyers, travel suppliers, third-party distributor partners and equity method investments or developing relationships with new travel buyers and travel suppliers to offset any customer losses.
We are subject to a certain degree of revenue concentration among a portion of our customer base. Because of this concentration among a small number of customers, if an event were to adversely affect one of these customers, it could have a material impact on our business.
We are exposed to risks associated with PCI compliance.
The PCI Data Security Standard (“PCI DSS”) is a specific set of comprehensive security standards required by credit card brands for enhancing payment account data security, including but not limited to requirements for security management, policies, procedures, network architecture, and software design. PCI DSS compliance is required in order to maintain credit card processing services. The cost of compliance with PCI DSS is significant and may increase as the requirements change. We are tested periodically for assurance and successfully completed our last annual assessment in December 2020. Compliance does not guarantee a completely secure environment and notwithstanding the results of this assessment there can be no assurance that payment card brands will not request further compliance assessments or set forth additional requirements to maintain access to credit card processing services. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Compliance is an ongoing effort and the requirements evolve as new threats are identified. In the event that we were to lose PCI DSS compliance status (or fail to renew compliance under a future version of the PCI DSS), we could be exposed to increased operating costs, fines and penalties and, in extreme circumstances, may have our credit card processing privileges revoked, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our collection, processing, storage, use and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, differing views on data privacy or security breaches.
We collect, process, store, use and transmit a large volume of personal data on a daily basis, including, for example, to process travel transactions for our customers and to deliver other travel-related products and services. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states, have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation, and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The GDPR, a data protection law adopted by the European Commission, went into effect on May 25, 2018, the California Consumer Protection Act ("CCPA") went into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA") is scheduled to go into effect on January 1, 2023. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data, including credit card information that is collected, processed and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. Implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Additionally, media coverage of data breaches has escalated, in part because of the increased number of enforcement actions, investigations and lawsuits. As this focus and attention on privacy and data protection increases, we also risk exposure to potential liabilities and costs or face reputational risks resulting from the compliance with, or any failure to comply with applicable legal requirements, conflicts among these legal requirements or differences in approaches to privacy and security of travel data. Furthermore, various countries, including Russia, have implemented legislation requiring the storage of travel or other personal data locally. Our business could be materially adversely affected by our inability, or the inability of our vendors who receive personal data from us, to comply with legal obligations regarding the use of personal data, new data handling or localization requirements that conflict with or negatively impact our business practices. In addition, our agreements with customers may also require that we indemnify the customer for liability arising from data breaches under the terms of our agreements with these customers. These indemnification obligations could be significant and may exceed the limits of any applicable insurance policy we maintain. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.
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We are involved in various legal proceedings which may cause us to incur significant fees, costs and expenses and may result in unfavorable outcomes.
We are involved in various legal proceedings that involve claims for substantial amounts of money or which involve how we conduct our business. See Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements. For example, we are involved in antitrust litigation with US Airways. If we cannot resolve this matter favorably, we could be subject to monetary damages, including treble damages under the antitrust laws and payment of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs; depending on the amount of any such judgment, if we do not have sufficient cash on hand, we may be required to seek financing from private or public financing. Other parties might likewise seek to benefit from any unfavorable outcome by threatening to bring or actually bringing their own claims against us on the same or similar grounds or utilizing the litigation to seek more favorable contract terms.
In addition, the U.K. Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") blocked our proposed acquisition of Farelogix, and we have appealed the CMA's decision to the U.K. Competition Appeal Tribunal. We are also subject to a U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") antitrust investigation from 2011 relating to the pricing and conduct of the airline distribution industry. We, like other companies in the travel industry, received a civil investigation demand ("CID") from the DOJ and we are fully cooperating. Based on its findings in the investigation, the DOJ may (i) close the file, (ii) seek a consent decree to remedy issues it believes violate the antitrust laws, or (iii) file suit against us for violating the antitrust laws, seeking injunctive relief. In addition, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition ("EC") has opened an investigation to assess whether our and Amadeus’ respective agreements with airlines and travel agents may restrict competition in breach of E.U. antitrust rules. There is no legal deadline for the EC to bring an antitrust investigation to an end, and the duration of the investigation is unknown. Depending on the outcome of any of these matters, and the scope of the outcome, the manner in which our airline distribution business is operated could be affected and could potentially force changes to the existing airline distribution business model.
The defense of these actions, as well as any of the other actions described under Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and any other actions brought against us in the future, is time consuming and diverts management’s attention. Even if we are ultimately successful in defending ourselves in such matters, we are likely to incur significant fees, costs and expenses as long as they are ongoing. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure to comply with regulations or any changes in such regulations governing our businesses could adversely affect us.
Parts of our business operate in regulated industries and could be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in or the enactment of new laws, rules or regulations applicable to us, which could decrease demand for our products and services, increase costs or subject us to additional liabilities. Moreover, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals and to implement or interpret regulations. Accordingly, these regulatory authorities could prevent or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us if our practices were found not to comply with the applicable regulatory or licensing requirements or any interpretation of such requirements by the regulatory authority. In addition, we are subject to or affected by international, federal, state and local laws, regulations and policies, which are constantly subject to change. These include data protection and privacy legislation and regulations, as well as legislation and regulations affecting issues such as: trade sanctions, exports of technology, antitrust, anticorruption, telecommunications and e-commerce. Our failure to comply with any of these requirements, interpretations, legislation or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Further, the United States has imposed economic sanctions, and could impose further sanctions in the future, that affect transactions with designated countries, including but not limited to, Cuba, Iran, Crimea region, North Korea and Syria, and nationals and others of those countries, and certain specifically targeted individuals and entities engaged in conduct detrimental to U.S. national security interests. These sanctions are administered by OFAC and are typically known as the OFAC regulations. These regulations are extensive and complex, and they differ from one sanctions regime to another. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to legal and reputational consequences, including civil and criminal penalties.
We have GDS contracts with carriers that fly to Cuba, Iran, Crimea region, North Korea and Syria but are based outside of those countries and are not owned by those governments or nationals of those governments. With respect to Iran, Sudan, North Korea and Syria we believe that our activities are designed to comply with certain information and travel-related exemptions. With respect to Cuba, we have advised OFAC that customers outside the United States we display on the Sabre GDS flight information for, and support booking and ticketing of, services of non-Cuban airlines that offer service to Cuba. Based on advice of counsel, we believe these activities to fall under an exemption from OFAC regulations applicable to the transmission of information and informational materials and transactions related thereto. We believe that our activities with respect to these countries are known to OFAC. We note, however, that OFAC regulations and related interpretive guidance are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Due to this complexity, OFAC’s interpretation of its own regulations and guidance vary on a case to case basis. As a result, we cannot provide any guarantees that OFAC will not challenge any of our activities in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
In Europe, GDS regulations or interpretations thereof may increase our cost of doing business or lower our revenues, limit our ability to sell marketing data, impact relationships with travel buyers, airlines, rail carriers or others, impair the enforceability of existing agreements with travel buyers and other users of our system, prohibit or limit us from offering services or products, or limit our ability to establish or change fees. Although regulations specifically governing GDSs have been lifted in the United States, they remain subject to general regulation regarding unfair trade practices by the U.S. Department of Transportation
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(“DOT”). In addition, continued regulation of GDSs in the E.U. and elsewhere could also create the operational challenge of supporting different products, services and business practices to conform to the different regulatory regimes. We do not currently maintain a central database of all regulatory requirements affecting our worldwide operations and, as a result, the risk of non-compliance with the laws and regulations described above is heightened. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject us to fines, penalties and potential criminal violations. Any changes to these laws or regulations or any new laws or regulations may make it more difficult for us to operate our business.
We are exposed to risks associated with acquiring or divesting businesses or business operations.
We have acquired, and, as part of our growth strategy, may in the future acquire, businesses or business operations. We may not be able to identify suitable candidates for additional business combinations and strategic investments, obtain financing on acceptable terms for such transactions, obtain necessary regulatory approvals or otherwise consummate such transactions on acceptable terms, or at all. For example, we previously announced that we had entered into an agreement to acquire Farelogix, which was subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. On August 20, 2019, the DOJ filed a complaint in federal court in the District of Delaware, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Sabre from acquiring Farelogix. Although the trial court did not grant the DOJ's request, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit granted the DOJ's motion to vacate the judgment as moot, following the termination of the acquisition agreement as described below. In addition, the CMA has blocked our acquisition of Farelogix. We have appealed the CMA's decision to the U.K. Competition Appeal Tribunal. Sabre and Farelogix agreed to terminate the acquisition agreement on May 1, 2020 and we paid Farelogix aggregate termination fees of $21 million in the second quarter of 2020 pursuant to the acquisition agreement.
Any acquisitions that we are able to identify and complete may also involve a number of risks, including our inability to successfully or profitably integrate, operate, maintain and manage our newly acquired operations or employees; the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing business to integrate operations and personnel; possible material adverse effects on our results of operations during the integration process; becoming subject to contingent or other liabilities, including liabilities arising from events or conduct predating the acquisition that were not known to us at the time of the acquisition; and our possible inability to achieve the intended objectives of the acquisition, including the inability to achieve anticipated business or financial results, cost savings and synergies. Acquisitions may also have unanticipated tax, regulatory and accounting ramifications, including recording goodwill and nonamortizable intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges and incurring amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets. To consummate any of these acquisitions, we may need to raise external funds through the sale of equity or the issuance of debt in the capital markets or through private placements, which may affect our liquidity and may dilute the value of our common stock. See "—We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness."
We have also divested, and may in the future divest, businesses or business operations. Any divestitures may involve a number of risks, including the diversion of management’s attention, significant costs and expenses, the loss of customer relationships and cash flow, and the disruption of the affected business or business operations. Failure to timely complete or to consummate a divestiture may negatively affect the valuation of the affected business or business operations or result in restructuring charges.
We rely on the value of our brands, which may be damaged by a number of factors, some of which are out of our control.
We believe that maintaining and expanding our portfolio of product and service brands are important aspects of our efforts to attract and expand our customer base. Our brands may be negatively impacted by, among other things, unreliable service levels from third-party providers, customers’ inability to properly interface their applications with our technology, the loss or unauthorized disclosure of personal data, including payment card industry data ("PCI") or personally identifiable information ("PII"), or other bad publicity due to litigation, regulatory concerns or otherwise relating to our business. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Any inability to maintain or enhance awareness of our brands among our existing and target customers could negatively affect our current and future business prospects.
We rely on third-party distributor partners and equity method investments to extend our GDS services to certain regions, which exposes us to risks associated with lack of direct management control and potential conflicts of interest.
Our Travel Solutions business utilizes third-party distributor partners and equity method investments to extend our GDS services in EMEA and APAC. We work with these partners to establish and maintain commercial and customer service relationships with both travel suppliers and travel buyers. Since, in many cases, we do not exercise full management control over their day-to-day operations, the success of their marketing efforts and the quality of the services they provide are beyond our control. If these partners do not meet our standards for distribution, our reputation may suffer materially, and sales in those regions could decline significantly. Any interruption in these third-party services, deterioration in their performance or termination of our contractual arrangements with them could negatively impact our ability to extend our GDS services in the relevant markets. In addition, our business may be harmed due to potential conflicts of interest with our equity method investments.
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Risks Related to Technology and Intellectual Property
Our success depends on maintaining the integrity of our systems and infrastructure, which may suffer from failures, capacity constraints, business interruptions and forces outside of our control.
We may be unable to maintain and improve the efficiency, reliability and integrity of our systems. Unexpected increases in the volume of our business could exceed system capacity, resulting in service interruptions, outages and delays. These constraints can also lead to the deterioration of our services or impair our ability to process transactions. We occasionally experience system interruptions that make certain of our systems unavailable including, but not limited to, our GDS and the services that our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses provide to airlines and hotels. In addition, we have experienced in the past and may in the future occasionally experience system interruptions as we execute our technology strategy, including our cloud migration and mainframe offload activities. System interruptions prevent us from efficiently providing services to customers or other third parties, causing damage to our reputation and resulting in our losing customers and revenues or causing us to incur litigation and liabilities. Although we have contractually limited our liability for damages caused by outages of our GDS (other than damages caused by our gross negligence or willful misconduct), we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to lawsuits or other claims for compensation from our customers in connection with such outages for which we may not be indemnified or compensated.
Our systems are also susceptible to external damage or disruption. Much of the computer and communications hardware upon which we depend is located across multiple data center facilities in a single geographic region. Our systems have in the past been and in the future could be damaged or disrupted by events such as power, hardware, software or telecommunication failures, human errors, natural events including floods, hurricanes, fires, winter storms, earthquakes and tornadoes, terrorism, break-ins, hostilities, war or similar events. Computer viruses, malware, denial of service attacks, attacks on hardware or software vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, cybersecurity incidents or other security breaches, and similar disruptions affecting the Internet, telecommunication services or our systems have caused in the past and could in the future cause service interruptions or the loss of critical data, preventing us from providing timely services. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Failure to efficiently provide services to customers or other third parties could cause damage to our reputation and result in the loss of customers and revenues, asset impairments, significant recovery costs or litigation and liabilities. Moreover, such risks are likely to increase as we expand our business and as the tools and techniques involved become more sophisticated.
Although we have implemented measures intended to protect certain systems and critical data and provide comprehensive disaster recovery and contingency plans for certain customers that purchase this additional protection, these protections and plans are not in place for all systems. Furthermore, several of our existing critical backup systems are located in the same metropolitan area as our primary systems and we may not have sufficient disaster recovery tools or resources available, depending on the type or size of the disruption. Disasters affecting our facilities, systems or personnel might be expensive to remedy and could significantly diminish our reputation and our brands, and we may not have adequate insurance to cover such costs.
Customers and other end-users who rely on our software products and services, including our SaaS and hosted offerings, for applications that are integral to their businesses may have a greater sensitivity to product errors and security vulnerabilities than customers for software products generally. Additionally, security breaches that affect third parties upon which we rely, such as travel suppliers, may further expose us to negative publicity, possible liability or regulatory penalties. Events outside our control could cause interruptions in our IT systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and harm our reputation.
Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.
We process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including PII and PCI of our customers, and it is critical to our business strategy that our facilities and infrastructure, including those provided by DXC Technology ("DXC") or other vendors, remain secure and are perceived by the marketplace to be secure. Our infrastructure may be vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, or similar disruptive problems.
In addition, we, like most technology companies, are the target of cybercriminals who attempt to compromise our systems. We are subject to and experience threats and intrusions that have to be identified and remediated to protect sensitive information along with our intellectual property and our overall business. To address these threats and intrusions, we have a team of experienced security experts and support from firms that specialize in data security and cybersecurity. We are periodically subject to these threats and intrusions, and sensitive or material information has in the past been, and could in the future be, compromised as a result. The costs of investigation of such incidents, as well as remediation related to these incidents, may be material. As previously disclosed, we became aware of an incident involving unauthorized access to payment information contained in a subset of hotel reservations processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System (the "HS Central Reservation System"). In December 2020, we entered into settlement agreements with certain state Attorneys General to resolve their investigation into this incident. As part of these agreements, we paid $2 million to the states represented by the Attorneys General in the first quarter of 2021 and agreed to implement certain security controls and processes. See Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. The costs related to these incidents, including any additional associated penalties assessed by any other governmental authority or payment card brand or indemnification obligations to our customers, as well as any other impacts or remediation related to them, may be material.
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Any computer viruses, malware, denial of service attacks, ransomware attacks, on hardware or software vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, cybersecurity incidents, such as the items described above, or other security breach or compromise of the information handled by us or our service providers may jeopardize the security or integrity of information in our computer systems and networks or those of our customers and cause significant interruptions in our and our customers’ operations.
Any systems and processes that we have developed that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches cannot provide absolute security. In addition, we may not successfully implement remediation plans to address all potential exposures. It is possible that we may have to expend additional financial and other resources to address these problems. Failure to prevent or mitigate data loss or other security breaches could expose us or our customers to a risk of loss or misuse of such information, cause customers to lose confidence in our data protection measures, damage our reputation, adversely affect our operating results or result in litigation or potential liability for us. While we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of cyber risks, this insurance coverage is subject to a retention amount and may not be applicable to a particular incident or otherwise may be insufficient to cover all our losses beyond any retention. Similarly, we expect to continue to make significant investments in our information technology infrastructure. The implementation of these investments may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely on the availability and performance of information technology services provided by third parties, including DXC, which manages a significant portion of our systems.
Our businesses are largely dependent on the computer data centers and network systems operated for us by DXC, and its third-party providers, including AT&T, to which DXC outsources certain network services. We also rely on other developers and service providers to maintain and support our global telecommunications infrastructure, including to connect our computer data center and call centers to end-users. Moreover, we outsourced our global enterprise resource planning system to a third-party provider, and any disruption to that outsourced system may negatively impact our business.
Our success is dependent on our ability to maintain effective relationships with these third-party technology and service providers. Some of our agreements with third-party technology and service providers are terminable for cause on short notice and often provide limited recourse for service interruptions. For example, our agreement with DXC provides us with limited indemnification rights. We could face significant additional cost or business disruption if:
•Any of these providers fail to enable us to provide our customers and suppliers with reliable, real-time access to our systems. For example, in 2013, we experienced a significant outage of the Sabre platform due to a failure on the part of one of our service providers. This outage, which affected our Travel Solutions business, lasted several hours and caused significant problems for our customers. Any such future outages could cause damage to our reputation, customer loss and require us to pay compensation to affected customers for which we may not be indemnified or compensated.
•Our arrangements with such providers are terminated or impaired and we cannot find alternative sources of technology or systems support on commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis. For example, our substantial dependence on DXC for many of our systems makes it difficult for us to switch vendors and makes us more sensitive to changes in DXC's pricing for its services.
Intellectual property infringement actions against us could be costly and time consuming to defend and may result in business harm if we are unsuccessful in our defense
Third parties may assert, including by means of counterclaims against us as a result of the assertion of our intellectual property rights, that our products, services or technology, or the operation of our business, violate their intellectual property rights. We are currently subject to such assertions, including patent infringement claims, and may be subject to such assertions in the future. These assertions may also be made against our customers who may seek indemnification from us. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements that contain indemnity obligations whereby we are required to indemnify our customers against these assertions arising from our customers’ usage of our products, services or technology. As the competition in our industry increases and the functionality of technology offerings further overlaps, these claims and counterclaims could become more common. We cannot be certain that we do not or will not infringe third parties’ intellectual property rights.
Legal proceedings involving intellectual property rights are highly uncertain and can involve complex legal and scientific questions. Any intellectual property claim against us, regardless of its merit, could result in significant liabilities to our business, and can be expensive and time consuming to defend. Depending on the nature of such claims, our businesses may be disrupted, our management’s attention and other company resources may be diverted and we may be required to redesign, reengineer or rebrand our products and services, if feasible, to stop offering certain products and services or to enter into royalty or licensing agreements in order to obtain the rights to use necessary technologies, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and may result in a decrease of our capabilities. Our failure to prevail in such matters could result in loss of intellectual property rights, judgments awarding substantial damages, including possible treble damages and attorneys’ fees, and injunctive or other equitable relief against us. If we are held liable, we may be unable to use some or all of our intellectual property rights or technology. Even if we are not held liable, we may choose to settle claims by making a monetary payment or by granting a license to intellectual property rights that we otherwise would not license. Further, judgments may result in loss of reputation, may force us to take costly remediation actions, delay selling our products and offering our services, reduce
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features or functionality in our services or products, or cease such activities altogether. Insurance may not cover or be insufficient for any such claim.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property effectively, which may allow competitors to duplicate our products and services.
Our success and competitiveness depend, in part, upon our technologies and other intellectual property, including our brands. Among our significant assets are our proprietary and licensed software and other proprietary information and intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and patent laws, laws protecting trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect these assets both in the United States and in foreign countries. The laws of some jurisdictions may provide less protection for our technologies and other intellectual property assets than the laws of the United States.
There is no certainty that our intellectual property rights will provide us with substantial protection or commercial benefit. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, some of our innovations may not be protectable, and our intellectual property rights may offer insufficient protection from competition or unauthorized use, lapse or expire, be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or misappropriated by third parties, or be deemed unenforceable or abandoned, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the legal remedies available to us may not adequately compensate us. We cannot be certain that others will not independently develop, design around, or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or intellectual property rights.
•While we take reasonable steps to protect our brands and trademarks, we may not be successful in maintaining or defending our brands or preventing third parties from adopting similar brands. If our competitors infringe our principal trademarks, our brands may become diluted or if our competitors introduce brands or products that cause confusion with our brands or products in the marketplace, the value that our consumers associate with our brands may become diminished, which could negatively impact revenue.
•Our patent applications may not be granted, and the patents we own could be challenged, invalidated, narrowed or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Once our patents expire, or if they are invalidated, narrowed or circumvented, our competitors may be able to utilize the technology protected by our patents which may adversely affect our business.
•Although we rely on copyright laws to protect the works of authorship created by us, we do not generally register the copyrights in our copyrightable works where such registration is permitted. Copyrights of U.S. origin must be registered before the copyright owner may bring an infringement suit in the United States. Accordingly, if one of our unregistered copyrights of U.S. origin is infringed by a third party, we will need to register the copyright before we can file an infringement suit in the United States, and our remedies in any such infringement suit may be limited.
•We use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets. However, protecting trade secrets can be difficult and our efforts may provide inadequate protection to prevent unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of our trade secrets, know how, or other proprietary information.
•We also rely on our domain names to conduct our online businesses. While we use reasonable efforts to protect and maintain our domain names, if we fail to do so the domain names may become available to others. Further, the regulatory bodies that oversee domain name registration may change their regulations in a way that adversely affects our ability to register and use certain domain names.
We license software and other intellectual property from third parties. These licensors may breach or otherwise fail to perform their obligations or claim that we have breached or otherwise attempt to terminate their license agreements with us. We also rely on license agreements to allow third parties to use our intellectual property rights, including our software, but there is no guarantee that our licensees will abide by the terms of our license agreements or that the terms of our agreements will always be enforceable. In addition, policing unauthorized use of and enforcing intellectual property can be difficult and expensive. The fact that we have intellectual property rights, including registered intellectual property rights, may not guarantee success in our attempts to enforce these rights against third parties. Besides general litigation risks, changes in, or interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our rights. We may not be aware of infringement or misappropriation or elect not to seek to prevent it. Our decisions may be based on a variety of factors, such as costs and benefits of taking action, and contextual business, legal, and other issues. Any inability to adequately protect our intellectual property on a cost-effective basis could harm our business.
We use open source software in our solutions that may subject our software solutions to general release or require us to re-engineer our solutions.
We use open source software in our solutions and may use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims by companies claiming ownership of software that was previously thought to be open source and that was incorporated by other companies into their products. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software and that we license these modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. If we combine or, in some cases, link our proprietary software solutions with or to open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary
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software solutions or license such proprietary solutions under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. In addition, open source license terms may be ambiguous and many of the risks associated with usage of open source cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. If we were found to have inappropriately used open source software, we may be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our software, to re-engineer our solutions, to discontinue the sale of our solutions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
Risks Related to Economic, Political and Global Conditions
Our business could be harmed by adverse global and regional economic and political conditions.
Travel expenditures are sensitive to personal and business discretionary spending levels and grow more slowly or decline during economic downturns. We derive the majority of our revenue from the United States and Europe, and we have expanded Travel Solutions' presence in APAC. Our geographic concentration in the United States and Europe, as well as our expanded focus in APAC, makes our business potentially vulnerable to economic and political conditions that adversely affect business and leisure travel originating in or traveling to these regions.
The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly and negatively impacted the global economy, including increased unemployment, reduced financial capacity of both business and leisure travelers, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary income and general uncertainty about economic stability. Furthermore, recent changes in the U.S. political environment have resulted in additional uncertainties with respect to travel restrictions, and the regulatory, tax and economic environment in the United States, which could adversely impact travel demand, our business operations or our financial results. We cannot predict the magnitude, length or recurrence of these impacts to the global economy, which have impacted, and may continue to impact, demand for travel and lead to reduced spending on the services we provide.
We derive the remainder of our revenues from Latin America, the Middle East and Africa and APAC. Any unfavorable economic, political or regulatory developments in these regions could negatively affect our business, such as delays in payment or non-payment of contracts, delays in contract implementation or signing, carrier control issues and increased costs from regulatory changes particularly as parts of our growth strategy involve expanding our presence in these emerging markets. For example, markets that have traditionally had a high level of exports to China, or that have commodities-based economies, have continued to experience slowing or deteriorating economic conditions. These adverse economic conditions may negatively impact our business results in those regions.
Voters in the U.K. have approved the exit of that country from the E.U. (“Brexit”), which became effective as of January 31, 2020, and was in a transition period through December 31, 2020. Brexit and related processes have created significant economic uncertainty in the U.K. and in EMEA, which may negatively impact our business results in those regions. In addition, the terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the E.U., once negotiated during the transition period, if at all, could potentially disrupt the markets we serve and the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions, including our ability to obtain Value Added Tax ("VAT") refunds on transactions between the U.K. and the E.U., and may cause us to lose customers, suppliers, and employees. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate.
We operate a global business that exposes us to risks associated with international activities.
Our international operations involve risks that are not generally encountered when doing business in the United States. These risks include, but are not limited to:
•business, political and economic instability in foreign locations, including actual or threatened terrorist activities, and military action;
•adverse laws and regulatory requirements, including more comprehensive regulation in the E.U. and the possible effects of Brexit;
•changes in foreign currency exchange rates and financial risk arising from transactions in multiple currencies;
•difficulty in developing, managing and staffing international operations because of distance, language and cultural differences;
•disruptions to or delays in the development of communication and transportation services and infrastructure;
•more restrictive data privacy requirements, including the GDPR;
•consumer attitudes, including the preference of customers for local providers;
•increasing labor costs due to high wage inflation in foreign locations, differences in general employment conditions and regulations, and the degree of employee unionization and activism;
•export or trade restrictions or currency controls;
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•governmental policies or actions, such as consumer, labor and trade protection measures and travel restrictions;
•taxes, restrictions on foreign investment and limits on the repatriation of funds;
•diminished ability to legally enforce our contractual rights; and
•decreased protection for intellectual property.
Any of the foregoing risks may adversely affect our ability to conduct and grow our business internationally.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness, Financial Condition and Common Stock
We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2020, we had $4.7 billion of indebtedness outstanding. Our substantial level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may not generate enough cash flow from operations to pay, when due, the principal of, interest on or other amounts due in respect of, these obligations. Other risks relating to our long-term indebtedness include: (1) increased vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; (2) higher interest expense if interest rates increase on our floating rate borrowings and our hedging strategies do not effectively mitigate the effects of these increases; (3) need to divert a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments and other general corporate purposes; (4) limited ability to obtain additional financing, on terms we find acceptable, if needed, for working capital, capital expenditures, expansion plans and other investments, which may adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy; (5) limited flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our businesses and the markets in which we operate or to take advantage of market opportunities; and (6) a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
In addition, it is possible that we may need to incur additional indebtedness in the future in the ordinary course of business. The terms of our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement allow us to incur additional debt subject to certain limitations. If new debt is added to current debt levels, the risks described above could intensify. In addition, our inability to maintain certain leverage ratios could result in acceleration of a portion of our debt obligations and could cause us to be in default if we are unable to repay the accelerated obligations.
The terms of our debt covenants could limit our discretion in operating our business and any failure to comply with such covenants could result in the default of all of our debt
The agreements governing our indebtedness contain and the agreements governing our future indebtedness will likely contain various covenants, including those that restrict our or our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things: (1) incur liens on our property, assets and revenue; (2) borrow money, and guarantee or provide other support for the indebtedness of third parties; (3) pay dividends or make other distributions on, redeem or repurchase our capital stock; (4) prepay, redeem or repurchase certain of our indebtedness; (5) enter into certain change of control transactions; (6) make investments in entities that we do not control, including equity method investments and joint ventures; (7) enter into certain asset sale transactions, including divestiture of certain company assets and divestiture of capital stock of wholly-owned subsidiaries; (8) enter into certain transactions with affiliates; (9) enter into secured financing arrangements; (10) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (11) change our fiscal year; and (12) enter into substantially different lines of business. These covenants may limit our ability to effectively operate our businesses or maximize stockholder value. In addition, our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement requires that we meet certain financial tests, including the maintenance of a leverage ratio and a minimum net worth, as well as maintain certain minimum liquidity levels during any covenant suspension resulting from a "Material Travel Event Disruption." See Liquidity and Capital Resources. Our ability to satisfy these tests may be affected by factors and events beyond our control, and we may be unable to meet such tests in the future. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement or any agreement governing our other indebtedness may result in an event of default under those agreements. Such default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt, which may trigger cross-acceleration or cross-default provisions in other debt. In addition, lenders may be able to terminate any commitments they had made to supply us with further funds.
We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available.
We cannot guarantee that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to fund our capital investment requirements or other liquidity needs, particularly following the COVID-19 outbreak. See “—The COVID-19 pandemic has had and is expected to continue to have a significant adverse impact on our business, including our financial results and prospects, and the travel suppliers on whom our business relies.” Moreover, because we are a holding company with no material direct operations, we depend on loans, dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and may be prohibited or restricted from paying dividends or otherwise making funds available to us under certain conditions. As a result, we may be required to finance our cash needs through bank loans, additional debt financing, public or private equity offerings or otherwise. Our ability to arrange financing and the cost of such financing are dependent on numerous factors, including but not limited to general economic and capital market conditions, the availability of credit from banks or other lenders, investor confidence in us, and our results of operations.
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There can be no assurance that financing will be available on terms favorable to us or at all, which could force us to delay, reduce or abandon our growth strategy, increase our financing costs, or both. Additional funding from debt financings may make it more difficult for us to operate our business because a portion of our cash generated from internal operations would be used to make principal and interest payments on the indebtedness and we may be obligated to abide by restrictive covenants contained in the debt financing agreements, which may, among other things, limit our ability to make business decisions and further limit our ability to pay dividends. In addition, any downgrade of our debt ratings by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investor Service or similar ratings agencies, increases in general interest rate levels and credit spreads or overall weakening in the credit markets could increase our cost of capital. Furthermore, raising capital through public or private sales of equity to finance acquisitions or expansion could cause earnings or ownership dilution to your shareholding interests in our company.
We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.
Our floating rate indebtedness exposes us to fluctuations in prevailing interest rates. To reduce the impact of large fluctuations in interest rates, we typically hedge a portion of our interest rate risk by entering into derivative agreements with financial institutions. Our exposure to interest rates relates primarily to our borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
The derivative agreements that we use to manage the risk associated with fluctuations in interest rates may not be able to eliminate the exposure to these changes. Interest rates are sensitive to numerous factors outside of our control, such as government and central bank monetary policy in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Depending on the size of the exposures and the relative movements of interest rates, if we choose not to hedge or fail to effectively hedge our exposure, we could experience a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding approximately $2.8 billion of variable debt that is indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"). It is not possible to predict the effect of any changes in the methods by which LIBOR is determined or regulatory activity related to LIBOR’s phaseout. Any of these developments could cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past or cease to exist. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using various alternative methods set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, any of which could result in interest obligations that are more than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the payments that would have been made on this debt if U.S. dollar LIBOR were available in its current form. Any of these proposals or consequences could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs. Moreover, our interest rate swap agreements designated in a hedging relationship utilize one-month LIBOR and have maturities that extend through 2021. See Note 10. Derivatives, to our consolidated financial statements.
The market price of our common stock could decline due to the large number of outstanding shares of our common stock eligible for future sale.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market in future offerings, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales could also make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future, at a time and price that we deem appropriate. In addition, the additional sale of our common stock by our officers or directors in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. We may issue shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time as consideration for, or to finance, future acquisitions and investments or for other capital needs. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our shares or the effect, if any, that future sales and issuances of shares would have on the market price of our common stock. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of shares of common stock or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial and may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. We may also grant registration rights covering shares of our common stock or other securities that we may issue in connection with any such acquisitions and investments. To the extent that any of us, our executive officers or directors sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline significantly.
We may recognize impairments on long-lived assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, or recognize impairments on our equity method investments.
Our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 contained goodwill and intangible assets, net totaling $3.1 billion. Future acquisitions that result in the recognition of additional goodwill and intangible assets would cause an increase in these types of assets. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets that are determined to have indefinite useful lives, but we amortize definite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their useful economic lives, which range from four to thirty years, depending on classification. We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or earlier if impairment indicators exist and we evaluate definite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. We record an impairment charge whenever the estimated fair value of our reporting units or of such intangible assets is less than its carrying value. The fair values used in our impairment evaluation are estimated using a combined approach based upon discounted future cash flow projections and observed market multiples for comparable businesses. Changes in estimates based on changes in risk-adjusted discount rates, future booking and transaction volume levels, travel supplier capacity and load factors, future price levels, rates of growth including long-term growth rates, rates of increase in operating expenses, cost of revenue and taxes, and changes in realization of estimated cost-saving initiatives could result in material impairment charges.
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Maintaining and improving our financial controls and the requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and The NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) rules. The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to significantly increase our legal and financial compliance costs, including costs associated with the hiring of additional personnel, making some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place, as well as maintaining these controls and procedures, is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”) requires that we annually evaluate our internal control over financial reporting to enable management to report on, and our independent auditors to audit as of the end of each fiscal year the effectiveness of those controls. In connection with the Section 404 requirements, both we and our independent registered public accounting firm test our internal controls and could, as part of that documentation and testing, identify material weaknesses, significant deficiencies or other areas for further attention or improvement.
Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers and employees, require the hiring of additional finance, accounting and other personnel, entail substantial costs to modify our existing accounting systems, or any manual systems or processes, and take a significant period of time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. Moreover, adequate internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 on a timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could cause the market value of our common stock to decline. Various rules and regulations applicable to public companies make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage. If we are unable to maintain adequate directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, our ability to recruit and retain qualified officers and directors, especially those directors who may be deemed independent for purposes of the NASDAQ rules, will be significantly curtailed.
We may have higher than anticipated tax liabilities.
We are subject to a variety of taxes in many jurisdictions globally, including income taxes in the United States at the federal, state and local levels, and in many other countries. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We operate in numerous countries where our income tax returns are subject to audit and adjustment by local tax authorities. Because we operate globally, the nature of the uncertain tax positions is often very complex and subject to change, and the amounts at issue can be substantial. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Our effective tax rate may change from year to year based on changes in the mix of activities and income allocated or earned among various jurisdictions, tax laws in these jurisdictions, tax treaties between countries, our eligibility for benefits under those tax treaties, and the estimated values of deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the estimation of valuation allowances. Such changes could result in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate applicable to all or a portion of our income or losses which would impact our profitability. We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2020 and, accordingly, have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences.
We establish reserves for our potential liability for U.S. and non-U.S. taxes, including sales, occupancy and VAT, consistent with applicable accounting principles and in light of all current facts and circumstances. We also establish reserves when required relating to the collection of refunds related to value-added taxes, which are subject to audit and collection risks in various countries. Historically our right to recover certain value-added tax receivables associated with our European businesses has been questioned by tax authorities. These reserves represent our best estimate of our contingent liability for taxes. The interpretation of tax laws and the determination of any potential liability under those laws are complex, and the amount of our liability may exceed our established reserves.
New tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time and existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations and ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. These events could require us to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us to pay fees, penalties or interest for past amounts deemed to be due. New, changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied laws could also increase our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our products and services. Several countries, primarily in Europe, and the European Commission have proposed or adopted taxes on revenue earned by multinational corporations in certain "digital economy" sectors from activities linked to the user-based activity of their residents. These proposals have generally been
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labeled as "digital services taxes" ("DSTs"). We continue to evaluate the potential effects that the DST may have on our operations, cash flows and results of operations. The future impact of the DST, including on our global operations, is uncertain, and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our pension plan obligations are currently unfunded, and we may have to make significant cash contributions to our plans, which could reduce the cash available for our business.
Our pension plans in the aggregate are estimated to be unfunded by $124 million as of December 31, 2020. With approximately 4,600 participants in our pension plans, we incur substantial costs relating to pension benefits, which can vary substantially as a result of changes in healthcare laws and costs, volatility in investment returns on pension plan assets and changes in discount rates used to calculate related liabilities. Our estimates of liabilities and expenses for pension benefits require the use of assumptions, including assumptions relating to the rate used to discount the future estimated liability, the rate of return on plan assets, inflation and several assumptions relating to the employee workforce (medical costs, retirement age and mortality). Actual results may differ, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. Future volatility and disruption in the stock markets could cause a decline in the asset values of our pension plans. In addition, a decrease in the discount rate used to determine minimum funding requirements could result in increased future contributions. If either occurs, we may need to make additional pension contributions above what is currently estimated, which could reduce the cash available for our businesses.
We may not have sufficient insurance to cover our liability in pending litigation claims and future claims either due to coverage limits or as a result of insurance carriers seeking to deny coverage of such claims, which in either case could expose us to significant liabilities.
We maintain third-party insurance coverage against various liability risks, including securities, stockholders, derivative, ERISA, and product liability claims, as well as other claims that form the basis of litigation matters pending against us. We believe these insurance programs are an effective way to protect our assets against liability risks. However, the potential liabilities associated with litigation matters pending against us, or that could arise in the future, could exceed the coverage provided by such programs. In addition, our insurance carriers have in the past sought or may in the future seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to pending claims or lawsuits, completed investigations or pending or future investigations and other legal actions against us. If we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, or if the insurance companies are successful in rescinding or denying coverage, we may be required to make material payments in connection with third-party claims.
Defects in our products may subject us to significant warranty liabilities or product liability claims and we may have insufficient product liability insurance to pay material uninsured claims.
Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in software development. We may inadvertently create defective software or supply our customers with defective software or software components that we acquire from third parties, which could result in personal injury, property damage or other liabilities, and may result in warranty or product liability claims brought against us, our travel supplier customers or third parties. Under our customer agreements, we generally must indemnify our customers for liability arising from intellectual property infringement claims with respect to our software. These indemnifications could be significant and we may not have adequate insurance coverage to protect us against all claims. The combination of our insurance coverage, cash flows and reserves may not be adequate to satisfy product liabilities we may incur in the future. Even meritless claims could subject us to adverse publicity, hinder us from securing insurance coverage in the future, require us to incur significant legal fees, decrease demand for any products that we successfully develop, divert management’s attention, and force us to limit or forgo further development and commercialization of these products. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial.
ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2.        PROPERTIES
As a company with global operations, we operate in many countries with a variety of sales, administrative, product development and customer service roles provided in these offices.
Americas: Our corporate and business unit headquarters and domestic operations are located in two buildings in Southlake, Texas, which we sold and leased back in the fourth quarter of 2020, as well as in two leased offices located in Westlake, Texas. There are six additional offices across North America and three offices across Latin America that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities for all our business segments. All of these offices are leased.

EMEA: We maintain our regional headquarters for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa ("EMEA") in London, United Kingdom. There are 17 additional offices across EMEA that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities. All of these offices are leased.

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APAC: We maintain our Asia-Pacific ("APAC") regional operations headquarters in Singapore. There are 19 additional offices across APAC that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities. All of the offices are leased.
ITEM 3.        LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time engaged in routine legal proceedings incidental to our business. For a description of our material legal proceedings, see Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted at this time, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters. See “Risk Factors —"We are involved in various legal proceedings which may cause us to incur significant fees, costs and expenses and may result in unfavorable outcomes.”
ITEM 4.        MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The names and ages of our executive officers as of February 25, 2021, together with certain biographical information, are as follows:
NameAgePosition
Sean Menke52Chief Executive Officer, President and Director, Sabre
Douglas Barnett61Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Sabre
David Shirk54Executive Vice President, Sabre and President, Travel Solutions
Scott Wilson52Executive Vice President, Sabre and President, Hospitality Solutions
Wade Jones55Executive Vice President and Chief Product Officer
Roshan Mendis48Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer
David Moore58Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
Cem Tanyel52Executive Vice President and Chief Services Officer
Shawn Williams48Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer
Sean Menke was elected president and CEO effective December 31, 2016. Prior to that, he served as executive vice president of Sabre and president of Travel Network. Before joining Sabre in October 2015, Mr. Menke served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of Hawaiian Airlines from October 2014 to October 2015. From 2013 to 2014, he was executive vice president of resources at IHS Inc., a global information technology company. He served as managing partner of Vista Strategic Group, LLC, a consulting firm, from 2012 to 2013 and from 2010 to 2011. From 2011 to 2012, he served as president and chief executive officer of Pinnacle Airlines, and from 2007 to 2010 as president and chief executive officer of Frontier Airlines. Frontier Airlines and Pinnacle Airlines filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Mr. Menke earned an executive MBA from the University of Denver and dual bachelor of science degrees in Economics and Aviation Management from Ohio State University.
Douglas Barnett is executive vice president and chief financial officer. Prior to joining Sabre in June 2018, Mr. Barnett served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of Informatica LLC, a global leader in enterprise cloud data management, since 2016. While there, he was responsible for a number of areas of Informatica’s business, including finance, legal, information technology, human resources and corporate development. From 2013 to 2016, Mr. Barnett served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of TriZetto Corporation, a health care IT company, where he was responsible for all finance-related functions, including accounting, internal audit, banking, investor relations, cash management, internal and external reporting, tax and treasury, as well as human resources, facilities and IT. From 2007 to 2013, Mr. Barnett was managing director, chief financial officer and chief administrative officer of AlixPartners LLP, a global business-advisory firm, where he was responsible for most non-client facing functions at the firm, including accounting, finance, treasury, HR, facilities, internal audit, tax, IT and other operations for 16 global locations. Prior to that, he held financial leadership roles at UGS Corporation, Colfax Corporation and Giddings & Lewis, Inc. Mr. Barnett is a current board member of ECI Software Solutions. Mr. Barnett received a Masters of Management degree from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Illinois.
David Shirk is executive vice president of Sabre and president of Travel Solutions. Mr. Shirk previously served as executive vice president of Sabre and president of Airline Solutions from June 2017 to July 2018. Prior to joining Sabre, Mr. Shirk served as president at Kony, Inc., an industry leader in mobile application development. He previously served as general manager and vice president at Computer Services Corp. (CSC), where he led the company’s software, services, and business process outsourcing division. Prior to joining CSC, Mr. Shirk was senior vice president of industry solutions and chief marketing officer for the Enterprise Business division of HP. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration and management from The Ohio State University.
Scott Wilson is executive vice president of Sabre and president of Hospitality Solutions. Prior to joining Sabre in September 2020, Mr. Wilson served as Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Great Wolf Resorts, the largest family of indoor water park resorts in North America, since 2017. While there, he was responsible for a number of areas of Great Wolf’s business, including sales, marketing, digital, revenue management, data and analytics, contact centers, and merchandising. From 2010 to 2017, Mr. Wilson served as Vice President, e-Commerce and Merchandising, at United Airlines, Inc. one of the largest global airlines. In addition to e-commerce and merchandising functions, he was also responsible for distribution and commercial analytics. From 2007 to 2010, Mr. Wilson was Vice President, Digital Marketing, at Marriott International, Inc. with responsibility for all performance and social media marketing across Marriott’s full portfolio of brands. Prior to that, he held digital, marketing, and strategy leadership roles at BCG, America Online, Netscape, and American Airlines. Mr. Wilson is a current board member of Alliant Credit Union. Mr. Wilson received an MBA from the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University and his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley.
Wade Jones is executive vice president and chief product officer. Mr. Jones previously served as executive vice president of Sabre and president of Travel Network from 2017 to 2020. He joined Sabre in 2015 in the product, marketing and strategy role for Travel Solutions globally. From April of 2012 to September of 2014 he was senior vice president and general manager of Deem’s syndicated commerce business. From 2011 to 2012, Mr. Jones served as a founder and chief executive officer of Haystack Ventures, LLC, which filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in 2012. Prior to joining Sabre, Mr. Jones spent more than 10 years with Barclaycard, leading the company’s U.K partnership business that provides, co-branded credit card, and loyalty programs for other companies across the travel, retail, financial services, and
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other industries. He received his master’s degree in business administration from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and his undergraduate degree from Texas Christian University.
Roshan Mendis has served as executive vice president and chief commercial officer since 2020. Mr. Mendis previously served as chief commercial officer for the Travel Network business from 2018 to 2020, and prior to that served as senior vice president of international markets for Sabre from 2017 to 2018. From 2015 to 2017, Mr. Mendis served as senior vice president of Asia Pacific for Sabre. Mr. Mendis has also served as president of Travelocity and Zuji, consumer-facing brands that were part of the Sabre portfolio. He completed his undergraduate studies at Chaminade University of Honolulu and University of Cambridge (UK) and later earned his MBA at the Rice University.
David Moore has served as executive vice president and chief technology officer since 2020. Mr. Moore previously served as a senior vice president in Sabre's Travel Network and Travel Solutions businesses from 2016 to 2020, where he led product management and development, and subsequently a series of increasing roles leading global technology teams. Prior to that, he served as chief technology officer and senior vice president of global engineering at Digital River, which builds and operates online B2B marketplace and online channels for global clients, and chief technology officer and chief innovation officer at Keane (now NTT).
Cem Tanyel is executive vice president and chief services officer. Mr. Tanyel previously served as executive vice president of Sabre and president of Airline Solutions from 2018 to 2020. Prior to joining Sabre in September 2018, Mr. Tanyel served as executive vice president and general manager, Global Services at Kony from October 2016 to October 2018. From 2015 to 2016, he was chief services officer and senior vice president, consulting and service delivery of Trizetto Corp. Mr. Tanyel served as Vice president and general manager, healthcare and life sciences global solutions at CSC Corp. from 2012 to 2015, and he served as senior vice president, research and development, health systems enterprise solutions at McKesson Corp. from 2010 to 2012.
Shawn Williams has served as executive vice president and chief people officer since 2020. Prior to joining Sabre in 2020, Mr. Williams served as chief human resources officer of Scientific Games, a global technology gaming company, from 2017 to 2020. From 2016 to 2017, he served as senior vice president and chief administrative officer of LeEco Holdings North America, a consumer electronics business. Prior to that, Mr. Williams served as senior vice president and chief administrative officer of Samsung Electronics America, an electronics and telecommunications company. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from the University of Houston.

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PART II
ITEM 5.        MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SABR.” As of February 22, 2021, there were 104 stockholders of record of our common stock. We have suspended the payment of quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, effective with respect to the dividends occurring after the March 30, 2020 payment. The amount of future cash dividends on our common stock, if any, will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, number of shares of common stock outstanding and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant. The timing and amount of future dividend payments will be at the discretion of our board of directors. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Dividends.” There were no shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2020. See Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources—Share Repurchase Program."
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2020 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index ("NASDAQ Composite"), the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500") and the Standard & Poor's Software and Services Index ("S&P 500/Software & Services") (collectively, the "Indices"). The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2015 in the common stock of Sabre Corporation and the Indices as well as reinvestments of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
sabr-20201231_g1.jpg
The stock price performance depicted in the above graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. The stock performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate the graph by reference in such filing.    
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ITEM 6.        SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Pursuant to the early adoption of the changes to Item 301 of Regulation S-K, we have elected to present three years of selected financial data, which we believe represents relevant historical periods and information for our readers in light of our Strategic Realignment.
The consolidated statements of operations data and consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future. All amounts presented below are in thousands, except per share amounts.
Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:   
Revenue$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 
Operating (loss) income(988,039)363,417 562,016 
(Loss) income from continuing operations(1,274,332)164,312 340,921 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax2,788 (1,766)1,739 
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders(1,280,403)158,592 337,531 
Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:   
Basic$(4.42)$0.57 $1.23 
Diluted$(4.42)$0.57 $1.22 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:   
Basic289,855 274,168 275,235 
Diluted289,855 276,217 277,518 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data:   
Cash (used in) provided by operating activities$(770,245)$581,260 $724,797 
Cash (used in) provided by investing activities(1,291)(243,026)(275,259)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities1,837,741 (409,721)(306,506)
Additions to property and equipment65,420 115,166 283,940 
Cash payments for interest186,235 157,648 156,041 
Other Financial Data:   
Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income$(745,274)$513,408 $701,432 
Adjusted Net (Loss) Income(922,321)279,215 427,570 
Adjusted EBITDA(372,852)946,360 1,124,390 
Free Cash Flow(835,665)466,094 440,857 
Key Metrics:   
Travel Solutions   
Direct Billable Bookings - Air103,331 499,111 491,820 
Direct Billable Bookings - Lodging, Ground and Sea
21,353 67,197 66,454 
Distribution Total Direct Billable Bookings124,684 566,308 558,274 
IT Solutions Passengers Boarded322,714 741,107 752,548 
Hospitality Solutions
Central Reservations System Transactions67,046 108,482 88,655 


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As of December 31,
 202020192018
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:   
Cash and cash equivalents$1,499,665 $436,176 $509,265 
Total assets(1) (2)
6,077,722 5,689,957 5,806,381 
Long-term debt4,639,782 3,261,821 3,337,467 
Working capital surplus(2)
1,266,162 96,377 169,235 
Noncontrolling interest7,028 8,588 7,205 
Total stockholders’ equity(2)
362,632 947,669 974,271 
________________________________
(1) In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (" ASC") 842, Leases. See Note 12. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements.
(2) In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted the comprehensive update for the measurement of credit losses, ASC 326, on a modified retrospective basis. See Note 8. Credit Losses, to our consolidated financial statements.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Net (Loss) Income attributable to common stockholders to Adjusted Net (Loss) Income from continuing operations, Operating (Loss) Income to Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, and (Loss) Income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders$(1,280,403)$158,592 $337,531 
(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax(2,788)1,766 (1,739)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests(1)
1,200 3,954 5,129 
Preferred stock dividends
7,659 — — 
(Loss) Income from continuing operations(1,274,332)164,312 340,921 
Adjustments:   
Impairment and related charges(2)
8,684 — — 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
65,998 64,604 68,008 
Restructuring and other costs(6)
85,797 — — 
Loss on extinguishment of debt
21,626 — 633 
Other, net(5)
66,961 9,432 8,509 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
16,787 41,037 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(8)
(1,919)(24,579)8,323 
Stock-based compensation
69,946 66,885 57,263 
Tax impact of adjustments(9)
18,131 (42,476)(59,353)
Adjusted Net (Loss) Income from continuing operations$(922,321)$279,215 $427,570 
Adjusted Net (Loss) Income from continuing operations per share$(3.18)$1.01 $1.54 
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding289,855 276,217 277,518 
Operating (loss) income$(988,039)$363,417 $562,016 
Add back: 
Equity method (loss) income(2,528)2,044 2,556 
Impairment and related charges(2)
8,684 — — 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
65,998 64,604 68,008 
Restructuring and other costs(6)
85,797 — — 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
16,787 41,037 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(8)
(1,919)(24,579)8,323 
Stock-based compensation69,946 66,885 57,263 
Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income$(745,274)$513,408 $701,432 
(Loss) income from continuing operations$(1,274,332)$164,312 $340,921 
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(3b)
260,651 310,573 303,612 
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(3c)
37,094 39,444 41,724 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
65,998 64,604 68,008 
Impairment and related charges(2)
8,684 — — 
Restructuring and other costs(6)
85,797 — — 
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4)
74,677 82,935 77,622 
Interest expense, net235,091 156,391 157,017 
Other, net(5)
66,961 9,432 8,509 
Loss on extinguishment of debt21,626 — 633 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
16,787 41,037 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(8)
(1,919)(24,579)8,323 
Stock-based compensation69,946 66,885 57,263 
Provision for income taxes(39,913)35,326 57,492 
Adjusted EBITDA$(372,852)$946,360 $1,124,390 
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The following tables set forth the reconciliation of Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income to Operating (Loss) Income in our statement of operations and Adjusted EBITDA to (Loss) Income from Continuing Operations in our statement of operations by business segment (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Travel
Solutions
Hospitality
Solutions		CorporateTotal
Adjusted Operating Loss$(523,122)$(63,915)$(158,237)$(745,274)
Less:
Equity method loss(2,528)— — (2,528)
Impairment and related charges(2)
— — 8,684 8,684 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 65,998 65,998 
Restructuring and other costs(6)
— — 85,797 85,797 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 16,787 16,787 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — (1,919)(1,919)
Stock-based compensation— — 69,946 69,946 
Operating loss$(520,594)$(63,915)$(403,530)$(988,039)
Adjusted EBITDA$(197,905)$(21,126)$(153,821)$(372,852)
Less:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(3b)
217,808 38,427 4,416 260,651 
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(3c)
32,732 4,362 — 37,094 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 65,998 65,998 
Impairment and related charges(2)
— — 8,684 8,684 
Restructuring and other costs(6)
— — 85,797 85,797 
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4)
74,677 — — 74,677 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 16,787 16,787 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — (1,919)(1,919)
Stock-based compensation— — 69,946 69,946 
Equity method loss(2,528)— — (2,528)
Operating loss$(520,594)$(63,915)$(403,530)$(988,039)
Interest expense, net(235,091)
Other, net(5)
(66,961)
Loss on extinguishment of debt(21,626)
Equity method loss(2,528)
Provision for income taxes39,913 
Loss from continuing operations$(1,274,332)

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Year Ended December 31, 2019
Travel
Solutions		Hospitality
Solutions		CorporateTotal
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)$729,266 $(21,632)$(194,226)$513,408 
Less:
Equity method income2,044 — — 2,044 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 64,604 64,604 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 41,037 41,037 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — (24,579)(24,579)
Stock-based compensation— — 66,885 66,885 
Operating income (loss)$727,222 $(21,632)$(342,173)$363,417 
Adjusted EBITDA$1,104,298 $31,466 $(189,404)$946,360 
Less:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(3b)
257,390 48,361 4,822 310,573 
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(3c)
34,707 4,737 — 39,444 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 64,604 64,604 
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4)
82,935 — — 82,935 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 41,037 41,037 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — (24,579)(24,579)
Stock-based compensation— — 66,885 66,885 
Equity method income2,044 — — 2,044 
Operating income (loss)$727,222 $(21,632)$(342,173)$363,417 
Interest expense, net(156,391)
Other, net(5)
(9,432)
Equity method income2,044 
Provision for income taxes(35,326)
Income from continuing operations$164,312 

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Year Ended December 31, 2018
Travel
Solutions		Hospitality
Solutions		CorporateTotal
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)$866,957 $12,881 $(178,406)$701,432 
Less:
Equity method income2,556 — — 2,556 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 68,008 68,008 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 3,266 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — 8,323 8,323 
Stock-based compensation— — 57,263 57,263 
Operating income (loss)$864,401 $12,881 $(315,266)$562,016 
Adjusted EBITDA$1,245,286 $52,824 $(173,720)$1,124,390 
Less:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(3b)
262,745 36,181 4,686 303,612 
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(3c)
37,962 3,762 — 41,724 
Acquisition-related amortization(3a)
— — 68,008 68,008 
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4)
77,622 — — 77,622 
Acquisition-related costs(7)
— — 3,266 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(8)
— — 8,323 8,323 
Stock-based compensation— — 57,263 57,263 
Equity method income2,556 — — 2,556 
Operating income (loss)$864,401 $12,881 $(315,266)$562,016 
Interest expense, net(157,017)
Other, net(5)
(8,509)
Loss on extinguishment of debt(633)
Equity method income2,556 
Provision for income taxes(57,492)
Income from continuing operations$340,921 

The following tables present information from our statements of cash flows and set forth the reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measure (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Cash (used in) provided by operating activities$(770,245)$581,260 $724,797 
Cash used in investing activities(1,291)(243,026)(275,259)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities1,837,741 (409,721)(306,506)

Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Cash provided by operating activities$(770,245)$581,260 $724,797 
Additions to property and equipment(65,420)(115,166)(283,940)
Free Cash Flow$(835,665)$466,094 $440,857 
________________________________
(1)Net income attributable to non-controlling interests represents an adjustment to include earnings allocated to non-controlling interests held in (i) Sabre Travel Network Middle East of 40% and Sabre Seyahat Dagitim Sistemleri A.S. of 40% for all periods presented, (ii) Sabre Travel Network Lanka (Pte) Ltd of 40% beginning in July 2015, and (iii) Sabre Bulgaria of 40% beginning in November 2017.
(2)Impairment and related charges consists of $5 million associated with software developed for internal use and $4 million associated with capitalized implementation costs related to a specific customer based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts.
(3)Depreciation and amortization expenses:
a.Acquisition-related amortization represents amortization of intangible assets from the take-private transaction in 2007 as well as intangibles associated with acquisitions since that date.
b.Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment includes software developed for internal use as well as amortization of contract acquisition costs.
c.Amortization of capitalized implementation costs represents amortization of upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model.
(4)Our Travel Solutions business at times provides upfront incentive consideration to travel agency subscribers at the inception or modification of a service contract, which are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue, excluding technology costs over an average expected life of
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the service contract, generally over three to ten years. This consideration is made with the objective of increasing the number of clients or to ensure or improve customer loyalty. These service contract terms are established such that the supplier and other fees generated over the life of the contract will exceed the cost of the incentive consideration provided up front. These service contracts with travel agency subscribers require that the customer commit to achieving certain economic objectives and generally have terms requiring repayment of the upfront incentive consideration if those objectives are not met.
(5)Other, net includes a $46 million charge related to termination payments incurred in 2020 in connection with the now-terminated acquisition of Farelogix Inc. ("Farelogix") and a $18 million pension settlement charge recorded in 2020, partially offset by a $10 million gain on sale of our headquarters building in the fourth quarter of 2020. In 2018, we recorded an expense of $5 million related to our liability under the Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") and an offsetting gain of $8 million on the sale of an investment. In addition, all periods presented include foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency. See Note 3. Acquisitions to our consolidated financial statements regarding the Farelogix termination and Note 16. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans to our consolidated financial statements regarding the pension settlements.
(6)Restructuring and other costs represents charges associated with business restructuring and associated changes, including the Strategic Realignment, as well as other measures to support the new organizational structure and to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, facilities and cost structure. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities to our consolidated financial statements for further details.
(7)Acquisition-related costs represent fees and expenses incurred associated with the now-terminated agreement to acquire Farelogix, as well as costs related to the acquisition of Radixx in 2019. See Note 3. Acquisitions to our consolidated financial statements.
(8)Litigation costs, net represent charges associated with antitrust litigation and other foreign non-income tax contingency matters. In 2020, we reversed the previously accrued non-income tax expense of $4 million due to success in our claims. In 2019, we recorded the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to the US Airways legal matter for $32 million. In 2018, we recorded non-income tax expense of $5 million for tax, penalties and interest associated with certain non-income tax claims for historical periods regarding permanent establishment in a foreign jurisdiction. See Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements.
(9)The tax impact of adjustments includes the tax effect of each separate adjustment based on the statutory tax rate for the jurisdiction(s) in which the adjustment was taxable or deductible, the impact of the adjustments on valuation allowance assessments, and the tax effect of items that relate to tax specific financial transactions, tax law changes, uncertain tax positions, and other items. In 2018, the provision for income taxes includes a benefit of $27 million related to the enactment of the TCJA for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects.
Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We have included both financial measures compiled in accordance with GAAP and certain non-GAAP financial measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income from continuing operations ("Adjusted Net (Loss) Income"), Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures. As a result of the Strategic Realignment, we have separated our technology costs from cost of revenue and moved certain expenses previously classified as cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative to provide increased visibility to our technology costs for analytical and decision-making purposes and to align costs with the current leadership and operational organizational structure.
We define Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income as operating (loss) income adjusted for equity method (loss) income, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, and stock-based compensation.
We define Adjusted Net (Loss) Income as net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders adjusted for loss (income) from discontinued operations, net of tax, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, loss on extinguishment of debt, other, net, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation, and the tax impact of net income adjustments.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as (Loss) Income from continuing operations adjusted for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs, acquisition-related amortization, impairment and related charges, restructuring and other costs, amortization of upfront incentive consideration, interest expense, net, other, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation and the remaining provision for income taxes.
We define Free Cash Flow as cash (used in) provided by operating activities less cash used in additions to property and equipment.
We define Adjusted Net (Loss) Income from continuing operations per share as Adjusted Net (Loss) Income divided by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding.
These non-GAAP financial measures are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to monitor our ongoing core operations because historical results have been significantly impacted by events that are unrelated to our core operations as a result of changes to our business and the regulatory environment. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are used by investors, analysts and other interested parties as measures of financial performance and to evaluate our ability to service debt obligations, fund capital expenditures and meet working capital requirements. We also believe that Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income and Adjusted EBITDA assist investors in company-to-company and period-to-period comparisons by excluding differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions and the impact of depreciation and amortization expense. In addition, amounts derived from Adjusted EBITDA are a primary component of certain covenants under our senior secured credit facilities.
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Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures are not recognized terms under GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them are unaudited and have important limitations as analytical tools, and should not be viewed in isolation and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as indicators of operating performance or cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them exclude some, but not all, items that affect net income or cash flows from operating activities and these measures may vary among companies. Our use of these measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•these non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain recurring, non-cash charges such as stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for such replacements;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect amortization of upfront incentive consideration or capitalized implementation costs associated with our revenue contracts, which may require future working capital or cash needs in the future;
•Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;
•Free Cash Flow removes the impact of accrual-basis accounting on asset accounts and non-debt liability accounts, and does not reflect the cash requirements necessary to service the principal payments on our indebtedness; and
•other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net (Loss) Income, Adjusted EBITDA or Free Cash Flow differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
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ITEM 7.        MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis has been recast to reflect the Strategic Realignment described in this Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major shifts in the travel ecosystem resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers. As a result, in 2020 we accelerated the organizational changes we began in 2018 to address the changing travel landscape through the Strategic Realignment to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and cost structure. The organizational changes involve the creation of a functional-oriented structure to further enhance our long-term growth opportunities and help deliver new retailing, distribution and fulfillment solutions to the travel marketplace. As a result of the Strategic Realignment, we now operate our business and present our results through two business segments effective the third quarter of 2020: (i) Travel Solutions, our global business-to-business travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers. All revenue and expenses previously assigned to the Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been consolidated into a unified revenue and expense structure now reported as the Travel Solutions business segment. The historical results of the Hospitality Solutions reporting segment have not changed. See Note 18. Segment Information, to our consolidated financial statements for results for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 by reportable segment.
A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction-based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Solutions, we generate revenue from our distribution activities through transaction fees for bookings on our GDS, and from our IT solutions through recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. For Hospitality Solutions, we generate revenue from recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. Items that are not allocated to our business segments are identified as corporate and primarily include stock-based compensation expense, litigation costs, corporate headcount-related costs and other items that are not identifiable with either of our segments.
Additionally, we have reclassified expenses on our statement of operations to provide additional clarification on our costs by separating technology costs from cost of revenue and realigning certain expenses previously classified as cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative classification, considering how we assess our results of operations in the current organizational structure. Certain historical amounts have been reclassified to align with the current presentation. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations
The travel industry continues to be adversely affected by the global health crisis due to COVID-19, as well as by government directives that have been enacted to slow the spread of the virus. COVID-19 has had a material impact to our consolidated financial results in 2020, resulting in a material decrease in transaction-based revenue across both of our business units over the prior year. Additionally, our mix of transactions has shifted such that domestic bookings now exceed international bookings, negatively impacting revenue. Revenue during the year, particularly in the second quarter, was negatively impacted by increased cancellation activity. We estimate future cancellations at the end of each reporting period based on the number of undeparted bookings, expected cancellations and an estimated rate. The combination of actual cancellation activity and significantly fewer bookings resulted in a reduction in the cancellation reserve for the year ended December 31, 2020 when compared to 2019. Lower GDS volumes resulted in a material decline in incentive consideration costs, which was partially offset by a higher provision for expected credit losses due to the impact of COVID-19 on the global economy and our customers and other general increases in bad debt from aging balances as applied under the newly adopted credit impairment standard. Refer to Note 8. Credit Losses for further information.
Given the impact of COVID-19, as previously disclosed, we have responded with measures to increase our cash position, including the suspension of common stock dividends and share repurchases under our $500 million share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program"), borrowing under our Revolver, implementing cost savings measures, and completing debt and equity offerings. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we completed the sale of our two headquarters buildings for an aggregate purchase price, net of closing costs, of $69 million in conjunction with an assessment of our real estate footprint, as well as our work from anywhere initiatives. See Note 12. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements for further information. We also took the following actions with regard to our workforce and compensation programs as cost reduction efforts:
•A temporary reduction in base compensation pay for our US-based salaried workforce, including a 25% reduction for our CEO, from March 16, 2020 through July 5, 2020;
•A temporary reduction in the cash retainer for members of our Board of Directors from March 16, 2020 through June 30, 2020;
•The temporary suspension of our 401(k) match program for US-based employees through December 31, 2020;
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•Reductions in third-party contracting, vendor costs and other discretionary spending;
•An offering of voluntary unpaid time off, voluntary severance and a voluntary early retirement program in the first quarter of 2020;
•A temporary furlough of approximately one-third of our workforce during the second quarter of 2020; and
•A right-sizing of our global organization through a reduction in force that impacted approximately 800 team members across 44 office locations. This reduction is in addition to the separation of approximately 400 participants in voluntary severance and voluntary early retirement programs described above.
We substantially completed the Strategic Realignment during the year ended December 31, 2020. In connection with these measures, we recorded a $72 million charge associated with these restructuring activities during the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities, to our consolidated financial statements for further details on the costs incurred related to restructuring. Additionally, to retain key talent in this highly volatile macro environment, we have taken the following specific actions related to our compensation programs which have impacted our operating expenses:
•Replaced the revenue and adjusted earnings per share metrics in our 2020 annual incentive program with measures focused on expense management with payout capped at 50% of original targets, paid in December 2020;
•Amended the key strategic initiatives associated with the long-term performance-based cash incentive awards that are payable in March 2022;
•Amended the 2020 performance metrics associated with performance stock awards that vest in March 2021;
•Awarded time-based restricted stock unit awards to executive and certain key employees in June 2020, with 50% of the units vesting on the first and second anniversaries of the grant date; and
•Awarded cash retention bonuses to certain key technology resources in June 2020 in conjunction with our technology transformation initiatives payable upon the completion of two and three years of service.
We believe the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our operations and global bookings will continue to have a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity, and such negative impact may continue well beyond the containment of such outbreak.
In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was signed into law, which provides over $2 trillion in economic relief in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act also modifies sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("IRC"). Certain IRC modifications relax limitations on deductions, which were enacted as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. We did not participate in the CARES Act loan program during 2020 but did benefit from certain payroll-tax related deferrals and credits. The provisions of the CARES Act did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, several of our customers filed for bankruptcy protection in various jurisdictions. Due to our creditor position, we do not expect significant recovery for amounts due to us prior to the customer's filing for bankruptcy protection and have fully reserved for any amounts due; however, we continue to provide services and receive timely payment for post-bankruptcy balances due in most cases.
Factors Affecting our Results
The impacts of COVID-19 on our business as described above are the most significant factors affecting our current results, and they are expected to continue to significantly impact our future results. The following is a discussion of other trends that we believe are additional significant opportunities and challenges currently impacting our business and industry. The discussion also includes management’s assessment of the effects these trends have had and are expected to have on our results of continuing operations. This information is not an exhaustive list of all of the factors that could affect our results and should be read in conjunction with the factors referred to in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Technology transformation and change in mix of technology spend
We expect to further enable our technology transformation with incremental operational and capital expenditure investments in 2021 and continued investment over the next few years which will have a material impact on our financial results. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our re-platforming efforts to open source and cloud-based solutions, as previously disclosed, with the goal of modernizing our architecture, driving efficiency in development and ongoing technology costs, further enhancing the stability and security of our network, and complying with data privacy regulations, and in next-generation retailing capabilities, including NDC and personalized offers, LCCs and full-service hotel PMS offerings. In 2021, we expect total capital expenditures to range from $60 million to $100 million. Technology costs include the cost of our technology transformation.
Through our technology transformation efforts, we expect to benefit from lower cloud infrastructure costs and higher margins, with material cost savings realized beginning in 2024. We believe that continued investment in our technology will help to provide us the necessary framework and infrastructure for a secure and stable architecture for our customers, grow our
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addressable market, provide new revenue opportunities, reduce costs and will help to improve sales of our software solutions. However, there are various risks associated with our technology transformation efforts, including not achieving the amount of anticipated cost savings, not completing the steps during their current projected time frame, or changing the approach leading to, among other things, additional changes in our mix of technology spend between operating expense and capitalization.
Geographic mix of travel bookings
The revenue recognized by our Travel Solutions business is affected by the mix between domestic and international travel reservation bookings and the related varying rates paid by airline suppliers. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our mix of transactions shifted during 2020 such that domestic bookings now exceed international bookings, negatively impacting our revenue. The increase in domestic bookings is also partly due to an increase in leisure bookings over business travel. As business travelers have moved to a remote working environment with travel restrictions, leisure travel has increased impacting the domestic and international mix further. Due to our geographic concentration, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to factors affecting North America, which has been accentuated by the impacts of COVID-19. For example, booking fees per transaction in North America have traditionally been lower than those in Europe. As we continue to invest in our technology and expand the travel content and functionality available in our GDS, we anticipate that we will continue to grow global market share. Booking share in the near term, however, could be impacted by the regional mix of travel bookings during recovery from COVID-19. We invest for sustainable share growth, and in certain parts of Asia-Pacific and Latin America, our share may be impacted by travel agency commercial arrangements we have declined to pursue due to credit risk and unfavorable economics. The geographic mix of our Direct Billable Bookings is summarized below:
Year Ended December 31,
20202019
Direct Billable Bookings (1):
North America64 %55 %
APAC10 %20 %
EMEA17 %16 %
Latin America9 %9 %
Total100 %100 %
________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) “Direct Billable Bookings” is the primary metric utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance and includes bookings made through our GDS and through our joint venture partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier.
Recent insolvencies and the impact of COVID-19 on Travel Solutions customers
In 2020, several Travel Solutions customers filed for bankruptcy but continued to operate. In April 2019, a customer of Travel Solutions, Jet Airways suspended flight operations and is now insolvent which negatively impacted our revenue in 2019 and 2020. Additionally, given the uncertainties surrounding the duration and effects of COVID-19 on transaction volumes in the global travel industry, particularly air travel and hotel transaction volumes, including from airlines’ insolvency or suspension of service or aircraft groundings, our provision for expected credit losses increased in 2020 partially due to fully reserving for aged balances related to certain customers and bankruptcy-related reserves. In the future, we may incur additional credit losses if further bankruptcies occur or our customers lack the ability to pay for services performed. Additionally, bankruptcy proceedings may require the renegotiation of contractual terms that may not be favorable. Our revenue has and may continue to be impacted by contracting with our customers, including force majeure provisions and requests to renegotiate the terms of existing agreements prior to their expiration, including providing temporary concessions on contractual minimums. Future revenues may be negatively impacted by, among other things, reduced sales of our software solutions and reduced Passengers Boarded due to delayed or uncertain implementations and insolvencies of airline carriers. See “Risk Factors—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.”
Increasing travel agency incentive consideration
Travel agency incentive consideration is a large portion of Travel Solutions expenses. The vast majority of incentive consideration is tied to absolute booking volumes based on transactions such as flight segments booked. Incentive consideration, which often increases once a certain volume or percentage of bookings is met, is provided in two ways, according to the terms of the agreement: (i) on a periodic basis over the term of the contract and (ii) in some instances, up front at the inception or modification of contracts, which is capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.
This consideration grew in the double digits on a per booking basis in 2018 due to higher incentives in certain geographical markets and from new customer conversions and reverted to single-digit growth in 2019. Consideration on a per booking basis declined in 2020 as compared to the prior year due the COVID-19 pandemic; however, we remain focused on managing incentive consideration and expect continued single-digit growth in the near term. Although incentive rate increases may continue to impact margins, we expect these increases to be more than offset by growth in Travel Solutions revenue. This
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expectation is based in part on our continuing to offer value added services and content to travel buyers, such as the Sabre Red Workspace, a SaaS product that provides a simplified interface and enhanced travel agency workflow and productivity tools.
Travel buyers can shift their bookings to or from our Travel Solutions business
Our Travel Solutions business relies on relationships with several large travel buyers, including TMCs and OTAs, to drive a large portion of its revenue. Although our contracts with larger travel agencies often increase the amount of the incentive consideration when the travel agency processes a certain volume or percentage of its bookings through our GDS, travel buyers are not contractually required to book exclusively through our GDS during the contract term. Travel buyers may shift bookings to other distribution intermediaries for many reasons, including to avoid becoming overly dependent on a single source of travel content and increase their bargaining power with the GDS providers. For example, certain travel agencies have adopted a dual GDS provider strategy and shifted a sizeable portion of their business from our GDS to a competitor GDS, while other agencies have shifted a sizable portion their business to our GDS. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 on travel buyers has caused them, and may continue to cause them, to select the GDS with the most favorable terms or contractual commitment.
Increasing importance of LCC/hybrids
LCC/hybrids have become a significant segment of the air travel market, stimulating demand for air travel through low fares. LCC/hybrids have traditionally relied on direct distribution for the majority of their bookings. However, as these LCC/hybrids are evolving, many are increasing their distribution through indirect channels to expand their offering into higher yield markets and to higher yield customers, such as business and international travelers. Other LCC/hybrids, especially start up carriers, may choose not to distribute through the GDS until wider distribution is desired. On October 15, 2019, we acquired Radixx, an airline retailing software provider whose signature products are an LCC passenger service system and internet booking engine. We have invested in Radixx to expand its capabilities and expect to make additional investments to address the LCC space and continue to grow upmarket with a more competitive offering.
Shift to SaaS and hosted solutions by airlines and hotels to manage their daily operations
Historically, large travel suppliers built custom in-house software and applications for their business process needs. In response to a desire for more flexible systems given increasingly complex and constantly changing technological requirements, reduced IT budgets and increased focus on cost efficiency, many travel suppliers turned to third party solutions providers for many of their key technologies and began to license software from software providers. We believe that significant revenue opportunity remains in this outsourcing trend, as legacy in-house systems continue to migrate and upgrade to third party systems; however, the impact of COVID-19 on the travel industry may cause delays in these decisions, which may impact new sales during the pandemic and recovery period. The shift from a model with initial license fees to one with recurring monthly fees associated with our SaaS and hosted solutions, has resulted in an ongoing revenue stream based on the number of passengers boarded. However, under the SaaS and hosted solutions revenue model, revenue recognition may be delayed due to longer implementation schedules for larger suppliers. The SaaS and hosted models’ centralized deployment also allows us to save time and money by reducing maintenance and implementation tasks and lowering operating costs.
Growing demand for continued technology improvements in the fragmented hotel market
Most of the hospitality industry is highly fragmented. Independent hotels and small to medium sized chains (groups of less than 300 properties) comprise a majority of hotel properties and available hotel rooms, with global and regional chains comprising the balance. Hotels use a number of different technology systems to distribute and market their products and operate efficiently. We offer technology solutions to all segments of the hospitality industry. Our SynXis Central Reservation System integrates critical hospitality systems to optimize distribution, operations, retailing and guest experience via one scalable, flexible and intelligent platform. We believe the impact of COVID-19 on the hospitality industry highlights the benefits of a scalable solution such as our SynXis Central Reservation System. As these markets recover and begin to grow, we believe both independent and enterprise hotel owners and operators will continue to seek increased connectivity and integrated solutions to ensure access to global travelers. We anticipate that this will contribute to the continued growth of Hospitality Solutions, which is ultimately dependent upon these hoteliers accepting and utilizing our products and services.
Impact of customer consolidation in Hospitality Solutions
Growth through acquisition and brand consolidation is emerging as a strategy for enterprise hoteliers. This has resulted, and may continue to result, in customer de-migration as larger hotel chains consolidate acquired brands onto their existing technology platforms. Certain of our Hospitality Solutions customers were acquired by larger hoteliers, and it is possible that additional customer consolidations could occur in the future. We expect these consolidations to adversely impact revenue growth for the Hospitality Solutions business.
Continued focus by travel suppliers on cost cutting and exerting influence over distribution
Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. Airline consolidations, pricing pressure during contract renegotiations and the use of direct distribution may continue to subject our business to challenges. The shift from indirect distribution channels, such as our GDS, to direct distribution channels, may result from increased content availability on supplier operated websites or from increased participation of meta search engines, such as Kayak and Google, which direct consumers to supplier operated websites. This trend may adversely affect our Travel Solutions contract renegotiations with suppliers that use alternative distribution channels. For example, airlines may withhold part of their content for distribution exclusively through their own direct distribution channels or offer more attractive terms for content
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available through those direct channels. This occurred in 2018 when certain European carriers began to withhold part of their content from our GDS to make use of alternative distribution channels, which may adversely affect our future revenue growth. In 2020, we reached an agreement with one such carrier to provide traditional content while enabling content via NDC. However, in North America, which is our largest region, the rate at which bookings have shifted from indirect to direct distribution channels has been relatively consistent for a number of reasons, including the increased participation of LCC/hybrids in direct channels. Over the last few years, notable carriers that previously only distributed directly, including Lion Air, Norwegian and Interjet, have signed agreements with our GDS. In addition, we signed a number of smaller airlines to new participation agreements in 2020, such as Fly Gangwon, Jazeera Airways and Thai Smile Airways. Other carriers such as Southwest Airlines and EVA Airways have further increased their participation in our GDS. Conversely, Air India fully migrated from our GDS during 2019.
These trends have impacted the revenue of Travel Solutions, which recognizes revenue for airline ticket sales based on transaction volumes. Simultaneously, this focus on cost cutting and direct distribution has also presented opportunities for Travel Solutions. Many airlines have turned to outside providers for key systems, process and industry expertise and other products that assist in their cost cutting initiatives in order to focus on their primary revenue generating activities.
Components of Revenues and Expenses
Revenues
Travel Solutions generates revenues from distribution activities through Direct Billable Bookings processed on our GDS, adjusted for estimated cancellations of those bookings. Travel Solutions also generates revenues from IT solutions activities from its product offerings including reservation systems for full-cost and low-cost carriers, commercial and operations products, agency solutions and booking data. Additionally, Travel Solutions generates revenue through software licensing and maintenance fees. Recognition of license fees upon delivery has previously resulted and will continue to result in periodic fluctuations in revenue recognized. Hospitality Solutions generates revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed through our SaaS and through other professional service fees including Digital Experience ("DX"). Certain professional service fees are discrete sales opportunities that may have a high degree of variability from period to period, and we cannot guarantee that we will have such fees in the future consistent with prior periods.
Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs
Cost of revenue incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consists primarily of costs associated with the delivery and distribution of our products and services and includes employee-related costs for our delivery, customer operations and call center teams as well as allocated overhead such as facilities and other support costs. Cost of revenue for Travel Solutions also includes incentive consideration expense representing payments or other consideration to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which accrue on a monthly basis. Cost of revenue excludes technology costs, which are presented separately below.
Corporate cost of revenue includes certain expenses such as stock-based compensation, restructuring charges and other items not identifiable with either of our segments.
Depreciation and amortization included in cost of revenue is associated with capitalized implementation costs and intangible assets associated with contracts, supplier and distributor agreements purchased through acquisitions or established with our take private transaction in 2007. Cost of revenue also includes amortization of upfront incentive consideration representing upfront payments or other consideration provided to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which are capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.
We have reclassified expenses on our statement of operations to provide additional clarification on our costs and to reflect the Strategic Realignment. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we reclassified $1,179 million and $997 million, respectively, from cost of revenue to technology costs and $130 million and $140 million, respectively, from cost of revenue to selling, general, and administrative. As a result, cost of revenue decreased by $1,309 million and $1,137 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively.
Technology Costs
Technology costs incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consist of expenses related to third-party providers and employee-related costs to operate technology operations including hosting, third-party software, and other costs associated with the maintenance and minor enhancement of our technology. Technology costs also include costs associated with our technology transformation efforts. Technology costs are less variable in nature and therefore may not correlate with related changes in revenue.
Depreciation and amortization included in technology costs is associated with software developed for internal use that supports our products, assets supporting our technology platform, businesses and systems and intangible assets for technology purchased through acquisitions or established through the take private transaction in 2007.
We have reclassified expenses on our statement of operations to provide additional clarification on our costs by separately reporting technology costs. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we reclassified $1,179 million from cost of revenue and $106 million from selling, general and administrative to technology costs. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we reclassified $997 million from cost of revenue and $102 million from selling, general and administrative to technology costs.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of professional service fees, certain settlement charges or reimbursements, costs to defend legal disputes, provision for expected credit losses, other overhead costs, and personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for employees engaged in sales, sales support, account management and who administratively support the business in finance, legal, human resources, information technology and communications.
Depreciation and amortization included in selling, general and administrative expenses is associated with property and equipment, acquired customer relationships, trademarks and brand names purchased through acquisitions or established through the take private transaction in 2007.
We have reclassified expenses on our statement of operations to provide additional clarification on our costs and to reflect the Strategic Realignment. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we reclassified $130 million and $140 million, respectively, from cost of revenue to selling, general, and administrative and $106 million and $102 million, respectively, from selling, general and administrative to technology costs. As a result, selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $24 million and $38 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Intersegment Transactions
We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. Hospitality Solutions pays fees to Travel Solutions for hotel stays booked through our GDS.
Key Metrics
“Direct Billable Bookings” and “Passengers Boarded” are the primary metrics utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance. Travel Solutions generates distribution revenue for each Direct Billable Booking, which includes bookings made through our GDS (e.g., Air, and Lodging, Ground and Sea ("LGS")) and through our equity method investments in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier. Air Bookings are presented net of bookings cancelled within the period presented. Travel Solutions also recognizes IT solutions revenue from recurring usage-based fees for Passengers Boarded ("PBs"). The primary metric utilized by Hospitality Solutions is booking transactions processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System. These key metrics allow management to analyze customer volume over time for each of our product lines to monitor industry trends and analyze performance. We believe that these key metrics are useful for investors and other third parties as indicators of our financial performance and industry trends. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our transaction counts for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges associated with their measurement. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our estimates of these metrics, and these estimates may change due to improvements or changes in our methodology.
The following table sets forth these key metrics for the periods indicated (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,Year-over-Year % Change
 20202019201820202019
Travel Solutions     
Direct Billable Bookings - Air103,331 499,111 491,820 (79.3)%1.5 %
Direct Billable Bookings - LGS21,353 67,197 66,454 (68.2)%1.1 %
Distribution Total Direct Billable Bookings124,684 566,308 558,274 (78.0)%1.4 %
IT Solutions Passengers Boarded322,714 741,107 752,548 (56.5)%(1.5)%
Hospitality Solutions
Central Reservations System Transactions67,046 108,482 88,655 (38.2)%22.4 %

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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Revenue$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 
Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs579,010 1,726,157 1,654,376 
Technology costs1,156,723 1,285,204 1,098,641 
Selling, general and administrative586,406 600,210 551,923 
Operating (loss) income(988,039)363,417 562,016 
Interest expense, net(235,091)(156,391)(157,017)
Loss on debt extinguishment (21,626)— (633)
Equity method (loss) income(2,528)2,044 2,556 
Other expense, net(66,961)(9,432)(8,509)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes(1,314,245)199,638 398,413 
Provision for income taxes(39,913)35,326 57,492 
(Loss) Income from continuing operations$(1,274,332)$164,312 $340,921 
Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
Revenue
 Year Ended December 31,
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Travel Solutions$1,176,694 $3,723,000 $(2,546,306)(68)%
Hospitality Solutions174,628 292,880 (118,252)(40)%
Total segment revenue1,351,322 4,015,880 (2,664,558)(66)%
Eliminations(17,222)(40,892)23,670 (58)%
Total revenue$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $(2,640,888)(66)%
Travel Solutions—Revenue decreased $2,546 million, or 68%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year, primarily due to:
• a $2,149 million, or 79%, decrease in transaction-based distribution revenue due to a 78% decrease in Direct Billable Bookings to 125 million resulting from lower transaction volume primarily as a result of reduced travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; and
•a $397 million decrease in IT solutions revenue consisting of a $265 million, or 52%, decrease in reservation revenue primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our existing customer base and a $28 million decrease in revenue compared to the same period in the prior year due to the transition away from our services by certain customers and Jet Airways' insolvency in April 2019, partially offset by an increase of $12 million driven by the acquisition of Radixx in October 2019. Passengers Boarded, inclusive of Radixx, decreased by 56% to 323 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Additionally, commercial and operations revenue decreased $132 million primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our existing customer base.
Hospitality Solutions—Revenue decreased $118 million, or 40%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in SynXis Software and Services revenue due to a decrease in transaction volumes of 38% to 67 million, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cost of Revenue, excluding technology costs
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Travel Solutions$363,623 $1,483,154 $(1,119,531)(75)%
Hospitality Solutions91,149 153,162 (62,013)(40)%
Eliminations(17,222)(40,879)23,657 (58)%
Total segment cost of revenue, excluding technology costs437,550 1,595,437 (1,157,887)(73)%
Corporate27,867 8,094 19,773 244 %
Depreciation and amortization38,916 39,691 (775)(2)%
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration74,677 82,935 (8,258)(10)%
Total cost of revenue, excluding technology costs$579,010 $1,726,157 $(1,147,147)(66)%
Travel Solutions—Cost of revenue decreased $1,120 million, or 75%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily the result of a $1,078 million decline in incentive consideration in all regions due to lower transaction volumes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a $37 million reduction in labor and professional services costs in connection with our cost reduction measures.
Hospitality Solutions—Cost of revenue decreased $62 million, or 40%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by $55 million reduction in transaction-related costs due to the decline in transaction volume as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a reduction in labor costs in connection with our cost reduction measures.
Corporate—Cost of revenue associated with corporate costs increased $20 million, or 244%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily due to a restructuring charge of $19 million for severance benefits. The increase is partially offset by a reduction in labor costs in connection with our cost reduction measures. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities, to our consolidated financial statements for further details on restructuring activities.
Depreciation and amortization—Depreciation and amortization decreased $1 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to customer implementations that became fully amortized during the year.
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration—Amortization of upfront incentive consideration decreased $8 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction in upfront consideration provided to travel agencies.
Technology Costs
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Technology Costs$1,156,723 $1,285,204 $(128,481)(10)%
Technology costs decreased by $128 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease is primarily driven by reductions impacting our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, including a decrease in technology labor of $91 million and $12 million, respectively, in connection with our cost reduction measures, a decrease in depreciation and amortization of $46 million and $10 million, respectively, primarily due to a change in the mix of our technology spend in 2019 resulting in less capitalized internal use software, and a decline in technology costs of $55 million in our Travel Solutions business associated with lower transaction volumes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease is partially offset by a continued decline in the capitalization mix of our technology spend as we implement opensource and cloud-based solutions, resulting in an increase in labor costs of $40 million and $6 million in our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, respectively. Corporate technology costs increased due to a restructuring charge of $32 million for severance benefits. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities, to our consolidated financial statements for further details on restructuring activities.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Selling, general and administrative$586,406 $600,210 $(13,804)(2)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $14 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The decrease is primarily driven by a decrease in labor and professional services costs of $43 million and $3 million in our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, respectively, and a $29 million decrease in Corporate labor and professional services, each in connection with our cost reduction measures. In addition, other costs declined by approximately $25 million across the company from 2019 primarily in conjunction with our expense management initiatives. Corporate selling, general and administrative costs also declined due to a $27 million decrease in legal costs associated with the now-terminated acquisition of Farelogix. These decreases are substantially offset by an increase in the provision for expected credit losses of $38 million and $8 million in our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, respectively, primarily related to fully reserving for aged balances related to certain customers, an increase in bankruptcy-related reserves, an increase in our forecasted credit losses due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and other general increases in bad debt from aging balances as applied under the newly adopted credit loss standard. Corporate related selling, general and administrative expenses increased as a result of a $20 million charge for severance benefits recorded in the current year, a $14 million abandonment charge associated with the closure of certain office locations in connection with our restructuring activities in the current year, and an increase of $32 million due to the reversal of a previously accrued loss in the prior year related to the US Airways legal matter. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities, to our consolidated financial statements for further details on restructuring activities.
Interest expense, net
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Interest expense, net$235,091 $156,391 $78,700 50 %
Interest expense increased $79 million, or 50%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to additional borrowings under the 9.250% senior secured notes due 2025 and the 4.000% senior exchangeable notes due 2025 entered into during the second quarter of 2020, and the 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025 entered into in the third quarter of 2020. See Note 9. Debt for further details these debt transactions.
Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Loss on extinguishment of debt$21,626 $— $21,626 **
** not meaningful
As a result of the debt refinancing transactions during the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $22 million. In connection with the extinguishment in August 2020 of our 5.375% senior secured notes due April 2023, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $10 million which consisted of a redemption premium of $7 million and the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs of $3 million. In connection with our extinguishment of our 5.25% senior secured notes due November 2023 and our Term Loan A in December 2020, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $11 million which consisted of a redemption premium of $6 million and the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5 million. See Note 9. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements for further details regarding these debt transactions.
Other expense, net
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Other expense, net$66,961 $9,432 $57,529 **
** not meaningful
Other expense, net increased $58 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to a $46 million charge related to termination payments in connection with our proposed acquisition of Farelogix, a pension plan settlement charge of $18 million, and a benefit recognized in the prior year associated with a reduction to our TRA liability due to the settlement of an audit. The increase is partially offset by a $10 million gain resulting from the sale of our headquarters buildings in the fourth quarter of 2020. See Note 3. Acquisitions, to our consolidated financial statements for
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further detail regarding the Farelogix acquisition and Note 12. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements for further details regarding the sale and leaseback transaction.
Provision for Income Taxes
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20202019Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Provision for income taxes$(39,913)$35,326 $(75,239)(213)%
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was 3.0% and 17.7%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 was primarily due to a $202 million valuation allowance recorded on tax losses generated in the current tax year related to the impact of COVID-19 on our results of operations and various discrete items recorded in each of the respective periods.

The differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily resulted from our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions, tax permanent differences, valuation allowances, and tax credits.
Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Revenue
 Year Ended December 31,
 20192018Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Travel Solutions$3,723,000 $3,628,941 $94,059 3 %
Hospitality Solutions292,880 273,079 19,801 7 %
Total segment revenue4,015,880 3,902,020 113,860 3 %
Eliminations(40,892)(35,064)(5,828)17 %
Total revenue$3,974,988 $3,866,956 $108,032 3 %
Travel Solutions—Revenue increased $94 million, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, primarily due to:
•a $79 million, or 3% increase in transaction-based distribution revenue primarily due to a 1% increase in Direct Billable Bookings to 566 million and growth in the average booking fee rate during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to a discrete shift in the distribution pricing structure for specific European carriers and favorable mix primarily resulting from growth in hotel bookings which have a higher rate; and
•a $15 million increase in IT solutions revenue primarily due to a $10 million increase in commercial and operations revenue driven by license fee revenue from new implementations recognized upon delivery to the customer as well as an increase in revenue related to services and new implementations. Additionally, reservation revenue increased $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year primarily driven by the acquisition of Radixx and organic growth in our existing customer base despite the decline in Passengers Boarded which was driven by the demigration of the certain customers as well as the impact of Jet Airways' insolvency and the impact of the 737 Max incident on a particular customer.
Hospitality Solutions—Revenue increased $20 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by growth in SynXis Software and Services revenue of $17 million, or 7%, due to an increase in transaction volumes of 22% to 108 million, which includes the migration of certain brands of Wyndham Hotels over the first half of 2018 and early 2019. The migration of these enterprise hotel brands reduced the average rate of our transaction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus the prior year. Additionally, DX service revenue increased $3 million.
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Cost of Revenue, excluding technology costs
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20192018Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Travel Solutions$1,483,154 $1,425,084 $58,070 4 %
Hospitality Solutions153,162 137,957 15,205 11 %
Eliminations(40,879)(35,064)(5,815)17 %
Total segment cost of revenue, excluding technology costs1,595,437 1,527,977 67,460 4 %
Corporate8,094 5,787 2,307 40 %
Depreciation and amortization39,691 42,990 (3,299)(8)%
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration82,935 77,622 5,313 7 %
Total cost of revenue, excluding technology costs$1,726,157 $1,654,376 $71,781 4 %
Travel Solutions—Cost of revenue increased $58 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, partially as a result of a $71 million increase in incentive consideration primarily due to volume growth in North America bookings as well as rate increases across all regions. The increase is offset by a reduction in labor and professional services costs of $14 million.
Hospitality Solutions—Cost of revenue increased $15 million, or 11%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $14 million increase in transaction-related costs to support the growth of our business.
Corporate—Cost of revenue associated with corporate costs increased $2 million, or 40%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in headcount-related expenses.
Depreciation and amortization—Depreciation and amortization decreased $3 million, or 8% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to customer implementations that became fully amortized during the year.
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration—Amortization of upfront incentive consideration increased $5 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in upfront consideration provided to travel agencies.
Technology Costs
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20192018Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Technology Costs$1,285,204 $1,098,641 $186,563 17 %
Technology costs increased $187 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase in both our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses is primarily driven by the decline in the capitalization mix of our technology spend as we implement opensource and cloud-based solutions, resulting in an increase in labor costs of $124 million and $29 million, respectively. Investments pertaining to the modernization, stability, and security of our technology platforms resulted in increased technology costs of $32 million and $4 million in our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, respectively. Depreciation and amortization increased $11 million compared to the prior year related to our Hospitality Solutions business, primarily due to the completion of software developed for internal use. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in labor-related costs in both our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses of $9 million and $8 million, respectively.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20192018Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Selling, general and administrative$600,210 $551,923 $48,287 9 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $48 million, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, primarily driven by an increase in labor costs of $13 million and $2 million in our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, respectively, and an increase in the provision for expected credit losses of $13 million in our Travel Solutions business. Corporate selling, general and administrative expenses increased due to an increase in legal costs associated with the now-terminated acquisition of Farelogix of $41 million, an increase in labor costs of $9 million, and an increase in other antitrust litigation expenses of $3 million. The increase was partially offset by the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to the US Airways legal matter for $32 million. See Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Provision for Income Taxes
 Year Ended December 31,  
 20192018Change
 (Amounts in thousands)  
Provision for income taxes$35,326 $57,492 $(22,166)(39)%
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 17.7% and 14.4%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to the impact of 2018 adjustments related to the enactment of the TCJA for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects of $27 million and, in 2019, an unfavorable impact of our geographic mix of taxable income, partially offset by an increase in net favorable U.S. tax permanent differences and certain tax credits and incentives.
The differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily resulted from our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions, tax permanent differences and tax credits.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In the current environment, our current principal sources of liquidity is our cash and cash equivalents on hand. As a result of the significant adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial results and liquidity, we took the following actions in 2020:
•Raised $1.1 billion from the issuance of senior secured and exchangeable notes;
•Raised $598 million in net proceeds from our common stock and mandatory convertible preferred offerings;
•Drew down on our Revolver in the amount of $375 million;
•Reduced our real estate footprint with the sale and leaseback of our headquarters buildings, resulting in net proceeds of $69 million;
•Implemented cost-savings actions as described in "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations";
•Refinanced over $2 billion of debt;
•Extended our debt maturities to 2023 for the Revolver and 2024 and beyond for our remaining debt maturities; and
•Suspended common stock dividends and share repurchases under our Share Repurchase Program.

Our ending cash balance as of December 31, 2020 was $1.5 billion. See "—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.

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As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our cash and cash equivalents, Revolver and outstanding letters of credit were as follows (in thousands):
 As of December 31,
 20202019
Cash and cash equivalents$1,499,665 $436,176 
Available balance under the Revolver15,326 388,396 
Reductions to the Revolver:
Revolver outstanding balance375,000 — 
Outstanding letters of credit9,674 11,604 
On March 17, 2020, we drew $375 million under the Revolver to supplement our liquidity needs. We had $375 million outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2020 and no balance outstanding as of December 31, 2019. Borrowing availability under our Revolver is reduced by our outstanding letters of credit and restricted cash collateral. We had outstanding letters of credit totaling $10 million and $12 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which reduced our overall credit capacity under the Revolver. Our Revolver matures on November 23, 2023 at the earliest and February 22, 2024 at the latest, depending on certain "springing" maturity conditions. See “—Senior Secured Credit Facilities .”
We consider cash equivalents to be highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash. Securities with contractual maturities of three months or less, when purchased, are considered cash equivalents. We record changes in a book overdraft position, in which our bank account is not overdrawn but recently issued and outstanding checks result in a negative general ledger balance, as cash flows from financing activities. We invest in a money market fund which is classified as cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets and statements of cash flows. We held no short-term investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
We do not consider the undistributed earnings to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2020, with certain limited exceptions. We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2020, and, accordingly, have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by our foreign subsidiaries are available to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements.
Liquidity Outlook
Given the magnitude of travel decline and the uncertain duration of the COVID-19 impact, we continue to monitor travel activity and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary to support our liquidity position. During the fourth quarter of 2020, in conjunction with a refinancing transaction, we reduced the minimum liquidity requirement under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities from $450 million to $300 million, which remains in place as long as the covenant suspension resulting from a "Material Travel Event Disruption" (See "—Senior Secured Credit Facilities " below) remains in effect. Through our refinancing efforts, with the exception of the Revolver as described above, we also extended our debt maturity profile to 2024 such that we have no significant near-term debt maturities.
We believe that approximately two-thirds of our cost structure is adjustable in the near-term, comprised largely of incentive expenses that decline generally in line with bookings and including other variable expenses that are subject to our cost savings measures. A significant amount of variable expense has declined in line with the overall reduction in travel volumes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Our technology costs are less variable in nature than other transaction-based costs and include costs associated with our technology transformation. Technology costs represent a significant portion of our cost base that is not considered adjustable in the near term. As noted above, we implemented cost-savings actions, to manage our ongoing cost structure. See "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" for further information.
We utilize cash and cash equivalents, supplemented by our Revolver, primarily to pay our operating expenses, make capital expenditures, invest in our information technology infrastructure, products and offerings, pay taxes, pay quarterly dividends on our Preferred Stock (as defined below) when declared, and service our debt and other long-term liabilities. We have suspended share repurchases under our Share Repurchase Program as well as the payment of quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, effective with respect to the dividends occurring after the March 30, 2020 payment.
Due to the significant adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, we have generated significant net operating losses in the current year. As a result, we do not expect to be a U.S. federal cash taxpayer in 2021.
Given the near-term risks around transaction volumes in the global travel industry, particularly air travel transaction volumes, including from airlines’ insolvency or suspension of service or aircraft groundings, we cannot provide assurance that the assumptions used to estimate our liquidity requirements will be accurate. However, based on our assumptions and estimates with respect to our financial condition and expected transaction volumes, we believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements over at least the next twelve months. We may conduct additional debt or equity offerings to provide additional liquidity, pay down debt or support future strategic investments. See “—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
The ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our operations and global bookings have had, and we believe they will continue to have, a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity, and this negative impact may continue well beyond the
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containment of the outbreak. On an ongoing basis, we will evaluate and consider strategic acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, equity method investments, or outstanding debt obligations in open market or in privately negotiated transactions, as well as other transactions we believe may create stockholder value, improve our liquidity position, enhance financial performance, or support future strategic investments. These transactions may require cash expenditures or generate proceeds and, to the extent they require cash expenditures, may be funded through a combination of cash on hand, debt or equity offerings, or utilization of our Revolver.
Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control, and any failure to meet our debt service obligations could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund working capital needs and planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control, including the impacts of COVID-19. See “Risk Factors—The ongoing impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business and the impact on our results of operations is highly uncertain" and "—We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available.”
Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources
Debt Agreements
On December 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Sixth Term A Loan Refinancing and Incremental Amendment extending debt maturities to 2027. Refer to "—Senior Secured Credit Facilities" below for further information.
On August 27, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a new debt agreement consisting of $850 million aggregate principal amount of the 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025 (the "September 2025 Notes"). The September 2025 Notes are jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and all of Sabre GLBL’s restricted subsidiaries that guarantee Sabre GLBL’s credit facility. The September 2025 Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.375% per annum and interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2021. The September 2025 Notes mature on September 1, 2025. The net proceeds received from the sale of the September 2025 Notes, net of underwriting fees and commissions, plus cash on hand, were used to: (1) repay approximately $319 million principal amount of debt under the Term Loan A; (2) redeem all of the $530 million outstanding 5.375% senior secured notes due 2023; and (3) repay approximately $3 million principal amount of debt under the Term Loan B. See Note 9. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
On April 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into two new debt agreements consisting of the following: (1) $775 million aggregate principal amount of 9.25% senior secured notes due 2025 (the "Secured Notes") and (2) $345 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% senior exchangeable notes due 2025 (the "Exchangeable Notes," and together with the Secured Notes, the "Notes"). See Note 9. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
The Secured Notes are jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and all of Sabre GLBL’s restricted subsidiaries that guarantee the Issuer’s credit facility. The Secured Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.250% per annum and interest payments are due semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning with October 15, 2020. The Secured Notes mature on April 15, 2025.
The Exchangeable Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of Sabre GLBL, accrue interest payable semi-annually in arrears and mature on April 15, 2025, unless earlier repurchased or exchanged. The Exchangeable Notes are exchangeable at their holders’ election, under specified circumstances, into consideration based on Sabre common stock. This consideration consists of shares of Sabre common stock, cash, or a mixture of the two at Sabre GLBL’s election. Upon any future occurrence of a “fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes), holders may require Sabre GLBL to repurchase their Exchangeable Notes at a price equal to principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Exchangeable Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.00% per annum and interest payments are due semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning with October 15, 2020. The Exchangeable Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Sabre and Sabre Holdings. The net proceeds from the sales of the Notes are being used for general corporate purposes.
Equity Offerings
On August 24, 2020, we completed concurrent offerings of (1) 3,340,000 shares of our 6.50% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Stock") which generated net proceeds of approximately $323 million and (2) 41,071,429 shares of common stock which generated net proceeds of approximately $275 million.
Unless previously converted, each share of Preferred Stock will automatically convert, for settlement on the mandatory conversion date, which is expected to be September 1, 2023 into between 11.9048 and 14.2857 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion will be determined based on the average volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately before September 1, 2023. Holders of the Preferred Stock will have the right to convert all or any portion of their shares of their Preferred Stock at any time until the close of business on the mandatory conversion date. Early conversions that are not in connection with a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in Certificate of Designations governing the Preferred Stock) will be settled at the minimum conversion rate. In addition, the conversion rate applicable to such an early conversion may in certain circumstances be increased to compensate holders of the Preferred Stock for certain unpaid accumulated dividends. If a
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make-whole fundamental change occurs, then holders of the Preferred Stock will, in certain circumstances, be entitled to convert their Preferred Stock at an increased conversion rate for a specified period of time and receive an amount to compensate them for certain unpaid accumulated dividends and any remaining future scheduled dividend payments. The Preferred Stock is not subject to redemption at the Company’s option. If the Company liquidates, dissolves or winds up, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, then, subject to the rights of any of the Company’s creditors or holders of any outstanding liquidation senior stock, each share of Preferred Stock will entitle the holder thereof to receive payment for the following amount out of the Company’s assets or funds legally available for distribution to its stockholders, before any such assets or funds are distributed to, or set aside for the benefit of, any liquidation junior stock: (1) the liquidation preference per share of Preferred Stock, which is equal to $100.00 per share; and (2) all unpaid dividends that will have accumulated on such share to, but excluding, the date of such payment.
Dividends on Preferred Stock
The Preferred Stock accumulates cumulative dividends at a rate per annum equal to 6.50% and dividends are payable when, as and if declared by our board of directors, out of funds legally available for their payment to the extent paid in cash, quarterly in arrears on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2020 and ending on, and including, September 1, 2023. Declared dividends on the Preferred Stock will be payable, at our election, in cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. We recorded $8 million of preferred stock dividends in our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid cash dividends on our preferred stock of $6 million. In February 2021, the Board of Directors declared a dividend of $1.625 per share on Preferred Stock payable on March 1, 2021 to holders of record of the Preferred Stock on February 15, 2021. Subject to certain exceptions, so long as any share of Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividends or distributions will be declared or paid on shares of the Company’s common stock or any other class or series of stock ranking junior to the Preferred Stock, and no common stock or any other class or series stock ranking junior to the Preferred Stock will be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for value by the Company or any of its subsidiaries unless, in each case, all accumulated and unpaid dividends for all prior completed dividend periods, if any, have been paid in full. In addition, if (i) less than all accumulated and unpaid dividends on the outstanding Preferred Stock have been declared and paid as of any dividend payment date or (ii) the board of directors declares a dividend on the Preferred Stock that is less than the total amount of unpaid dividends on the outstanding preferred stock that would accumulate to, but excluding, any dividend payment date, no dividends may be declared or paid on any parity stock, unless dividends are declared on the shares of Preferred Stock on a pro rata basis. If accumulated dividends on the outstanding Preferred Stock have not been declared and paid in an aggregate amount corresponding to six or more dividend periods, whether or not consecutive, then, subject to the other provisions of the Preferred Stock, the authorized number of the Company’s directors will automatically increase by two and the holders of the Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class with the holders of each class or series of voting parity stock, if any, will have the right to elect two directors to fill such two new directorships at the Company’s next annual meeting of stockholders (or, if earlier, at a special meeting of the Company’s stockholders called for such purpose).
Dividends on Common Stock
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.14 per share of our common stock totaling $39 million. As a result of the significant adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial results and liquidity, on March 16, 2020, we announced the suspension of the payment of quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, effective with respect to the dividends occurring after the March 30, 2020 payment. Future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and the amount of cash dividends per share will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, number of shares of common stock outstanding and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant. The timing and amount of future dividend payments will be at the discretion of our board of directors.
Share Repurchase Program
In February 2017, we announced the approval of a multi-year share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program") to purchase up to $500 million of Sabre's common stock outstanding. Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program may take place in the open market or privately negotiated transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program. On March 16, 2020, we announced the suspension of share repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program in conjunction with certain cash management measures we are undertaking as a result of the market conditions caused by COVID-19. Approximately $287 million remains authorized for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2020.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
On December 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Sixth Term A Loan Refinancing and Incremental Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, resulting in additional Term Loan B borrowings of $637 million ("Other Term B Loans") due December 17, 2027. The applicable interest rate margins for the Other Term B Loans is 4.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 3.00% per annum for base rate loans, with a floor of 0.75% for the Eurocurrency rate, and 1.75% for the base bate, respectively. The net proceeds from the issuance were used to fully redeem both the $500 million outstanding 5.25% senior secured notes due November 2023 and the $134 million outstanding Term Loan A. Additionally, on December 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into "an Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Pro Rata Amendment and the Refinancing Amendment")" which reduced the minimum liquidity requirement in the financial performance described outlined
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below from $450 million to $300 million. We incurred no material additional indebtedness as a result of these transactions, other than amounts covering certain interest, fees and expenses.
On August 27, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Third Revolving Facility Refinancing Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment") and the First Term A Loan Extension Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Term A Loan Extension Amendment" and, together with the Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment, the "2020 Refinancing"), which extended the maturity of the Revolver from July 1, 2022 to November 23, 2023 at the earliest and February 22, 2024 at the latest, depending on certain "springing" maturity conditions as described in the Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment. In the event that, as of November 23, 2023, the maturity date of the Term Loan B has not been extended or refinanced to a date after August 20, 2024, the extension is subject to an earlier "springing" maturity date of November 23, 2023. In addition to extending the maturity date of the Revolver, the 2020 Refinancing also provides that, during any covenant suspension resulting from a "Material Travel Event Disruption" (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and discussed further below), including during the current covenant suspension period, we must maintain liquidity of at least $450 million on a monthly basis (reduced to $300 million pursuant to the refinancing in December 2020 as discussed above). In addition, during this covenant suspension, the 2020 Refinancing limits certain payments to equity holders, certain investments, certain prepayments of unsecured debt and the ability of certain subsidiaries to incur additional debt. The applicable margins for the Revolver are between 2.50% and 1.75% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and between 1.50% and 0.75% per annum for base rate loans, with the applicable margin for any quarter reduced by 25 basis points (up to 75 basis points total) if the Senior Secured First-Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) is less than 3.75 to 1.0, 3.00 to 1.0, or 2.25 to 1.0, respectively. These interest rate spreads for the Revolver were increased by 0.25%, during covenant suspension, in connection with the 2020 Refinancing.
The applicable margins for the Term Loan B are 2.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.00% per annum for base rate loans. The maturity date of Term Loan B is February 22, 2024.
Under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the loan parties are subject to certain customary non-financial covenants, including certain restrictions on incurring certain types of indebtedness, creation of liens on certain assets, making of certain investments, and payment of dividends, as well as a maximum leverage ratio. Pursuant to Credit Agreement Amendments, effective July 18, 2016, the maximum leverage ratio has been adjusted to be based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) and we are required, at all times (no longer solely when a threshold amount of revolving loans or letters of credit were outstanding), to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio of less than 4.5 to 1.0.
Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the financial covenant related to our leverage ratio is suspended for a limited time if a “Material Travel Event Disruption” has occurred. As defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, a “Material Travel Event Disruption” means, in any given calendar month, a decrease of 10% or more in the number of “domestic revenue passenger enplanements” (determined by reference to the monthly “Air Traffic Statistics” published by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics) has occurred as a result of or in connection with a Travel Event (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) as compared to the number of “domestic revenue passenger enplanements” (determined by reference to the monthly “Air Traffic Statistics” published by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics) occurring in the corresponding month during the prior year or, if a Material Travel Event Disruption existed during such month, the most recent corresponding month in which no Material Travel Event Disruption occurred/existed.
As of December 31, 2020, the capacity reductions by domestic airlines in response to the COVID-19 outbreak and related decreases in domestic passenger enplanements, and a recent sharp decline in GDS bookings, has led to a finding that a Material Travel Event Disruption has occurred. As such, the leverage ratio covenant has been suspended for at least the fourth quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2021.
We are also required to pay down the Term Loan B by an amount equal to 50% of annual excess cash flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. This percentage requirement may decrease or be eliminated if certain leverage ratios are achieved. Based on our results for the year ended December 31, 2019, we were not required to make an excess cash flow payment in 2020, and no excess cash flow payment is required in 2021 with respect to our results for the year ended December 31, 2020. We are further required to pay down the term loan with proceeds from certain asset sales or borrowings as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
The Eurocurrency rate is based on LIBOR. In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021, and subsequently extended the phase-out date to June 30, 2023. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using various alternative methods set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, any of which could result in interest obligations that are more than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the payments that would have been made on this debt if U.S. dollar LIBOR were available in its current form. See “Risk Factors—We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.” We anticipate amending our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement prior to the phaseout of LIBOR to provide for a Eurocurrency rate alternative to LIBOR.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering in April 2014, we entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement (the "TRA"), which provides the right to receive future payments from us to stockholders and equity award holders that were our stockholders and equity award holders, respectively, immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering (collectively, the
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"Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders"). In connection with the TRA, we made payments, including interest, of $72 million in January 2020, $105 million in 2019, and $60 million in 2018, respectively. In December 2019, we exercised our right under the terms of the TRA to accelerate our remaining payments under the TRA and make an early termination payment of $1 million, to the Pre-IPO Existing Shareholders, which was included in the January 2020 payment of $72 million described above. As a result, no future payments are required to be made to the Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders under the TRA.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Cash used in operating activities totaled $770 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $1.4 billion decrease in operating cash flow from 2019 is primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 on the travel industry and on our results of operations during 2020, severance payments of $48 million related to restructuring activities during 2020, additional interest payments of $29 million resulting from debt refinancing activities during 2020, acquisition termination fees paid in 2020 of $21 million, and net cash outflows to carriers resulting from the cancellations of previous bookings. This decrease in operating cash flow was partially offset by a $44 million decrease in upfront incentive consideration payments and a $31 million decrease in tax payments.
We expect our cash burn rate to improve sequentially during 2021. We expect the first quarter of 2021 to be negatively impacted by the timing of significant working capital items relative to other quarters in 2021, including the payment of a significant portion of our remaining $23 million severance liability.
Cash provided by operating activities totaled $581 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $144 million decrease in cash flow provided by operating activities from 2018 is primarily due to the increase in technology expenditures, driven by the execution of our technology strategy, including cloud migration, mainframe offload and utilization of agile development methods, which increases the expensed portion of our total technology spend and reduces net income.
Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had $69 million provided by proceeds from the sale of our two headquarter buildings. Cash provided from the sale was offset by cash used of $65 million on capital expenditures, including $41 million related to software developed for internal use.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we used cash of $243 million in investing activities, including $107 million used in the acquisition of Radixx, net of cash acquired, and $89 million related to software developed for internal use. Additionally, we used cash of $20 million as an advance of purchase price to Farelogix for certain attorneys' fees. Refer to Note 3. Acquisitions for additional information on the now-terminated Farelogix acquisition agreement.
Financing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we used $1,838 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:
•proceeds from borrowings under the Notes of $1,970 million;
•proceeds from issuance of stock of $598 million;
•proceeds from borrowings under the Revolver of $375 million;
•payment of $1,030 million on senior secured notes due 2023;
•payment of $503 million on Term Loan A and Term Loan B;
•fourth and final annual payment on the TRA liability for $72 million , excluding interest;
•payment of $78 million on debt issuance costs;
•payment of $39 million in dividends on our common stock;
•net payments of $6 million from the settlement of employee stock-option awards, including payments of $6 million in income tax withholdings associated with the settlement of employee restricted-stock awards; and
•payment of $5 million on our capital leases.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we used $410 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:
•payment of $154 million in dividends on our common stock;
•payment of $45 million on our revolving credit facility and $62 million ion our Term Loan A and Term Loan B, offset by proceeds of $45 million from borrowings on our revolving credit facility;
•annual payment on the TRA liability for $101 million, excluding interest;
•repurchase of 3,673,768 shares of our common stock outstanding totaling $78 million; and
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•net payments of $6 million from the settlement of employee stock-option awards, including $7 million in proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options, net of payments for $13 million in income tax withholdings associated with the settlement of employee stock-based awards.
Discontinued Travelocity Business
Cash flows used in discontinued operating activities were $3 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The cash flows used by discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 primarily resulted from expenses associated with legal contingencies related to hotel occupancy taxes.
Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2020, our contractual obligations were as follows (in thousands):
 Payments Due by Period
 20212022202320242025ThereafterTotal
Total debt(1)
$296,081 $278,424 $645,639 $1,959,950 $2,071,939 $664,817 $5,916,850 
Operating lease obligations(2)
40,426 22,746 17,591 15,862 11,115 60,670 168,410 
IT outsourcing agreement(3)
216,200 251,350 254,246 285,120 290,073 1,348,982 2,645,971 
Purchase obligations(4)
134,074 41,257 22,577 12,001 12,000 24,000 245,909 
Letters of credit(5)
5,656 3,536 — 135 347 — 9,674 
Unrecognized tax benefits(6)
— — — — — 95,716 95,716 
Total contractual cash obligations(7)
$692,437 $597,313 $940,053 $2,273,068 $2,385,474 $2,194,185 $9,082,530 
_______________________
(1)Includes all interest and principal of borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities, senior secured notes due 2025, senior exchangeable notes due 2025 and finance lease obligations. Under certain circumstances, we are required to pay a percentage of the excess cash flow, if any, generated each year to our lenders which obligation is not reflected in the table above. Interest on the term loan is based on the LIBOR rate plus a base margin and includes the effect of interest rate swaps. For purposes of this table, we have used projected LIBOR rates for all future periods. See Note 9. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements.
(2)We lease approximately 1.3 million square feet of office space in 70 locations in 38 countries. Lease payment escalations are based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We have renewal options of various term lengths in approximately 50 leases. We have no purchase options and no restrictions imposed by our leases concerning dividends or additional debt. See Note 12. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements.
(3)Represents minimum amounts due to DXC under the terms of an outsourcing agreement through which DXC manages a significant portion of our information technology systems. Also reflects minimum amounts due under other information technology agreements that contain minimum committed spend. Actual payments may vary significantly from the minimum amounts presented.
(4)Purchase obligations represent an estimate of all open purchase orders and contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business for which we have not received the goods or services as of December 31, 2020. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to cancel, reschedule and adjust our requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or performance of services.
(5)Our letters of credit consist of stand-by letters of credit, underwritten by a group of lenders, which we primarily issue in the normal course of business. The contractual expiration dates of these letters of credit are shown in the table above. There were no claims made against any standby letters of credit during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
(6)Unrecognized tax benefits include associated interest and penalties. The timing of related cash payments for substantially all of these liabilities is inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount and timing of such liabilities is affected by factors which are variable and outside our control.
(7)Excludes pension obligations, see Note 16. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, to our consolidated financial statements.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We had no off balance sheet arrangements during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information related to Recent Accounting Pronouncements is included in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and other financial information. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates, and our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary under different assumptions and conditions. In addition, our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary due to a change in the application of a particular accounting standard.
Our accounting policies that include significant estimates and assumptions include: (i) estimation for revenue recognition and multiple performance obligation arrangements, (ii) determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, (iii) the evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill, (iv) assumptions utilized to test recoverability of capitalized implementation costs, (v) judgments in capitalization of software developed for internal use, and (vi) the evaluation of uncertainties surrounding the calculation of our tax assets and liabilities. We regard an accounting estimate underlying our financial statements as a “critical accounting estimate” if the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time of estimation and if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur and could have a material effect on the presentation of financial condition, changes in financial condition, or results of operations.
We have included below a discussion of the accounting policies involving material estimates and assumptions that we believe are most critical to the preparation of our financial statements, how we apply such policies and how results differing from our estimates and assumptions would affect the amounts presented in our financial statements. We have discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these accounting policies with our Audit Committee. Although we believe these policies to be the most critical, other accounting policies also have a significant effect on our financial statements and certain of these policies also require the use of estimates and assumptions. For further information about our significant accounting policies, see Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition and Multiple Performance Obligation Arrangements
Our agreements with customers of our Travel Solutions business may have multiple performance obligations which generally include software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, professional service fees and implementation services. In addition, from time to time, we enter into agreements with customers to provide access to Travel Solutions' GDS and, at or near the same time, enter into a separate agreement to provide IT solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery. These multiple performance obligation arrangements involve judgments, including estimates of the selling prices of goods and services, attribution of variable consideration, assessments of the likelihood of nonpayment and estimates of total costs and costs to complete a project.
Revenue recognition from our IT Solutions products requires significant judgments such as identifying distinct performance obligations including material rights within an agreement, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation, determining whether variable pricing within a contract meets the allocation objective, and forecasting future volumes. For a small subset of our contracts, we are required to forecast volumes as a result of pricing variability within the contract in order to calculate the rate for revenue recognition. Any changes in these judgments and estimates could have an impact on the revenue recognized in future periods. Our forecasted volumes were significantly impacted in 2020 due to the impacts of COVID-19 on our customers which had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our current and future revenues.
We evaluate revenue recognition for agreements with customers which generally are represented by individual contracts but could include groups of contracts if the contracts are executed at or near the same time. Typically, access to our GDS and our professional service fees are separated from the implementation and software services. We account for separate performance obligations on an individual basis with value assigned to each performance obligation based on our best estimate of relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed calendar year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service. In making these judgments, we analyze various factors, including discounting practices, price lists, contract prices, value differentiators, customer segmentation and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our market strategies evolve, we may modify pricing practices in the future which could result in changes to SSP.
Deferred customer advances and discounts are amortized against revenue in future periods as the related revenue is earned. Our contract assets include revenue recognized for services already transferred to a customer, for which the fulfillment of another contractual performance obligation is required, before we have the unconditional right to bill and collect based on contract terms. Contract assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of impairment indicators. Deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for recoverability based on future contracted revenues and estimated direct costs of the contract when a significant event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not impair any of these assets as a result of the related contracts becoming uncollectable, modified or canceled. Contracts are priced to generate total revenues over the life of the contract that exceed any discounts or advances provided and any upfront costs incurred to implement the customer contract.
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Air Booking Cancellation Reserve
Transaction revenue for airline travel reservations is recognized by Travel Solutions at the time of the booking of the reservation, net of estimated future cancellations. Cancellations prior to the day of departure are estimated based on the historical level of cancellation rates, adjusted to take into account any recent factors which could cause a change in those rates. In circumstances where expected cancellation rates or booking behavior changes, our estimates are revised, and in these circumstances, future cancellation rates could vary materially, with a corresponding variation in revenue net of estimated future cancellations. Factors that could have a significant effect on our estimates include global security issues, epidemics or pandemics (such as that experienced in the current year as a result of COVID-19), natural disasters, general economic conditions, the financial condition of travel suppliers, and travel related accidents. Our cancellation reserve is highly sensitive to our estimate of bookings that we expect will eventually travel, as well as to the mix of those bookings between domestic and international, given the varying rates paid by airline suppliers. The air booking cancellation reserve was $18 million as of December 31, 2020. If international cancellations increased by 10% on the same estimated base of cancelled bookings, the reserve as of December 31, 2020 would increase by $1 million. If total bookings expected to cancel increased by 10%, the reserve as of December 31, 2020 would increase by $2 million.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We develop and document our methodology used in determining the allowance for credit losses at the portfolio segment level. Within the travel portfolio segment, we identify airlines, hoteliers and travel agencies as each presenting unique risk characteristics associated with historical credit loss patterns unique to each and we determine the adequacy of our allowance for credit loss by assessing the risks and losses inherent in our receivables related to each.
We evaluate the collectability of our receivables based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to us, such as bankruptcy filings or failure to pay amounts due to us or others, we specifically provide for credit losses against amounts due to reduce the recorded receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. For all other customers, we record reserves for receivables, including unbilled receivables and contract assets, based on historical experience and the length of time the receivables are past due. The estimate of credit losses is developed by analyzing historical twelve-month collection rates and adjusting for current customer-specific factors indicating financial instability and other macroeconomic factors that correlate with the expected collectability of our receivables. All receivables aged over twelve months are fully reserved. Macro economic factors, including the economic downtown, lack of liquidity in the capital markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of additional government funding, can have a significant effect on additions to the allowance as the pandemic may result in the restructuring or bankruptcy of additional customers. Given the uncertainties surrounding the duration and effects of COVID-19, we cannot provide assurance that the assumptions used in our estimates will be accurate and actual write-offs may vary from our estimates, resulting in a material impact to our results of operations. See Note 8. Credit Losses, to our consolidated financial statements for further considerations involved in the development of this estimate.
Business Combinations
Authoritative guidance for business combinations requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.
Accounting for business combinations requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date including our estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies, contingent consideration, where applicable, and previously-held investment interests. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain.
Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired include, but are not limited to: future expected cash flows, support agreements, consulting contracts, other customer contracts, acquired developed technologies and patents; the acquired company’s brand and competitive position, as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired brand will continue to be used in the combined company’s product portfolio; and discount rates. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.
For a given acquisition, we may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend our review and evaluation of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether we include these contingencies as a part of the fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and, if so, to determine their estimated amounts. If we cannot reasonably determine the fair value of a pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) by the end of the measurement period, which is generally the case given the nature of such matters, we will recognize an asset or a liability for such pre-acquisition contingency if: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably
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estimated. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes in our estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial position.
Depending on the circumstances, the fair value of contingent consideration is determined based on management’s best estimate of fair value given the specific facts and circumstances of the contractual arrangement, considering the likelihood of payment, payment terms and management’s best estimates of future performance results on the acquisition date, if applicable.
In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We reevaluate these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or our final determination of the tax allowance’s or contingency’s estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances will affect our provision for income taxes in our consolidated statement of operations and could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets
We have two reporting units associated with our continuing operations: Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions. As a result of the Strategic Realignment, our historical Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been combined into a new business segment, Travel Solutions. In connection with this reorganization, the historical Travel Network and Airline Solutions reporting units and their related goodwill were combined into a single Travel Solutions reporting unit, thereby requiring no reallocation of goodwill based on fair values. There was no change to our historical Hospitality Solutions reporting unit. Goodwill related to our reporting units totaled $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2020.
Due to triggering events related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed a quantitative assessment, as of March 31, 2020. This assessment was based on our current projections and was subject to various risks, uncertainties and estimates including: (1) forecasted revenues, expenses and cash flows, including future travel supplier capacity and load factors on those estimates and technology costs, (2) the duration and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and our customers, (3) current discount and long-term growth rates, (4) the reduction in our market capitalization, (5) current market transaction trends and (6) changes to the regulatory environment impacting our industry. See Note 11. Fair Value Measurements, to our consolidated financial statements. In estimating fair value, we considered current estimates of recovery in global passenger traffic volume to pre-COVID-19 levels. Should a significant change in the estimated recovery period elongate further than our expectations, it could have a material impact on our estimates of fair value. Additionally, we increased discount rates to account for increased risk within our business and estimates. Our interim quantitative impairment assessment as of March 31, 2020 determined that our goodwill was not impaired.
We updated our goodwill assessment quarterly on a qualitative basis during 2020 and determined that our goodwill was not impaired at any reporting date in 2020. Our qualitative assessments considered recent information available regarding the anticipated duration of the recovery period which we believe to be a key assumption, including information as of November 2020 from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) that forecast in its base-case scenario that global passenger traffic is not expected to return to pre-COVID-19 levels until 2024. As of December 31, 2020, based on a qualitative analysis, the fair value exceeded the carrying value for each of our two reporting units by more than 20%. Additionally, we did not record any goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Definite-lived intangible assets are assigned depreciable lives of two to thirty years, depending on classification, and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist for definite-lived intangible assets, the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the expected service potential of the assets are compared to the carrying value of the assets. If our projection of undiscounted future cash flows is in excess of the carrying value of the intangible assets, no impairment charge is recorded. If our projection of undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the intangible assets are then measured at fair value and an impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over its fair value. We also evaluate the need for additional impairment disclosures based on our Level 3 inputs. For fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, we disclose the valuation processes used by the reporting entity. We did not record material intangible asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Capitalized Implementation Costs
Capitalized implementation costs represents upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contract term, ranging from three to ten years, as they are recoverable through deferred or future revenues associated with the relevant contract. These assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis or when an event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as the impact of COVID-19 on a particular customer, a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. Recoverability is measured based on the future estimated revenue and direct costs of the contract compared to the capitalized implementation costs. During 2020, we considered current estimates of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic to 2019 levels, which we believe to be a key assumption in our assessment of recoverability. We record an impairment charge for the portion of the asset considered unrecoverable in the period identified, while considering the uncertainties associated with these types of contracts and judgments made in estimating revenue and direct costs. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded $10 million in impairments associated with unrecoverable amounts in capitalized
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implementation costs. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded $2 million in impairments associated with unrecoverable amounts in capitalized implementation costs.
Capitalized Software Developed for Internal Use
We capitalize certain costs related to our infrastructure, software applications and reservation systems under authoritative guidance on software developed for internal use during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary and post project development activities are expensed as incurred. When determining whether applicable costs qualify for capitalization, we use judgment in distinguishing between the preliminary project and application development stages of the project and in determining whether these costs result in additional functionality for existing internal use software. In 2019, our development teams substantially completed the transition to utilizing the agile development methodology, which is characterized by a more dynamic development process with iterative activities that involve planning, design, coding and testing. This methodology requires additional review of the stages to ensure the applicable criteria are met for capitalization and may be less likely to meet the criteria for capitalization. As we expected, this transition towards implementing this methodology reduced our capitalization of certain costs with a corresponding increase in our product and technology operating expenses. Costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and relatively minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal use software are also expensed as incurred.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we capitalized $41 million, $89 million, and $252 million, respectively, related to software developed for internal use. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an impairment charge of $5 million associated with software developed for internal use based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts.
Income and Non-Income Taxes
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. We regularly review deferred tax assets by jurisdiction to assess their potential realization and establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets that we believe will not be ultimately realized. In performing this review, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. A change in these assumptions could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, which could materially impact our results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused increased uncertainty in determining certain key assumptions within the assessment of our future taxable income upon which recognition of deferred tax assets is assessed. At year end, we had a valuation allowance on a portion of our deferred tax assets based on our assessment that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We believe that our estimates for the valuation allowances against deferred tax assets are appropriate based on current facts and circumstances.
When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, all positive and negative evidence is analyzed, including our ability to carry back net operating losses ("NOLs") to prior periods, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. Significant losses related to COVID-19 resulted in a three-year cumulative loss in certain jurisdictions, which represents significant negative evidence regarding the ability to realize deferred tax assets. As a result, we established a valuation allowance on a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets of $165 million as of December 31, 2020. We also established and maintained a U.S. state valuation allowance on current year losses and other deferred tax assets of $15 million and $5 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For non-U.S. deferred tax assets of certain subsidiaries, we established and maintained a valuation allowance on current year losses and other deferred tax assets of $71 million and $33 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We reassess these assumptions regularly, which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, and could materially impact our results of operations.
We operate in numerous countries where our income tax returns are subject to audit and adjustment by local tax authorities. Because we operate globally, the nature of the uncertain tax positions is often very complex and subject to change, and the amounts at issue can be substantial. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had a liability, including interest and penalty, of $96 million and $81 million, respectively, for unrecognized tax benefits, of which $77 million and $63 million, respectively, would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the provision for income taxes from continuing operations.
Loss Contingencies
While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations and certain tax matters to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation and tax claims, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters. Changes in these factors could materially impact our results of operations.    
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ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk Management
Market risk is the potential loss from adverse changes in: (i) prevailing interest rates, (ii) foreign exchange rates, (iii) credit risk and (iv) inflation. Our exposure to market risk relates to interest payments due on our long-term debt, Revolver, derivative instruments, income on cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and payable and travel supplier liabilities and related deferred revenue. We manage our exposure to these risks through established policies and procedures. We do not engage in trading, market making or other speculative activities in the derivatives markets. Our objective is to mitigate potential income statement, cash flow and fair value exposures resulting from possible future adverse fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates.
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2020, our exposure to interest rates relates primarily to our interest rate swaps, our senior secured credit facilities and our borrowings on our Revolver. Offsetting some of this exposure is interest income received from our money market funds. The objectives of our investment in money market funds are (i) preservation of principal, (ii) liquidity and (iii) yield. If future short-term interest rates averaged 10% lower than they were during the year ended December 31, 2020, the impact to our interest income from money market funds would not be material. This amount was determined by applying the hypothetical interest rate change to our average money market funds invested.
In connection with the 2017 Term Facility Amendment, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps effective March 31, 2017 to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate 2017 Term Loan B. The total notional amount outstanding of $750 million became effective December 31, 2018 and extended through the full year 2019. In September 2017, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B. The total notional outstanding of $750 million became effective December 31, 2019 and extends through the full year 2020. In April 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $600 million, $300 million and $450 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B related to years 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In December 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $150 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B for the years 2020 and 2021. We have designated these swaps as cash flow hedges.
Interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2020 and matured during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Notional Amount
Interest Rate
Received
Interest Rate PaidEffective DateMaturity Date
Designated as Hedging Instrument
$750 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
1.65%December 29, 2017December 31, 2018
$1,350 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.27%December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
$1,200 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.19%December 31, 2019December 31, 2020
$600 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.81%December 31, 2020December 31, 2021
(1)Subject to a 1% floor.
Since outstanding balances under our senior secured credit facilities incur interest at rates based on LIBOR, subject to a 0% floor, increases in short-term interest rates would impact our interest expense. If our mix of interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities changes significantly, we may enter into additional derivative transactions to manage our net interest rate exposure. The fair value of these interest rate swaps was a liability of $16 million and $15 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Foreign Currency Risk
We conduct various operations outside the United States, primarily in Asia Pacific, Europe and Latin America. Our foreign currency risk is primarily associated with operating expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2020, foreign currency operations included $98 million of revenue and $373 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 7% and 16% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, foreign currency operations included $246 million of revenue and $572 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 6% and 16% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively.
The principal foreign currencies involved include the Euro, the Indian Rupee, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Polish Zloty, and the Singapore Dollar. Our most significant foreign currency denominated operating expenses is in the Euro, which comprised approximately 4% and 7% of our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In recent years, exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future. During times of volatile currency movements, this risk can impact our earnings. To reduce the impact of this earnings volatility, we hedge a portion of our foreign currency exposure in our operating expenses by entering into foreign currency forward contracts on several of our largest exposures, including the Indian Rupee, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Polish Zloty, the Singaporean Dollar, and the Swedish Krona. Additionally,
55

approximately 26% of our exposure in foreign currency operating expenses is naturally hedged by foreign currency cash receipts associated with foreign currency revenue.
Our forward contracts represent obligations to purchase foreign currencies at a predetermined exchange rate to fund a portion of our expenses that are denominated in foreign currencies. Due to the uncertainty driven by the COVID-19 pandemic on our foreign currency exposures, we have paused entering into new cash flow hedges of forecasted foreign currency cash flows until we have more clarity regarding the recovery trajectory and its impacts on net exposures. As a result, as of December 31, 2020, we have no unsettled forward contracts and have not entered into any foreign currency forward contracts for 2021.
We are also exposed to foreign currency fluctuations through the translation of the financial condition and results of operations of our foreign operations into U.S. dollars in consolidation. These gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is included in stockholders’ equity. We recognized net translation gains in other comprehensive income (loss) of $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and net translation losses of $2 million and $4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Credit Risk
Our customers are primarily located in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America and Asia, and are concentrated in the travel industry.
We generate a significant portion of our revenues and corresponding accounts receivable from services provided to the commercial air travel industry. Our other accounts receivable are generally due from other participants in the travel and transportation industry. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately $183 million, or 74%, and $375 million, or 82%, respectively, of our trade accounts receivable were attributable to services provided to the commercial air travel industry and travel agency customers. Substantially all of our accounts receivable represents trade balances. We generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale. See “Risk Factors—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.”
We regularly monitor the financial condition of the air transportation industry. We believe the credit risk related to the air carriers’ difficulties is significantly mitigated by the fact that we collect a significant portion of the receivables from these carriers through the Airline Clearing House (“ACH”).
As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, approximately 52%, 59%, and 61%, respectively, of our air customers make payments through the ACH which accounts for approximately 63%, 89% and 94%, respectively, of our air billings. ACH requires participants to deposit certain balances into their demand deposit accounts by certain deadlines, which facilitates a timely settlement process. For these carriers, we believe the use of ACH mitigates our credit risk with respect to airline bankruptcies. For those carriers from which we do not collect payments through the ACH or other similar clearing houses, our credit risk is higher. We monitor these carriers and account for the related credit risk through our normal reserve policies.
Inflation
Competitive market conditions and the general economic environment have minimized inflation’s impact on our results of operations in recent periods. There can be no assurance, however, that our operating results will not be affected by inflation in the future.

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ITEM 8.        FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Index to Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Consolidated Financial Statements: 
  
Financial Statement Schedules: 

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sabre Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sabre Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 25, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Measurement of IT Solutions Revenue
Description of the Matter
As discussed in Note 2 of the financial statements, the Company recognized $595 million of IT Solutions revenue. IT Solutions customer agreements are long-term contracts that frequently contain multiple performance obligations. Judgment exists in determining which performance obligations are distinct and accounted for separately. These contracts also contain variable consideration in the form of tiered pricing, contractual minimums or discounts. Judgment exists in estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation. Contracts with variable consideration may require forecasts over the term of the contract to determine the appropriate rate used to recognize revenue.

Auditing management’s recognition of IT Solutions revenue was complex and involved a high degree of judgment because of the significant management judgments and estimates required to identify the distinct performance obligations, estimate and allocate contract consideration, and determine the rate used to recognize revenue.
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How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to the Company’s process for recognizing IT Solutions revenue, including management’s review of the significant judgments and estimates used in the identification of distinct performance obligations, the estimation and allocation of amounts to each performance obligation, the estimation of revenue to constrain, and the determination of the rate used to recognize revenue.

Our audit procedures included, among others, testing management’s identification of the distinct performance obligations based on terms in the contracts and the Company’s policies. Our procedures also included testing the judgments and estimates used to determine the rate to recognize revenue and estimation of revenue to constrain, based on the contractual minimums, tiered pricing and other discounts, current economic conditions and customer concessions. To test the calculation of the amount of consideration allocated to each distinct performance obligation, we performed procedures to test management’s judgments and assumptions related to the allocation of consideration to each distinct performance obligation. Our procedures included an evaluation of the significant assumptions and the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in management’s calculation of revenue recognized. We have also evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s IT Solutions revenue disclosures included in Note 2 in relation to these revenue recognition matters.
Uncertain Tax Positions
Description of the Matter
As discussed in Note 7 of the financial statements, the Company operates in the United States and multiple international jurisdictions, and its income tax returns are subject to examination by tax authorities in those jurisdictions who may challenge income tax positions on these returns. Uncertainty in a tax position may arise because tax laws are subject to interpretation. The Company uses significant judgment in (1) determining whether, based on the technical merits, a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained and (2) measuring the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition. As of December 31, 2020, the Company accrued liabilities of $96 million for uncertain tax positions, including penalties and interest.

Auditing management’s estimate of the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition involved auditor judgment and use of tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to evaluate the Company’s interpretation of, and compliance with, tax laws and legal rulings across its multiple subsidiaries located in multiple taxing jurisdictions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s accounting process for uncertain tax positions. For example, we tested controls over the Company’s assessment of the technical merits of tax positions and management’s process to measure the benefit of those tax positions.

Among other procedures performed, we involved our tax professionals to assess the technical merits of the Company’s tax positions. This included assessing the Company’s correspondence with the relevant tax authorities and evaluating income tax opinions or other third-party advice obtained by the Company. We also evaluated the appropriateness of the Company’s accounting for its tax positions taking into consideration relevant information, local income tax laws, and legal rulings. We analyzed the Company’s assumptions and data used to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize and tested the accuracy of the calculations. We have also evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s income tax disclosures included in Note 7 in relation to these tax matters.
59

Estimates Impacted by Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Description of the Matter
As discussed in Note 1 of the financial statements, the Company utilizes estimates in evaluating the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill, capitalized implementation costs, subscriber payments, accounts receivable and reserves for estimated air booking cancellations. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and adverse impact on the Company as well as its customers. As the extent and duration of the impact is unknown, there is a high degree of uncertainty around transaction volumes in the global travel industry, which results in significant judgment in determining the underlying forecasted cash flows and other key assumptions utilized in these estimates to evaluate the recoverability of these assets and the amount of the cancellation reserve.

Auditing management’s judgments in estimating forecasted cash flows was complex and involved a high degree of judgment because of the high degree of uncertainty around future transaction volumes in the global travel industry, including forecasted airline booking cancellations. Additionally, the assumptions are affected by future market and economic conditions, airline insolvency, suspension of travel services or actions taken by local governments that may reduce travel and hospitality activities.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to estimating the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill, capitalized implementation costs, subscriber payments and accounts receivable, as well as controls related to estimating future airline booking cancellations impacting the determination of the air booking cancellation reserve, including management’s review of the significant judgments in the cash flow forecasts. We also tested controls over management’s review of the data used in their cash flow forecasts.

Our audit procedures included, among others, assessing methodologies and testing the significant assumptions in the cash flow forecasts and the underlying data used by the Company in its analyses, including the estimated period in which travel will return to pre pandemic volumes. For example, we performed procedures to test significant assumptions related to future air booking cancellation activity and performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate how those assumptions affect the air booking cancellation reserve. We also compared projected cash flows to the Company’s historical cash flows and other available industry and general economic information and performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions in evaluating the recoverability of the related assets.



/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.

Dallas, Texas
February 25, 2021

60

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sabre Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Sabre Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Sabre Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15, and our report dated February 25, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.



/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Dallas, Texas
February 25, 2021

61

SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Revenue $1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 
Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs579,010 1,726,157 1,654,376 
Technology costs1,156,723 1,285,204 1,098,641 
Selling, general and administrative586,406 600,210 551,923 
Operating (loss) income(988,039)363,417 562,016 
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net(235,091)(156,391)(157,017)
Loss on extinguishment of debt(21,626)— (633)
Equity method (loss) income(2,528)2,044 2,556 
Other, net(66,961)(9,432)(8,509)
Total other expense, net(326,206)(163,779)(163,603)
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes(1,314,245)199,638 398,413 
Provision for income taxes(39,913)35,326 57,492 
(Loss) income from continuing operations(1,274,332)164,312 340,921 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax2,788 (1,766)1,739 
Net (loss) income(1,271,544)162,546 342,660 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests1,200 3,954 5,129 
Net (loss) income attributable to Sabre Corporation(1,272,744)158,592 337,531 
Preferred stock dividends7,659 — — 
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders$(1,280,403)$158,592 $337,531 
Basic net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
(Loss) income from continuing operations$(4.43)$0.58 $1.22 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.01 (0.01)0.01 
Net (loss) income per common share$(4.42)$0.57 $1.23 
Diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders:
(Loss) income from continuing operations$(4.43)$0.58 $1.21 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.01 (0.01)0.01 
Net (loss) income per common share$(4.42)$0.57 $1.22 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic289,855 274,168 275,235 
Diluted289,855 276,217 277,518 
Dividend per common share$0.14 $0.56 $0.56 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
62

SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(In thousands)
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Net (loss) income$(1,271,544)$162,546 $342,660 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments ("CTA")7,698 (1,946)(3,651)
Retirement-related benefit plans:
Net actuarial loss, net of taxes of $3,447, $2,379 and $6,223
(11,778)(8,269)(19,143)
Pension settlement, net of taxes of $(4,066), $—, $—
14,005 — — 
Amortization of prior service credits, net of taxes of $321, $321 and $321
(1,111)(1,111)(1,112)
Amortization of actuarial losses, net of taxes of $(1,934), $(1,400) and $(1,624)
6,677 5,421 5,739 
Net change in retirement-related benefit plans, net of tax7,793 (3,959)(14,516)
Derivatives:
Unrealized (losses) gains, net of taxes of $5,571, $4,497 and $1,474
(20,521)(15,217)(6,842)
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses, net of taxes of $(4,959), $(1,469) and $(1,248)
17,890 5,507 3,677 
Net change in derivatives, net of tax(2,631)(9,710)(3,165)
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of equity method investments489 (967)(635)
Other comprehensive income (loss)13,349 (16,582)(21,967)
Comprehensive (loss) income(1,258,195)145,964 320,693 
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests(1,200)(3,954)(5,129)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Sabre Corporation$(1,259,395)$142,010 $315,564 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
63

SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
 December 31,
 20202019
Assets  
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$1,499,665 $436,176 
Accounts receivable, net255,468 546,533 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets132,972 139,211 
Total current assets1,888,105 1,121,920 
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation363,491 641,722 
Equity method investments24,265 27,494 
Goodwill2,636,546 2,633,251 
Acquired customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization289,150 311,015 
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization222,216 262,638 
Deferred income taxes24,181 21,812 
Other assets, net629,768 670,105 
Total assets$6,077,722 $5,689,957 
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$115,229 $187,187 
Accrued compensation and related benefits86,830 94,368 
Accrued subscriber incentives100,963 316,254 
Deferred revenues99,470 84,661 
Other accrued liabilities193,383 189,548 
Current portion of debt26,068 81,614 
Tax Receivable Agreement— 71,911 
Total current liabilities621,943 1,025,543 
Deferred income taxes72,744 107,402 
Other noncurrent liabilities380,621 347,522 
Long-term debt4,639,782 3,261,821 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock; $0.01 par value, 225,000 authorized, 3,340 and no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively; aggregate liquidation value of $334,000 and $— as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
33 — 
Common stock: $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 authorized shares; 338,662 and 294,319 shares issued, 317,297 and 273,733 shares outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
3,387 2,943 
Additional paid-in capital3,052,953 2,317,544 
Treasury stock, at cost, 21,365 and 20,587 shares at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
(474,790)(468,618)
Accumulated deficit(2,090,022)(763,482)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(135,957)(149,306)
Noncontrolling interest7,028 8,588 
Total stockholders’ equity362,632 947,669 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$6,077,722 $5,689,957 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Operating Activities   
Net (loss) income $(1,271,544)$162,546 $342,660 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization363,743 414,621 413,344 
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration74,677 82,935 77,622 
Stock-based compensation expense69,946 66,885 57,263 
Provision for expected credit losses65,710 20,563 7,749 
Deferred income taxes(46,234)(22,925)43,099 
Acquisition termination fee24,811 — — 
Loss on extinguishment of debt21,626 — 633 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs18,939 3,972 3,981 
Pension settlement charge18,071 — — 
Facilities-related charges5,816 — — 
Impairment and related charges8,684 — — 
(Income) loss from discontinued operations(2,788)1,766 (1,739)
Other7,981 2,085 2,916 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts and other receivables204,970 (33,911)(45,586)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets(1,908)1,145 14,362 
Capitalized implementation costs(17,301)(28,588)(39,168)
Upfront incentive consideration(27,445)(71,447)(88,735)
Other assets16,012 38,795 (29,607)
Accrued compensation and related benefits(15,317)(17,469)(15,044)
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities(304,051)(27,232)(27,080)
Deferred revenue including upfront solution fees15,357 (12,481)8,127 
Cash (used in) provided by operating activities(770,245)581,260 724,797 
Investing Activities
Proceeds from sale of property68,504 — — 
Additions to property and equipment(65,420)(115,166)(283,940)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired— (107,462)— 
Other investing activities (4,375)(20,398)8,681 
Cash used in investing activities(1,291)(243,026)(275,259)
Financing Activities
Proceeds of borrowings from lenders2,982,000 45,000 — 
Payments on borrowings from lenders(1,533,597)(106,560)(47,310)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net322,885 — — 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net275,003 — — 
Debt prepayment fees and issuance costs(77,878)— (1,567)
Payments on Tax Receivable Agreement(71,958)(101,482)(58,908)
Cash dividends paid to common stockholders(38,544)(153,508)(154,080)
Net (payments) receipts on the settlement of equity-based awards(5,996)(5,736)2,040 
Dividends paid on preferred stock(5,850)— — 
Repurchase of common stock— (77,636)(26,281)
Other financing activities(8,324)(9,799)(20,400)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities1,837,741 (409,721)(306,506)
Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations
Cash used in operating activities(2,932)(2,383)(1,895)
Cash used in discontinued operations(2,932)(2,383)(1,895)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents216 781 6,747 
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents1,063,489 (73,089)147,884 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period436,176 509,265 361,381 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$1,499,665 $436,176 $509,265 
Cash payments for income taxes$24,505 $55,137 $57,629 
Cash payments for interest$186,235 $157,648 $156,041 
Capitalized interest$2,508 $5,085 $8,823 
Non-cash additions to property and equipment$— $33,136 $— 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
 
 Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
 Preferred StockCommon Stock
Additional
Paid in
Capital
Treasury Stock
Retained
Earnings
(Deficit)
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Noncontrolling
Interest
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2017— — 289,137,901 $2,891 $2,174,187 14,795,726 $(341,846)$(1,053,446)$(88,484)$5,198 $698,500 
Comprehensive income— — — — — — — 337,531 (44,240)5,129 298,420 
Common stock dividends— — — — — — — (154,080)— — (154,080)
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — 1,075,255 (26,281)— — — (26,281)
Settlement of stock-based awards— — 2,526,053 26 11,969 440,557 (9,853)— — — 2,142 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — — 57,263 — — — — — 57,263 
Adoption of New Accounting Standard— — — — — — — 101,429 — — 101,429 
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock— — — — — — — — — (3,122)(3,122)
Balance at December 31, 2018— — 291,663,954 2,917 2,243,419 16,311,538 (377,980)(768,566)(132,724)7,205 974,271 
Comprehensive income— — — — — — — 158,592 (16,582)3,954 145,964 
Common stock dividends— — — — — — — (153,508)— — (153,508)
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — 3,673,768 (77,636)— — — (77,636)
Settlement of stock-based awards— — 2,655,463 26 7,240 601,546 (13,002)— — — (5,736)
Stock-based compensation expense— — — — 66,885 — — — — — 66,885 
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock— — — — — — — — — (2,571)(2,571)
Balance at December 31, 2019— — 294,319,417 2,943 2,317,544 20,586,852 (468,618)(763,482)(149,306)8,588 947,669 
Comprehensive loss— — — — — — — (1,272,744)13,349 1,200 (1,258,195)
Common stock dividends— — — — — — — (38,544)— — (38,544)
Issuance of preferred stock, net3,340,000 33 — — 322,852 — — — — — 322,885 
Issuance of common stock, net— — 41,071,429 411 274,592 — — — — — 275,003 
Preferred stock dividend (1)
— — — — — — — (7,659)— — (7,659)
Equity component of the exchangeable notes, net— — — — 67,876 — — — — — 67,876 
Settlement of stock-based awards— — 3,271,114 33 143 778,375 (6,172)— — — (5,996)
Stock-based compensation expense— — — — 69,946 — — — — — 69,946 
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock— — — — — — — — — (2,760)(2,760)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard— — — — — — — (7,593)— — (7,593)
Balance at December 31, 20203,340,000 $33 338,661,960 $3,387 $3,052,953 21,365,227 $(474,790)$(2,090,022)$(135,957)$7,028 $362,632 
(1) Our mandatory convertible preferred stock accumulates cumulative dividends at an annual rate of 6.50%.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SABRE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Sabre Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in December 2006. On March 30, 2007, Sabre Corporation acquired Sabre Holdings Corporation (“Sabre Holdings”). Sabre Holdings is the sole subsidiary of Sabre Corporation. Sabre GLBL Inc. (“Sabre GLBL”) is the principal operating subsidiary and sole direct subsidiary of Sabre Holdings. Sabre GLBL or its direct or indirect subsidiaries conduct all of our businesses. In these consolidated financial statements, references to “Sabre,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” and “us” refer to Sabre Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. We operate through two business segments: (i) Travel Solutions, our global travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines and other travel suppliers, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers.
Recent Events
The travel industry continues to be adversely affected by the global health crisis due to the outbreak of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") in January 2020, as well as by government directives that have been enacted to slow the spread of the virus. This pandemic had a material impact to our consolidated financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020, resulting in a material decrease in transaction-based revenue across both of our business units compared to the prior year. Lower global distribution system ("GDS") volumes resulted in a material decline in incentive consideration costs, as expected.
The reduction in revenues as the result of COVID-19 has significantly adversely affected our liquidity. We have responded with measures to increase our cash position, including our previously disclosed suspension of common stock dividends and share repurchases under our multi-year share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program"), borrowing under our existing revolving credit facility, and the completion of debt and equity offerings. See Note 9. Debt and Note 13. Stock and Stockholders’ Equity for further information. We believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements over at least the next twelve months; however, given the magnitude of travel decline and the unknown duration of the COVID-19 impact, we will continue to monitor our liquidity levels and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary.
As noted above, we substantially completed the strategic realignment of our airline and agency-focused businesses during the third quarter of 2020 to address the changing travel landscape and to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and cost structure. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities for further details on the costs incurred related to restructuring activities.
The inputs into our judgments and estimates consider the economic implications of COVID-19 on our critical and significant accounting estimates. Cancellations of airline travel reservations prior to the day of departure are estimated based on the historical level of cancellation rates, adjusted to take into account any recent factors which could cause a change in those rates. Revenue during 2020, particularly in the second quarter, was negatively impacted by increased cancellation activity. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for further information regarding our cancellation reserve and the impact of cancellations on revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020. Given the unprecedented amount of air booking cancellations during 2020, we expect variability in the amount of our cancellation reserve in future periods as estimates of cancellations may differ from historical and recent experience.
Additionally, our provision for expected credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $66 million, primarily related to fully reserving for aged balances related to certain customers, bankruptcy-related reserves, an increase in our forecasted credit losses due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and other general increases in bad debt from aging balances as applied under the newly adopted credit loss standard. See Note 8. Credit Losses.
We updated our goodwill assessment on a qualitative basis and reviewed our other long-lived assets including intangible assets as of December 31, 2020, and did not identify any material impairments. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information about our goodwill assessment. As we cannot predict the duration or scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, future impairments may occur and the negative financial impact to our consolidated financial statements and results of operations of potential future impairments cannot be reasonably estimated but could be material.
Strategic Realignment
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major shifts in the travel ecosystem resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers. As a result in 2020, we accelerated the organizational changes we began in 2018 to address the changing travel landscape through a strategic realignment ("the Strategic Realignment") of our airline and agency-focused businesses and to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and cost structure. The organizational changes involve the creation of a functional-oriented structure to further enhance our long-term growth opportunities and help deliver new retailing, distribution and fulfillment solutions to the travel marketplace. As a result of the Strategic Realignment, we now operate our business and present our results through two business segments, effective the third quarter of 2020: (i) Travel Solutions, our global travel solutions for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology
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products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers. All revenue and expenses previously assigned to the Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been consolidated into a unified revenue and expense structure now reported as the Travel Solutions business segment. The historical results of the Hospitality Solutions reporting segment have not changed.
Additionally, we have reclassified expenses on our statement of operations to provide additional clarification on our costs by separating technology costs from cost of revenue and moving certain expenses previously classified as cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative to align with the current leadership and operational organizational structure. Within our segments and results of operations, cost of revenue, excluding technology costs primarily consists of costs associated with the delivery and distribution of our products and services, including employee-related costs for our delivery, customer operations and call center teams, transactional-related costs, including travel agency incentive consideration for reservations made on our GDS for Travel Solutions and GDS transaction fees for Hospitality Solutions, and depreciation and amortization associated with capitalized implementation costs, certain intangible assets, and upfront incentive consideration. Technology costs consist of expenses related to third-party providers and employee-related costs to operate technology operations including data processing and hosting, third-party software, other costs associated with the maintenance and minor enhancement of our technology, and depreciation and amortization associated with software developed for internal use that supports our products, assets supporting our technology platform, businesses and systems and intangible assets related to technology. Technology costs also include costs associated with our technology transformation efforts. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of professional service fees, certain settlement charges or reimbursements, costs to defend legal disputes, provision for expected credit losses, other overhead costs, personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for employees engaged in sales, sales support, account management and who administratively support the business in finance, legal, human resources, information technology and communications, and depreciation and amortization associated with property and equipment, acquired customer relationships, trademarks and brand names.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we reclassified $1,179 million from cost of revenue and $106 million from selling, general and administrative to technology costs. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2019, we reclassified $130 million from cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we reclassified $997 million from cost of revenue and $102 million from selling, general and administrative to technology costs. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2018, we reclassified $140 million from cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). We consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries and companies over which we exercise control through majority voting rights. No entities are consolidated due to control through operating agreements, financing agreements or as the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity. The consolidated financial statements include our accounts after elimination of all significant intercompany balances and transactions. All dollar amounts in the financial statements and the tables in the notes, except per share amounts, are stated in thousands of U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated. All amounts in the notes reference results from continuing operations unless otherwise indicated.
The preparation of these annual financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that certain amounts be recorded based on estimates and assumptions made by management. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Our accounting policies, which include significant estimates and assumptions, include, among other things, estimation of the collectability of accounts receivable, estimation of future cancellations of bookings processed through the Sabre GDS, revenue recognition for Software-as-a-Service ("SaaS") arrangements, determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, determination of the fair value of derivatives, the evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of intangible assets and goodwill, assumptions utilized in the determination of pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities, the evaluation of the recoverability of capitalized implementation costs, assumptions utilized to evaluate the recoverability of deferred customer advance and discounts, estimation of loss contingencies, and evaluation of uncertainties surrounding the calculation of our tax assets and liabilities.
Revenue Recognition
Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions’ revenue recognition is primarily driven by GDS and reservation system transactions. Timing of revenue recognition is primarily based on the consistent provision of services in a stand-ready series SaaS environment and the amount of revenue recognized varies with the volume of transactions processed.
Performance Obligations
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Most of our contracts for GDS services and central reservation system (CRS) services for Hospitality Solutions have a single performance obligation. For Travel Solutions' IT Solutions revenue, many of our contracts may have multiple performance obligations, which generally include software and product solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, and other service fees. In addition, at times we enter into agreements with customers to provide access to Travel Solutions’ GDS and, at or near the same time, enter into a separate agreement to provide IT solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, resulting in multiple performance obligations within a combined agreement.
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Our significant product and services and methods of recognition are as follows:
Stand-ready series revenue recognition
We recognize revenue from usage-based fees for the use of the software which represents a stand-ready performance obligation. Variability in the usage-based fee that does not align with the value provided to the customer can result in a difference between billings to the customer and the timing of contract performance and revenue recognition, which may result in the recognition of a contract asset. This can result in a requirement to forecast expected usage-based fees and volumes over the contract term in order to determine the rate for revenue recognition. This variable consideration is constrained if there is an inability to reliably forecast this revenue. Additionally, we may occasionally recognize revenue in the current period for performance obligations partially or fully satisfied in the previous periods resulting from changes in estimates for the transaction price, including any changes to our assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained.
Travel Solutions—Travel Solutions generates distribution revenue for bookings made through our GDS (e.g., Air, and Lodging, Ground and Sea ("LGS")). GDS services link and engage transactions between travel agents and travel suppliers. Revenue is generated from contracts with the travel suppliers as each booking is made or transaction occurs and represents a stand-ready performance obligation where our systems perform the same service each day for the customer, based on the customer’s level of usage. Distribution revenue associated with car rental, hotel transactions and other travel providers is recognized at the time the reservation is used by the customer. Distribution revenue associated with airline travel reservations is recognized at the time of booking of the reservation, net of estimated future cancellations. Cancellations prior to the day of departure are estimated based on the historical level of cancellation rates, adjusted to take into account any recent factors which could cause a change in those rates.
Travel Solutions also generates IT solutions revenue from its product offerings including reservation systems for full-cost and low-cost carriers, commercial and operations products, agency solutions and booking data. Reservation system revenue is primarily generated based on the number of passengers boarded. Normally, customers are charged a fixed, upfront solutions fee and a recurring usage-based fee for the use of the software as a stand-ready performance obligation. In the context of both our reservation systems and our commercial and operations products, upfront solutions fees are recognized primarily on a straight-line basis over the relevant contract term, upon cut-over of the primary SaaS solution.
Hospitality Solutions—Hospitality Solutions provides technology solutions and other professional services, through SaaS and hosted delivery models, to hoteliers around the world. The technology solutions are primarily provided in a SaaS or hosted environment. Customers are normally charged an upfront solutions fee and a recurring usage-based fee for the use of the software, which represents a stand-ready performance obligation where our systems perform the same service each day for the customer, based on the customer’s level of usage. Upfront solutions fees are recognized primarily on a straight-line basis over the relevant contract term, upon cut-over of the primary SaaS solution.
Contract Assets and Deferred Customer Advances and Discounts
Deferred customer advances and discounts are amortized against revenue in future periods as the related revenue is earned. Our contract assets include revenue recognized for services already transferred to a customer, for which the fulfillment of another contractual performance obligation is required, before we have the unconditional right to bill and collect based on contract terms. Contract assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of impairment indicators. Deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for recoverability based on future contracted revenues and estimated direct costs of the contract when a significant event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we did not impair any of these assets as a result of the related contract becoming uncollectible, modified or canceled. Contracts are priced to generate total revenues over the life of the contract that exceed any discounts or advances provided and any upfront costs incurred to implement the customer contract.
Other revenue recognition patterns
Travel Solutions also provides other services including development labor or professional consulting. These services can be sold separately or with other products and services, and Travel Solutions may bundle multiple technology solutions in one arrangement with these other services. Revenue from other services consisting of development services that represent minor configuration or professional consulting is generally recognized over the period the services are performed or upon completed delivery.
Travel Solutions also directly licenses certain software to its customers where the customer obtains control of the license. Revenue from software license fees is recognized when the customer gains control of the software enabling them to directly use the software and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits. Fees for ongoing software maintenance are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. Under these arrangements, often we are entitled to minimum fees which are collected over the term of the agreement, while the revenue from the license is recognized at the point when the customer gains control, which results in current and long-term unbilled receivables for these arrangements.
Variability in the amounts billed to the customer and revenue recognized coincides with the customer’s level of usage with the exception of upfront solution fees, non-usage based variable consideration, license and maintenance agreements and other services including development labor and professional consulting. Contracts with the same customer which are entered into at or around the same period are analyzed for revenue recognition purposes on a combined basis across our businesses which can impact timing of revenue recognition.
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For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we account for separate performance obligations on an individual basis with value assigned to each performance obligation based on our best estimate of relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed calendar year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service. In making these judgments, we analyze various factors, including discounting practices, price lists, contract prices, value differentiators, customer segmentation and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our market strategies evolve, we may modify pricing practices in the future which could result in changes to SSP.
Revenue recognition from our Travel Solutions business requires significant judgments such as identifying distinct performance obligations including material rights within an agreement, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation, determining whether variable pricing within a contract meets the allocation objective, and forecasting future volumes. For a small subset of our contracts, we are required to forecast volumes as a result of pricing variability within the contract in order to calculate the rate for revenue recognition. Any changes in these judgments and estimates could have an impact on the revenue recognized in future periods.
We evaluate whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of our revenues and related costs by considering whether the entity is a principal (gross presentation) or an agent (net presentation) by evaluating the nature of our promise to the customer. We report revenue net of any revenue-based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue producing transactions.
Incentive Consideration
Certain service contracts with significant travel agency customers contain booking productivity clauses and other provisions that allow travel agency customers to receive cash payments or other consideration. We establish liabilities for these commitments and recognize the related expense as these travel agencies earn incentive consideration based on the applicable contractual terms. Periodically, we make cash payments to these travel agencies at inception or modification of a service contract which are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue over the expected life of the service contract, which is generally three to ten years. Deferred charges related to such contracts are recorded in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The service contracts are priced so that the additional airline and other booking fees generated over the life of the contract will exceed the cost of the incentive consideration provided. Incentive consideration paid to the travel agency represents a commission paid to the travel agency for booking travel on our GDS. Similar to the revenue cancellation reserve, we record a reduction to incentive expense within cost of revenue, excluding technology costs for amounts considered probable of recovery from travel agencies for incentives previously paid on cancelled bookings.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs incurred by our continuing operations totaled $8 million, $19 million and $19 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
We classify all highly liquid instruments, including money market funds and money market securities with original maturities of three months or less, as cash equivalents.
Allowance for Credit Losses and Concentration of Credit Risk
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our sales of services provided to participants in the travel and transportation industry, which we consider to be our singular portfolio segment. We develop and document our methodology used in determining the allowance for credit losses at the portfolio segment level. Within the travel portfolio segment, we identify airlines, hoteliers and travel agencies as each presenting unique risk characteristics associated with historical credit loss patterns unique to each and we determine the adequacy of our allowance for credit loss by assessing the risks and losses inherent in our receivables related to each.
The majority of our receivables are trade receivables due in less than one year. In addition to our short-term trade and unbilled receivables, our receivables also include contract assets and long-term trade unbilled receivables. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for more information about these financial assets. Contract assets and long-term receivables are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of subjective factors and trends in collection data including the aging of our trade receivable balances with these customers and expectations of future global economic growth. We believe our credit risk is mitigated with carriers who use the Airline Clearing House (“ACH”) and other similar clearing houses, as ACH requires participants to deposit certain balances into their demand deposit accounts by certain deadlines, which facilitates a timely settlement process. For those carriers from which we do not collect payments through the ACH or other similar clearing houses, our credit risk is higher. We monitor our ongoing credit exposure for these carriers through active review of customer balances against contract terms and due dates with account management. Our activities include established collection processes, account reconciliations, dispute resolution and payment confirmations. We may employ collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables. We generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale.
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We evaluate the collectability of our receivables based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to us, such as bankruptcy filings or failure to pay amounts due to us or others, we specifically provide for credit losses against amounts due to reduce the recorded receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. For all other customers, we record reserves for receivables, including unbilled receivables and contract assets, based on historical experience and the length of time the receivables are past due. The estimate of credit losses is developed by analyzing historical twelve-month collection rates and adjusting for current customer-specific factors indicating financial instability and other macroeconomic factors that correlate with the expected collectability of our receivables.
Receivables are considered to be delinquent when contractual payment terms are exceeded. All receivables aged over twelve months are fully reserved. Receivables are written off against the allowance when it is probable that all remaining contractual payments will not be collected as evidenced by factors such as the extended age of the balance, the exhaustion of collection efforts, and the lack of ongoing contact or billing with the customer.
We maintained an allowance for credit losses of approximately $98 million and $58 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See “—Recent Accounting Pronouncements" below for information on recently issued accounting guidance regarding the allowance for credit losses and Note 8. Credit Losses for further considerations involved in the development of this estimate.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We recognize all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of derivatives are offset against the change in fair value of the hedged item through earnings (a “fair value hedge”) or recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings (a “cash flow hedge”). For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss resulting from the change in fair value is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. No hedging ineffectiveness was recorded in earnings during the periods presented.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, which is calculated on the straight-line basis. Our depreciation and amortization policies are as follows:
Buildings
Lesser of lease term or 35 years
Leasehold improvementsLesser of lease term or useful life
Furniture and fixtures
5 to 15 years
Equipment, general office and computer
3 to 5 years
Software developed for internal use
3 to 5 years
We capitalize certain costs related to our infrastructure, software applications and reservation systems under authoritative guidance on software developed for internal use. Capitalizable costs consist of (a) certain external direct costs of materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal use computer software and (b) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to our GDS and SaaS-related development projects. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities and training, maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and relatively minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal use software are also expensed as incurred. See Note 6. Balance Sheet Components, for amounts capitalized as property and equipment in our consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment totaled $248 million, $295 million and $288 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Amortization of software developed for internal use, included in depreciation and amortization, totaled $203 million, $241 million and $236 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we capitalized $41 million, $89 million, and $252 million, respectively, related to software developed for internal use.
We also evaluate the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an impairment charge related to our Hospitality Solutions business of $5 million associated with software developed for internal use based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts. This impairment charge is recorded within technology costs in our consolidated statement of operations. Additionally, we recorded a $4 million impairment charge associated with leasehold improvements and furniture and fixtures of abandoned leased office space during the year ended December 31, 2020 which is recorded within selling, general, and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities for further information. We did not record any property and equipment impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Leases
We lease certain facilities under long term operating leases. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease assets are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets within other noncurrent assets and operating lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance
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lease assets are included in property and equipment with associated liabilities included in current portion of debt and long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our internal borrowing rate for leases with a lease term of less than or equal to five years. For leases with a lease term greater than five years, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for corporate bond borrowings over a similar term of the lease payments. Certain of our lease agreements contain renewal options, early termination options and/or payment escalations based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We recognize rent expense with fixed rate increases and/or fixed rent reductions on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition. The excess, if any, of the acquisition price over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. For significant acquisitions, we utilize third-party appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair values for certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The measurement of these fair values requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions which are inherently uncertain.
Adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are made until we obtain all relevant information regarding the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date (the “measurement period”), not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition. We recognize measurement-period adjustments in the period in which we determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts we would have recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis and assigned useful economic lives of two to thirty years, depending on classification. The useful economic lives are evaluated on an annual basis.
We perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment as of October 1 of each year and interim assessments as required upon the identification of a triggering event. We begin with the qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before applying the quantitative assessment described below. If it is determined through the evaluation of events or circumstances that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we perform a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned to the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of that unit. If the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of that reporting unit, the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is reduced to its fair value through an adjustment to the goodwill balance, resulting in an impairment charge. We have two reporting units associated with our continuing operations: Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions. We did not record any goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional information.
Definite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist for definite-lived intangible assets, the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the expected service potential of the assets are compared to the carrying value of the assets. If our projection of undiscounted future cash flows is in excess of the carrying value of the intangible assets, no impairment charge is recorded. If our projection of undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the intangible assets are measured at fair value and an impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets to its fair value. We did not record material intangible asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional information.
Equity Method Investments
We utilize the equity method to account for our interests in joint ventures that we do not control but over which we exert significant influence. We periodically evaluate equity and debt investments in entities accounted for under the equity method for impairment by reviewing updated financial information provided by the investee, including valuation information from new financing transactions by the investee and information relating to competitors of investees when available. We own voting interests in various national marketing companies ranging from 20% to 49%, a voting interest of 40% in ESS Elektroniczne Systemy Spzedazy Sp. zo.o, and a voting interest of 20% in Asiana Sabre, Inc. The carrying value of these equity method investments in joint ventures amounts to $24 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
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Contract Acquisition Costs and Capitalized Implementation Costs
We incur contract acquisition costs related to new contracts with our customers in the form of sales commissions based on estimated contract value for our Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses. These costs are capitalized and reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. We generally amortize these costs, and those for renewals, over the average contract term for those businesses, excluding commissions on contracts with a term of one year or less, which are generally expensed in the period earned and recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.
We incur upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS revenue model. We capitalize these costs, including (a) certain external direct costs of materials and services incurred to implement a customer contract and (b) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and devote time to implementation activities. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contract term, ranging from three to ten years, as they are recoverable through deferred or future revenues associated with the relevant contract. These assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis or when an event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. Recoverability is measured based on the future estimated revenue and direct costs of the contract compared to the capitalized implementation costs. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded impairments totaling $10 million associated with capitalized implementation costs based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts. See Note 6. Balance Sheet Components and Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for additional information. Amortization of capitalized implementation costs, included in depreciation and amortization, totaled $37 million, $39 million and $38 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax rates and laws enacted at the time of such determination. We regularly review our deferred tax assets for recoverability and a valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities and implementation of tax planning strategies. We reassess these assumptions regularly which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance, resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, and could materially impact our results of operations.
We recognize liabilities when we believe that an uncertain tax position may not be fully sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. We use significant judgment in determining whether a tax position's technical merits are more likely than not to be sustained and in measuring the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition. For matters that are determined will more likely than not be sustained, we measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize penalties and interest accrued related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes. As the matters challenged by the taxing authorities are typically complex and open to subjective interpretation, their ultimate outcome may differ from the amounts recognized.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), which was enacted on December 22, 2017, imposes a tax on global low-taxed intangible income (“GILTI”) in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. GILTI provisions are applicable to certain profits of a controlled foreign corporation that exceed the U.S. stockholder's deemed “routine” investment return under the TCJA and results in income includable in the return of U.S. shareholders. We recognize liabilities, if any, related to this provision of the TCJA in the year in which the liability arises and not as a deferred tax liability.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
We recognize the funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans in our consolidated balance sheets. The funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation as of the balance sheet date. The fair value of plan assets represents the cumulative contributions made to fund the pension and other postretirement benefit plans which are invested primarily in domestic and foreign equities and fixed income securities. The benefit obligation of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans are actuarially determined using certain assumptions approved by us. The benefit obligation is adjusted annually in the fourth quarter to reflect actuarial changes and may also be adjusted upon the adoption of plan amendments. These adjustments are initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are subsequently amortized over the life expectancy of the plan participants as a component of net periodic benefit costs.
Equity-Based Compensation
We account for our stock awards and options by recognizing compensation expense, measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award, on a straight-line basis over the award vesting period, giving consideration as to whether the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date is equal to the portion of grant date value that is vested at that date. Compensation expense on stock awards subject to performance conditions, which is based on the quantity of awards we have determined are probable of vesting, is recognized over the longer of the estimated performance goal attainment period or time vesting period. We recognize equity-based compensation expense net of any actual forfeitures.
We measure the grant date fair value of stock option awards as calculated by the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which requires certain subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of our common stock, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yield. The expected term is estimated by using the “simplified method” which
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is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the expiration of the contractual term. We utilized the simplified method due to the lack of sufficient historical experience under our current grant terms. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. The expected risk-free interest rates are based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities appropriate for the expected term of the stock options. The expected dividend yield was based on the calculated yield on our common stock at the time of grant assuming quarterly dividends totaling $0.14 per share for awards granted prior to the suspension of our common stock dividends on March 16, 2020. Subsequent to March 16, 2020, a zero expected dividend was used.
Foreign Currency
We remeasure foreign currency transactions into the relevant functional currency and record the foreign currency transaction gains or losses as a component of other, net in our consolidated statements of operations. We translate the financial statements of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars in consolidation and record the translation gains or losses as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Translation gains or losses of foreign subsidiaries related to divested businesses are reclassified into earnings as a component of other, net in our consolidated statements of operations once the liquidation of the respective foreign subsidiaries is substantially complete.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued updated guidance which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued, if certain criteria are met. The updated standard is effective for all entities upon issuance, and we will apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. There was no impact to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of adopting this standard. Our current hedging contracts do not extend past December 31, 2021.
In October 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance that eliminates the requirement that entities consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control in their entirety when assessing whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest and instead requires entities to consider these indirect interests on a proportional basis. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2020, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance on customer's accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. Under this updated standard, a customer in a cloud-computing arrangement that is a service contract is required to follow guidance on software developed for internal use to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. This standard aligns the accounting for implementation costs for hosting arrangements, regardless of whether they convey a license to the hosted software. The standard requires that capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use, similar to requirements in guidance on software developed for internal use. In addition, costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation phases are expensed as they are incurred. We adopted this standard prospectively in the first quarter of 2020, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance for the measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. Under this updated standard, the current "incurred loss" approach is replaced with an "expected loss" model for instruments measured at amortized cost. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2020, resulting in a $10 million increase in the allowance for credit losses, partially offset by a $1 million decrease in deferred tax liabilities and a $1 million increase in accounts receivable with a corresponding increase of approximately $8 million in our opening retained deficit as of January 1, 2020. See Note 8. Credit Losses for more information on the impacts from adoption and ongoing considerations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2020, the FASB issued updated guidance limiting the accounting models for convertible instruments, which will result in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract when compared to existing guidance. Under the updated guidance, some convertible debt instruments will be accounted for as a single liability measured at amortized cost. Additionally, the updated guidance both enhances disclosures around convertible instruments and requires the use of the if-converted method to calculate diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The standard provides for the option of full retrospective transition on January 1, 2021. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the updated guidance and the effects on our financial statements, we anticipate using full retrospective transition on January 1, 2021 to account for the Exchangeable Notes on a whole-instrument basis. As a result, we anticipate the amount previously bifurcated into equity will be reclassified as a component of long-term debt. Additionally, we anticipate pre-tax interest expense will be retrospectively reduced and will align more closely with the contractual payments for the Exchangeable Notes.
In December 2019, the FASB issued updated guidance which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within existing income tax guidance, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods
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within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Contract Balances
Revenue recognition for a significant portion of our revenue coincides with normal billing terms, including our transactional revenues, SaaS revenues, and hosted revenues. Timing differences among revenue recognition, unconditional rights to bill, and receipt of contract consideration may result in contract assets or contract liabilities.
The following table presents our assets and liabilities with customers as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

AccountConsolidated Balance Sheet LocationDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Contract assets and customer advances and discounts(1)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets / other assets, net$88,850 $105,499 
Trade and unbilled receivables, netAccounts receivable, net253,511 539,806 
Long-term trade unbilled receivables, netOther assets, net38,156 38,250 
Contract liabilitiesDeferred revenues / other noncurrent liabilities176,956 167,832 
_______________________________
(1) Includes contract assets of $8 million and $6 million for December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized revenue of approximately $20 million from contract liabilities that existed as of January 1, 2020. Our long-term trade unbilled receivables, net relate to license fees billed ratably over the contractual period and recognized when the customer gains control of the software. We evaluate collectability of our accounts receivable based on a combination of factors and record reserves as reflected in Note 8. Credit Losses.
Revenue
The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by business (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Distribution$582,115 $2,730,845 $2,651,407 
IT Solutions(1)
594,579 992,155 977,534 
Total Travel Solutions1,176,694 3,723,000 3,628,941 
SynXis Software and Service156,749 257,612 240,583 
Other17,879 35,268 32,496 
Total Hospitality Solutions174,628 292,880 273,079 
Eliminations(17,222)(40,892)(35,064)
Total Sabre Revenue$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 
_______________________________
(1) Includes license fee revenue recognized upon delivery to the customer of $31 million and $34 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
We may occasionally recognize revenue in the current period for performance obligations partially or fully satisfied in the previous periods resulting from changes in estimates for the transaction price, including any changes to our assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the impact on revenue recognized in the current period, from performance obligations partially or fully satisfied in the previous period, is immaterial.
Unearned performance obligations primarily consist of deferred revenue for fixed implementation fees and future product implementations, which are included in deferred revenue and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. We have not disclosed the performance obligation related to contracts containing minimum transaction volume, as it represents a subset of our business, and therefore would not be meaningful in understanding the total future revenues expected to be earned from our long-term contracts. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies regarding revenue recognition of our various revenue streams for more information.
Revenue during 2020, particularly in the second quarter, was negatively impacted by increased cancellation activity. We estimate future cancellations using the expected value approach at the end of each reporting period based on the number of undeparted bookings, expected cancellations and an estimated rate. Our cancellation reserve is highly sensitive to our estimate
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of bookings that we expect will eventually travel, as well as to the mix of those bookings between domestic and international, given the varying rates paid by airline suppliers. To address this change in estimate, we increased our reserve for future cancellations during the year to account for the significant effect that COVID-19 has had on the travel industry and the resulting volume of airline travel cancellations and the impacts on the booking fee rate for higher international cancellations and lower international new bookings than previously experienced. The combination of actual cancellation activity and significantly fewer bookings resulted in a cancellation reserve of $18 million as of December 31, 2020. The cancellation reserve as of December 31, 2019 was $34 million on a larger base of undeparted bookings. Given the continued uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect variability in the amount of our cancellation reserve in future periods as estimates of cancellations may differ from historical and recent experience.
Contract Acquisition Costs and Capitalized Implementation Costs
We incur contract costs in the form of acquisition costs and implementation costs. Contract acquisition costs are related to new contracts with our customers in the form of sales commissions based on the estimated contract value. We incur contract implementation costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS revenue model. We periodically assess contract costs for recoverability, and our assessment resulted in impairments of approximately $10 million and $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies for an overview of our policy for capitalization of acquisition and implementation costs.
The following table presents the activity of our acquisition costs and capitalized implementation costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20202019
Contract acquisition costs:
Beginning balance$23,595 $21,298 
Additions5,590 9,378 
Amortization(7,314)(7,081)
Ending balance$21,871 $23,595 
Capitalized implementation costs:
Beginning balance $175,968 $189,448 
Additions17,301 28,588 
Amortization(37,094)(39,444)
Impairment (1)
(9,562)(2,405)
Other(901)(219)
Ending balance$145,712 $175,968 
_______________________________
(1) Includes an impairment charge related to a specific customer of $4 million and $6 million in other impairments for the year ended December 31, 2020.

3. Acquisitions
Farelogix
On August 20, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") filed a complaint in federal court in the District of Delaware, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Sabre from acquiring Farelogix, Inc. ("Farelogix"), alleging that the proposed acquisition is likely to substantially lessen competition in violation of federal antitrust law. On April 7, 2020, the trial court ruled in favor of Sabre, denying the DOJ's request for an injunction. On April 9, 2020, the U.K. Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") blocked the acquisition following its Phase 2 investigation. Given the CMA's decision, we recorded a charge of $46 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 included in other, net in our consolidated statements of operations which is comprised of $25 million in advances for certain attorneys' fees and additional termination fees of $21 million. Sabre and Farelogix agreed to terminate the acquisition agreement on May 1, 2020, and we paid Farelogix aggregate termination fees of $21 million pursuant to the acquisition agreement.
Radixx
In October 2019, we completed the acquisition of Radixx, a provider of retailing and customer service solutions to airlines in the low-cost carrier ("LCC") market, for $107 million, net of cash acquired and funded by cash on hand. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded immaterial measurement period adjustments to deferred income taxes and goodwill and completed the purchase price allocation for the Radixx acquisition. Radixx is managed as a part of our Travel Solutions segment.
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4. Restructuring Activities
Given the market conditions as a result of COVID-19, we have responded with cost savings measures, including a reduction in our workforce through involuntary and voluntary severance and voluntary early retirement programs, and the early abandonment of leased office space. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major shifts in the travel ecosystem resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers. As a result, in 2020 we accelerated the organizational changes we began in 2018 to address the changing travel landscape through the Strategic Realignment to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and cost structure. This Strategic Realignment and related actions are substantially complete. We do not expect additional restructuring charges associated with these activities to be significant.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we incurred $86 million in connection with these restructuring activities, of which $19 million is recorded within cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, $32 million is recorded within technology costs and $35 million is recorded within selling, general and administrative costs within our consolidated statement of operations. These restructuring costs are comprised of $72 million that has been or will be paid in cash related to severance and related benefits costs and $2 million paid in cash related to early termination lease payments. Additionally, we recorded a $12 million abandonment charge during the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the abandonment of certain leased office space.
The following table summarizes the accrued liability related to severance and related benefits costs as recorded within accrued compensation and related benefits within our consolidated balance sheet (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Balance as of January 1, 2020$— 
Charges71,590 
Cash Payments(48,337)
Balance as of December 31, 2020$23,253 

5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Due to triggering events related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed a quantitative assessment, as of March 31, 2020. This assessment was based on our current projections and was subject to various risks, uncertainties and estimates including: (1) forecasted revenues, expenses and cash flows, including future travel supplier capacity and load factors, (2) the duration and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and our customers, (3) current discount and long-term growth rates, (4) the reduction in our market capitalization, (5) current market transaction trends and (6) changes to the regulatory environment impacting our industry. In estimating fair value, a key assumption was the estimate of when travel would return to pre-COVID-19 levels. Should a significant change in the estimated recovery period elongate further than our expectations, it could have a material impact on our estimates of fair value. Our interim quantitative impairment assessment as of March 31, 2020 determined that our goodwill was not impaired. We updated our goodwill assessment quarterly on a qualitative basis during 2020 and determined that our goodwill was not impaired at any reporting date in 2020. Our qualitative assessments considered the latest information available regarding the items noted above including the most recent information available regarding the duration of the recovery period to 2019 levels.
As a result of the Strategic Realignment, our historical Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been combined into a new business segment, Travel Solutions. In connection with this reorganization, the historical Travel Network and Airline Solutions reporting units and their related goodwill were combined into a single Travel Solutions reporting unit, thereby requiring no reallocation of goodwill based on fair values. There was no change to our historical Hospitality Solutions reporting unit. We updated our goodwill assessment on a qualitative basis, reflecting both pre- and post-organization, for all reporting units as of June 30, 2020, and determined that our goodwill was not impaired for any reporting unit at this date.
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
 Travel
Solutions
Hospitality
Solutions
Total
Goodwill
Balance as of December 31, 2018$2,396,152 $156,217 $2,552,369 
Acquired
82,402 — 82,402 
Adjustments(1)
(114)(1,406)(1,520)
Balance as of December 31, 20192,478,440 154,811 2,633,251 
Adjustments(1)
(2,239)5,534 3,295 
Balance as of December 31, 2020$2,476,201 $160,345 $2,636,546 
________________________
(1)Includes net foreign currency effects during the year. 
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The following table presents our intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Carrying
Amount
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Carrying
Amount
Acquired customer relationships$1,050,485 $(761,335)$289,150 $1,046,382 $(735,367)$311,015 
Trademarks and brand names333,538 (158,491)175,047 333,638 (147,735)185,903 
Reacquired rights113,500 (89,179)24,321 113,500 (73,124)40,376 
Purchased technology436,988 (418,926)18,062 437,288 (409,204)28,084 
Acquired contracts, supplier and distributor agreements
37,599 (32,813)4,786 37,599 (29,324)8,275 
Non-compete agreements14,686 (14,686)— 14,686 (14,686)— 
Total intangible assets$1,986,796 $(1,475,430)$511,366 $1,983,093 $(1,409,440)$573,653 
Amortization expense relating to intangible assets subject to amortization totaled $66 million, $65 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization for each of the five succeeding years and beyond is as follows (in thousands): 
2021$64,447 
202250,866 
202337,160 
202433,938 
202531,224 
2026 and thereafter 293,731 
Total$511,366 
 
6. Balance Sheet Components
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Prepaid Expenses$77,232 $77,326 
Value added tax receivable30,782 39,381 
Other24,958 22,504 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets$132,972 $139,211 
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Buildings and leasehold improvements$37,766 $163,881 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment38,290 38,878 
Computer equipment391,126 397,454 
Software developed for internal use1,891,718 1,857,353 
Property and equipment2,358,900 2,457,566 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(1,995,409)(1,815,844)
Property and equipment, net$363,491 $641,722 
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Other Assets, Net
Other assets, net consist of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Capitalized implementation costs, net$145,712 $175,966 
Deferred upfront incentive consideration127,104 151,606 
Long-term contract assets and customer advances and discounts(1)
86,610 105,461 
Right-of-Use asset(2)
125,110 64,191 
Long-term trade unbilled receivables(1)
38,156 38,250 
Other107,076 134,631 
Other assets, net$629,768 $670,105 
________________________________
(1) Refer to Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for additional information.
(2) Refer to Note 12. Leases, for additional information.

Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Other noncurrent liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Pension and other postretirement benefits$127,841 $127,837 
Deferred revenue69,934 74,646 
Lease liabilities(1)
97,403 49,970 
Other85,443 95,069 
Other noncurrent liabilities$380,621 $347,522 
___________________________
(1) Refer to Note 12. Leases, for additional information.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of the following (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans$(135,596)$(143,389)
Unrealized foreign currency translation gain12,476 4,289 
Unrealized loss on foreign currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps and available-for-sale securities(12,837)(10,206)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax$(135,957)$(149,306)
The amortization of actuarial losses and periodic service credits associated with our retirement-related benefit plans is included in Other, net. See Note 10. Derivatives, for information on the income statement line items affected as the result of reclassification adjustments associated with derivatives.
7. Income Taxes
The components of pretax income from continuing operations, generally based on the jurisdiction of the legal entity, were as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Components of pre-tax (loss) income:   
Domestic$(1,032,549)$30,960 $190,291 
Foreign(281,696)168,678 208,122 
 $(1,314,245)$199,638 $398,413 
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The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations consists of the following:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Current portion:   
Federal$(5,067)$4,488 $(49,518)
State and Local(435)3,781 4,168 
Non U.S.11,823 49,982 59,743 
Total current6,321 58,251 14,393 
Deferred portion:  
Federal(34,295)(14,215)55,502 
State and Local(4,533)(1,692)(4,812)
Non U.S.(7,406)(7,018)(7,591)
Total deferred(46,234)(22,925)43,099 
Total provision for income taxes$(39,913)$35,326 $57,492 

The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations differs from amounts computed at the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Income tax provision at statutory federal income tax rate$(275,992)$41,924 $83,667 
State income taxes, net of federal benefit(15,126)2,223 (42)
Impact of non U.S. taxing jurisdictions, net31,207 13,121 1,714 
Impact of U.S. TCJA(1)
— — (26,730)
Employee stock based compensation13,985 8,380 3,884 
Research tax credit(11,328)(28,593)(9,818)
Tax receivable agreement (TRA)(2)
— (536)1,019 
Valuation Allowance201,863 957 3,878 
Other, net15,478 (2,150)(80)
Total provision for income taxes$(39,913)$35,326 $57,492 
___________________________
(1)In 2018, amount includes adjustments for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects.
(2)Amount includes adjustments to the TRA, which are not taxable.

The Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") provided for payments to Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders (as defined below) for cash savings for U.S. federal income tax realized as a result of the utilization of Pre-IPO Tax Assets (as defined below). These cash savings would be realized at the enacted statutory tax rate effective in the year of utilization. In 2018, we finalized the 2017 U.S. federal income tax return and utilized additional Pre-IPO Tax Assets in the return, primarily as a result of electing to utilize our net operating loss ("NOLs") against our one-time transition tax income. As a result of the change in estimated NOL utilization at the higher corporate income tax rate in 2017 we recorded an increase to our liability of $5 million related to the TRA, which is reflected in our 2018 income from continuing operations before taxes. During 2019, we decreased the TRA liability by $3 million as a result of certain audit and transfer pricing adjustments recorded during the period, which is reflected in our 2019 income from continuing operations before taxes.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we reduced the provisional net discrete tax cost associated with the TCJA by $27 million to $20 million upon further analysis of certain aspects of the TCJA and subsequently published administrative guidance, and refinement of our calculations.
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The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
 As of December 31,
 20202019
Deferred tax assets:  
Employee benefits other than pension$21,903 $23,272 
Lease liabilities22,108 9,415 
Deferred revenue33,824 30,715 
Pension obligations27,865 27,407 
Tax loss carryforwards259,035 59,939 
Incentive consideration4,158 6,722 
Tax credit carryforwards47,110 18,496 
Suspended loss14,528 14,635 
Accrued expenses1,797 7,547 
Other— 533 
Total deferred tax assets432,328 198,681 
Deferred tax liabilities: 
Exchangeable notes(19,114)— 
Right of use assets(21,376)(9,261)
Depreciation and amortization(8,284)(7,059)
Software developed for internal use(19,917)(66,918)
Intangible assets(110,625)(120,528)
Unrealized gains and losses(24,109)(18,778)
Non U.S. operations(15,674)(16,149)
Investment in partnership(7,565)(7,306)
Other(2,974)— 
Total deferred tax liabilities(229,638)(245,999)
Valuation allowance(251,253)(38,272)
Net deferred tax (liability)$(48,563)$(85,590)
As a result of the enactment of the TCJA, we recorded a one-time transition tax on the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. We do not consider undistributed foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2020, with certain limited exceptions and have recorded corresponding deferred taxes. We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2020, and have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability, if any, related to indefinitely reinvested capital investments is not practicable.
As of December 31, 2020, we have U.S. federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $749 million, which primarily have an indefinite carryforward period. Additionally, we have research tax credit carryforwards of approximately $18 million, which will expire between 2021 and 2041. As a result of the acquisition of Radixx and other prior business combinations, $33 million of our U.S. federal NOLs are subject to the annual limit on the ability of a corporation to use certain tax attributes (as defined in Section 382 of the Code) with the majority expiring between 2023 and 2037. However, we expect that Section 382 will not limit our ability to fully realize the tax benefits. We have state NOLs of $20 million which will expire primarily between 2021 and 2041 and state research tax credit carryforwards of $20 million which will expire between 2023 and 2040. We have $415 million of NOL carryforwards and $12 million of foreign tax credits related to certain non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions that are primarily from countries with indefinite carryforward periods.
We regularly review our deferred tax assets for realizability and a valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, all positive and negative evidence is analyzed, including our ability to carry back NOLs to prior periods, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. Significant losses related to COVID-19 resulted in a three-year cumulative loss in certain jurisdictions, which represents significant negative evidence regarding the ability to realize deferred tax assets. As a result, we established a valuation allowance on a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets of $165 million as of December 31, 2020. We also established and maintained a U.S. state valuation allowance on current year losses and other deferred tax assets of $15 million and $5 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For non-U.S. deferred tax assets of certain subsidiaries, we established and maintained a valuation allowance on current year losses and other deferred tax assets of $71 million and $33 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We reassess these assumptions regularly which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance. This assessment could result in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate which could materially impact our results of operations.
It is our policy to recognize penalties and interest accrued related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we recognized an
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expense of $6 million, benefit of $7 million and expense of $1 million, respectively, related to interest and penalties. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had a liability, including interest and penalties, of $96 million and $81 million, respectively, for unrecognized tax benefits, including cumulative accrued interest and penalties of approximately $23 million and $16 million, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Balance at beginning of year$64,645 $70,327 $74,388 
Additions for tax positions taken in the current year3,090 5,149 4,450 
Additions for tax positions of prior years7,504 12,679 2,612 
Additions for tax positions from acquisitions— 1,294 — 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years— (19,611)(5,831)
Reductions for tax positions of expired statute of limitations(656)(1,192)(3,143)
Settlements(1,529)(4,001)(2,149)
Balance at end of year$73,054 $64,645 $70,327 
We present unrecognized tax benefits as a reduction to deferred tax assets for NOLs, similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward that is available to settle additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position, presuming disallowance at the reporting date. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that were offset against deferred tax assets was $56 million, $48 million and $55 million as of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $55 million, $48 million and $51 million, respectively. We believe that it is reasonably possible that $5 million in unrecognized tax benefits may be resolved in the next twelve months, due to statute of limitations expiration.
In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world. The following table summarizes, by major tax jurisdiction, our tax years that remain subject to examination by taxing authorities:
Tax JurisdictionYears Subject to Examination
United Kingdom2016 - forward
Singapore2016 - forward
India1996 - 2015
Uruguay2015 - forward
U.S. Federal2014, 2015, 2017 - forward
Texas2016 - forward
We currently have ongoing audits in India and various other jurisdictions. We do not expect that the results of these examinations will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2010.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering in April 2014, we entered into the TRA, which provides the right to receive future payments from us to stockholders and equity award holders that were our stockholders and equity award holders, respectively, immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering (collectively, the "Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders"). In connection with the TRA, we made payments, including interest, of $72 million in January 2020, $105 million in 2019, and $60 million in 2018, respectively. In December 2019, we exercised our right under the terms of the TRA to accelerate our remaining payments under the TRA and make an early termination payment of $1 million, to the Pre-IPO Existing Shareholders, which was included in the January 2020 payment of $72 million described above. As a result, no future payments are required to be made to the Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders under the TRA.
8. Credit Losses
In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted the updated guidance within ASC 326, Credit Impairment for the measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. Under this updated standard, the previous "incurred loss" approach is replaced with an "expected loss" model for instruments measured at amortized cost. The adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2020 resulted in a $10 million increase in the allowance for credit losses, partially offset by a $1 million decrease in deferred tax liabilities and a $1 million increase in accounts receivable with a corresponding increase of approximately $8 million in our opening retained deficit as of January 1, 2020.
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Our allowance for credit losses relates to all financial assets, primarily trade receivables due in less than one year recorded in Accounts Receivable, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Our allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 for our portfolio segment is summarized as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019$57,730 
Cumulative-effect adjustment upon adoption9,868 
Provision for expected credit losses65,710 
Write-offs(35,630)
Other(110)
Balance at December 31, 2020$97,568 
Our provision for expected credit losses totaled $66 million and $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we fully reserved certain aged balances related to particular customers due to heightened uncertainty regarding collectability, including uncertainty related to bankruptcy filings by several of our customers during the year ended December 31, 2020. Additionally, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and other general increases in aging balances has affected our current estimate of expected credit losses since implementation of the new credit impairment standard. Macro-economic factors, including the economic downtown, lack of liquidity in the capital markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of additional government funding, can have a significant effect on additions to the allowance as the pandemic may result in the restructuring or bankruptcy of additional customers. Given the uncertainties surrounding the duration and effects of COVID-19, we cannot provide assurance that the assumptions used in our estimates will be accurate and actual write-offs may vary from our estimates.
We regularly monitor the financial condition of the air transportation industry. We believe the credit risk related to the air carriers’ difficulties is significantly mitigated by the fact that we collect a significant portion of the receivables from these carriers through the ACH. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 52% of our air customers make payments through the ACH which accounts for approximately 63% of our air revenue. For these carriers, we believe the use of ACH mitigates our credit risk with respect to airline bankruptcies. For those carriers from which we do not collect payments through the ACH or other similar clearing houses, our credit risk is higher. We monitor these carriers and account for the related credit risk through our normal reserve policies.
9. Debt
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our outstanding debt included in our consolidated balance sheets totaled $4,666 million and $3,343 million, respectively, which are net of debt issuance costs of $52 million and $15 million, respectively, and unamortized discounts of $90 million and $6 million, respectively. See "—Senior Secured Notes due 2025" and "—Exchangeable Notes" below regarding the increase in unamortized discounts as of December 31, 2020. The following table sets forth the face values of our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
   December 31,
 RateMaturity20202019
Senior secured credit facilities:
Term Loan A(1)
L+2.75%
August 2023$— $484,500 
Term Loan B
L+2.00%
February 20241,824,616 1,843,427 
Other Term Loan B
L+4.00%
December 2027637,000 — 
Revolver, $400 million(2)
L+2.75%
November 2023375,000 — 
5.375% senior secured notes due 2023(3)
5.375%April 2023— 530,000 
5.25% senior secured notes due 2023(1)
5.25%November 2023— 500,000 
9.25% senior secured notes due 2025
9.25%April 2025775,000 — 
7.375% senior secured notes due 2025
7.375%September 2025850,000 — 
4.00% senior exchangeable notes due 2025
4.00%April 2025345,000 — 
Finance lease obligations889 5,882 
Face value of total debt outstanding4,807,505 3,363,809 
Less current portion of debt outstanding(26,068)(81,614)
Face value of long-term debt outstanding$4,781,437 $3,282,195 
_____________________________
(1)Extinguished on December 17, 2020 using proceeds from the Other Term Loan B.
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(2)Pursuant to the August 27, 2020 refinancing, the interest rate on the Revolver was increased from L+2.50% to L+2.75% and the maturity was extended from July 2022 to November 2023. Subject to certain "springing" maturity conditions, the maturity may extend to February 2024 at the latest.
(3)Extinguished on August 27, 2020 using proceeds from the 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025.

We had $375 million outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2020 and no balance outstanding as of December 31, 2019. We had outstanding letters of credit totaling $10 million and $12 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, which reduced our overall credit capacity under the Revolver.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
Refinancing Transactions
On December 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Sixth Term A Loan Refinancing and Incremental Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, resulting in additional Term Loan B borrowings of $637 million ("Other Term B Loans") due December 17, 2027. The applicable interest rate margins for the Other Term B Loans are 4.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 3.00% per annum for base rate loans, with a floor of 0.75% for the Eurocurrency rate, and 1.75% for the base bate, respectively. The net proceeds of $623 million from the issuance, net of underwriting fees and commissions, were used to fully redeem both the $500 million outstanding 5.25% senior secured notes due November 2023 and the $134 million outstanding Term Loan A. Additionally, on December 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Pro Rata Amendment and the Refinancing Amendment which reduced the minimum liquidity requirement described outlined below from $450 million to $300 million. We incurred no material additional indebtedness as a result of these transactions, other than amounts for certain interest, fees and expenses. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $11 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 in connection with these transactions, which consisted of a redemption premium of $6 million and the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5 million.
On August 27, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a Third Revolving Facility Refinancing Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment") and the First Term A Loan Extension Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Term A Loan Extension Amendment" and, together with the Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment, the "2020 Refinancing"), which extended the maturity of the Revolver from July 1, 2022 to November 23, 2023 at the earliest and February 22, 2024 at the latest, depending on certain "springing" maturity conditions as described in the Third Revolving Refinancing Amendment. In the event that, as of November 23, 2023, the maturity date of the Term Loan B has not been extended or refinanced to a date after August 20, 2024, the extension is subject to an earlier "springing" maturity date of November 23, 2023. In addition to extending the maturity date of the Revolver, the 2020 Refinancing also provides that, during any covenant suspension resulting from a "Material Travel Event Disruption" (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and discussed further below), including during the current covenant suspension period, we must maintain liquidity of at least $450 million on a monthly basis (reduced to $300 million pursuant to the refinancing in December 2020 as discussed above). In addition, during this covenant suspension, the 2020 Refinancing limits certain payments to equity holders, certain investments, certain prepayments of unsecured debt and the ability of certain subsidiaries to incur additional debt. The applicable margins for the Revolver are between 2.50% and 1.75% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and between 1.50% and 0.75% per annum for base rate loans, with the applicable margin for any quarter reduced by 25 basis points (up to 75 basis points total) if the Senior Secured First-Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) is less than 3.75 to 1.0, 3.00 to 1.0, or 2.25 to 1.0, respectively. These interest rate spreads for the Revolver were increased by 0.25%, during covenant suspension, in connection with the 2020 Refinancing.
Principal Payments
The Other Term B Loans mature on December 17, 2027 and require principal payments in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% through to the maturity date on which the remaining balance is due. Term Loan B matures on February 22, 2024 and requires principal payments in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% through to the maturity date on which the remaining balance is due. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we made $54 million of scheduled principal payments.
We are also required to pay down the Term Loan B by an amount equal to 50% of annual excess cash flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. This percentage requirement may decrease or be eliminated if certain leverage ratios are achieved. Based on our results for the year ended December 31, 2019, we were not required to make an excess cash flow payment in 2020, and no excess cash flow payment is required in 2021 with respect to our results for the year ended December 31, 2020. We are further required to pay down the term loan with proceeds from certain asset sales or borrowings as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Financial Covenants
Under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the loan parties are subject to certain customary non-financial covenants, including certain restrictions on incurring certain types of indebtedness, creation of liens on certain assets, making of certain investments, and payment of dividends, as well as a maximum leverage ratio. Pursuant to Credit Agreement Amendments, effective July 18, 2016, the maximum leverage ratio has been adjusted to be based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) and we are required, at all times (no longer solely when a threshold amount of revolving loans or letters of credit were outstanding), to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio of less than 4.5 to 1.0.
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Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the financial covenant related to our leverage ratio is suspended for a limited time if a “Material Travel Event Disruption” has occurred. As defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, a “Material Travel Event Disruption” means, in any given calendar month, a decrease of 10% or more in the number of “domestic revenue passenger enplanements” (determined by reference to the monthly “Air Traffic Statistics” published by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics) has occurred as a result of or in connection with a Travel Event (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) as compared to the number of “domestic revenue passenger enplanements” (determined by reference to the monthly “Air Traffic Statistics” published by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics) occurring in the corresponding month during the prior year or, if a Material Travel Event Disruption existed during such month, the most recent corresponding month in which no Material Travel Event Disruption occurred/existed.
As of December 31, 2020, the capacity reductions by domestic airlines in response to the COVID-19 outbreak and related decreases in domestic passenger enplanements, and a recent sharp decline in GDS bookings, has led to a finding that a Material Travel Event Disruption has occurred. As such, the leverage ratio covenant has been suspended for at least the fourth quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2021. As of December 31, 2020, we are in compliance with all covenants not suspended under the terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and with the additional covenants of the 2020 Refinancing.
Interest
Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate equal to either, at our option: (i) the Eurocurrency rate plus an applicable margin for Eurocurrency borrowings as set forth below, or (ii) a base rate determined by the highest of (1) the prime rate of Bank of America, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 1/2% or (3) LIBOR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin for base rate borrowings as set forth below. The Eurocurrency rate is based on LIBOR for all U.S. dollar borrowings and has a floor. We have elected the one-month LIBOR as the floating interest rate on all of our outstanding term loans. Interest payments are due on the last day of each month as a result of electing one-month LIBOR. Interest on a portion of the outstanding loan is hedged with interest rate swaps (see Note 10. Derivatives).
 Eurocurrency borrowingsBase rate borrowings
 
Applicable Margin(1)(2)
Applicable Margin
Term Loan B2.00%1.00%
Other Term Loan B4.00%3.00%
Revolver, $400 million
2.75%1.75%
_____________________________
(1)Applicable margins do not reflect potential step ups and downs of Other Term Loan B and Revolver, $400 million, which are determined by the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio. See below for additional information.
(2)Term Loan B, and the Revolver, $400 million, are subject to a 0% floor, while the Other Term Loan B is subject to a 0.75% floor.
Applicable margins for the Term Loan B are 2.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.00% per annum for base rate loans over the life of the loan and are not dependent on the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio. Applicable margins for the Other Term Loan B and the Revolver step up by 25 basis points for any quarter if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is greater than or equal to 3.00 to 1.0.
Applicable margins for the Other Term Loan B and the Revolver under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement step down 25 basis points for any quarter if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is less than 2.25 to 1.0. In addition, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.250% per annum for unused Revolver commitments. The commitment fee may increase to 0.375% per annum if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is greater than or equal to 3.00 to 1.0.
The Eurocurrency rate is based on LIBOR. In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021, and subsequently extended the phase-out date to June 30, 2023. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using various alternative methods set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, any of which could result in interest obligations that are more than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the payments that would have been made on this debt if U.S. dollar LIBOR were available in its current form. We anticipate amending our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement prior to the phaseout of LIBOR to provide for a Eurocurrency rate alternative to LIBOR.
Our effective interest rates on borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, inclusive of amounts charged to interest expense, are as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Including the impact of interest rate swaps4.03 %4.64 %4.57 %
Excluding the impact of interest rate swaps3.26 %4.63 %4.36 %
Senior Secured Notes due 2025
On August 27, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a new debt agreement consisting of $850 million aggregate principal amount of 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025 (the “September 2025 Notes”). The September 2025 Notes are jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and all of Sabre GLBL’s restricted subsidiaries that guarantee Sabre GLBL’s credit facility. The September 2025 Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.375% per annum and interest
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payments are due semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2021. The September 2025 Notes mature on September 1, 2025. The net proceeds of $839 million received from the sale of the September 2025 Notes, net of underwriting fees and commissions, plus cash on hand, was used to: (1) repay approximately $319 million principal amount of debt under the Term Loan A; (2) redeem all of our $530 million outstanding 5.375% senior secured notes due April 2023; and (3) repay approximately $3 million principal amount of debt under the Term Loan B. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $10 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 in connection with these transactions which consisted of a redemption premium of $7 million and the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs of $3 million.
On April 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a new debt agreement consisting of $775 million aggregate principal amount of 9.250% senior secured notes due 2025 (the “April 2025 Notes”). The April 2025 Notes are jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and all of Sabre GLBL’s restricted subsidiaries that guarantee Sabre GLBL’s credit facility. The April 2025 Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.250% per annum and interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on October 15, 2020. The April 2025 Notes mature on April 15, 2025. The net proceeds received from the sale of the April 2025 Notes of $763 million, net of underwriting fees and commissions, are being used for general corporate purposes.
Exchangeable Notes
On April 17, 2020, Sabre GLBL entered into a new debt agreement consisting of $345 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% senior exchangeable notes due 2025 (the “Exchangeable Notes”). The Exchangeable Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of Sabre GLBL, accrue interest payable semi-annually in arrears and mature on April 15, 2025, unless earlier repurchased or exchanged in accordance with specified circumstances and terms of the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes.
Under the terms of indenture, the notes are exchangeable into common stock of Sabre Corporation (referred to as "our common stock" herein) at the following times or circumstances:
•during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ended June 30, 2020, if the last reported sale price per share of our common stock exceeds 130% of the exchange price for each of at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter;
•during the five consecutive business days immediately after any five consecutive trading day period (such five consecutive trading day period, the "Measurement Period") if the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Exchangeable Notes, as determined following a request by their holder in accordance with the procedures in the indenture, for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of our common stock on such trading day and the exchange rate on such trading day;
•upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on our common stock, including but not limited to a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the notes);
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events; or
•on or after October 15, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, April 15, 2025.
With certain exceptions, upon a Change of Control or other Fundamental Change (both as defined in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes), the holders of the Exchangeable Notes may require us to repurchase all or part of the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date. Due to the price of our common stock during the 30 days preceding December 31, 2020, the first condition above has been met as of December 31, 2020 and the Exchangeable Notes are exchangeable by the holders at any time during the first quarter of 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the if-converted value of the Exchangeable Notes exceeds the outstanding principal amount by $181 million.
The Exchangeable Notes are convertible at their holder’s election into shares of our common stock based on an initial conversion rate of 126.9499 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $7.88 per share. The exchange rate is subject to anti-dilution and other adjustments. Upon conversion, Sabre GLBL will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election. If a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Exchangeable Notes Indenture) occurs with respect to any Exchangeable Note and the exchange date for the exchange of such Exchangeable Note occurs during the related “Make-Whole Fundamental Change Exchange Period” (as defined in the Exchangeable Notes Indenture), then, subject to the provisions set forth in the Exchangeable Notes Indenture, the exchange rate applicable to such exchange will be increased by a number of shares set forth in the table contained in the Exchangeable Notes Indenture, based on a function of the time since origination and our stock price on the date of the occurrence of such Make-Whole Fundamental Change.
The net proceeds received from the sale of the Exchangeable Notes of $336 million, net of underwriting fees and commissions, are being used for general corporate purposes. We allocated the proceeds of the Exchangeable Notes between long-term debt and equity. The allocation to the long-term debt component was based on an estimated fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not contain features permitting exchange into common stock (a Level 2 input, as defined in Note 11. Fair
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Value Measurements). We determined the fair value of the long-term debt component as the present value of contractual future cash flows. The carrying amount of the equity component was calculated by deducting the fair value of the long-term debt component from the initial proceeds of the Exchangeable Notes. Accordingly, at issuance, we allocated $255 million to long-term debt and $90 million to additional paid-in capital. We recorded a net deferred tax liability of $20 million in connection with the debt discount and issuance costs associated with the Exchangeable Notes that is recorded in deferred income taxes on the consolidated balance sheets. The difference between the face value of the Exchangeable Notes and the long-term debt component is accounted for as a debt discount, which is amortized, along with debt issuance costs, to interest expense over the term of the Exchangeable Notes ending April 15, 2025 using an effective interest rate of approximately 12%.

The following table sets forth the carrying value of the Exchangeable Notes as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Liability Component:
Principal$345,000 
Less: Unamortized debt discount80,446 
Net carrying value(1)
$264,554 
Equity component:
Conversion feature$90,500 
Less: Equity portion of debt issuance costs3,167 
Less: Deferred tax liability19,457 
Net carrying value$67,876 
_____________________________
(1)Excludes net unamortized debt issuance costs of $8 million as of December 31, 2020.
The following table sets forth interest expense recognized related to the Exchangeable Notes for year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Contractual interest expense$9,698 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs10,834 

Aggregate Maturities
As of December 31, 2020, aggregate maturities of our long-term debt were as follows (in thousands):
 Amount
Years Ending December 31, 
2021$26,068 
202225,180 
2023400,180 
20241,774,555 
20251,976,370 
Thereafter605,152 
Total$4,807,505 

10. Derivatives
Hedging Objectives—We are exposed to certain risks relating to ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. Forward contracts on various foreign currencies are entered into to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on operational expenditures' exposure denominated in foreign currencies. Interest rate swaps are entered into to manage interest rate risk associated with our floating-rate borrowings.
In accordance with authoritative guidance on accounting for derivatives and hedging, we designate foreign currency forward contracts as cash flow hedges on operational exposure and interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of floating-rate borrowings.
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Cash Flow Hedging Strategy—To protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows, we hedge portions of our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies with forward contracts. For example, when the dollar strengthens significantly against the foreign currencies, the decline in present value of future foreign currency expense is offset by losses in the fair value of the forward contracts designated as hedges. Conversely, when the dollar weakens, the increase in the present value of future foreign currency expense is offset by gains in the fair value of the forward contracts. Due to the uncertainty driven by the COVID-19 pandemic on our foreign currency exposures, we have paused entering into new cash flow hedges of forecasted foreign currency cash flows until we have more clarity regarding the recovery trajectory and its impacts on net exposures.
We enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage interest rate risk exposure. The interest rate swap agreements modify our exposure to interest rate risk by converting floating-rate debt to a fixed rate basis, thus reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future interest expense and net earnings. These agreements involve the receipt of floating rate amounts in exchange for fixed rate interest payments over the life of the agreements without an exchange of the underlying principal amount.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portions and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the derivative instruments, and the hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness, are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in Other, net in the consolidated statement of operations.
Forward Contracts—In order to hedge our operational expenditures' exposure to foreign currency movements, we have been a party to certain foreign currency forward contracts that extended until December 31, 2020. We have designated these instruments as cash flow hedges. No hedging ineffectiveness was recorded in earnings relating to the forward contracts in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. As of December 31, 2020, we have no unsettled forward contracts and no material losses are expected to be reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income to earnings over the next 12 months.
Interest Rate Swap Contracts—Interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2020 and matured during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Notional Amount
Interest Rate
Received
Interest Rate PaidEffective DateMaturity Date
Designated as Hedging Instrument
$750 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
1.65%December 29, 2017December 31, 2018
$1,350 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.27%December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
$1,200 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.19%December 31, 2019December 31, 2020
$600 million
1 month LIBOR(1)
2.81%December 31, 2020December 31, 2021
____________________
(1) Subject to a 1% floor.
In connection with the 2017 Term Facility Amendment, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps effective March 31, 2017 to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate 2017 Term Loan B. The total notional amount outstanding of $750 million became effective December 31, 2018 and extended through the full year 2019. In September 2017, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B. The total notional outstanding of $750 million became effective December 31, 2019 and extends through the full year 2020. In April 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $600 million, $300 million and $450 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B related to years 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In December 2018, we entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $150 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B for the years 2020 and 2021. We have designated these swaps as cash flow hedges.
The estimated fair values of our derivatives designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
 Derivative Assets (Liabilities)
  Fair Value as of December 31,
Derivatives Designated as Hedging InstrumentsConsolidated Balance Sheet Location20202019
Foreign exchange contractsPrepaid expenses and other current assets$— $1,953 
Interest rate swapsOther accrued liabilities(16,038)(7,020)
Interest rate swapsOther noncurrent liabilities— (7,918)
Total $(16,038)$(12,985)
The effects of derivative instruments, net of taxes, on OCI for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
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Amount of (Loss) Gain
Recognized in OCI on Derivative, Effective Portion
 Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships202020192018
Foreign exchange contracts$(4,652)$(360)$(8,250)
Interest rate swaps(15,869)(14,857)1,907 
Total $(20,521)$(15,217)$(6,343)

 
Amount of Loss (Gain) Reclassified from Accumulated
OCI into Income, Effective Portion
 Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging RelationshipsIncome Statement Location202020192018
Foreign exchange contractsCost of revenue, excluding technology costs$2,992 $5,351 $(322)
Interest rate swapsInterest expense, net14,898 156 3,999 
Total$17,890 $5,507 $3,677 

11. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. Guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of inputs used in measuring fair value defined as follows:
Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and quoted prices in non-active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs that are not directly observable, but are corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable and are supported by little or no market activity and reflect the use of significant management judgment.
The classification of a financial asset or liability within the hierarchy is determined based on the least reliable level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In determining fair value, we utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. We also consider the counterparty and our own non-performance risk in our assessment of fair value.
Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts—The fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts was estimated based upon pricing models that utilize Level 2 inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as currency spot and forward rates.
Interest Rate Swaps—The fair value of our interest rate swaps are estimated using a combined income and market-based valuation methodology based upon Level 2 inputs, including credit ratings and forward interest rate yield curves obtained from independent pricing services reflecting broker market quotes.
Pension Plan Assets—See Note 16. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, for fair value information on our pension plan assets.
The following tables present the fair value of our assets (liabilities) that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
  Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
 December 31, 2020Level 1Level 2Level 3
Derivatives (1):
    
Interest rate swap contracts$(16,038)$— $(16,038)$— 
Total$(16,038)$— $(16,038)$— 

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  Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
 December 31, 2019Level 1Level 2Level 3
Derivatives (1):
    
Foreign currency forward contracts$1,953 $— $1,953 $— 
Interest rate swap contracts(14,938)— (14,938)— 
Total$(12,985)$— $(12,985)$— 
____________________
(1) See Note 10. Derivatives for further detail.
There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 within the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Assets that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
As described in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, our impairment review of goodwill is performed annually, as of October 1 of each year. In addition, goodwill, property and equipment and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if events and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
Due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our current and projected future results of operations, we identified a triggering event requiring an interim quantitative assessment on our goodwill in the first quarter of 2020. We utilized Level 3 inputs based on management's best estimates and assumptions in performing our quantitative assessment as of March 31, 2020. Our interim impairment assessment as of March 31, 2020 determined that our goodwill was not impaired. We updated our goodwill assessment quarterly on a qualitative basis during 2020 and determined that our goodwill was not impaired at any reporting date in 2020. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional information
Other Financial Instruments
The carrying value of our financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable approximates their fair values. The fair values of our senior exchangeable notes due 2025, senior secured notes due 2025, and term loans under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement are determined based on quoted market prices for a similar liability when traded as an asset in an active market, a Level 2 input.
The following table presents the fair value and carrying value of all our senior notes and borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
 Fair Value at December 31,
Carrying Value(1) at December 31,
Financial Instrument2020201920202019
Term Loan A$— $485,106 $— $483,317 
Term Loan B1,785,843 1,856,100 1,821,016 1,838,741 
Other Term Loan B639,389 — 630,663 — 
Revolver, $400 million
375,000 — 375,000 — 
5.375% senior secured notes due 2023
— 543,536 — 530,000 
5.25% senior secured notes due 2023
— 514,670 — 500,000 
9.25% senior secured notes due 2025
925,610 — 775,000 — 
7.375% senior secured notes due 2025
925,030 — 850,000 — 
4.000% senior exchangeable notes due 2025
610,907 — 264,554 — 
_____________________
(1)Excludes net unamortized debt issuance costs.

12. Leases
In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted ASC 842, Leases, which replaced the previous accounting standard on leases. The new lease standard is a right-of-use model, requiring most lessee agreements to be recorded on the balance sheet. The intent of the standard is to provide greater transparency about lessee obligations and activities. The primary impact to our financial statements is that most operating leases are recorded on our consolidated balance sheet and enhanced disclosures are required for both operating and finance leases. As permitted by ASC 842, our accounting policy is to evaluate lessee agreements with a minimum term greater than one year for recording on the balance sheet.
We adopted the standard using the modified retrospective approach, as of January 1, 2019. Prior year's financial results were not restated. On the adoption date, we recorded a right-of-use asset for $72 million in other assets, net, with a corresponding offset to other accrued liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities for $25 million and $47 million, respectively. There was no impact to retained deficit from adoption of the new standard.
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For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized rent expense of $30 million. The following table presents the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20202019
Operating lease cost$25,442 $27,035 
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets$6,743 $7,073 
Interest on lease liabilities124 453 
Total finance lease cost$6,867 $7,526 
The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20202019
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used in operating leases$23,694 $28,374 
Operating cash flows used in finance leases124 453 
Financing cash flows used in finance leases4,600 6,731 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: 
Operating leases$89,328 $27,116 
Finance leases$— $397 

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (in thousands):

December 31,
20202019
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets$125,110 $64,191 
Other accrued liabilities37,892 21,932 
Other noncurrent liabilities97,403 49,970 
Total operating lease liabilities$135,295 $71,902 
Finance Leases
Property and equipment34,931 35,349 
Accumulated depreciation(32,747)(27,163)
Property and equipment, net$2,184 $8,186 
Other accrued liabilities889 5,804 
Other noncurrent liabilities— 78 
Total finance lease liabilities$889 $5,882 

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The following table presents other supplemental information related to leases:

December 31,
20202019
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)
Operating leases7.94.9
Finance leases11.2
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases5.3 %5.4 %
Finance leases4.0 %4.9 %
Sale and Leaseback Transaction
During the fourth quarter of 2020, we completed the sale of our two headquarters buildings for aggregate receipts, net of closing costs, of $69 million. Our carrying value for the buildings approximated the proceeds from the sale. Contemporaneously with the closing of the sale, we entered into two leases pursuant to which we leased back the properties for initial terms of 12 years and 18 months, respectively, with renewal options up to 10 years in certain circumstances. Both leases entered into as a result of the sale and leaseback transaction are classified as operating leases. In connection with these leases, lease liabilities representing the fair value of future lease payments of $46 million were recorded within the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and a non-cash net gain on sale of $10 million was recorded to Other, net, resulting in right-of-use assets of $56 million recorded within the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020. The net proceeds from the sale will be used for general operating purposes.
Lease Commitments
We lease certain facilities under long term operating leases. Collectively, we lease approximately 1.3 million square feet of office space in 70 locations in 38 countries. Certain of our lease agreements contain renewal options, early termination options and/or payment escalations based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We recognize rent expense with fixed rate increases and/or fixed rent reductions on a straight line basis over the term of the lease.
Our leases have remaining minimum terms that range between one and twelve years. Some of our leases include options to extend for up to ten additional years; others include options to terminate the agreement within two years. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31,Operating LeasesFinance Leases
2021$38,029 $923 
202221,620 — 
202317,062 — 
202415,615 — 
202511,051 — 
Thereafter60,670 — 
Total164,047 923 
Imputed Interest(28,752)(34)
Total$135,295 $889 

13. Stock and Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock
On August 24, 2020, we completed an offering of 3,340,000 shares of our 6.50% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Stock"), which generated net proceeds of approximately $323 million for use as general corporate purposes.
The Preferred Stock accumulates cumulative dividends at a rate per annum equal to 6.50% of the liquidation preference of $100 per share (equivalent to $6.50 annually per share) payable in cash or, subject to certain limitations, by delivery of shares of our common stock or any combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election; provided, however, that any undeclared and unpaid dividends will continue to accumulate. Dividends are payable when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for their payment to the extent paid in cash, quarterly in arrears on March 1, June 1,
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September 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2020 and ending on, and including, September 1, 2023. Declared dividends on the Preferred Stock will be payable, at our election, in cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock.
Subject to limited exceptions, no dividends may be declared or paid on shares of our common stock, unless all accumulated dividends have been paid or set aside for payment on all outstanding shares of our Preferred Stock for all past completed dividend periods. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, no distribution of our assets may be made to holders of our common stock until we have paid to holders of our Preferred Stock a liquidation preference equal to $100 per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends.
We recorded $8 million of preferred stock dividends in our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid cash dividends on our preferred stock of $6 million. On February 3, 2021, the Board of Directors declared a dividend of $1.625 per share on Preferred Stock payable on March 1, 2021 to holders of record of the Preferred Stock on February 15, 2021.
Unless earlier converted, each outstanding share of Preferred Stock will automatically convert, on the mandatory conversion date, which is expected to be September 1, 2023 into shares of our common stock at a rate between 11.9048 and 14.2857, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion will be determined based on the average volume-weighted average price per share of our common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately before September 1, 2023. The number of shares issued at conversion based on the unadjusted conversion rates will be between 40 million and 48 million shares.
Holders of the Preferred Stock have the right to convert all or any portion of their shares at any time until the close of business on the mandatory conversion date. Early conversions that are not in connection with a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Certificate of Designations governing the Preferred Stock) will be settled at the minimum conversion rate of 11.9048. If a Make-Whole Fundamental Change occurs, holders of the Preferred Stock will, in certain circumstances, be entitled to convert their shares at an increased conversion rate for a specified period of time and receive an amount to compensate them for certain unpaid accumulated dividends and any remaining future scheduled dividend payments.
The Preferred Stock is not be redeemable at our election before the mandatory conversion date. The holders of the Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights, with limited exceptions. In the event that Preferred Stock dividends have not been declared and paid in an aggregate amount corresponding to six or more dividend periods, whether or not consecutive, the holders of the Preferred Stock will have the right to elect two new directors until all accumulated and unpaid Preferred Stock dividends have been paid in full, at which time that right will terminate.
Common Stock
On August 24, 2020, we completed an offering of 41,071,429 shares of our common stock which generated net proceeds of approximately $275 million for use as general corporate purposes.
We paid a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock of $0.14 per share, totaling $39 million, $0.14 per share, totaling $154 million, and $0.14 per share, totaling $154 million, during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Given the impacts of COVID-19, we suspended the payment of quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, effective with respect to the dividends occurring after the March 30, 2020 payment.
Share Repurchase Program
In February 2017, we announced the approval of a multi-year share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program") to purchase up to $500 million of Sabre's common stock outstanding. Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program may take place in the open market or privately negotiated transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we repurchased 3,673,768 shares totaling $78 million and 1,075,255 shares totaling $26 million pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program, respectively. On March 16, 2020, we announced the suspension of share repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program in conjunction with certain cash management measures we are undertaking as a result of the market conditions caused by COVID-19. Approximately $287 million remains authorized for repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2020.
14. Equity-Based Awards
As of December 31, 2020, our outstanding equity-based compensation plans and agreements include the Sovereign Holdings, Inc. Management Equity Incentive Plan (“Sovereign MEIP”), the Sovereign Holdings, Inc. 2012 Management Equity Incentive Plan (“Sovereign 2012 MEIP”), the Sabre Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2014 Omnibus Plan”), the Sabre Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Omnibus Plan”), the Sabre Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2019 Omnibus Plan"), and the 2019 Director Equity Compensation Plan ("2019 Director Plan"). Our 2019 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2016 Omnibus Plan, the 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based RSU awards (“PSUs”), cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. Our 2019 Director Plan provides for the issuance of RSUs, Deferred Stock Units ("DSUs"), and stock options to non-
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employee Directors. Outstanding awards under the 2016 Omnibus Plan, the 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of their respective plan.
We initially reserved 12,500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2019 Omnibus Plan and 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2019 Director Plan. We added 10,687,275 shares that were reserved but not issued under the Sovereign MEIP, Sovereign 2012 MEIP, 2014 Omnibus, and 2016 Omnibus Plans to the 2019 Omnibus Plan reserves, for a total of 23,187,275 authorized shares of common stock for issuance under the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Time-based options granted under the 2019, 2016, and 2014 Omnibus Plans prior to 2020 generally vest over a four year period with 25% vesting at the end of year one and the remaining vesting quarterly thereafter. Time-based options granted under the 2019 Omnibus Plan in 2020 vest over a three-year period, vesting in equal annual installments. Options granted prior to fiscal year 2020 vested over a four-year period. Options granted are exercisable for up to 10 years. RSUs generally vest over a four year period with 25% vesting annually. PSUs granted prior to 2020 generally vest over a four year period with 25% vesting annually. During 2020, we granted PSUs that vest over a three year period in equal annual installments, as well as PSUs that cliff vest at the end of one, two, or three years, depending on the terms of the grant. Vesting of PSUs is dependent upon the achievement of certain company-based performance measures. Stock-based compensation expense for all awards totaled $70 million, $67 million and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The fair value of the stock options granted was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For further details on these assumptions, see Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies. The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Exercise price$8.24 $21.37 $22.89 
Average risk-free interest rate0.70 %2.40 %2.72 %
Expected life (in years)6.006.116.11
Expected volatility36.41 %26.32 %23.17 %
Dividend yield5.11 %2.62 %2.46 %

The following table summarizes the stock option award activities under our outstanding equity-based compensation plans and agreements for the year ended December 31, 2020:
  Weighted-Average 
 QuantityExercise Price
Remaining
Contractual
Term (years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in thousands) (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 20194,478,366 $21.46 7.4$8,000 
Granted2,043,226 8.24 
Exercised(39,766)6.12 
Cancelled(1,857,337)22.86 
Forfeited(433,620)16.96 
Expired(890,613)20.26 
Outstanding at December 31, 20203,300,256 $13.59 7.9$7,401 
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 20201,091,946 $20.43 5.6$242 
______________________
(1)Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options awards and the closing price of our common stock of $12.02 on December 31, 2020.
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $4 million and $6 million, respectively. The weighted-average fair values of options granted were $1.71, $4.55, and $4.58 during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, $4 million in unrecognized compensation expense associated with stock options will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.
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The following table summarizes the activities for our RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Quantity
Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 20196,365,580 $22.06 
Granted9,791,052 8.47 
Vested(2,320,243)22.97 
Cancelled(295,024)8.47 
Forfeited(1,231,719)16.67 
Unvested at December 31, 202012,309,646 $12.07 
The total fair value of RSUs vested, as of their respective vesting dates, was $52 million, $47 million, and $30 million during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, approximately $106 million in unrecognized compensation expense associated with RSUs will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.
The following table summarizes the activities for our PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Quantity
Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 20192,089,505 $21.99 
Granted1,762,444 9.03 
Vested(667,460)20.29 
Forfeited(337,694)15.55 
Unvested at December 31, 20202,846,795 $14.18 
The total fair value of PSUs vested, as of their respective vesting dates, was $14 million, $11 million and $9 million during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The recognition of compensation expense associated with PSUs is contingent upon the achievement of annual company-based performance measures. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we amended the 2020 performance metrics associated with PSUs that vest in March 2021 due to the impact of COVID-19 on our performance and these awards became subject to variable accounting based on the fair value at the end of each period with the cumulative effect of changes in fair value recorded each reporting period. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we assessed the probability of achieving the performance measures associated with PSU awards each reporting period and, if there was an adjustment, recorded the cumulative effect of the adjustment in that respective reporting period. As of December 31, 2020, unrecognized compensation expense associated with PSUs expected to vest totaled $14 million and $8 million for the annual measurement periods ending December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
15. Earnings Per Share
The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators used in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (in thousands, expect per share data):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Numerator:   
(Loss) income from continuing operations$(1,274,332)$164,312 $340,921 
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests1,200 3,954 5,129 
Less: Preferred stock dividends7,659 — — 
Net (loss) income from continuing operations available to common stockholders, basic and diluted$(1,283,191)$160,358 $335,792 
Denominator:   
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding289,855 274,168 275,235 
Add: Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock awards— 2,049 2,283 
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding289,855 276,217 277,518 
Earnings per share from continuing operations:
Basic$(4.43)$0.58 $1.22 
Diluted$(4.43)$0.58 $1.21 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income from continuing operations available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income from continuing operations available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of all dilutive common stock equivalents during each period. The diluted weighted-
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average common shares outstanding calculation excludes 2 million of dilutive stock options and restricted stock awards for the year ended December 31, 2020 as their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss incurred in the period. The calculation of diluted weighted-average shares excludes the impact of 3 million of anti-dilutive common stock equivalents for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

As we expect to settle the principal amount of the outstanding Exchangeable Notes in shares of our common stock, we have used the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of these notes on our diluted net income per share. Under the if-converted method, the Exchangeable Notes are assumed to be converted at the beginning of the period and the resulting common shares are included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation for the entire period being presented and interest expense, net of tax, recorded in connection with the Exchangeable Notes is added back to the numerator, only in the periods in which such effect is dilutive. The approximately 44 million resulting common shares related to the Exchangeable Notes are not included in the dilutive weighted-average common shares outstanding calculation for the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively, as their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss incurred in the period.

Likewise, the potential dilutive effect of our Preferred Stock outstanding during the period was calculated using the if converted method assuming the conversion as of the earliest period reported or at the date of issuance, if later. The approximately 40 million resulting common shares related to the Preferred Stock are not included in the dilutive weighted-average common shares outstanding calculation for the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively, as their effect would be anti-dilutive given the net loss incurred in the period.
16. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
We sponsor the Sabre Inc. 401(k) Savings Plan (“401(k) Plan”), which is a tax qualified defined contribution plan that allows tax-deferred savings by eligible employees to provide funds for their retirement. We make a matching contribution equal to 100% of each pre-tax dollar contributed by the participant on the first 6% of eligible compensation. During 2020, we temporarily suspended our 401(k) match program for US-based employees in connection with our cost reduction efforts in response to market conditions as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We recognized expenses related to the 401(k) Plan of approximately $7 million, $23 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
We sponsor the Sabre Inc. Legacy Pension Plan (“LPP”), which is a tax qualified defined benefit pension plan for employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The LPP was amended to freeze pension benefit accruals as of December 31, 2005, and as a result, no additional pension benefits have been accrued since that date. In April 2008, we amended the LPP to add a lump sum optional form of payment which participants may elect when their plan benefits commence. The effect of the amendment was to decrease the projected benefit obligation by $34 million, which is being amortized over 23.5 years, representing the weighted average of the lump sum benefit period and the life expectancy of all plan participants. We also sponsor postretirement benefit plans for certain employees in Canada and other jurisdictions.
The following tables provide a reconciliation of the changes in the LPP’s benefit obligations and fair value of assets during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the unfunded status as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 20202019
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at January 1
$(463,436)$(428,216)
Interest cost
(14,675)(18,324)
Actuarial loss, net(53,831)(47,632)
Benefits paid
18,476 30,736 
Lump sum settlement44,450 — 
Benefit obligation at December 31
$(469,016)$(463,436)
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of assets at January 1
$338,264 $312,455 
Actual return on plan assets
55,215 54,945 
Employer contributions
14,700 1,600 
Benefits paid
(18,476)(30,736)
Lump sum settlement(44,450)— 
Fair value of assets at December 31
$345,253 $338,264 
Unfunded status at December 31$(123,763)$(125,172)
The actuarial loss, net of $54 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 is attributable to a decrease in the discount rate. The actuarial loss, net of $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, is attributable to a decrease in the discount rate, form of payment assumptions, and updates to certain plan participant assumptions. During the year ended December 31, 2020, lump sum settlements occurred within our defined benefit pension plan which resulted in a loss of $18 million recorded to Other, net.
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The net benefit obligation of $124 million and $125 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, is included in other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.
The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with the LPP, net of deferred taxes of $40 million and $42 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are as follows (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20202019
Net actuarial loss$(159,709)$(154,608)
Prior service credit9,099 10,210 
Pension settlement14,005 — 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
$(136,605)$(144,398)
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs associated with the LPP and the principal assumptions used in the measurement of the LPP benefit obligations and net benefit costs for the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Interest cost$14,675 $18,324 $17,090 
Expected return on plan assets(15,420)(18,510)(18,790)
Amortization of prior service credit(1,432)(1,432)(1,432)
Amortization of actuarial loss8,622 6,516 7,362 
Net periodic benefit$6,445 $4,898 $4,230 
Settlement charge18,071 — — 
Net cost$24,516 $4,898 $4,230 
Weighted-average discount rate used to measure benefit obligations
2.60 %3.53 %4.41 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net benefit cost:
Discount rate(1)
3.53 %4.41 %3.81 %
Expected return on plan assets
5.00 %5.75 %5.75 %
________________________________
(1) As of August 31, 2020, 2.76% discount rate due to the settlement charge.
The following table provides the pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), including the amortization of the actuarial loss and prior service credit, associated with the LPP for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Obligations Recognized inYear Ended December 31,
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)202020192018
Net actuarial loss$15,225 $11,196 $25,595 
Pension settlement(18,071)— — 
Amortization of actuarial loss(8,611)(6,516)(7,362)
Amortization of prior service credit1,432 1,432 1,432 
Total (income) loss recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)$(10,025)$6,112 $19,665 
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss)
$14,491 $11,010 $23,895 
Our overall investment strategy for the LPP is to provide and maintain sufficient assets to meet pension obligations both as an ongoing business, as well as in the event of termination, at the lowest cost consistent with prudent investment management, actuarial circumstances and economic risk, while minimizing the earnings impact. Diversification is provided by using an asset allocation primarily between equity and debt securities in proportions expected to provide opportunities for reasonable long term returns with acceptable levels of investment risk. Fair values of the applicable assets are determined as follows:
Mutual Fund—The fair value of our mutual funds are estimated by using market quotes as of the last day of the period.
Common Collective Trusts—The fair value of our common collective trusts are estimated by using market quotes as of the last day of the period, quoted prices for similar securities and quoted prices in non-active markets.
Real Estate—The fair value of our real estate funds are derived from the fair value of the underlying real estate assets held by the funds. These assets are initially valued at cost and are reviewed periodically utilizing available market data to determine if the assets held should be adjusted.
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The basis for the selected target asset allocation included consideration of the demographic profile of plan participants, expected future benefit obligations and payments, projected funded status of the plan and other factors. The target allocations for LPP assets are 38% global equities, 14% real estate assets, 18% diversified credit and 27% liability hedging assets, and 2% cash. It is recognized that the investment management of the LPP assets has a direct effect on the achievement of its goal. As defined in Note 11. Fair Value Measurements, the following tables present the fair value of the LPP assets as of December 31, 2020, and 2019:
 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2020
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Total
Common collective trusts:    
Foreign equity securities$— $263,244 $— $263,244 
U.S. equity securities— 65,257 — 65,257 
Money market mutual fund8,017 — — 8,017 
Limited partnership interest:
Real estate— — 8,735 8,735 
Total assets at fair value$8,017 $328,501 $8,735 $345,253 

 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Total
Common collective trusts:    
Foreign equity securities$— $265,495 $— $265,495 
U.S. equity securities— 58,315 — 58,315 
Money market mutual fund4,506 — — 4,506 
Limited partnership interest:
Real estate— — 9,948 9,948 
Total assets at fair value$4,506 $323,810 $9,948 $338,264 

The following table provides a rollforward of plan assets valued using significant unobservable inputs (level 3), in thousands:
 Real Estate
Ending balance at December 31, 2018$20,836 
Contributions
331 
Net distributions
(11,235)
Advisory fee
(205)
Net investment income
771 
Unrealized gain
(541)
Net realized gain
(9)
Ending balance at December 31, 2019$9,948 
Contributions
87 
Net distributions
(300)
Redemptions
(573)
Advisory fee
(92)
Net investment income
400 
Unrealized loss
(728)
Net realized loss
(7)
Ending balance at December 31, 2020$8,735 
We contributed $15 million and $2 million to fund our defined benefit pension plans during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Annual contributions to our defined benefit pension plans in the United States, Canada, and other jurisdictions are based on several factors that may vary from year to year. Our funding practice is to contribute the minimum required contribution as defined by law while also maintaining an 80% funded status as defined by the Pension Protection Act of
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2006. Thus, past contributions are not always indicative of future contributions. Based on current assumptions, we expect to make $13 million in contributions to our defined benefit pension plans in 2021.
The expected long term rate of return on plan assets for each measurement date was selected after giving consideration to historical returns on plan assets, assessments of expected long term inflation and market returns for each asset class and the target asset allocation strategy. We do not anticipate the return of any plan assets to us in 2021.
We expect the LPP to make the following estimated future benefit payments (in thousands):
 Amount
2021$30,114 
202230,544 
202329,392 
202433,259 
202535,522 
2026-2030160,287 

17. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
In the ordinary course of business, we make various commitments in connection with the purchase of goods and services from specific suppliers. We have outstanding commitments of approximately $2.9 billion. These purchase commitments extend through 2030.
Legal Proceedings
While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted at this time, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters.
Antitrust Litigation and Investigations
US Airways Antitrust Litigation
In April 2011, US Airways filed suit against us in federal court in the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of the Sherman Act Section 1 (anticompetitive agreements) and Section 2 (monopolization). The complaint was filed fewer than two months after we entered into a new distribution agreement with US Airways. In September 2011, the court dismissed all claims relating to Section 2. The claims that were not dismissed are claims brought under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, relating to our contracts with US Airways, which US Airways claims contain anticompetitive provisions, and an alleged conspiracy with the other GDSs, allegedly to maintain the industry structure and not to compete for content. We strongly deny all of the allegations made by US Airways.
Sabre filed summary judgment motions in April 2014. In January 2015, the court issued an order granting Sabre's summary judgment motions in part, eliminating a majority of US Airways' alleged damages and rejecting its request for injunctive relief by which US Airways sought to bar Sabre from enforcing certain provisions in our contracts. In September 2015, the court also dismissed US Airways' claim for declaratory relief. In February 2017, US Airways sought reconsideration of the court's opinion dismissing the claim for declaratory relief, which the court denied in March 2017.
The trial on the remaining claims commenced in October 2016. In December 2016, the jury issued a verdict in favor of US Airways with respect to its claim under Section 1 of the Sherman Act regarding Sabre's contract with US Airways and awarded it $5 million in single damages. The jury rejected US Airways' claim alleging a conspiracy with the other GDSs. We continue to believe that our business practices and contract terms are lawful.
Based on the jury’s verdict, in March 2017 the court entered final judgment in favor of US Airways in the amount of $15 million, which is three times the jury’s award of $5 million as required by the Sherman Act. As a result of the jury's verdict, US Airways was also entitled to receive reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs under the Sherman Act. As such, it filed a motion seeking approximately $125 million in attorneys’ fees and costs, the amount of which we strongly dispute. In January 2018, the court denied US Airways' motion seeking attorneys' fees and costs, without prejudice.
In the fourth quarter of 2016, we accrued a loss of $32 million, which represented the court's final judgment of $15 million, plus our estimate of $17 million for US Airways' reasonable attorneys’ fees, expenses and costs.
In April 2017, we filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit seeking a reversal of the judgment. US Airways also filed a counter-appeal challenging earlier court orders, including the above-referenced orders
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dismissing and/or issuing summary judgment as to portions of its claims and damages. In connection with this appeal, we posted an appellate bond equal to the aggregate amount of the $15 million judgment entered plus interest, which stayed the judgment pending the appeal. The Second Circuit heard oral arguments on this matter in December 2018.
In September 2019, the Second Circuit issued its Order and Opinion. The Second Circuit vacated the judgment with respect to US Airways’ claim under Section 1, reversed the trial court’s dismissal of US Airways’ claims relating to Section 2, and remanded the case to district court for a new trial. In addition, the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court’s ruling limiting US Airways’ damages. The judgment in our favor on US Airways' conspiracy claim remains intact. The lawsuit has been remanded to federal court in the Southern District of New York for further proceedings. The trial court has scheduled the trial to begin on April 25, 2022.
As a result of the Second Circuit’s opinion, we believe that the claims associated with this case are not probable; therefore, in the third quarter of 2019, we reversed our previously accrued loss of $32 million and do not have any losses accrued for this matter as of December 31, 2020.
We have and will incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as the litigation is ongoing. In addition, litigation by its nature is highly uncertain and fraught with risk, and it is therefore difficult to predict the outcome of any particular matter, including any changes to our business that may be required as a result of the litigation. If favorable resolution of the matter is not reached upon remand, any monetary damages are subject to trebling under the antitrust laws and US Airways would be eligible to be reimbursed by us for its reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees. Depending on the amount of any such judgment, if we do not have sufficient cash on hand, we may be required to seek private or public financing. Depending on the outcome of the litigation, any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition ("EC") Investigation
On November 23, 2018, the EC announced that it has opened an investigation of us and another GDS to assess whether our respective agreements with airlines and travel agents may restrict competition in breach of European Union antitrust rules. We are fully cooperating with the EC’s investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome at this time. There is no legal deadline for the EC to bring an antitrust investigation to an end, and the duration of the investigation is uncertain. Depending on the findings of the EC, the outcome of the investigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as this investigation is ongoing. We intend to vigorously defend against any allegations of anticompetitive activity by the EC.
Department of Justice Investigation
On May 19, 2011, we received a civil investigative demand ("CID") from the DOJ investigating alleged anticompetitive acts related to the airline distribution component of our business. We are fully cooperating with the DOJ investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome. The DOJ is also investigating other companies that own GDSs and has sent CIDs to other companies in the travel industry. Based on its findings in the investigation, the DOJ may (i) close the file, (ii) seek a consent decree to remedy issues it believes violate the antitrust laws, or (iii) file suit against us for violating the antitrust laws, seeking injunctive relief. If injunctive relief were granted, depending on its scope, it could affect the manner in which our airline distribution business is operated and potentially force changes to the existing airline distribution business model. Any of these consequences would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have not received any communications from the DOJ regarding this matter for several years; however, we have not been notified that this matter is closed.
Indian Income Tax Litigation
We are currently a defendant in income tax litigation brought by the Indian Director of Income Tax (“DIT”) in the Supreme Court of India. The dispute arose in 1999 when the DIT asserted that we have a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between the United States and the Republic of India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and later issued further tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT has continued to issue further tax assessments on a similar basis for subsequent years; however, the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2007 and later are no longer material. We appealed the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 through March 2006 and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax Appeals returned a mixed verdict. We filed further appeals with the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (“ITAT”). The ITAT ruled in our favor on June 19, 2009 and July 10, 2009, stating that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and from March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Delhi High Court, which found in our favor on July 19, 2010. The DIT has appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of India and our case is currently pending before that court. We have appealed the tax assessments for the assessment years ended March 2013 to March 2016 with the ITAT and no trial date has been set for these subsequent years.
In addition, Sabre Asia Pacific Pte Ltd ("SAPPL") is currently a defendant in similar income tax litigation brought by the DIT. The dispute arose when the DIT asserted that SAPPL has a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between Singapore and India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. SAPPL appealed the tax assessments, and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) returned a mixed verdict. SAPPL filed further appeals with the ITAT. The ITAT ruled in SAPPL’s favor, finding that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Bombay High Court and our case is pending before that court. The DIT also assessed taxes on a similar basis plus some additional issues for
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assessment years ending March 2006 through March 2016 and appeals for assessment years ending March 2006 through 2016 are pending before the ITAT or the High Court depending on the year.
If the DIT were to fully prevail on every claim against us, including SAPPL, we could be subject to taxes, interest and penalties of approximately $45 million as of December 31, 2020. We intend to continue to aggressively defend against each of the foregoing claims. Although we do not believe that the outcome of the proceedings will result in a material impact on our business or financial condition, litigation is by its nature uncertain. We do not believe this outcome is more likely than not and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Indian Service Tax Litigation
SAPPL's Indian subsidiary is also subject to litigation by the India Director General (Service Tax) ("DGST"), which has assessed the subsidiary for multiple years related to its alleged failure to pay service tax on marketing fees and reimbursements of expenses. Indian courts have returned verdicts favorable to the Indian subsidiary. The DGST has appealed the verdict to the Indian Supreme Court. We do not believe that an adverse outcome is probable and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Litigation Relating to Routine Proceedings
We are also engaged from time to time in other routine legal and tax proceedings incidental to our business. We do not believe that any of these routine proceedings will have a material impact on the business or our financial condition.
Other
SynXis Central Reservation System
As previously disclosed, we became aware of an incident involving unauthorized access to payment information contained in a subset of hotel reservations processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System (the “HS Central Reservation System”). Our investigation was supported by third party experts, including a leading cybersecurity firm. Our investigation determined that an unauthorized party: obtained access to account credentials that permitted access to a subset of hotel reservations processed through the HS Central Reservation System; used the account credentials to view a credit card summary page on the HS Central Reservation System and access payment card information (although we use encryption, this credential had the right to see unencrypted card data); and first obtained access to payment card information and some other reservation information on August 10, 2016. The last access to payment card information was on March 9, 2017. The unauthorized party was able to access information for certain hotel reservations, including cardholder name; payment card number; card expiration date; and, for a subset of reservations, card security code. The unauthorized party was also able, in some cases, to access certain information such as guest name(s), email, phone number, address, and other information if provided to the HS Central Reservation System. Information such as Social Security, passport, or driver’s license number was not accessed. The investigation did not uncover forensic evidence that the unauthorized party removed any information from the system, but it is a possibility. We took successful measures to ensure this unauthorized access to the HS Central Reservation System was stopped and is no longer possible. There is no indication that any of our systems beyond the HS Central Reservation System, such as Sabre’s Travel Solutions platforms, were affected or accessed by the unauthorized party. We notified law enforcement and the payment card brands and engaged a payment card industry data ("PCI") forensic investigator to investigate this incident at the payment card brands' request. We have notified customers and other companies that use or interact with, directly or indirectly, the HS Central Reservation System about the incident. In December 2020, we entered into settlement agreements with certain state Attorneys General to resolve their investigation into this incident. As part of the settlement with these states, we paid $2 million to the states represented by the Attorneys General in the first quarter of 2021 and agreed to implement certain security controls and processes.
Separately, in November 2017, Sabre Hospitality Solutions observed a pattern of activity that, after further investigation, led it to believe that an unauthorized party improperly obtained access to certain hotel user credentials for purposes of accessing the HS Central Reservation System. We deactivated the compromised accounts and notified law enforcement of this activity. We also notified the payment card brands, and at their request, we have engaged a PCI forensic investigator to investigate this incident. We have not found any evidence of a breach of the network security of the HS Central Reservation System, and we believe that the number of affected reservations represents only a fraction of 1% of the bookings in the HS Central Reservation System. Although the costs related to these incidents, including any associated penalties assessed by any other governmental authority or payment card brand or indemnification obligations to our customers, as well as any other impacts or remediation related to this incident, may be material, it is not possible at this time to determine whether we will incur, or to reasonably estimate the amount of, any liabilities in connection with them, with the exception of the payment related to the settlement agreements as described above. We maintain insurance that covers certain aspects of cyber risks, including the payment related to the settlement agreements, and we continue to work with our insurance carriers in these matters.
Other Tax Matters
We operate in numerous jurisdictions in which taxing authorities may challenge our position with respect to income and non-income based taxes. We routinely receive inquiries and may also from time to time receive challenges or assessments from these taxing authorities. With respect to non-income based taxes, we recognize liabilities when we believe it is probable that amounts will be owed to the taxing authorities and such amounts are estimable. For example, in most countries we pay and collect Value Added Tax (“VAT”) when procuring goods and services, or providing services, within the normal course of business. VAT receivables are established in jurisdictions where VAT paid exceeds VAT collected and are recoverable through the filing of
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refund claims. These receivables have inherent audit and collection risks unique to the specific jurisdictions that evaluate our refund claims. Our most significant VAT receivable is in Greece. As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $22 million in VAT receivables for which refund claims have been filed with the Greek government. Although we have paid these amounts and believe we are entitled to a refund, the Greek tax authorities have challenged our position. In the second quarter of 2020, we received notice that the tax court has accepted our arguments to dismiss certain claims by the Greek tax authorities; however, this ruling has been appealed. In Greece, as in other jurisdictions, we intend to vigorously defend our positions against any claims that are not insignificant, including through litigation when necessary. As of December 31, 2020, we do not believe that an adverse outcome is probable with respect to the claims of the Greek tax authorities or any other jurisdiction; as a result, we have not accrued any material amounts for exposure related to such contingencies or adverse decisions. Nevertheless, we may incur expenses in future periods related to such matters, including litigation costs and possible pre-payment of a portion of any assessed tax amount to defend our position, and if our positions are ultimately rejected, it could have a material impact to our results of operations.
18. Segment Information
Our reportable segments are based upon our internal organizational structure; the manner in which our operations are managed; the criteria used by our Chief Executive Officer, who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), to evaluate segment performance; the availability of separate financial information; and overall materiality considerations.
We now operate our business and present our results through two business segments effective the third quarter of 2020 (i) Travel Solutions, our global travel solutions for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of software solutions for hoteliers. All revenue and expenses previously assigned to the Travel Network and Airline Solutions business segments have been consolidated into a unified revenue and expense structure which aligns with information that our Chief Operating Decision Maker utilizes beginning in the third quarter of 2020 to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. These changes did not impact the historical Hospitality Solutions reporting segment's revenue and expenses.
Our CODM utilizes Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income as the measures of profitability to evaluate performance of our segments and allocate resources which is not a recognized term under GAAP. Our uses of Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.
We define Adjusted Operating (loss) Income as operating (loss) income adjusted for equity method (loss) income, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, and stock-based compensation.
As a result of the Strategic Realignment, we have separated our technology costs from cost of revenue and moved certain expenses previously classified as cost of revenue to selling, general and administrative to provide increased visibility to our technology costs for analytical and decision-making purposes and to align costs with the current leadership and operational organizational structure.
Our CODM does not review total assets by segment as operating evaluations and resource allocation decisions are not made on the basis of total assets by segment.
Certain of our costs associated with our technology organization are allocated to the segments based on the segments' usage of resources. Benefit expenses, facility costs and depreciation expense on the corporate headquarters building are allocated to the segments based on headcount. Unallocated corporate costs include certain shared expenses such as accounting, finance, human resources, legal, corporate systems, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment and related charges, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, legal reserves and other items not identifiable with one of our segments.
We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. The majority of the intersegment revenues and cost of revenues are fees charged by Travel Solutions to Hospitality Solutions for hotel stays booked through our GDS.
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Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Revenue
Travel Solutions$1,176,694 $3,723,000 $3,628,941 
Hospitality Solutions174,628 292,880 273,079 
Eliminations(17,222)(40,892)(35,064)
Total revenue$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 
Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income(a)
Travel Solutions$(523,122)$729,266 $866,957 
Hospitality Solutions(63,915)(21,632)12,881 
Corporate(158,237)(194,226)(178,406)
Total$(745,274)$513,408 $701,432 
Depreciation and amortization   
Travel Solutions$250,540 $292,097 $300,707 
Hospitality Solutions42,789 53,098 39,943 
Total segments293,329 345,195 340,650 
Corporate70,414 69,426 72,694 
Total$363,743 $414,621 $413,344 
Capital Expenditures   
Travel Solutions$23,481 $52,642 $163,317 
Hospitality Solutions3,177 11,324 39,160 
Total segments26,658 63,966 202,477 
Corporate38,762 51,200 81,463 
Total$65,420 $115,166 $283,940 
(a)The following table sets forth the reconciliation of operating (loss) income in our statement of operations to Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income (in thousands): 
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Operating (loss) income$(988,039)$363,417 $562,016 
Add back:
Equity method (loss) income(2,528)2,044 2,556 
Impairment and related charges(1)
8,684 — — 
Acquisition-related amortization(2)
65,998 64,604 68,008 
Restructuring and other costs(3)
85,797 — — 
Acquisition-related costs(4)
16,787 41,037 3,266 
Litigation costs, net(5)
(1,919)(24,579)8,323 
Stock-based compensation
69,946 66,885 57,263 
Adjusted Operating (loss) income$(745,274)$513,408 $701,432 
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(1)Impairment and related charges represents $5 million associated with software developed for internal use and $4 million associated with capitalized implementation costs related to a specific customer based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts.
(2)Acquisition-related amortization represents amortization of intangible assets from the take-private transaction in 2007 as well as intangibles associated with acquisitions since that date. 
(3)Restructuring and other costs represents charges associated with business restructuring and associated changes, including the Strategic Realignment, as well as other measures to support the new organizational structure and to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, facilities and cost structure. See Note 4. Restructuring Activities for further details.
(4)Acquisition-related costs represent fees and expenses incurred associated with the now-terminated agreement to acquire Farelogix, as well as costs related to the acquisition of Radixx in 2019. See Note 3. Acquisitions for further information.
(5)Litigation costs, net represent charges associated with antitrust litigation and other foreign non-income tax contingency matters. In 2020, we reversed the previously accrued non-income tax expense of $4 million due to success in our claims. In 2019, we recorded the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to the US Airways legal matter for $32 million. In 2018, we recorded non-income tax expense of $5 million for tax, penalties and interest associated with certain non-income tax claims for historical periods regarding permanent establishment in a foreign jurisdiction. See Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies for further information.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction-based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Solutions, we generate revenue from our distribution activities through transaction fees for bookings on our GDS, and from our IT solutions through recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. For Hospitality Solutions, we generate revenue from recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. Transaction-based revenue accounted for approximately 79%, 91% and 92% of our Travel Solutions revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Transaction-based revenue accounted for approximately 68%, 80% and 81% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of our Hospitality Solutions revenue. All joint venture equity income relates to Travel Solutions.
Our revenues and long-lived assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets, by geographic region are summarized below. Distribution revenue for the Travel Solutions business is attributed to countries based on the location of the travel supplier and IT Solutions revenue is based on the location of the customer. For Hospitality Solutions, revenue is attributed to countries based on the location of the customer. The majority of our revenues and long-lived assets are derived from the United States, Europe, and Asia-Pacific ("APAC") as follows (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Revenue:   
United States$636,854 $1,306,450 $1,346,895 
Europe287,421 913,245 928,533 
APAC151,206 822,679 820,711 
All Other258,619 932,614 770,817 
Total$1,334,100 $3,974,988 $3,866,956 

 As of December 31,
 20202019
Long-lived assets  
United States$417,070 $622,034 
Europe39,160 1,594 
APAC17,956 11,521 
All Other14,415 6,573 
Total$488,601 $641,722 

ITEM 9.     CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on our evaluation, we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2020.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as this term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that most of our employees are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to monitor and assess the COVID-19 situation on our internal controls to help minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.
ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information set forth under the following headings of our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders (the “2021 Proxy Statement”) is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference:
•“Certain Information Regarding Nominees for Director” under “Proposal 1. Election of Directors,” which identifies our directors and nominees for our Board of Directors.
•“Other information—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.”
•“Corporate Governance—Other Corporate Governance Practices and Policies—Code of Business Ethics,” which describes our Code of Business Ethics.
•“Corporate Governance—Stockholder Nominations for Directors” and "Other Information—Proxy Access Nominations and Annual Meeting Advance Notice Requirements" which describe the procedures by which stockholders may nominate candidates for election to our Board of Directors.
•“Corporate Governance—Board Committees—Audit Committee," which identifies members of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and audit committee financial experts.
Information regarding our executive officers is reported under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information set forth under the headings “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Proposal 1. Election of Directors—Director Compensation Program” and “Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” of the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 11 by reference.
ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED     STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information set forth under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” of the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 12 by reference.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table gives information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under all of our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2020.
 Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options (a)Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options (b)Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders18,456,697$13.59 10,642,038
________________________
(a)Includes shares of common stock to be issued upon the exercise of outstanding options under our 2019 Omnibus Plan, 2016 Omnibus Plan, 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, and the Sovereign MEIP. Also includes 15,156,441 restricted share units under our 2019 Omnibus Plan, 2016 Omnibus Plan, and 2014 Omnibus Plan (including shares that may be issued pursuant to outstanding performance-based restricted share units, assuming the target award is met; actual shares may vary, depending on actual performance).
(b)Excludes restricted share units which do not have an exercise price.
(c)Excludes securities reflected in column (a).
Sabre Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2019 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units ("RSUs") performance-based RSU awards ("PSUs"), cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards.
Sabre Corporation 2019 Director Plan. The plan provides for the issuance of RSUs, DSUs, and stock options to non-employee Directors.
Sabre Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2016 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2014 Omnibus Plan and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs, cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the 2016 Omnibus Plan that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without issuance of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2020, no shares remained available for future grants under the 2016 Omnibus Plan.
106

Sabre Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2014 Omnibus Plan serves as successor to the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs, cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the 2014 Omnibus Plan that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without issuance of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2020, no shares remained available for future grants under the 2014 Omnibus Plan.
Sovereign Holdings, Inc. Management Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Sovereign MEIP, key employees and, in certain circumstances, the directors, service providers and consultants, of Sabre and its affiliates may be granted stock options. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the Sovereign MEIP that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without the issuance of shares of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, which have subsequently been transferred to the 2014 Omnibus Plan, then to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2020, no shares remained available for future grants under the Sovereign MEIP.
Sovereign Holdings, Inc. 2012 Management Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, key employees and, in certain circumstances, the directors, service providers and consultants, of Sabre and its affiliates may be granted stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the Sovereign MEIP that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without the issuance of shares of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2014 Omnibus Plan, then to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2020, no shares remained available for future grants under the Sovereign 2012 MEIP.
ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information set forth under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Board Composition and Director Independence” of the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 13 by reference.
ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information set forth under the headings “Principal Accounting Firm Fees” and “Audit Committee Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services” under “Proposal 2. Ratification of Independent Auditors” of the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 14 by reference.
107

PART IV
ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this report.
1.Financial statements. The financial statements are set forth under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2.Financial statement schedules. Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto contained in Item 8.
All other financial statements and financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instruction, are not material or are not applicable and, therefore, have been omitted.
3.Exhibits.

108

Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibits
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6*
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
109



Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibits
10.6
10.7+
10.8+
10.9+
10.10+
10.11+
10.12+
10.13+
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19+



110

Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibits
10.20+
10.21+
10.22+
10.23+
10.24+
10.25+
10.26
10.27+
10.28
10.29+
10.30
10.31
10.32+
10.33†
10.34+
10.35+
10.36+
10.37
111

Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibits
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.42+
10.43+
10.44
10.45
10.46+
10.47+
10.48
10.49
10.50
10.51
10.52+

112

Exhibit
Number		Description of Exhibits
10.53
10.54+
10.55+
10.56+
10.57+
10.58+
10.59+
10.60+
10.61+
10.62+
10.63+
10.64+
10.65+
10.66+
10.67+
10.68+
10.69+
10.70+
10.71+
10.72+
10.73
113

Exhibit
Number		Description of Exhibits
10.74+
10.75
10.76
10.77
10.78
10.79
10.80+
10.81+
10.82+
10.83+
10.84+
10.85+
10.86+
10.87+
10.88+
10.89+
10.90+
10.91+
10.92+
10.93
10.94
114

Exhibit
Number		Description of Exhibits
10.95
10.96+
10.97+
10.98
10.99
10.100
10.101
10.102
10.103*
10.104*
21.1*
23.1*
24.1*
31.1*
31.2*
32.1*
32.2*
101.INS*Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104*Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
115

_____________________
+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
†Confidential treatment has been granted to portions of this exhibit by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
*Filed herewith.
**Certain confidential portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The omitted information is (i) not material and (ii) would likely cause us competitive harm if publicly disclosed. We agree to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of the exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission on its request.

ITEM 16.        FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
116

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
  SABRE CORPORATION
   
Date:February 25, 2021By:/s/ Douglas E. Barnett
  Douglas E. Barnett
  Executive Vice President and
  Chief Financial Officer
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Sean Menke, Douglas E. Barnett, and Aimee Williams-Ramey, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to execute any or all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
117

/s/ Sean Menke President and Chief Executive Officer and DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Sean Menke (Principal Executive Officer) 
    
/s/ Douglas E. Barnett Executive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerFebruary 25, 2021
Douglas E. Barnett (Principal Financial Officer) 
    
/s/ Jami B. Kindle Senior Vice President - Finance and ControllingFebruary 25, 2021
Jami B. Kindle (Principal Accounting Officer) 
/s/ Karl Peterson Chairman of the Board and DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Karl Peterson   
    
/s/ George Bravante, Jr. DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
George Bravante, Jr.   
/s/ Hervé CouturierDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Hervé Couturier
/s/ Renée James DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Renée James  
    
/s/ Gary Kusin DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Gary Kusin   
    
/s/ Gail MandelDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Gail Mandel
/s/ Judy Odom DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Judy Odom   
    
/s/ Joseph Osnoss DirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Joseph Osnoss   
    
/s/ Zane RoweDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Zane Rowe
/s/ Gregg SaretskyDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
Gregg Saretsky
/s/ John ScottDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
John Scott
/s/ John SicilianoDirectorFebruary 25, 2021
John Siciliano

118

SABRE CORPORATION
SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2019 AND 2018
(In millions)
 
Balance at
Beginning
Charged to
Expense or
Other Accounts
Write-offs and
Other Adjustments
Balance at
End of Period
Allowance for Credit Losses   
Year Ended December 31, 2020$57.7 $65.7 $(25.8)$97.6 
Year ended December 31, 2019$45.3 $20.6 $(8.2)$57.7 
Year ended December 31, 2018$43.0 $7.7 $(5.4)$45.3 
Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets
Year Ended December 31, 2020$38.3 $201.6 $11.4 $251.3 
Year ended December 31, 2019$59.3 $— $(21.0)$38.3 
Year ended December 31, 2018$59.0 $4.7 $(4.4)$59.3 

119