ivr-20200930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_______________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_______________________________________________


(Mark One)
☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-34385

Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

_______________________________________________


Maryland		26-2749336
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800,
Atlanta,	Georgia	30309
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(404) 892-0896

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

IVR

New York Stock Exchange

7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

IVRpA

New York Stock Exchange

7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

IVRpB

New York Stock Exchange

7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock

IVRpC

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-Accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 31, 2020, there were 181,375,299 outstanding shares of common stock of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION		1

Item 1.	Financial Statements	1

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	1

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	2

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	3

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020; June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2020 and March 31, 2019; June 30, 2019 and September 30, 2019	4

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	6

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	62

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	65

PART II OTHER INFORMATION		66

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	66

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	66

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	69

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	69

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	69

Item 5.	Other Information	69

Item 6.	Exhibits	71

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	As of
$ in thousands except share amounts	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
ASSETS
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $5,509,166 and $21,132,742, respectively)	5,981,457	21,771,786
Cash and cash equivalents	258,905	172,507
Restricted cash	166,193	116,995
Due from counterparties	4,335	32,568
Investment related receivable	12,767	67,976
Derivative assets, at fair value	8,402	18,533
Other assets (including pledged security of $44,654 as of December 31, 2019)	43,936	166,180
Total assets	6,475,995	22,346,545
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	5,243,288	17,532,303
Secured loans	—	1,650,000
Derivative liabilities, at fair value	391	352
Dividends payable	11,781	74,841
Investment related payable	966	99,561
Accrued interest payable	589	43,998
Collateral held payable	950	170
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	2,198	1,560
Due to affiliate	4,692	11,861

Total liabilities	5,264,855	19,414,646
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 14)
Stockholders' Equity:
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized:
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 5,600,000 shares issued and outstanding ($140,000 aggregate liquidation preference)	135,356	135,356
7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 6,200,000 shares issued and outstanding ($155,000 aggregate liquidation preference)	149,860	149,860
7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 11,500,000 shares issued and outstanding ($287,500 aggregate liquidation preference)	278,108	278,108
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 450,000,000 shares authorized; 181,375,299 and 144,256,357 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	1,814	1,443
Additional paid in capital	3,314,008	2,892,652
Accumulated other comprehensive income	71,699	288,963
Retained earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	(2,739,705)	(814,483)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,211,140	2,931,899
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	6,475,995	22,346,545

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands, except share amounts	2020	2019	2020	2019
Interest Income
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	26,907	194,938	242,071	581,167
Commercial and other loans	529	1,353	2,237	4,419
Total interest income	27,436	196,291	244,308	585,586
Interest Expense
Repurchase agreements (1)	(1,713)	112,851	76,059	332,704
Secured loans	297	10,413	8,655	32,815
Total interest expense	(1,416)	123,264	84,714	365,519
Net interest income	28,852	73,027	159,594	220,067
Other Income (loss)
Gain (loss) on investments, net	65,106	202,413	(996,743)	772,977
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	332	403	820	1,797
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	2,886	(177,244)	(908,236)	(723,437)
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	1	(35,312)	5,447
Net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	15,849	—	14,742	—
Other investment income (loss), net	402	1,005	1,936	3,041
Total other income (loss)	85,053	26,578	(1,922,793)	59,825
Expenses
Management fee – related party	4,111	8,740	24,857	27,644
General and administrative	1,828	1,862	9,009	6,119
Total expenses	5,939	10,602	33,866	33,763
Net income (loss)	107,966	89,003	(1,797,065)	246,129


Dividends to preferred stockholders	11,107	11,107	33,320	33,320
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	96,859	77,896	(1,830,385)	212,809
Earnings (loss) per share:
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Basic	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.66
Diluted	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.65

(1)Negative interest expense on repurchase agreements for the three months ended September 30, 2020 consists of $1.5 million of current period interest expense on repurchase agreements and $3.2 million of amortization of net deferred gains on de-designated interest rate swaps. For further information on amortization of amounts classified in accumulated other comprehensive income before we discontinued hedge accounting, see Note 8 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" and Note 12 - "Stockholders' Equity".

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Net income (loss)	107,966	89,003	(1,797,065)	246,129
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net	22,812	14,482	(217,064)	114,019
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net	(54,615)	(954)	17,124	9,072
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	(3,243)	(5,981)	(17,813)	(17,748)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	397	290	489	(306)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(34,649)	7,837	(217,264)	105,037
Comprehensive income (loss)	73,317	96,840	(2,014,329)	351,166

Less: Dividends to preferred stockholders	(11,107)	(11,107)	(33,320)	(33,320)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	62,210	85,733	(2,047,649)	317,846

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

For the three months ended March 31, 2020; June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2020

(Unaudited)


									Additional Paid in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Retained Earnings (Distributions in excess of earnings)	Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Series A Preferred Stock		Series B Preferred Stock		Series C Preferred Stock
$ in thousands except share amounts							Common Stock
	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	144,256,357	1,443	2,892,652	288,963	(814,483)	2,931,899
Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting principle	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	342	342
Net loss	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,616,192)	(1,616,192)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(159,235)	—	(159,235)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs	—	—	—	—	—	—	20,700,000	207	346,819	—	—	347,026


Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	10,000	—	—	—	—	—
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(82,483)	(82,483)
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,107)	(11,107)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	131	—	—	131
Balance at March 31, 2020	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	164,966,357	1,650	3,239,602	129,728	(2,523,923)	1,410,381
Net loss	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(288,839)	(288,839)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(23,380)	—	(23,380)



Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	22,500	—	—	—	—	—
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	16,338,511	163	74,071	—	(3,626)	70,608
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,106)	(11,106)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	128	—	—	128
Balance at June 30, 2020	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	181,327,368	1,813	3,313,801	106,348	(2,827,494)	1,157,792
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	107,966	107,966
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(34,649)	—	(34,649)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs	—	—	—	—	—	—	25,431	—	78	—	—	78


Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	22,500	1	—	—	—	1
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(9,070)	(9,070)
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,107)	(11,107)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	129	—	—	129
Balance at September 30, 2020	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	181,375,299	1,814	3,314,008	71,699	(2,739,705)	1,211,140

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Continued)

For the three months ended March 31, 2019; June 30, 2019 and September 30, 2019

(Unaudited)


									Additional Paid in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Retained Earnings (Distributions in excess of earnings)	Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Series A Preferred Stock		Series B Preferred Stock		Series C Preferred Stock
$ in thousands except share amounts							Common Stock
	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2018	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	111,584,996	1,115	2,383,532	220,813	(882,087)	2,286,697
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	138,790	138,790
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	56,369	—	56,369
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs	—	—	—	—	—	—	16,672,000	167	258,386	—	—	258,553


Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	10,501	—	—	—	—	—
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(57,720)	(57,720)
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,107)	(11,107)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	132	—	—	132
Balance at March 31, 2019	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	128,267,497	1,282	2,642,050	277,182	(812,124)	2,671,714
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18,336	18,336
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	40,831	—	40,831
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs	—	—	—	—	—	—	521,136	5	8,149	—	—	8,154


Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	6,895	—	—	—	—	—
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(57,958)	(57,958)
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,106)	(11,106)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	130	—	—	130
Balance at June 30, 2019	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	128,795,528	1,287	2,650,329	318,013	(862,852)	2,670,101
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	89,003	89,003
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7,837	—	7,837
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs	—	—	—	—	—	—	14,000,000	140	219,191	—	—	219,331


Stock awards	—	—	—	—	—	—	6,765	—	—	—	—	—
Common stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(64,263)	(64,263)
Preferred stock dividends	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(11,107)	(11,107)
Amortization of equity-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	130	—	—	130
Balance at September 30, 2019	5,600,000	135,356	6,200,000	149,860	11,500,000	278,108	142,802,293	1,427	2,869,650	325,850	(849,219)	2,911,032

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	(1,797,065)	246,129
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities premiums and (discounts), net	9,821	28,471
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net	919,605	747,186
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on credit derivatives, net	41,635	10,399
(Gain) loss on investments, net	996,743	(772,977)
(Gain) loss from investments in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received	245	(1,797)
Other amortization	(17,424)	(17,356)
Net (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt	(14,742)	—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase (decrease) in operating assets	53,921	(13,578)
Decrease in operating liabilities	(49,027)	(8,591)
Net cash provided by operating activities	143,712	217,886
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	(10,515,245)	(7,980,486)
(Contributions to) distributions from investments in unconsolidated ventures, net	2,267	2,198
Change in other assets	40,846	9,866
Principal payments from mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	730,330	1,392,097
Proceeds from sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	24,265,520	2,387,143
Payment on the sale of credit derivatives	(31,353)	—
Settlement (termination) of futures, currency forwards and interest rate swaps, net	(909,435)	(713,233)
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis stock	74,250	—
Net change in due from counterparties and collateral held payable on derivative instruments	(1,110)	(8,909)
Principal payments from commercial loans held-for-investment	136	7,394

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	13,656,206	(4,903,930)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	347,182	486,506




Principal repayments of secured loans	(1,650,000)	—
Proceeds from repurchase agreements	55,623,982	94,974,385
Principal repayments of repurchase agreements	(67,898,255)	(90,504,837)
Net change in due from counterparties and collateral held payable on repurchase agreements	30,123	(3,612)
Payments of deferred costs	(29)	(176)
Payments of dividends	(117,325)	(195,865)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(13,664,322)	4,756,401
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	135,596	70,357
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	289,502	135,617
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	425,098	205,974
Supplement Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	145,935	391,153
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities Information
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	(199,940)	123,091
Dividends declared not paid	11,781	66,974
Increase (decrease) in Agency CMBS purchase commitments	(99,557)	1,124,815
Net change in investment related receivable (payable) excluding Agency CMBS purchase commitments	328	(19,598)
Dividend paid in common stock	74,234	—
Offering costs not paid	(78)	(468)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization and Business Operations

Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (the "Company" or "we") is a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and other mortgage-related assets. We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our "Manager"), a registered investment adviser and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. ("Invesco"), a leading independent global investment management firm. We conduct our business through IAS Operating Partnership LP (the "Operating Partnership") and have one operating segment.

We have historically invested in:

•Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"), or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") (collectively "Agency RMBS");

•Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (collectively "Agency CMBS");

•RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation ("non-Agency RMBS");

•CMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation ("non-Agency CMBS");

•Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises ("GSE CRT");

•Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and

•Other real estate-related financing agreements.

We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits our exclusion from the "Investment Company" definition under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Certain disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not required to be included on an interim basis in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We have condensed or omitted these disclosures. Therefore, this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and consolidate the financial statements of the Company and our controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions, balances, revenues and expenses are eliminated upon consolidation. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary for a fair statement of our financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Examples of estimates include, but are not limited to, estimates of the fair values of financial instruments, interest income recognition on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and allowances for credit losses. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Table of Contents

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no changes to our accounting policies included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 other than as discussed below.

Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities

Allowances for Credit Losses on Available-For-Sale Securities

We are not required to measure expected credit losses for situations in which historic credit loss information, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts, results in an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero. We consider our Agency portfolio to have zero loss expectation because (i) there have been no historical credit losses, (ii) full and timely payment of principal and interest is guaranteed by the GSEs and (iii) the yields, while not risk free, generally trade based on prepayment and liquidity risk as opposed to credit risk. Our available-for-sale GSE CRTs are hybrid financial instruments consisting of a debt host contract and an embedded credit derivative. The embedded credit derivative is carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings.

For non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency CMBS, we use a discounted cash flow method to estimate and recognize an allowance for credit losses. We calculate the allowance for credit losses as the difference between prepayment adjusted contractual cash flows without credit losses and expected cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate used to recognize interest income on the investment. In developing an expectation of credit losses, we use internal models that analyze the loans underlying each investment and evaluate factors including, but not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration. We place reliance on these internal models in determining credit quality.

We record an allowance for credit losses as a contra-asset on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and a provision for credit losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Credit losses are accreted into earnings over time at the effective interest rate used to recognize interest income. Subsequent favorable or adverse changes in the amount of expected credit losses are recognized immediately in earnings. If the allowance for credit losses has been reduced to zero, we reflect the remaining favorable changes as a prospective adjustment to the effective interest rate of the investment. The allowance for credit losses is limited to the amount by which the investment’s amortized cost exceeds fair value. When the allowance for credit losses is limited, the effective interest rate used to recognize interest income and accrete credit losses is prospectively adjusted. We do not record an allowance for credit losses when an investment’s fair value exceeds its amortized cost. Recoveries of amounts previously written off relating to improvements in cash flows are recognized in earnings when received. We record provisions for credit losses, reductions in provisions for credit losses, accretion of credit losses, and recoveries of amounts previously written off within gain (loss) on investments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

When we determine that we intend to sell, or more likely than not will be required to sell, an available-for-sale security in an unrealized loss position before we recover its amortized cost, we write off any allowance for credit losses and write down the investment’s amortized cost to its fair value. We record the write off of the allowance for credit losses and write down of the available-for-sale security within gain (loss) on investments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

We present accrued interest receivable separately from our investment portfolio on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We do not estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable because we write off accrued interest receivable as a reduction to interest income if it is not received when due.

Interest Income Recognition

Mortgage-Backed Securities

Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal or notional balance of the securities and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method.

Interest income on our MBS where we may not recover substantially all of our initial investment is based on estimated future cash flows. We estimate future expected cash flows at the time of purchase and determine the effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and our purchase price. Over the life of the investments, we update these estimated future cash flows and compute a revised yield based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In situations where an allowance for credit losses is limited by the fair value of the investment, we compute the yield as the rate that equates expected future cash flows to the current fair value of the investment. In estimating these future cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including but not limited to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate, and interest rate fluctuations. These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact our estimate and our interest income. Changes in our original or most recent cash flow projections may result in a prospective change in interest income recognized on these securities, or the amortized cost of these securities. For non-Agency RMBS not of high credit quality, when actual cash flows vary from expected cash flows, the difference is recorded as an adjustment to the amortized cost

Table of Contents

of the security, unless those changes relate to credit losses that will be reflected in an allowance for credit losses, and the security's yield is revised prospectively.

For Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS that cannot be prepaid in such a way that we would not recover substantially all of our initial investment, interest income recognition is based on contractual cash flows. We do not estimate prepayments in applying the effective interest method.

Fair Value Measurements

As of January 1, 2020, we report our commercial loan at fair value as determined by an independent pricing service. The pricing service values the loan using a discounted cash flow analysis. The yield used in the discounted cash flow analysis is determined by comparing the features of the loan to the interest rates and terms required by lenders in the new loan origination market for similar loans and the yield required by investors acquiring mezzanine loans in the secondary market and a comparison of current market and collateral conditions to those present at origination. We discontinued reporting our commercial loan at amortized cost because we elected the fair value option for this loan in connection with our adoption of the new guidance for reporting credit losses discussed below.

Effective January 1, 2020, we began valuing our interest rate swaps under the market approach through the use of quoted prices available in an active market. We discontinued using the income approach to value our interest rate swaps because the information we previously used was no longer available.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

On January 1, 2020, we adopted the accounting guidance that changes how entities report credit losses for assets measured at amortized cost and available-for-sale securities. The new guidance significantly changes how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets, including loans, that are not measured at fair value through net income. The guidance replaces the existing “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires entities to record credit allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they previously did under the other-than-temporary impairment model. The new guidance also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans and requires that entities record an adjustment to retained earnings on January 1, 2020 for the cumulative effect of adopting the new guidance. We were not required to record a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings because all of our purchased credit-impaired securities were in an unrealized gain position as of the implementation date.

The new guidance specifically excludes available-for-sale securities measured at fair value through net income. We elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Accordingly, the impact of the new guidance on accounting for our debt securities is limited to those securities purchased prior to election of the fair value option and held on January 1, 2020. For further information on the composition of our investment portfolio, see Note 4 - "Mortgage Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities". During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded $9.0 million and $94.1 million, respectively, of impairment on non-Agency securities that we intended to sell or more likely than not would be required to sell before we recovered the amortized cost basis of the security. We recorded the impairment within gain (loss) on investments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2020, we have not recorded a credit loss allowance on any of our securities.

We had one commercial loan as of December 31, 2019 that was measured at amortized cost. We implemented the new guidance for this loan by electing the fair value option and recording a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings by $342,000 on January 1, 2020. We recognized $15,000 and $2.5 million of unrealized losses on our commercial loan in our condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued

In March 2020, new accounting guidance was issued for evaluating the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The new guidance provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to U.S. GAAP for contract modifications, hedge accounting and other relationships that reference London Interbank Overnight Financing Rate "LIBOR" or another reference rate that is expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The guidance may be adopted on or after March 12, 2020 and is only effective for the period from March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We have not yet adopted this guidance and are currently evaluating what impact the guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Note 3 – Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs")

Our maximum risk of loss in VIEs in which we are not the primary beneficiary at September 30, 2020 is presented in the table below.


$ in thousands	Carrying Amount	Company's Maximum Risk of Loss
Non-Agency CMBS	427,369	427,369
Non-Agency RMBS	13,068	13,068
Investments in unconsolidated ventures	19,975	19,975
Total	460,412	460,412

Refer to Note 4 - "Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities" and Note 5 - "Other Assets" for additional details regarding these investments.

Note 4 – Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities

During the first half of 2020, we experienced unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and sold a substantial portion of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio to generate liquidity and reduce leverage. We resumed investing in Agency RMBS in July 2020.

The following tables summarize our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio by asset type as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.


September 30, 2020
$ in thousands	Principal/ Notional Balance	Unamortized Premium (Discount)	Amortized Cost	Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net	Fair Value	Period- end Weighted Average Yield (1)
Agency RMBS:

30 year fixed-rate	5,260,201	278,538	5,538,739	(2,636)	5,536,103	1.91	%

Total Agency RMBS pass-through	5,260,201	278,538	5,538,739	(2,636)	5,536,103	1.91	%
Agency-CMO (2)	20,637	(20,637)	—	—	—	—	%

Non-Agency CMBS	454,877	(28,114)	426,763	606	427,369	7.61	%
Non-Agency RMBS (3)(4)(5)	955,880	(937,114)	18,766	(5,698)	13,068	0.36	%
GSE CRT	5,332	—	5,332	(415)	4,917	3.43	%
Total	6,696,927	(707,327)	5,989,600	(8,143)	5,981,457	2.32	%

(1)Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of September 30, 2020 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions.

(2)All Agency collateralized mortgage obligations ("Agency-CMO") are interest-only securities ("Agency IO").

(3)Non-Agency RMBS is 69.6% fixed rate, 29.6% variable rate, and 0.8% floating rate based on fair value. Coupon payments on variable rate investments are based upon changes in the underlying Hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage ("ARM") loan coupons, while coupon payments on floating rate investments are based upon a spread to a reference index.

(4)Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $2.1 million is non-accretable (calculated using the principal/notional balance) based on estimated future cash flows of the securities.

(5)Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities ("non-Agency IO") which represent 98.9% of principal/notional balance, 69.3% of amortized cost and 46.4% of fair value.

Table of Contents


December 31, 2019
$ in thousands	Principal/Notional Balance	Unamortized Premium (Discount)	Amortized Cost	Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net	Fair Value	Period- end Weighted Average Yield (1)
Agency RMBS:
15 year fixed-rate	280,426	1,666	282,092	10,322	292,414	3.34	%
30 year fixed-rate	9,911,339	308,427	10,219,766	304,454	10,524,220	3.62	%
Hybrid ARM	55,024	602	55,626	1,267	56,893	3.46	%
Total Agency RMBS pass-through	10,246,789	310,695	10,557,484	316,043	10,873,527	3.61	%
Agency-CMO (2)	883,122	(467,840)	415,282	12,230	427,512	3.54	%
Agency CMBS (3)	4,561,276	75,299	4,636,575	131,355	4,767,930	3.01	%
Non-Agency CMBS (4)	4,464,525	(772,295)	3,692,230	131,244	3,823,474	5.16	%
Non-Agency RMBS (5)(6)(7)	2,340,119	(1,487,603)	852,516	103,155	955,671	6.98	%
GSE CRT (8)	858,244	19,945	878,189	45,483	923,672	2.78	%
Total	23,354,075	(2,321,799)	21,032,276	739,510	21,771,786	3.85	%

(1)Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions.

(2)Agency-CMO includes Agency IO, which represent 56.3% of principal (notional) balance, 6.4% of amortized cost and 6.4% of fair value.

(3)Includes Agency CMBS purchase commitments with a fair value of approximately $96.2 million.

(4)Non-Agency CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent 13.1% of principal/notional balance, 0.3% of amortized cost and 0.3% of fair value.

(5)Non-Agency RMBS is 37.0% variable rate, 57.7% fixed rate, and 5.3% floating rate based on fair value. Coupon payments on variable rate investments are based upon changes in the underlying Hybrid ARM loan coupons, while coupon payments on floating rate investments are based upon a spread to a reference index.

(6)Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $120.2 million is non-accretable (calculated using the principal/notional balance) based on estimated future cash flows of the securities.

(7)Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 56.2% of principal/notional balance, 1.9% of amortized cost and 1.3% of fair value.

(8)GSE CRT weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.

The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities and securities accounted for under the fair value option by asset type as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. We have elected the fair value option for all of our RMBS interest-only securities, our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, approximately 94% and 80%, respectively, of our MBS and GSE CRTs are accounted for under the fair value option. Our percentage of MBS and GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option increased as of September 30, 2020 due to a change in portfolio composition. During the first half of 2020, we sold MBS and GSE CRTs previously accounted for as available-for-sale securities to generate liquidity and reduce leverage given unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We resumed investing in Agency RMBS in July 2020 and elected the fair value option for these securities.

Table of Contents


	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
$ in thousands	Available-for-sale Securities	Securities under Fair Value Option	Total Fair Value	Available-for-sale Securities	Securities under Fair Value Option	Total Fair Value
Agency RMBS:
15 year fixed-rate	—	—	—	98,666	193,748	292,414
30 year fixed-rate	—	5,536,103	5,536,103	754,590	9,769,630	10,524,220
Hybrid ARM	—	—	—	31,522	25,371	56,893
Total RMBS Agency pass-through	—	5,536,103	5,536,103	884,778	9,988,749	10,873,527
Agency-CMO	—	—	—	146,733	280,779	427,512
Agency CMBS	—	—	—	—	4,767,930	4,767,930
Non-Agency CMBS	344,911	82,458	427,369	2,150,991	1,672,483	3,823,474
Non-Agency RMBS	7,573	5,495	13,068	715,479	240,192	955,671
GSE CRT	—	4,917	4,917	507,445	416,227	923,672
Total	352,484	5,628,973	5,981,457	4,405,426	17,366,360	21,771,786

The components of the carrying value of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented below.


	September 30, 2020
$ in thousands	MBS and GSE CRT Securities	Interest-Only Securities	Total
Principal/notional balance	5,730,464	966,463	6,696,927
Unamortized premium	278,546	—	278,546
Unamortized discount	(32,415)	(953,458)	(985,873)
Gross unrealized gains (1)	22,298	190	22,488
Gross unrealized losses (1)	(23,503)	(7,128)	(30,631)
Fair value	5,975,390	6,067	5,981,457


	December 31, 2019
$ in thousands	MBS and GSE CRT Securities	Interest-Only Securities	Total
Principal/notional balance	20,957,410	2,396,665	23,354,075
Unamortized premium	440,503	—	440,503
Unamortized discount	(419,983)	(2,342,319)	(2,762,302)
Gross unrealized gains (1)	807,324	4,782	812,106
Gross unrealized losses (1)	(66,064)	(6,532)	(72,596)
Fair value	21,719,190	52,596	21,771,786

(1)Gross unrealized gains and losses includes gains (losses) recognized in net income for securities accounted for as derivatives or under the fair value option as well as gains (losses) for available-for-sale securities which are recognized as adjustments to other comprehensive income. Realization occurs upon sale or settlement of such securities. Further detail on the components of our total gains (losses) on investments, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 is provided below within this Note 4.

The following table summarizes our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.


$ in thousands	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
Less than one year	112,486	268,536
Greater than one year and less than five years	1,299,035	7,836,620
Greater than or equal to five years	4,569,936	13,666,630
Total	5,981,457	21,771,786

Table of Contents

The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of our MBS and GSE CRTs by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

September 30, 2020


	Less than 12 Months			12 Months or More			Total
$ in thousands	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities
Agency RMBS:

30 year fixed-rate	2,721,331	(11,360)	37	—	—	—	2,721,331	(11,360)	37

Total Agency RMBS pass-through	2,721,331	(11,360)	37	—	—	—	2,721,331	(11,360)	37


Non-Agency CMBS	82,458	(11,728)	12	—	—	—	82,458	(11,728)	12
GSE CRT	4,917	(415)	1	—	—	—	4,917	(415)	1
Non-Agency RMBS	5,299	(7,072)	10	66	(56)	4	5,365	(7,128)	14
Total (1)	2,814,005	(30,575)	60	66	(56)	4	2,814,071	(30,631)	64

(1)Fair value option has been elected for all securities in an unrealized loss position.

December 31, 2019


	Less than 12 Months			12 Months or More			Total
$ in thousands	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities	Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	Number of Securities
Agency RMBS:
15 year fixed-rate	957	(1)	2	362	(3)	4	1,319	(4)	6
30 year fixed-rate	255,649	(207)	3	34,009	(256)	5	289,658	(463)	8
Hybrid ARM	434	(2)	1	1,524	(46)	3	1,958	(48)	4
Total Agency RMBS pass-through (1)	257,040	(210)	6	35,895	(305)	12	292,935	(515)	18
Agency-CMO (2)	67,875	(1,194)	15	6,155	(1,513)	13	74,030	(2,707)	28
Agency CMBS (3)	1,743,800	(50,521)	58	—	—	—	1,743,800	(50,521)	58
Non-Agency CMBS (4)	203,129	(2,783)	19	101,021	(11,425)	7	304,150	(14,208)	26
Non-Agency RMBS (5)	26,283	(3,935)	14	12,199	(636)	2	38,482	(4,571)	16
GSE CRT (6)	77,044	(74)	4	—	—	—	77,044	(74)	4
Total	2,375,171	(58,717)	116	155,270	(13,879)	34	2,530,441	(72,596)	150

(1)Includes Agency RMBS with a fair value of $271.3 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $268,000.

(2)Includes Agency IO with fair value of $11.1 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These Agency IO have unrealized losses of $2.3 million.

(3)Fair value option has been elected for all Agency CMBS that are in an unrealized loss position.

(4)Includes non-Agency CMBS with a fair value of $181.5 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $2.8 million.

(5)Includes non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency IO with a fair value of $17.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $261,000 and $3.7 million, respectively.

(6)Fair value option has been elected for all GSE CRT that are in an unrealized loss position.

On January 1, 2020, we adopted accounting guidance that requires us to estimate an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities in unrealized loss positions. As of September 30, 2020, we have not recorded an allowance for credit losses on any of our securities. We did not record any provisions for credit losses on our condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. We recorded impairments of $9.0 million and $94.1 million on our condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, because we intended to sell or more likely than not would be required to sell the securities before recovery of amortized cost basis.

Table of Contents

Prior to January 1, 2020, we assessed our investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") on a quarterly basis. When the fair value of an investment was less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment was assessed, the impairment was designated as either "temporary" or "other-than-temporary." This analysis included a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan characteristics reviewed included, but were not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration.

The following table summarizes OTTI included in earnings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands		2019		2019
RMBS interest-only securities		1,826		3,778
Non-Agency RMBS (1)		—		1,024

Total		1,826		4,802

(1)Amounts disclosed relate to credit losses on debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income.

OTTI on RMBS interest-only securities was recorded as a reclassification from an unrealized to realized loss within gain (loss) on investments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations because we account for these securities under the fair value option.

The following table summarizes the components of our total gain (loss) on investments, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Gross realized gains on sale of investments	68,994	4,022	650,859	9,181
Gross realized losses on sale of investments	(18,884)	(1,485)	(1,009,773)	(15,730)
Impairment of investments the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of amortized cost basis	(8,983)	—	(94,104)	—
Other-than-temporary impairment losses	—	(1,826)	—	(4,802)
Net unrealized gains and losses on MBS and GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option	23,994	201,702	(537,433)	784,328

Net unrealized gains and losses on commercial loan and loan participation interest	(15)	—	(2,484)	—
Realized loss on loan participation interest	—	—	(3,808)	—
Total gain (loss) on investments, net	65,106	202,413	(996,743)	772,977

Table of Contents

The following tables present components of interest income recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. GSE CRT interest income excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives of $478,000 and $6.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (2019: $5.2 million and $15.8 million), respectively, that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020


$ in thousands	Coupon Interest	Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion	Interest Income
Agency RMBS	16,098	(2,520)	13,578

Non-Agency CMBS	10,259	3,109	13,368
Non-Agency RMBS	879	(874)	5
GSE CRT	223	(274)	(51)
Other	7	—	7
Total	27,466	(559)	26,907

For the three months ended September 30, 2019


$ in thousands	Coupon Interest	Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion	Interest Income
Agency RMBS	122,725	(21,526)	101,199
Agency CMBS	25,434	(1,395)	24,039
Non-Agency CMBS	41,972	3,957	45,929
Non-Agency RMBS	12,746	2,725	15,471
GSE CRT	9,913	(2,369)	7,544
Other	756	—	756
Total	213,546	(18,608)	194,938

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020


$ in thousands	Coupon Interest	Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion	Interest Income
Agency RMBS	123,537	(24,327)	99,210
Agency CMBS	35,822	(1,744)	34,078
Non-Agency CMBS	72,921	12,640	85,561
Non-Agency RMBS	13,163	1,646	14,809
GSE CRT	10,230	(2,560)	7,670
Other	743	—	743
Total	256,416	(14,345)	242,071

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019


$ in thousands	Coupon Interest	Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion	Interest Income
Agency RMBS	374,208	(50,873)	323,335
Agency CMBS	53,767	(2,835)	50,932
Non-Agency CMBS	121,417	10,338	131,755
Non-Agency RMBS	40,890	9,447	50,337
GSE CRT	27,935	(5,399)	22,536
Other	2,272	—	2,272
Total	620,489	(39,322)	581,167

Table of Contents

Note 5 – Other Assets

The following table summarizes our other assets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:


$ in thousands	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
FHLBI stock	—	74,250
Loan participation interest	—	44,654
Commercial loan, held-for-investment	21,777	24,055
Investments in unconsolidated ventures	19,975	21,998
Prepaid expenses and other assets	2,184	1,223
Total	43,936	166,180

IAS Services LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, was required to purchase and hold Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") stock as a condition of membership in the FHLBI. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, FHLBI fully redeemed our stock at cost in connection with the repayment of our secured loans. We terminated our membership in FHLBI in the third quarter of 2020.

We sold our participation interest in a secured loan collateralized by mortgage servicing rights for $21.6 million in April 2020. The weighted average asset yield for the participation interest was 5.82% as of December 31, 2019. We recorded a realized loss of $3.8 million upon sale of the participation interest.

We have an investment in a commercial loan that matures in February 2021. The loan had a weighted average coupon rate of 8.66% as of September 30, 2020 and 10.19% as of December 31, 2019. As discussed in Note 2- "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", we elected the fair value option for this loan on January 1, 2020 and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings by $342,000 on January 1, 2020. We recorded unrealized losses on this loan of $15,000 and $2.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, based on a discounted cash flow valuation prepared by an independent pricing service. We previously reported this loan at amortized cost on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

We have invested in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures invest in our target assets. Refer to Note 14 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional details regarding our commitments to these unconsolidated ventures.

Table of Contents

Note 6 – Borrowings

We have historically financed the majority of our investment portfolio through repurchase agreements and secured loans. We fully repaid our secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our borrowings at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 7 - "Collateral Positions" for collateral pledged and held under our repurchase agreements and secured loans.

$ in thousands

September 30, 2020

Weighted

Average

Remaining

Amount

Interest

Maturity

Outstanding

Rate

(days)

Repurchase Agreements - Agency RMBS

5,243,288

0.23

Total Borrowings

5,243,288

0.23


$ in thousands	December 31, 2019
				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Amount	Interest		Maturity
	Outstanding	Rate		(days)
Repurchase Agreements:
Agency RMBS	9,666,964	1.95	%	46
Agency CMBS	4,246,359	1.95	%	43
Non-Agency CMBS	2,041,968	2.71	%	14
Non-Agency RMBS	790,412	2.65	%	16
GSE CRT	753,110	2.70	%	13
Loan participation interest	33,490	3.22	%	240
Total Repurchase Agreements	17,532,303	2.11	%	39
Secured Loans	1,650,000	1.93	%	1587

Total Borrowings	19,182,303	2.09	%	172

Secured Loans

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, IAS Services LLC fully repaid its outstanding secured loans from the FHLBI. In April 2020, the FHLBI modified the terms of our secured loans because we were not in compliance with all of the financial covenants of our secured loan agreements as of March 31, 2020. The modified loan terms required repayment of our secured loans by December 2020 but allowed for prepayment at any time without penalty. These secured loans had variable rates that were based on the FHLBI's short-term cost of funds. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, IAS Services LLC had weighted average borrowings of $784.3 million with a weighted average borrowing rate of 1.47%.

Repurchase Agreements

In the first half of 2020, we experienced unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We received an unusually high number of margin calls from our repurchase agreement counterparties during March 2020 following significant spread widening in both Agency and non-Agency securities. As a result, we were unable to meet margin calls and were not in compliance with all of the financial covenants of our repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2020. While certain of our repurchase agreement counterparties permitted our repurchase agreements to remain outstanding while we were not in compliance, other counterparties seized and sold securities that we had posted as collateral for our repurchase agreements. We repaid all of our repurchase agreements that may have been in default as of May 7, 2020. Gains and losses associated with the termination of these repurchase agreements are reported as a net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we entered into a mutual release of claims with a counterparty resulting in a one-time gain on settlement of a debt obligation of $16.0 million that is reported within net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt on our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Table of Contents

We resumed financing the purchase of Agency RMBS with repurchase agreements in July 2020. These repurchase agreements generally bear interest at a contractually agreed upon rate and have maturities of approximately one month. The repurchase agreements are subject to certain financial covenants. We were in compliance with all of these covenants as of September 30, 2020.

Note 7 - Collateral Positions

The following table summarizes the fair value of collateral that we pledged and held under our repurchase agreements, secured loans, interest rate swaps, currency forward contracts and to-be-announced securities forward contracts ("TBAs") as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 2 - "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurements" of our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a description of how we determine fair value. RMBS, CMBS and GSE CRT collateral pledged is included in mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Loan participation interest collateral pledged was included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged on secured loans, centrally cleared interest rate swaps and currency forward contracts is classified as restricted cash on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged on repurchase agreements and TBAs accounted for as derivatives is classified as due from counterparties on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Agency CMBS purchase commitments that are recorded as mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets cannot be pledged as collateral until these securities settle. We held approximately $96.2 million of these securities as of December 31, 2019. We did not have any Agency CMBS purchase commitments as of September 30, 2020.

Cash collateral held on repurchase agreements that is not restricted for use is included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and the liability to return the collateral is included in collateral held payable. Non-cash collateral held is only recognized if the counterparty defaults or if we sell the pledged collateral. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we did not recognize any non-cash collateral held on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Table of Contents


$ in thousands	As of
Collateral Pledged	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
Repurchase Agreements:
Agency RMBS	5,509,166	10,187,555
Agency CMBS	—	4,446,384
Non-Agency CMBS	—	2,549,841
Non-Agency RMBS	—	943,176
GSE CRT	—	918,117
Loan participation interest	—	44,654
Cash	3,105	32,568
Total repurchase agreements collateral pledged	5,512,271	19,122,295
Secured Loans:
Agency RMBS	—	621,471
Non-Agency CMBS	—	1,276,418
Restricted cash	—	600
Total secured loans collateral pledged	—	1,898,489
Interest Rate Swaps, Currency Forward Contracts and TBAs:
Agency RMBS	—	189,780
Cash	1,230	—
Restricted cash	166,193	116,395
Total interest rate swaps, currency forward contracts, and TBAs collateral pledged	167,423	306,175

Total collateral pledged:
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	5,509,166	21,132,742
Loan participation interest	—	44,654
Cash	4,335	32,568
Restricted cash	166,193	116,995
Total collateral pledged	5,679,694	21,326,959

	As of
Collateral Held	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
Repurchase Agreements:
Cash	670	10
Non-cash collateral	3,249	181
Total repurchase agreements collateral held	3,919	191
Interest Rate Swaps and Currency Forward Contracts:
Cash	280	160

Total interest rate swap and currency forward contracts collateral held	280	160

Total collateral held:
Cash	950	170
Non-cash collateral	3,249	181
Total collateral held	4,199	351

Table of Contents

Repurchase Agreements

Collateral pledged with our repurchase agreement counterparties is segregated in our books and records. The repurchase agreement counterparties have the right to resell and repledge the collateral posted but have the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral if agreed to by us, upon maturity of the repurchase agreement. Under the repurchase agreements, the respective lender retains the contractual right to mark the underlying collateral to fair value. We would be required to provide additional collateral or fund margin calls if the value of pledged assets declined. We intend to maintain a level of liquidity that will enable us to meet margin calls.

Our repurchase agreement collateral pledged ratio (MBS, GSE CRTs and a loan participation interest pledged as collateral/amount outstanding) was 105% as of September 30, 2020 and 109% as of December 31, 2019.

Secured Loans

Collateral pledged with the FHLBI was held in trust for the benefit of the FHLBI and was not commingled with our other assets. The FHLBI retained the right to mark the underlying collateral for FHLBI advances to fair value as determined by the FHLBI in its sole discretion. We repaid the outstanding balance of our secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and did not have any secured loans outstanding as of September 30, 2020.

Interest Rate Swaps

All of the interest rate swaps that we have entered into during 2020 were centrally cleared by a registered clearing organization such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and LCH Limited (“LCH”) through a Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”). We are required to pledge initial margin and daily variation margin for our centrally cleared interest rate swaps that is based on the fair value of our contracts as determined by our FCM. Collateral pledged with our FCM is segregated in our books and records and can be in the form of cash or securities. Daily variation margin for centrally cleared interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Our FCM agreements include cross default provisions.

TBAs and Currency Forward Contracts

Our TBAs and currency forward contracts provide for bilateral collateral pledging based on market value as determined by our counterparties. Collateral pledged with our TBA and currency forward counterparties is segregated in our books and records and can be in the form of cash or securities. Our counterparties have the right to repledge the collateral posted and the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral, if agreed to by us, as the market value of the contracts changes.

Note 8 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The following table summarizes changes in the notional amount of our derivative instruments during 2020:


$ in thousands	Notional Amount as of December 31, 2019	Additions	Settlement, Termination, Expiration or Exercise	Notional Amount as of September 30, 2020
Interest Rate Swaps	14,000,000	98,225,000	(107,675,000)	4,550,000

Currency Forward Contracts	23,111	70,297	(68,785)	24,623
Credit Derivatives	464,966	—	(464,966)	—
TBA Purchase Contracts	—	1,800,000	(900,000)	900,000
TBA Sale Contracts	—	(900,000)	900,000	—
Total	14,488,077	99,195,297	(108,208,751)	5,474,623

Refer to Note 7 - "Collateral Positions" for further information regarding our collateral pledged to and received from our derivative counterparties.

Interest Rate Swaps

Our repurchase agreements are usually settled on a short-term basis ranging from one to six months. At each settlement date, we typically refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposures to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use interest rate swaps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Under the terms of our interest rate swap contracts, we make fixed-rate payments to a counterparty in exchange for the receipt of variable-rate amounts over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

Table of Contents

Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining life of the interest rate swap agreements. We reclassified $3.2 million and $17.8 million as a decrease (September 30, 2019: $6.0 million and $17.7 million as a decrease) to interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $22.4 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense, repurchase agreements. As of September 30, 2020, $58.1 million (December 31, 2019: $75.9 million) of unrealized gains on discontinued cash flow hedges, net are still included in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense, repurchase agreements over a period of time through December 15, 2023.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had interest rate swaps with the following maturities outstanding:


$ in thousands	As of September 30, 2020
Maturities	Notional Amount(1)	Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate		Weighted Average Receive Rate		Weighted Average Years to Maturity



2024	1,000,000	0.16	%	0.15	%	3.8
2025	1,250,000	0.23	%	0.15	%	4.9
Thereafter	2,300,000	0.47	%	0.16	%	8.1
Total	4,550,000	0.34	%	0.15	%	6.3

(1)All swaps received variable payments based on 1-month LIBOR as of September 30, 2020.


$ in thousands	As of December 31, 2019
Maturities	Notional Amount(1)	Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate		Weighted Average Receive Rate		Weighted Average Years to Maturity
2020	1,900,000	1.67	%	1.84	%	0.6
2021	2,500,000	1.40	%	1.77	%	1.3
2022	800,000	1.53	%	1.91	%	2.9
2023	2,400,000	1.44	%	1.72	%	3.9
2024	900,000	1.49	%	1.76	%	4.8
Thereafter	5,500,000	1.44	%	1.78	%	9.5
Total	14,000,000	1.47	%	1.79	%	5.2

(1)Notional amount includes $10.7 billion of interest rate swaps that received variable payments based on 1-month LIBOR and $3.3 billion of interest rate swaps that received variable payments based on 3-month LIBOR as of December 31, 2019.

Futures and Currency Forward Contracts

We purchase or sell U.S. Treasury futures contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of our investment portfolio. We recognize realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchases or sales U.S. Treasury futures contracts in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We did not have any futures contract outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

We use currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our investments denominated in foreign currencies. We recognize realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchases or sales of currency forward contracts in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2020, we had $24.6 million (December 31, 2019: $23.1 million) of notional amount of currency forward contracts related to an investment in an unconsolidated venture denominated in euro.

Table of Contents

Credit Derivatives

Our GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 were accounted for as hybrid financial instruments consisting of a debt host contract and an embedded credit derivative. Embedded derivatives associated with GSE CRTs were recorded within mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We did not hold any GSE CRTs that were accounted for as hybrid financial instruments as of September 30, 2020. At December 31, 2019, terms of the GSE CRT embedded derivatives were:


$ in thousands									December 31, 2019
Fair value amount									10,281
Notional amount									464,966
Maximum potential amount of future undiscounted payments									464,966

TBAs

We primarily use TBAs that we do not intend to physically settle on the contractual settlement date as an alternative means of investing in and financing Agency MBS. The following table summarizes certain characteristics of our TBAs accounted for as derivatives as of September 30, 2020. We did not hold any such instruments as of December 31, 2019.


$ in thousands	September 30, 2020
	Notional Amount	Implied Cost Basis	Implied Market Value	Net Carrying Value
TBA purchase contracts	900,000	932,313	934,891	2,578

Net TBA derivatives	900,000	932,313	934,891	2,578

Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet

The table below presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

$ in thousands


Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities
	As of September 30, 2020	As of December 31, 2019		As of September 30, 2020	As of December 31, 2019
Balance Sheet	Fair Value	Fair Value	Balance Sheet	Fair Value	Fair Value
Interest Rate Swaps Asset	5,265	18,533	Interest Rate Swaps Liability	—	—
Currency Forward Contracts	168	—	Currency Forward Contracts	—	352
TBAs	2,969	—	TBAs	391	—
Total Derivative Assets	8,402	18,533	Total Derivative Liabilities	391	352

Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement

The tables below present the effect of our credit derivatives on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.

$ in thousands

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020

Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument

Realized gain (loss), net

GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest

Unrealized gain (loss), net

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net

GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives

(17,223)

478

17,223

478

$ in thousands

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument

Realized gain (loss), net

GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest

Unrealized gain (loss), net

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net

GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives

—

5,196

(5,195)

Table of Contents

$ in thousands

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020

Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument

Realized gain (loss), net

GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest

Unrealized gain (loss), net

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net

GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives

(31,354)

6,323

(10,281)

(35,312)

$ in thousands

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument

Realized gain (loss), net

GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest

Unrealized gain (loss), net

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net

GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives

—

15,846

(10,399)

5,447

The following tables summarizes the effect of interest rate swaps, currency forward contracts, TBAs and futures reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


$ in thousands	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(4,662)	(555)	5,266	49

Currency Forward Contracts	(1,643)	—	675	(968)
TBAs	1,227	—	2,578	3,805
Total	(5,078)	(555)	8,519	2,886


$ in thousands	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(137,346)	11,715	(15,772)	(141,403)
Futures Contracts	(36,633)	—	(464)	(37,097)
Currency Forward Contracts	372	—	884	1,256

Total	(173,607)	11,715	(15,352)	(177,244)


$ in thousands	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(909,366)	11,369	(13,266)	(911,263)

Currency Forward Contracts	(1,297)	—	519	(778)
TBAs	1,227	—	2,578	3,805
Total	(909,436)	11,369	(10,169)	(908,236)


$ in thousands	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(545,069)	23,749	(42,703)	(564,023)
Futures Contracts	(169,274)	—	7,990	(161,284)
Currency Forward Contracts	1,110	—	760	1,870

Total	(713,233)	23,749	(33,953)	(723,437)

Table of Contents

Note 9 – Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

Certain of our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of offset under master netting arrangements (or similar agreements) in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. Assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements are presented on a gross basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following tables present information about the assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting agreements (or similar agreements) and can potentially be offset on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The daily variation margin payment for centrally cleared interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral. Our derivative assets of $5.3 million as of September 30, 2020 and $18.5 million as of December 31, 2019 related to centrally cleared interest rate swaps are not included in the tables below as a result of this characterization of daily variation margin.

As of September 30, 2020


				Gross Amounts Not Offset with Financial Assets (Liabilities) in the Balance Sheets
$ in thousands	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)	Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheets	Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance Sheets	Financial Instruments (2)	Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged	Net Amount
Assets
Derivatives (1)(2)	3,137	—	3,137	(391)	(168)	2,578
Total Assets	3,137	—	3,137	(391)	(168)	2,578

Liabilities
Derivatives (1)(2)	(391)	—	(391)	391	—	—
Repurchase Agreements (3)	(5,243,288)	—	(5,243,288)	5,243,288	—	—

Total Liabilities	(5,243,679)	—	(5,243,679)	5,243,679	—	—

As of December 31, 2019


				Gross Amounts Not Offset with Financial Assets (Liabilities) in the Balance Sheets
$ in thousands	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)	Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheets	Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Balance Sheets	Financial Instruments (2)	Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged	Net Amount
Liabilities
Derivatives (1)(2)	(352)	—	(352)	—	320	(32)
Repurchase Agreements (3)	(17,532,303)	—	(17,532,303)	17,532,303	—	—
Secured Loans (4)	(1,650,000)	—	(1,650,000)	1,650,000	—	—
Total Liabilities	(19,182,655)	—	(19,182,655)	19,182,303	320	(32)

(1)Amounts represent derivative assets and derivative liabilities which could potentially be offset against other derivative assets, derivative liabilities and cash collateral pledged or received.

(2)The fair value of securities pledged as initial margin against our centrally cleared swaps was $189.8 million as of December 31, 2019. Cash collateral pledged on our currency forward contracts, TBAs and centrally cleared interest rate swaps was $167.4 million and $116.4 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Cash collateral pledged on our centrally cleared interest rate swaps is settled against the fair value of these swaps and is therefore excluded from the tables above. We held cash collateral on our derivatives of $280,000 and $160,000 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

(3)The fair value of securities pledged against our borrowing under repurchase agreements was $5.5 billion and $19.1 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We pledged cash collateral of $3.1 million and $32.6 million under repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We held cash collateral of $670,000 and $10,000 under repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

(4)The fair value of securities pledged against IAS Services LLC's borrowings under secured loans was $1.9 billion at December 31, 2019. We pledged cash collateral against secured loans of $600,000 as of December 31, 2019.

Table of Contents

Note 10 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments

A three-level valuation hierarchy exists for disclosure of fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. The three levels are defined as follows:

•Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

•Level 3 Inputs – Instruments with primarily unobservable value drivers.

The following tables present our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.


	September 30, 2020
	Fair Value Measurements Using:
$ in thousands	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	NAV as a practical expedient (3)	Total at Fair Value
Assets:
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities (1)(2)	—	5,981,457	—	—	5,981,457

Derivative assets	—	8,402	—	—	8,402
Other assets (4)	—	—	21,777	19,975	41,752
Total assets	—	5,989,859	21,777	19,975	6,031,611
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	—	391	—	—	391
Total liabilities	—	391	—	—	391


	December 31, 2019
	Fair Value Measurements Using:
$ in thousands	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	NAV as a practical expedient (3)	Total at Fair Value
Assets:
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities (1)(2)	—	21,761,505	10,281	—	21,771,786
Derivative assets	—	18,533	—	—	18,533
Other assets (4)	—	—	44,654	21,998	66,652
Total assets	—	21,780,038	54,935	21,998	21,856,971
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	—	352	—	—	352
Total liabilities	—	352	—	—	352

(1)For more detail about the fair value of our MBS and GSE CRTs, refer to Note 4 - "Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities."

(2)Our GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 were accounted for as hybrid financial instruments with an embedded derivative. The hybrid financial instruments consisted of debt host contracts classified as Level 2 and embedded derivatives classified as Level 3. We did not hold any GSE CRTs accounted for as hybrid financial instruments as of September 30, 2020. As of December 31, 2019, the net embedded derivative asset position of $10.3 million includes $19.5 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $9.2 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position.

(3)Investments in unconsolidated ventures are valued using the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient and are not subject to redemption, although investors may sell or transfer their interest at the approval of the general partner of the underlying funds. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining term of our investments in unconsolidated ventures was 1.9 years and 2.2 years, respectively.

(4)Includes $44.7 million of a loan participation interest as of December 31, 2019 and $21.8 million of a commercial loan as of September 30, 2020. We elected the fair value option for our commercial loan as of January 1, 2020 and valued the loan based on a third party appraisal as of September 30, 2020. We sold our loan participation interest on April 1, 2020.

Table of Contents

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives, which we have valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Beginning balance	(17,223)	17,567	10,281	22,771


Sales and settlements	17,223	—	31,354	—
Total net credit derivative gains (losses) included in net income:
Realized credit derivative gains (losses), net	(17,223)	—	(31,354)	—
Unrealized credit derivative gains (losses), net	17,223	(5,195)	(10,281)	(10,399)
Ending balance	—	12,372	—	12,372

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our loan participation interest, which we have valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Beginning balance	—	47,885	44,654	54,981
Purchases/Advances	—	5,192	—	5,769
Repayments	—	(7,962)	(19,269)	(15,635)
Sales	—	—	(21,577)	—
Total net gains and losses included in net income:
Realized losses	—	—	(3,808)	—
Net unrealized gains and losses	—	—	—	—
Ending balance	—	45,115	—	45,115

Realized and unrealized losses on our loan participation interest are included in gain (loss) on investments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning balance of our commercial loan and ending balance at fair value, which we have valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:


	Three Months Ended September 30,	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2020
Beginning balance	21,792	24,055
Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting principle	—	342
Repayments	—	(136)
Total net unrealized losses included in net income:
Unrealized losses	(15)	(2,484)
Ending balance	21,777	21,777

Unrealized losses on our commercial loan are included in gain (loss) on investments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following tables summarize significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives:

Fair Value at

Valuation

Unobservable

Weighted

$ in thousands

December 31, 2019

Technique

Input

Range

Average

GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives

10,281

Market Comparables, Vendor Pricing

Weighted average life

1.1 - 4.2 years

2.9 years

These significant unobservable inputs change according to market conditions and security performance. We estimate the weighted average life of GSE CRTs in order to identify GSE corporate debt with a similar maturity. We obtain our weighted average life estimates from a third party provider. Although weighted average life is a significant input, changes in weighted average life may not have an explicit directional impact on the fair value measurement.

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes the significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of our commercial loan:

Fair Value at

Valuation

Unobservable

$ in thousands

September 30, 2020

Technique

Input

Rate

Commercial Loan

21,777

Discounted Cash Flow

Discount rate

32.1

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:


	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
$ in thousands	Carrying Value	Estimated Fair Value	Carrying Value	Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets
Commercial loan, held-for-investment (1)	N/A	N/A	24,055	24,397
FHLBI stock	—	—	74,250	74,250
Total	—	—	98,305	98,647
Financial Liabilities
Repurchase agreements	5,243,288	5,243,271	17,532,303	17,534,344
Secured loans	—	—	1,650,000	1,650,000
Total	5,243,288	5,243,271	19,182,303	19,184,344

(1)The carrying value and estimated fair value of our commercial loan as of September 30, 2020 are not applicable for disclosure in this table because we elected the fair value option for our commercial loan on January 1, 2020.

The following describes our methods for estimating the fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

•The estimated fair value of our commercial loan, held-for-investment, included in "Other assets" on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The fair value was determined by an independent pricing service using a discounted cash flow analysis.

•The estimated fair value of FHLBI stock, included in "Other assets" on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The cost of the FHLBI stock approximated its fair value because it could only be sold back to the FHLBI at its discretion at par. FHLBI redeemed our stock at cost in connection with the repayment of our secured loans. We terminated our membership in FHLBI in the third quarter of 2020.

•The estimated fair value of repurchase agreements is a Level 3 fair value measurement based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates we determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for repurchase agreements with similar characteristics and credit quality.

•The estimated fair value of secured loans is a Level 3 fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2020, the secured loans had floating rates based on an index plus a spread and the spread was typically consistent with those demanded in the market. Accordingly, the interest rates on these secured loans were at market, and thus the carrying amount approximated fair value. We fully repaid our secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Table of Contents

Note 11 – Related Party Transactions

Under the terms of our management agreement, our Manager and its affiliates provide us with our management team, including our officers and appropriate support personnel. Each of our officers is an employee of our Manager or one of its affiliates. We do not have any employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, nor is our Manager obligated to dedicate any specific portion of time to our business. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we reimbursed our Manager $242,000 and $726,000 (September 30, 2019: $250,000 and $646,000), respectively, for costs of support personnel.

We have invested $1.3 million as of September 30, 2020 (December 31, 2019: $154.0 million) in money market or mutual funds managed by affiliates of our Manager. The investments are reported as cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as they are highly liquid and have original or remaining maturities of three months or less when purchased.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we sold non-Agency CMBS to affiliates of our Manager for cash proceeds of $40.0 million and recognized a realized gain of $4.1 million.

Management Fee Expense

Effective October 1, 2019, our management fee is equal to 1.50% of our stockholders' equity per annum. For purposes of calculating the management fee, stockholders' equity is calculated as average month-end stockholders' equity for the prior calendar quarter as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Stockholders' equity may exclude one-time events due to changes in U.S. GAAP and certain non-cash items upon approval by a majority of our independent directors.

We do not pay any management fees on our investments in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager.

Expense Reimbursement

We are required to reimburse our Manager for operating expenses incurred on our behalf, including directors and officers insurance, accounting services, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation.

The following table summarizes the costs incurred on our behalf by our Manager for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Incurred costs, prepaid or expensed	3,381	2,186	8,545	5,399
Incurred costs, charged against equity as a cost of raising capital	—	236	227	680
Total incurred costs, originally paid by our Manager	3,381	2,422	8,772	6,079

Note 12 – Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.

Holders of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum until December 27, 2024. After December 27, 2024, holders are entitled to receive dividends at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.18% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.

Holders of our Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.50% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.875 per share per annum until September 27, 2027. After September 27, 2027, holders are entitled to receive dividends at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.289% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.

As of July 2017, we have the option to redeem shares of our Series A Preferred Stock for $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends through the date of redemption. We have the option to redeem shares of our Series B Preferred Stock after December 27, 2024 and shares of our Series C Preferred Stock after September 27, 2027 for $25.00 per

Table of Contents

share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends through the date of the redemption. Shares of Series B and Series C Preferred Stock are not redeemable, convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or any other securities of the Company prior to those times, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT or upon the occurrence of a change in control.

We may sell up to 7,000,000 shares of our preferred stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions under an equity distribution agreement with a placement agent. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). We have not sold any shares of preferred stock under this equity distribution agreement through the filing date of this Quarterly Report.

Common Stock

On June 30, 2020, we issued 16,338,511 shares of common stock in connection with the payment of a common stock dividend. See "Dividends" below for further discussion of this payment.

We may sell up to 17,000,000 shares of our common stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions under an equity distribution agreement with a placement agent. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). We issued 25,431 shares of common stock under the equity distribution agreement in the three and nine months ended September 30. 2020 for proceeds of $80,000, net of approximately $2,000 in commissions and fees. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we issued 1,093,136 shares of common stock under the equity distribution agreement for proceeds of $17.2 million, net of approximately $363,000 in commissions and fees. We did not issue any common stock under the equity distribution agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Share Repurchase Program

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. As of September 30, 2020, we had authority to purchase 18,163,982 shares of our common stock through our share repurchase program.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following tables present the components of total other comprehensive income (loss), net and accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The tables exclude gains and losses on MBS and GSE CRTs that are accounted for under the fair value option.


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
$ in thousands	Equity method investments	Available-for-sale securities	Derivatives and hedging	Total
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net	—	22,812	—	22,812
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net	—	(54,615)	—	(54,615)
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	—	—	(3,243)	(3,243)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	397	—	—	397
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	397	(31,803)	(3,243)	(34,649)

AOCI balance at beginning of period	(553)	45,564	61,337	106,348
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	397	(31,803)	(3,243)	(34,649)


AOCI balance at end of period	(156)	13,761	58,094	71,699

Table of Contents


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
$ in thousands	Equity method investments	Available-for-sale securities	Derivatives and hedging	Total
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net	—	14,482	—	14,482
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net	—	(954)	—	(954)
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	—	—	(5,981)	(5,981)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	290	—	—	290
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	290	13,528	(5,981)	7,837

AOCI balance at beginning of period	(83)	230,227	87,869	318,013
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	290	13,528	(5,981)	7,837


AOCI balance at end of period	207	243,755	81,888	325,850


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
$ in thousands	Equity method investments	Available-for-sale securities	Derivatives and hedging	Total
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net	—	(217,064)	—	(217,064)
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net	—	17,124	—	17,124
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	—	—	(17,813)	(17,813)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	489	—	—	489
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)	489	(199,940)	(17,813)	(217,264)

AOCI balance at beginning of period	(645)	213,701	75,907	288,963
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)	489	(199,940)	(17,813)	(217,264)

AOCI balance at end of period	(156)	13,761	58,094	71,699

Table of Contents


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
$ in thousands	Equity method investments	Available-for-sale securities	Derivatives and hedging	Total
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net	—	114,019	—	114,019
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net	—	9,072	—	9,072
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense	—	—	(17,748)	(17,748)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture	(306)	—	—	(306)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)	(306)	123,091	(17,748)	105,037

AOCI balance at beginning of period	513	120,664	99,636	220,813
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)	(306)	123,091	(17,748)	105,037

AOCI balance at end of period	207	243,755	81,888	325,850

Amounts recorded in AOCI before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining original life of the interest rate swap agreements.

Dividends

The tables below summarize the dividends we declared during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


$ in thousands, except per share amounts	Dividends Declared
Series A Preferred Stock	Per Share	In Aggregate	Date of Payment
2020
September 10, 2020	0.4844	2,713	October 26, 2020
June 17, 2020	0.4844	2,712	July 27, 2020
March 17, 2020	0.4844	2,713	May 22, 2020
2019
September 16, 2019	0.4844	2,713	October 25, 2019
June 17, 2019	0.4844	2,712	July 25, 2019
March 18, 2019	0.4844	2,713	April 25, 2019


$ in thousands, except per share amounts	Dividends Declared
Series B Preferred Stock	Per Share	In Aggregate	Date of Payment
2020
August 5, 2020	0.4844	3,003	September 28, 2020
May 9, 2020	0.4844	3,004	June 29, 2020
February 18, 2020	0.4844	3,003	May 22, 2020
2019
August 1, 2019	0.4844	3,003	September 27, 2019
May 3, 2019	0.4844	3,004	June 27, 2019
February 14, 2019	0.4844	3,003	March 27, 2019

Table of Contents


$ in thousands, except per share amounts	Dividends Declared
Series C Preferred Stock	Per Share	In Aggregate	Date of Payment
2020
August 5, 2020	0.46875	5,391	September 28, 2020
May 9, 2020	0.46875	5,390	June 29, 2020
February 18, 2020	0.46875	5,391	May 22, 2020
2019
August 1, 2019	0.46875	5,391	September 27, 2019
May 3, 2019	0.46875	5,390	June 27, 2019
February 14, 2019	0.46875	5,391	March 27, 2019


$ in thousands, except per share amounts	Dividends Declared
Common Stock	Per Share	In Aggregate	Date of Payment
2020
September 30, 2020	0.05	9,070	October 27, 2020
June 17, 2020	0.02	3,626	July 28, 2020
March 17, 2020	0.50	82,483	June 30, 2020
2019
September 16, 2019	0.45	64,261	October 28, 2019
June 17, 2019	0.45	57,958	July 26, 2019
March 18, 2019	0.45	57,720	April 26, 2019

On May 9, 2020, our board of directors approved payment of our common stock dividend that was declared on March 17, 2020 in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. Stockholders had the opportunity to elect payment of the dividend all in cash or all in common shares, subject to a limit of 10% or approximately $8.2 million of cash in the aggregate (excluding any cash paid in lieu of issuing fractional shares). On June 30, 2020, we paid the dividend through the issuance of 16,338,511 shares of common stock and the payment of approximately $8.2 million in cash. The number of shares included in the dividend was calculated based on the $4.5435 volume weighted average trading price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 17, 18 and 19, 2020.

Table of Contents

Note 13 – Earnings (Loss) per Common Share

Earnings (loss) per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 is computed as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands except per share amounts	2020	2019	2020	2019
Numerator (Income)
Basic Earnings:
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	96,859	77,896	(1,830,385)	212,809





Denominator (Weighted Average Shares)
Basic Earnings:
Shares available to common stockholders	181,350	135,799	168,402	128,574
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted stock awards	11	13	—	12


Dilutive Shares	181,361	135,812	168,402	128,586
Earnings (loss) per share:
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Basic	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.66
Diluted	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.65

The following potential common shares were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as the effect would be antidilutive: 11,131 for restricted stock awards.

Note 14 – Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and contingencies may arise in the ordinary course of business. Our material off-balance sheet commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2020 are discussed below.

As discussed in Note 5 - "Other Assets", we have invested $20.0 million in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures are structured as partnerships, and we invest in the partnerships as a limited partner. The entities are structured such that capital commitments are to be drawn down over the life of the partnership as investment opportunities are identified. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our undrawn capital and purchase commitments were $6.7 million and $6.5 million, respectively.

Note 15 – Subsequent Events

Dividends

We declared the following dividends on November 5, 2020: a Series A Preferred Stock dividend of $0.4844 per share payable on January 25, 2021 to our stockholders of record as of January 1, 2021, a Series B Preferred Stock dividend of $0.4844 per share payable on December 28, 2020 to our stockholders of record as of December 5, 2020 and a Series C Preferred Stock dividend of $0.46875 per share payable on December 28, 2020 to our stockholders of record as of December 5, 2020.

Table of Contents

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

In this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, or this “Quarterly Report,” we refer to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as “we,” “us,” “our Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise. We refer to our external manager, Invesco Advisers, Inc., as our “Manager,” and we refer to the indirect parent company of our Manager, Invesco Ltd. together with its consolidated subsidiaries (which does not include us), as “Invesco.”

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, which are included in Item 1 of this Report, as well as the information contained in our most recent Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Forward-Looking Statements

We make forward-looking statements in this Report and other filings we make with the SEC within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provided by the same. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, investment strategies, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “intend,” “project,” “forecast” or similar expressions and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” and “would,” and any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•ongoing spread and economic and operational impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•our business and investment strategy;

•our investment portfolio and expected investments;

•our projected operating results;

•general volatility of financial markets and effects of governmental responses, including actions and initiatives of the U.S. governmental agencies and changes to U.S. government policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mortgage loan forbearance and modification programs, actions and initiatives of foreign governmental agencies and central banks, monetary policy actions of the Federal Reserve, including actions relating to its agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio and our ability to respond to and comply with such actions, initiatives and changes;

•the availability of financing sources, including our ability to obtain additional financing arrangements and the terms of such arrangements;

•financing and advance rates for our target assets;

•changes to our expected leverage;

•our expected book value per common share;

•our intention and ability to pay dividends;

•interest rate mismatches between our target assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;

•the adequacy of our cash flow from operations and borrowings to meet our short-term liquidity needs;

•our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet our short-term liquidity needs;

•changes in the credit rating of the U.S. government;

•changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads and the market value of our target assets;

•changes in prepayment rates on our target assets;

•the impact of any deficiencies in loss mitigation of third parties and related uncertainty in the timing of collateral disposition;

•our reliance on third parties in connection with services related to our target assets;

Table of Contents

•disruption of our information technology systems;

•effects of hedging instruments on our target assets;

•rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our target assets;

•modifications to whole loans or loans underlying securities;

•the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate volatility and foreign currency exchange rate;

•the degree to which derivative contracts expose us to contingent liabilities;

•counterparty defaults;

•compliance with financial covenants in our financing arrangements;

•changes in governmental regulations, zoning, insurance, eminent domain and tax law and rates, and similar matters and our ability to respond to such changes;

•our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

•our ability to maintain our exemption from the definition of “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);

•availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related, real estate-related and other securities;

•availability of U.S. Government Agency guarantees with regard to payments of principal and interest on securities;

•the market price and trading volume of our capital stock;

•availability of qualified personnel of our Manager;

•the relationship with our Manager;

•estimates relating to taxable income and our ability to continue to make distributions to our stockholders in the future;

•estimates relating to fair value of our target assets and loan loss reserves;

•our understanding of our competition;

•changes to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”);

•the adequacy of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting; and

•market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy.

The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. Some of these factors are described under the headings “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Executive Summary

We are a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and mortgage loans. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our investors, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we have invested in the following:

•Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae") or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") (collectively "Agency RMBS");

Table of Contents

•Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae (collectively "Agency CMBS");

•RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation ("non-Agency RMBS");

•CMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation ("non-Agency CMBS");

•Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises ("GSE CRT");

•To-be-announced securities forward contracts ("TBAs") to purchase Agency MBS;

•Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and

•Other real estate-related financing arrangements.

We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits our exclusion from the definition of "Investment Company" under the 1940 Act. We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc., our Manager, which is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd.

In the first half of 2020, we experienced unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to significant spread widening in both Agency and non-Agency securities, we received an unusually high number of margin calls from counterparties in the latter part of March. We notified our financing counterparties that we were not in a position to fund the margin calls we received on March 23, 2020, and that we did not expect to be in a position to fund the anticipated volume of future margin calls under our financing arrangements. To generate liquidity and reduce leverage in the first half of 2020, we sold a substantial portion of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we repaid all of our repurchase agreements that may not have been in compliance under our borrowing agreements and repaid our secured borrowings from the Federal Home Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI").

We resumed investing in Agency RMBS in July 2020 and began investing in TBAs. We are financing our purchases of Agency RMBS with repurchase agreements and are in compliance with the terms of our financing arrangements as of September 30, 2020. We continue to hold unencumbered credit assets and evaluate potential credit investments that do not rely on short-term or mark-to-market financing. To further strengthen our balance sheet and position ourselves for future investment opportunities, we have explored and will continue to explore additional sources of financing including issuances of debt and equity securities and other forms of long-term financing arrangements. However, no assurance can be given that we will be able to access any additional sources of financing.

We paid our first quarter 2020 common stock dividend of $0.50 per share on June 30, 2020 in a combination of cash and common shares. We paid a cash dividend of $0.02 on our common stock for the second quarter on July 28, 2020 and a cash dividend of $0.05 on our common stock for the third quarter on October 27, 2020. Dividends on our Series A Preferred, Series B Preferred and Series C Preferred Stock are current.

While the Federal Reserve has taken a number of proactive measures to bolster liquidity, we expect market conditions to continue to be challenging due to the uncertainty around the duration and ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Invesco, including our Manager, is committed to helping its employees, clients and communities navigate the challenges presented by the spread of COVID-19. The primary focus of Invesco's efforts is to ensure the health and safety of its employees while preserving its ability to serve clients and manage assets in a highly dynamic market environment. To help ensure it can continue to meet client needs, such as those of our Company, the majority of our Manager’s employees are working remotely, with small select teams working at alternate sites or operating in split shifts to mitigate the risks associated with the virus. Portfolio managers, research analysts and traders are successfully working remotely or in secure locations with access to all systems necessary to fulfill their responsibilities and an ability to connect with their teams in managing client assets. Additionally, our Manager’s operational, control and support teams have successfully transitioned to a remote working environment.

Market Conditions

Macroeconomic factors that affect our business include interest rate spread premiums, governmental policy initiatives, residential and commercial real estate prices, credit availability, consumer personal income and spending, corporate earnings, employment conditions, financial conditions and inflation.

Financial conditions continued to improve during the third quarter, albeit at a much slower pace than during the second quarter. Equities and most credit sectors continued to react favorably to the massive government action taken in response to the

Table of Contents

COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the continued re-opening of many parts of the economy. Gains in nonfarm payrolls averaged 1.3 million per month during the third quarter, and the unemployment rate ended the quarter at 7.9%, down from the peak of 14.7% that was recorded in April. The continued rebound in economic activity can be seen across a number of measures, as consumer activity has remained positive as evidenced by gains in spending, retail sales and consumer confidence metrics. While the continued economic recovery is encouraging, we remain cautious about the pace of future gains as the number of COVID-19 cases has begun trending upwards again and uncertainty remains surrounding the amount and timing of any further stimulus.

Interest rates were little changed during the third quarter, with the yield on the 2 year Treasury note falling 2 basis points to 0.13% and the yield on the 10 year Treasury bond increasing by 2 basis points to 0.68%. The short end of the yield curve remains pinned close to zero, as the Federal Funds target rate is at the lower bound, and the futures market continues to forecast no change for the next several years. Interest rate volatility measures also reflect the view that rates will stay contained, as these remain near multi-year lows. While price data has broadly shown a rebound off the lows of March and April, most measures still show that inflation remains subdued. The consumer price index was 1.4% in September, well off the low of 0.1% in May, but still lower than pre-COVID levels. The personal consumption expenditure index (1.6% in September) has also increased this quarter, but remains close to pre-COVID lows. The story is similar in breakeven rates on inflation protected Treasuries, as expectations for inflation increased during the quarter but still remained quite low. The inflation rate implied by 2 year and 5 year TIPs was 1.14% and 1.49%, respectively, at quarter end.

Risk markets across both equities and fixed income continued to rally during the third quarter. Equity markets followed their strong second quarter performance with additional gains, as the S&P 500 was up 8.5% and the NASDAQ index returned 11% during the third quarter. The broader credit markets also rallied during the quarter, as spreads on investment grade and high yield corporate credits tightened notably as optimism about the path of the economic recovery began to take hold.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted most commercial real estate property types. The lodging and retail sectors have been the most impacted due to travel restrictions and accelerated growth in e-commerce. In the retail sector, tenants that are not open for business are finding it difficult to meet rent obligations and, in some instances, are foregoing payments or seeking forbearance relief. Real estate loans are experiencing growing delinquencies and are at greater risk of default which could impact the fundamental performance of our investments. Despite fundamental deterioration, CMBS risk premiums contracted in the third quarter due to modest new issuance supply and increased investor demand. The United States Federal Reserve’s Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (“TALF”) that provides financing for triple-A rated conduit non-Agency CMBS also continued to provide stability to the CMBS market.

While residential real estate fundamentals deteriorated significantly at the onset of the pandemic, low mortgage rates and tight housing supply have driven a dramatic recovery in recent months. Demographic trends and changes in housing preferences shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic have combined with improved affordability to generate robust demand, especially for single family homes. This strength is also reflected in higher home price appreciation. Meanwhile, credit spreads on residential mortgage backed securities have recovered much of the widening that occurred at the onset of the pandemic, though premiums on lower rated classes still reflect elevated uncertainty regarding long term credit implications.

Nevertheless, many individual homeowners have been adversely impacted by the economic consequences of the pandemic. The U.S. Congress has responded by passing three rounds of fiscal stimulus measures, the most notable being the $2.2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), which included relief measures for households and businesses directly or indirectly impacted by the virus. The CARES Act includes provisions for COVID-19 related temporary forbearance on federally backed mortgage loans, which allows borrowers of loans guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to suspend making principal and interest payments for a period of up to 360 days if they are facing hardship. Following the temporary forbearance period, mortgage servicers must provide several options to impacted borrowers, including a repayment schedule or loan modification, depending on the borrowers’ circumstances. We believe the provision of forbearance and loan modifications will substantially reduce borrower defaults and loan losses relative to levels that would have likely occurred without these actions.

The performance of Agency RMBS was mixed during the third quarter as the benefit of Federal Reserve purchases was offset by increased prepayment risk brought on by the low interest rate environment. Lower coupon mortgages were the beneficiary of the Fed buying program, as those bonds experienced spread tightening and a favorable dollar roll environment. Higher coupon mortgages did not fare as well, as their relatively high dollar prices exacerbate the impact of increasing prepayment rates. Pay-ups on specified pool collateral increased during the quarter, again reflecting the heightened prepayment environment. We expect the market for Agency RMBS to remain mixed, as the level of support from the Federal Reserve remains strong but prepayment concerns remain.

Proposed Changes to LIBOR

In 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that the FCA will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of the LIBOR benchmark after 2021. This announcement

Table of Contents

indicates that the continuation of LIBOR will not be guaranteed after 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), which was convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the New York Fed to help ensure a successful transition from LIBOR, has proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR from LIBOR, and organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to derivatives and cash markets exposed to LIBOR.

SOFR is an overnight rate unlike LIBOR which is a forward-looking term rate, making SOFR an inexact replacement for LIBOR. There is currently no perfect way to create robust, forward-looking, SOFR term rates. Market participants are still considering how various types of financial instruments and securitization vehicles should react to a discontinuation of LIBOR. It is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition away from LIBOR at the same time, and it is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition to the same alternative reference rate, in each case increasing the difficulty of hedging. Switching existing financial instruments and hedging transactions from LIBOR to SOFR requires calculations of a spread. Industry organizations are attempting to structure the spread calculation in an objective manner, but there is no assurance that all asset types or securitization vehicles will use the same spread. We and other market participants have less experience understanding and modeling SOFR-based assets and liabilities than LIBOR-based assets and liabilities, increasing the difficulty of investing, hedging, and risk management.

We have material contracts that are indexed to LIBOR and are monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks. However, it is not possible to predict the effect of any of these developments, and any future initiatives to regulate, reform or change the manner of administration of LIBOR could result in adverse consequences to the rate of interest payable and receivable on, market value of and market liquidity for LIBOR-based financial instruments.

Our Manager finalized its global assessment of exposure in relation to our LIBOR-based instruments and benchmarks and is prioritizing the mitigation of risks associated with the forecasted changes to financial instruments and performance benchmarks referencing existing LIBOR rates.

In October 2019, the IRS and Treasury proposed regulations that are expected to provide taxpayers relief from adverse impacts resulting from the transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate. The proposed regulations make clear that a change in the reference rate (and associated alterations to payment terms) of a financial instrument is generally not considered a taxable event, provided the fair value of the modified instrument is substantially equivalent to the fair value of the unmodified instrument.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has also issued accounting guidance that provides optional expedients and exceptions to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by LIBOR transition if certain criteria are met. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.

Table of Contents

Investment Activities

The table below shows the breakdown of our investment portfolio, including TBAs, as of September 30, 2020, December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019:


	As of
$ in thousands	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019	September 30, 2019
Agency RMBS:
30 year fixed-rate, at fair value	5,536,103	10,524,220	12,044,907
15 year fixed-rate, at fair value	—	292,414	309,270
Hybrid ARM, at fair value	—	56,893	62,649
Agency CMO, at fair value	—	427,512	447,392
Agency CMBS, at fair value	—	4,767,930	4,936,183
Non-Agency CMBS, at fair value	427,369	3,823,474	3,851,552
Non-Agency RMBS, at fair value	13,068	955,671	1,018,511
GSE CRT, at fair value	4,917	923,672	929,035
Loan participation interest, at fair value	—	44,654	45,115
Commercial loan	21,777	24,055	24,188
Investments in unconsolidated ventures	19,975	21,998	23,305
Subtotal	6,023,209	21,862,493	23,692,107
TBAs, at implied cost basis (1)	932,313	—	—
Total investment portfolio, including TBAs	6,955,522	21,862,493	23,692,107

(1)TBAs that we do not intend to physically settle on the contractual settlement date are accounted for as derivative financial instruments and recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at net carrying value, which represents the difference between the fair market value and the implied cost basis of the TBAs. Refer to Note 8 "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" in Part I. Item 1. of this report on Form 10-Q.

As of September 30, 2020, our holdings of 30-year fixed-rate Agency RMBS represented approximately 80% of our total investment portfolio, including TBAs, versus 48% as of December 31, 2019 and 51% as of September 30, 2019. As previously discussed, we sold substantially all of our Agency RMBS portfolio in the first half of 2020 to generate liquidity and reduce leverage. We resumed investing in 30-year fixed-rate Agency RMBS in July 2020. Our Agency RMBS holdings as of September 30, 2020 consist of newly issued specified pools with coupon distributions as shown in the table below.


$ in thousands	Principal/Notional Balance	Amortized Cost	Fair Value
1.5%	106,685	108,760	108,171
2.0%	2,090,689	2,176,469	2,175,905
2.5%	2,480,370	2,626,751	2,626,529
3.0%	582,457	626,759	625,498
Total Agency RMBS	5,260,201	5,538,739	5,536,103

Our purchases of Agency RMBS have been primarily focused on specified pools with prepayment protection, as low mortgage rates and a robust housing market have increased borrower incentives to prepay their mortgage loans. We seek to mitigate the negative impact of prepayments on our investment portfolio by purchasing specified pools with characteristics that diminish borrower incentive to prepay, such as a lower loan balance, higher loan-to-value (“LTV”), lower FICO score, higher percentage of non-owner occupied loans (investment and vacation properties) and newly originated loans. In addition, we focus a significant amount of purchases in specified pools that have higher geographic concentrations in states that exhibit slower prepayments such as New York, Florida and Texas.

Table of Contents

We began investing in TBAs in the third quarter of 2020. As of September 30, 2020, the implied cost basis of TBAs represented approximately 13% of our total investment portfolio. Our investments consist of 30-year Agency MBS TBAs with coupons that range from 2.0% to 2.5% in conventional (uniform mortgage-backed securities) and Ginnie Mae collateral. We intend to maintain a meaningful allocation to TBAs given attractive implied financing rates in the Agency MBS TBA dollar roll market. Implied financing rates in the dollar roll market were substantially below those available in the repurchase market due to the magnitude and persistence of the Federal Reserve's MBS purchase program, which began to increase holdings in March of this year. We expect the purchase program to continue in the fourth quarter of 2020, as the Federal Reserve views the program as a key component of its stated objectives.

We sold all of our holdings of Agency CMBS in the first half of 2020. Agency CMBS represented approximately 22% of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019 and 21% as of September 30, 2019. We historically focused our Agency CMBS investments in securities issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae that had characteristics that reduced prepayment risk.

As of September 30, 2020, our holdings of non-Agency CMBS represented approximately 6% of our total investment portfolio, including TBAs, versus 17% as of December 31, 2019 and 16% as of September 30, 2019. Our non-Agency CMBS portfolio is collateralized by loans secured by various property types located across the United States including office, retail, multifamily, industrial warehouses and hotels. The largest property geographic locations are in California, New York, Texas, New Jersey and Illinois as detailed in the table below. The majority of our non-Agency CMBS portfolio is comprised of fixed-rate securities that are rated investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Approximately 71% of non-Agency CMBS are rated single-A (or equivalent) or higher by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization as of September 30, 2020. Further, approximately 51% of non-Agency CMBS are rated double-A (or equivalent) or higher by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization as of September 30, 2020.

The table below illustrates the vintage distribution of our non-Agency CMBS portfolio as of September 30, 2020 as a percentage of the fair value:


	2008-2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		Total






Non-Agency CMBS	5.9	%	28.5	%	11.0	%	7.9	%	30.1	%	7.0	%	—	%	2.1	%	3.3	%	4.2	%	—	%	100.0	%

The table below represent the geographic concentration of the underlying collateral for our non-Agency CMBS portfolio as of September 30, 2020. The geographic markets that we invest in have been and continue to be severely impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


Non-Agency CMBS State	Percentage
California	13.2	%
New York	10.5	%
Texas	9.4	%
New Jersey	7.0	%
Illinois	6.1	%
Ohio	5.2	%
Virginia	4.7	%
Florida	4.6	%
Pennsylvania	4.0	%
North Carolina	3.4	%
Other	31.9	%
Total	100.0	%

As of September 30, 2020, our holdings of non-Agency RMBS represented less than 1% of our total investment portfolio, including TBAs, versus 4% as of December 31, 2019 and 4% as of September 30, 2019. We historically held non-Agency RMBS securities collateralized by prime and Alt-A loans and invested in re-securitizations of real estate mortgage investment conduit ("Re-REMIC") RMBS and securitizations of reperforming mortgage loans.

As of September 30, 2020, we held one GSE CRT that represented less than 1% of our total investment portfolio, including TBAs. Our holdings of GSE CRTs represented approximately 4% of our total investment portfolio, including TBAs, as of December 31, 2019 and 4% as of September 30, 2019. GSE CRTs are unsecured general obligations of the GSEs that are

Table of Contents

structured to provide credit protection to the issuer with respect to defaults and other credit events within pools of mortgage loans that collateralize MBS issued and guaranteed by the GSEs.

As of September 30, 2020, we held an investment in one commercial real estate mezzanine loan that matures in 2021 and has a LTV ratio of approximately 68.3%.

As of September 30, 2020, we held investments in two unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures invest in our target assets. We are committed to invest $6.7 million in additional capital in these unconsolidated ventures to fund future investments and cover future expenses should they occur.

Financing and Other Liabilities

We have historically used repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our target assets and expect to continue to use repurchase agreements to finance Agency investments in the future. Repurchase agreements are generally settled on a short-term basis, usually from one to six months, and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR.

We also used secured loans from the FHLBI to finance a portion of our investment portfolio. We repaid our secured loans during 2020 with proceeds from sales of assets that collateralized the secured loans. We terminated our membership in FHLBI in the third quarter of 2020.

The following table presents the amount of collateralized borrowings outstanding under repurchase agreements and secured loans as of the end of each quarter, the average amount outstanding during the quarter and the maximum balance outstanding during the quarter:


$ in thousands	Collateralized borrowings under repurchase agreements and secured loans
Quarter Ended	Quarter-end balance	Average quarterly balance (1)	Maximum balance (2)
September 30, 2019	19,722,032	19,535,263	19,898,863
December 31, 2019	19,182,303	19,842,868	20,377,801
March 31, 2020	7,637.746	16,673.939	23,132.234
June 30, 2020	740,000	983,599	1,373,296
September 30, 2020	5,243,288	3,373,356	5,243,288

(1)Average quarterly balance for each period is based on month-end balances.

(2)Amount represents the maximum borrowings at month-end during each of the respective periods.

Hedging Instruments

We enter into interest rate swap agreements that are designed to mitigate the effects of increases in interest rates for a portion of our borrowings. Under these swap agreements, we pay fixed interest rates and receive floating interest rates indexed off of one- or three-month LIBOR.

We actively manage our swap portfolio by terminating and entering into new swaps as the size and composition of our investment portfolio changes. We terminated all of our interest rate swaps in March 2020 as we repositioned our portfolio in response to unprecedented market conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. We realized a net loss of $904.7 million on these swaps during the first half of 2020 due to falling interest rates. We entered into new swaps during the three months ended September 30, 2020 as we resumed investing in Agency RMBS and financing our investments with repurchase agreements. As of September 30, 2020, we had $4.6 billion of notional amount of interest rate swaps. All of these interest rate swaps are centrally cleared by a registered clearing organization. We pay fixed rate interest on these swaps and receive a variable payment based on one-month LIBOR. We realized a net loss of $4.7 million on these swaps in the three months ended September 30, 2020.

We enter into currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investments denominated in foreign currencies. As of September 30, 2020, we had €20.8 million or $24.6 million (December 31, 2019: €20.8 million or $23.1 million) of notional amount of forward contracts denominated in euro related to our investment in an unconsolidated venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we settled currency forward contracts of €41.7 million or $68.8 million (September 30, 2019: €66.2 million or $75.3 million) in notional amount and realized a net loss of $1.3 million (September 30, 2019: $1.1 million net gain).

Table of Contents

Capital Activities

We may sell up to 17,000,000 shares of our common stock and 7,000,000 shares of our preferred stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions under our equity distribution agreements. We sold 25,431 shares of common stock under these agreements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

For information on dividends declared and paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, see Note 12 - "Stockholders' Equity" of our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I. Item 1 of this report on Form 10-Q.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock.

Book Value per Common Share

We calculate book value per common share as follows:


	As of
$ in thousands except per share amounts	September 30, 2020	December 31, 2019
Numerator (adjusted equity):
Total equity	1,211,140	2,931,899
Less: Liquidation preference of Series A Preferred Stock	(140,000)	(140,000)
Less: Liquidation preference of Series B Preferred Stock	(155,000)	(155,000)
Less: Liquidation preference of Series C Preferred Stock	(287,500)	(287,500)
Total adjusted equity	628,640	2,349,399

Denominator (number of shares):
Common stock outstanding	181,375	144,256

Book value per common share	3.47	16.29

Our book value per common share decreased 79% as of September 30, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 primarily due to realized and unrealized losses on derivatives and investments in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 resulting from the unprecedented market disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Refer to Item 3. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for interest rate risk and its impact on fair value.

Critical Accounting Policies

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies that are disclosed in our most recent Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 except as discussed in Note 2 - "Summary of Significant Accounting Polices" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I. Item 1. of this report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Accounting Standards

See Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements Note 2 - "Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted".

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The table below presents certain information from our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands, except share data	2020	2019	2020	2019
Interest Income
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	26,907	194,938	242,071	581,167
Commercial and other loans	529	1,353	2,237	4,419
Total interest income	27,436	196,291	244,308	585,586
Interest Expense
Repurchase agreements (1)	(1,713)	112,851	76,059	332,704
Secured loans	297	10,413	8,655	32,815
Total interest expense	(1,416)	123,264	84,714	365,519
Net interest income	28,852	73,027	159,594	220,067
Other Income (loss)
Gain (loss) on investments, net	65,106	202,413	(996,743)	772,977
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	332	403	820	1,797
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	2,886	(177,244)	(908,236)	(723,437)
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	1	(35,312)	5,447
Net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	15,849	—	14,742	—
Other investment income (loss), net	402	1,005	1,936	3,041
Total other income (loss)	85,053	26,578	(1,922,793)	59,825
Expenses
Management fee – related party	4,111	8,740	24,857	27,644
General and administrative	1,828	1,862	9,009	6,119
Total expenses	5,939	10,602	33,866	33,763
Net income (loss)	107,966	89,003	(1,797,065)	246,129


Dividends to preferred stockholders	11,107	11,107	33,320	33,320
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	96,859	77,896	(1,830,385)	212,809
Earnings (loss) per share:
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Basic	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.66
Diluted	0.53	0.57	(10.87)	1.65
Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
Basic	181,349,760	135,799,499	168,402,130	128,573,412
Diluted	181,360,432	135,812,019	168,402,130	128,585,623

Table of Contents

Interest Income and Average Earning Asset Yields

The table below presents information related to our average earning assets and earning asset yields for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020		2019		2020		2019














Average earning assets (1)	4,186,506		20,963,122		7,962,771		20,312,896













Average earning asset yields (2)	2.62	%	3.75	%	4.09	%	3.84	%

(1)Average balances for each period are based on weighted month-end average earning assets.

(2)Average earning asset yields for the period were calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the average month-end earning assets based on the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.

Our primary source of income is interest earned on our investment portfolio. We had average earning assets of approximately $4.2 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $21.0 billion) and $8.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $20.3 billion). As previously discussed, we experienced unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and sold a substantial portion of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio in the first half of 2020 to generate liquidity and reduce leverage. Average earning assets decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019 primarily due to these asset sales. We resumed investing in Agency RMBS in July 2020. Due to the magnitude of changes in our investment portfolio since December 31, 2019, our average earning assets and asset yields for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not indicative of our future ability to generate interest income.

We earned total interest income of $27.4 million and $244.3 million (September 30, 2019: $196.3 million and $585.6 million) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Our interest income includes coupon interest and net premium amortization on MBS and GSE CRTs as well as interest income on commercial and other loans as shown in the table below.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Interest Income
MBS and GSE CRT - coupon interest	27,466	213,546	256,416	620,489
MBS and GSE CRT - net premium amortization	(559)	(18,608)	(14,345)	(39,322)
MBS and GSE CRT - interest income	26,907	194,938	242,071	581,167
Commercial and other loans	529	1,353	2,237	4,419
Total interest income	27,436	196,291	244,308	585,586

MBS and GSE CRT interest income decreased $168.0 million and $339.1 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2019 primarily due to a $186.1 million and $364.1 million decrease in coupon interest reflecting lower average earning assets. Lower coupon interest was offset by a $18.0 million and $25.0 million decrease in net premium amortization during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, due to sales of assets purchased at premiums.

Interest income on our commercial and other loans decreased $824,000 and $2.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, primarily due to the sale of our loan participation interest in April 2020 and principal payments on commercial loans totaling $7.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Prepayment Speeds

Our Agency RMBS portfolio is subject to inherent prepayment risk primarily driven by changes in interest rates, which impacts the amount of premium and discount on the purchase of these securities that is recognized into interest income. Expected future prepayment speeds on our Agency RMBS are estimated on a quarterly basis. Generally, in an environment of falling interest rates, prepayment speeds will increase as homeowners are more likely to prepay their existing mortgage and refinance into a lower borrowing rate. If the actual prepayment speed during the period is faster than estimated, the amortization on securities purchased at a premium to par value will be accelerated, resulting in lower interest income recognized. Conversely, for securities purchased at a discount to par value, interest income will be reduced in periods where prepayment speeds were slower than expected. The standard measure of prepayment speeds is the constant prepayment rate, also known as

Table of Contents

the conditional prepayment rate or "CPR". The table below provides the three month constant prepayment rate for our Agency RMBS as of September 30, 2020, December 31, 2019, and September 30, 2019.

As of

September 30, 2020

December 31, 2019

September 30, 2019

30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS

1.8

18.1

13.8

The three month CPR as of September 30, 2020 is not indicative of the future CPR because our Agency RMBS holdings consist of newly issued securities that are expected to experience increases in prepayment speeds.

The following table presents net premium amortization recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands, except share data	2020	2019	2020	2019
Agency RMBS	(2,520)	(21,526)	(24,327)	(50,873)
Agency CMBS	—	(1,395)	(1,744)	(2,835)
Non-Agency CMBS	3,109	3,957	12,640	10,338
Non-Agency RMBS	(874)	2,725	1,646	9,447
GSE CRT	(274)	(2,369)	(2,560)	(5,399)
Net (premium amortization) discount accretion	(559)	(18,608)	(14,345)	(39,322)

Net premium amortization decreased $18.0 million and $25.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2019 primarily due to sales of assets purchased at premiums.

Our interest income is subject to interest rate risk. Refer to Item 3. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" for more information relating to interest rate risk and its impact on our operating results.

Interest Expense and Cost of Funds

The table below presents the components of interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Interest Expense
Interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings	1,530	118,832	93,872	350,452
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(3,243)	(5,981)	(17,813)	(17,748)
Repurchase agreements interest expense	(1,713)	112,851	76,059	332,704
Secured loans	297	10,413	8,655	32,815

Total interest expense	(1,416)	123,264	84,714	365,519

We have historically entered into repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our target assets. These agreements are secured by our mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities. These agreements are generally settled on a short-term basis, usually from one to six months, and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. At each settlement date, we typically refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time.

Our interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings decreased $117.3 million and $256.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 2019 due to lower average borrowings and a lower average cost of funds reflecting decreases in the Federal Funds interest rate. Average borrowings decreased primarily due to repayments of repurchase agreements in the first half of 2020 with proceeds from asset sales due to financial market disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as previously discussed in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Average borrowings also decreased due to repayment of $1.65 billion of secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Table of Contents

Our repurchase agreement interest expense as reported in our condensed consolidated statement of operations includes amortization of net deferred gains and losses on de-designated interest rate swaps as summarized in the table above. Amortization of net deferred gains on de-designated interest rate swaps decreased our total interest expense by $3.2 million and $17.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $6.0 million and $17.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Amounts recorded in AOCI before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining life of the interest rate swap agreements. During the next twelve months, we estimate that $22.4 million of net deferred gains on de-designated interest rate swaps will be reclassified from other comprehensive income and recorded as a decrease to interest expense.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest expense for our secured loans decreased $10.1 million and $24.2 million, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2019 due to repayment of $1.65 billion of secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and lower borrowing rates. Borrowing rates on our secured loans were based on FHLBI's short-term cost of funds. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the weighted average borrowing rate on our secured loans was 1.16% and 1.47%, as compared to 2.52% and 2.65% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Our total interest expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 decreased $124.7 million and $280.8 million, respectively, from the same periods in 2019 primarily due to the $127.4 million and $280.7 million decrease in interest expense on repurchase agreements borrowings and secured loans in the 2020 periods as discussed above.

The table below presents information related to our borrowings and cost of funds for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020		2019		2020		2019








Total average borrowings (1)	3,353,031		19,326,881		6,942,526		18,436,324
Maximum borrowings during the period (2)	5,243,288		19,898,863		23,132,234		19,898,863









Cost of funds (3)	(0.17)	%	2.55	%	1.63	%	2.64	%

(1)Average borrowings for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.

(2)Amount represents the maximum borrowings at month-end during each of the respective periods.

(3)Average cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense excluding amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps by our average borrowings. All percentages are annualized.

Total average borrowings decreased $16.0 billion and $11.5 billion in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 2019 primarily because we repaid $12.3 billion of net repurchase agreements and $1.65 billion of secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as discussed above. Our average cost of funds decreased 272 basis points and 101 basis points for three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, versus 2019 primarily due to decreases in the Federal Funds rate.

Our average borrowings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not indicative of our future interest expense because we repaid $12.3 billion of net repurchase agreements and $1.65 billion of secured loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Table of Contents

Net Interest Income

The table below presents the components of net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest Income
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	26,907		194,938		242,071		581,167
Commercial and other loans	529		1,353		2,237		4,419
Total interest income	27,436		196,291		244,308		585,586
Interest Expense
Interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings	1,530		118,832		93,872		350,452
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(3,243)		(5,981)		(17,813)		(17,748)
Repurchase agreements interest expense	(1,713)		112,851		76,059		332,704
Secured loans	297		10,413		8,655		32,815

Total interest expense	(1,416)		123,264		84,714		365,519
Net interest income	28,852		73,027		159,594		220,067
Net interest rate margin	2.79	%	1.20	%	2.46	%	1.20	%

Our net interest income, which equals interest income less interest expense, totaled $28.9 million and $159.6 million (September 30, 2019: $73.0 million and $220.1 million) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. The decrease in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due the sale of MBS and GSE CRTs in the first half of 2020 as previously discussed.

Our net interest rate margin, which equals the yield on our average assets for the period less the average cost of funds for the period, was 2.79% and 2.46% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively (September 30, 2019: 1.20% and 1.20%). The increase in net interest rate margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019 was primarily due to the change in our portfolio composition due to assets sales and decreases in the Federal Funds rate that had a greater impact on our average cost of funds than on our average earning asset yields. Our cost of funds on all of our borrowings is influenced by changes in short-term interest rates, whereas substantially all of the Company’s investments were fixed rate assets as of September 30, 2020.

Gain (Loss) on Investments, net

The table below summarizes the components of gain (loss) on investments, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of investments	50,110	2,537	(358,914)	(6,549)
Impairment of investments the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery of amortized cost basis	(8,983)	—	(94,104)	—
Other-than-temporary impairment losses	—	(1,826)	—	(4,802)
Net unrealized gains and losses on MBS and GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option	23,994	201,702	(537,433)	784,328

Net unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loan and loan participation interest	(15)	—	(2,484)	—
Realized loss on loan participation interest	—	—	(3,808)	—
Total gain (loss) on investments, net	65,106	202,413	(996,743)	772,977

Table of Contents

As previously discussed, we experienced unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we sold MBS and GSE CRTs for cash proceeds of $24.3 billion (September 30, 2019: $2.4 billion) and realized net losses of $358.9 million (September 30, 2019: net losses of $6.5 million). Sales prices of our holdings were severely impacted by the lack of liquidity and uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly during the first half of 2020. A portion of these sales were involuntary liquidations at significantly distressed market prices as certain of our repurchase agreement counterparties seized and sold our securities when we were unable to meet margin calls in March 2020.

We recorded $9.0 million and $94.1 million of impairment on non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency CMBS during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, because we intended to sell or more likely than not would be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We assess our investment securities for credit losses and impairment on a quarterly basis. For additional information regarding our accounting policy for credit losses and impairment, refer to Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I. Item 1. of this Quarterly Report.

We have elected the fair value option for all of our RMBS interest-only securities, our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Under the fair value option, changes in fair value are recognized in income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and are reported as a component of gain (loss) on investments, net. As of September 30, 2020, $5.6 billion (December 31, 2019: $17.4 billion) or 94% (December 31, 2019: 80%) of our MBS and GSE CRT are accounted for under the fair value option. Our percentage of MBS and GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option increased as of September 30, 2020 due to a change in portfolio composition. During the first half of 2020, we sold MBS and GSE CRTs previously accounted for as available-for-sale securities primarily to generate liquidity and reduce leverage given unprecedented market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We resumed investing in Agency RMBS in July 2020 and elected the fair value option for these securities.

We recorded net unrealized gains on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio accounted for under the fair value option of $24.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 and net unrealized losses of $537.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to net unrealized gains of $201.7 million and $784.3 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Net unrealized gains in the three months ended September 30, 2020 primarily reflect recoveries in certain credit assets from declines in valuations in the first half of 2020. Net unrealized losses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 reflect declines in valuations due to wider interest rate spreads.

We recorded a realized loss of $3.8 million on our loan participation interest during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and unrealized losses of $15,000 and $2.5 million on our commercial loan during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. We sold the loan participation interest on April 1, 2020. We valued our commercial loan based upon a valuation from an independent pricing service.

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures of $332,000 and $820,000 (September 30, 2019: equity in earnings of $403,000 and $1.8 million), respectively. We recorded equity in earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 primarily due to realized and unrealized gains on the underlying portfolio investments.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, net

We record all derivatives on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair value of our derivatives are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Net interest paid or received under our interest rate swaps is also recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The tables below summarize our realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net for the following periods:


$ in thousands	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(4,662)	(555)	5,266	49

Currency Forward Contracts	(1,643)	—	675	(968)
TBAs	1,227	—	2,578	3,805
Total	(5,078)	(555)	8,519	2,886

Table of Contents


$ in thousands	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(137,346)	11,715	(15,772)	(141,403)
Futures Contracts	(36,633)	—	(464)	(37,097)
Currency Forward Contracts	372	—	884	1,256

Total	(173,607)	11,715	(15,352)	(177,244)


$ in thousands	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(909,366)	11,369	(13,266)	(911,263)

Currency Forward Contracts	(1,297)	—	519	(778)
TBAs	1,227	—	2,578	3,805
Total	(909,436)	11,369	(10,169)	(908,236)


$ in thousands	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument	Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	Contractual net interest income (expense)	Unrealized gain (loss), net	Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps	(545,069)	23,749	(42,703)	(564,023)
Futures Contracts	(169,274)	—	7,990	(161,284)
Currency Forward Contracts	1,110	—	760	1,870

Total	(713,233)	23,749	(33,953)	(723,437)

We terminated all of our outstanding interest rate swaps in March 2020 as we repositioned our portfolio in response to unprecedented market conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Our exposure to interest rate risk decreased as we sold Agency assets and repaid borrowings. We realized a net loss of $904.7 million on these interest rate swaps during the first half of 2020 primarily due to falling interest rates.

We resumed entering into interest rate swaps in July 2020 as we resumed investing in Agency RMBS and financing our investments with repurchase agreements. As of September 30, 2020, we had $5.2 billion of repurchase agreement borrowings with a weighted average remaining maturity of 14 days. We typically refinance each repurchase agreement at market interest rates upon maturity. We use interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to changing interest rates and add stability to interest rate expense.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we held the following interest rate swaps whereby we receive interest at a one-month or three-month LIBOR rate:


$ in thousands	As of September 30, 2020						As of December 31, 2019
Derivative instrument	Notional Amounts	Average Fixed Pay Rate		Average Receive Rate		Average Maturity (Years)	Notional Amounts	Average Fixed Pay Rate		Average Receive Rate		Average Maturity (Years)
Interest Rate Swaps	4,550,000	0.34	%	0.15	%	6.3	14,000,000	1.47	%	1.79	%	5.2

We also use futures contracts to manage our exposure to changing interest rates. We were not a party to any futures contracts during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we settled futures contracts with a notional amount of $4.8 billion and realized a net loss of $169.3 million due to falling interest rates. Daily variation margin payment for futures is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as a realized gain or loss in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

We use currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. . As of September 30, 2020, we had $24.6 million (December 31, 2019: $23.1 million) of notional amount of currency forward contracts related to an investment in an unconsolidated venture denominated in euro.

Table of Contents

We use TBAs that we do not intend to physically settle on the contractual settlement date as an alternative means of investing in and financing Agency MBS. As of September 30, 2020, we had $900.0 million notional amount of TBAs and recorded $3.8 million of realized and unrealized gains during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. We were not party to any TBAs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Realized and Unrealized Credit Derivative Income (Loss), net

The table below summarizes the components of realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019	2020	2019
GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest	478	5,196	6,323	15,846
Gain (loss) on settlement of GSE CRT embedded derivatives	(17,223)	—	(31,354)	—
Change in fair value of GSE CRT embedded derivatives	17,223	(5,195)	(10,281)	(10,399)
Total realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	1	(35,312)	5,447

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded an increase of $477,000 and decrease of $40.8 million, respectively, in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net compared to the same periods in 2019. The decrease in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily driven by a decline in the fair value of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives as asset prices declined due to spread widening. We sold all of our GSE CRTs that were accounted for as hybrid financial instruments with embedded derivatives during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Net Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt

As discussed in Note 6 - "Borrowings" of our condensed consolidated financial statements include in Part I. Item 1. of this report on Form 10-Q, certain of our counterparties seized and sold securities that we had posted as collateral for our repurchase agreements. We recorded early termination and legal fees paid to our counterparties that were associated with the termination of these repurchase agreements as a loss on extinguishment of debt and settlements of counterparty claims for less than the principal balance of our repurchase agreements as a gain on extinguishment of debt in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Other Investment Income (Loss), net

Our other investment income (loss), net during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 primarily consists of quarterly dividends from FHLBI stock. The amount of our dividend income varied based upon the number of shares that we were required to own and the dividend declared per share. FHLBI redeemed our stock at cost during 2020. We terminated our FHLBI membership in the third quarter 2020.

Expenses

We incurred management fees of $4.1 million and $24.9 million (September 30, 2019: $8.7 million and $27.6 million) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. Management fees decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due to a lower management fee base. Our management fees are calculated quarterly in arrears. Refer to Note 11 – "Related Party Transactions" of our condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our relationship with our Manager and a description of how our fees are calculated.

Our general and administrative expenses not covered under our management agreement amounted to $1.8 million and $9.0 million (September 30, 2019: $1.9 million and $6.1 million) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of directors and officers insurance, legal costs, accounting, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs were higher for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to fees paid for third-party legal and advisory services in connection with navigating market disruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic totaling $2.6 million.

Table of Contents

Net Income (Loss) attributable to Common Stockholders

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, our net income attributable to common stockholders was $96.9 million (September 30, 2019: $77.9 million) or $0.53 basic and diluted net income per average share available to common stockholders (September 30, 2019: $0.57 basic and diluted net income per average share available to common stockholders). The change in net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders was primarily due to (i) a net gain on derivative instruments of $2.9 million in the 2020 period compared to a net loss on derivative instruments of $177.2 million in the 2019 period; (ii) a net gain on investments of $65.1 million in the 2020 period compared to a net gain on investments of $202.4 million in the 2019 period; (iii) a $44.2 million decrease in net interest income; and (iv) a $15.8 million net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt in the 2020 period.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our net loss attributable to common stockholders was $1.8 billion (September 30, 2019: $212.8 million net income attributable to common stockholders) or $10.87 basic and diluted net loss per average share available to common stockholders (September 30, 2019: $1.66 basic and $1.65 diluted net income per average share available to common stockholders). The change in net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders was primarily due to (i) a net loss on investments of $996.7 million in the 2020 period compared to a net gain on investments of $773.0 million in the 2019 period; (ii) a net loss on derivative instruments of $908.2 million in the 2020 period compared to a net loss on derivative instruments of $723.4 million in the 2019 period; (iii) a credit derivative net loss of $35.3 million in the 2020 period compared to credit derivative net income of $5.4 million in the 2019 period; (iv) a $60.5 million decrease in net interest income; and (v) a $14.7 million net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt in the 2020 period.

For further information on the changes in net gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net gain (loss) on investments, realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net and net interest income, and net gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt see preceding discussion under "Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, net," "Gain (Loss) on Investments, net," "Realized and Unrealized Credit Derivative Income (Loss), net," "Net Interest Income," and "Net Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt".

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We are presenting the following non-GAAP financial measures because we use these financial measures to analyze our operating results and believe these financial measures are useful to investors in assessing our performance as further discussed below:

•core earnings (and by calculation, core earnings per common share),

•effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield),

•effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds),

•effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin), and

•economic debt-to-equity ratio.

The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures are:

•net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders (and by calculation, basic earnings (loss) per common share),

•total interest income (and by calculation, earning asset yields),

•total interest expense (and by calculation, cost of funds),

•net interest income (and by calculation, net interest rate margin), and

•debt-to-equity ratio.

We did not present core earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 because core earnings excluded the material adverse impact of the market disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial condition. In addition, core earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were not indicative of the reduced earnings potential of our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2020. We commenced rebuilding our investment portfolio in July 2020 and are resuming reporting core earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2020 because we believe that core earnings provides a useful measure of our current investment portfolio’s earning capacity.

We began investing in TBAs during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and are adjusting our core earnings calculation to include the impact of TBA dollar roll income. A TBA dollar roll is a series of derivative transactions where TBAs

Table of Contents

with the same specified issuer, term and coupon but different settlement dates are simultaneously bought and sold. The TBA settling in the later month typically prices at a discount to the TBA settling in the earlier month. TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement. We include TBA dollar roll income in core earnings because it is the economic equivalent of interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied financing cost, over the forward settlement period.

We are also presenting an economic debt-to-equity ratio as of September 30, 2020, a new non-GAAP financial measure, that considers the impact of TBAs on leverage as discussed further below.

The non-GAAP financial measures used by management should be analyzed in conjunction with U.S. GAAP financial measures and should not be considered substitutes for U.S. GAAP financial measures. In addition, the non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of our peer companies.

Core Earnings

We calculate core earnings as U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (gain) loss on investments, net; realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; TBA dollar roll income; realized and unrealized (gain) loss on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net; (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net; amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps; net (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt; and cumulative adjustments attributable to non-controlling interest. We may add and have added additional reconciling items to our core earnings calculation as appropriate.

We believe the presentation of core earnings provides a consistent measure of operating performance by excluding the impact of gains and losses described above from operating results. We exclude the impact of gains and losses because gains and losses are not accounted for consistently under U.S. GAAP. Under U.S. GAAP, certain gains and losses are reflected in net income whereas other gains and losses are reflected in other comprehensive income. For example, a portion of our mortgage-backed securities are classified as available-for-sale securities, and we record changes in the valuation of these securities in other comprehensive income on our consolidated balance sheets. We elected the fair value option for our mortgage-backed securities purchased on or after September 1, 2016, and changes in the valuation of these securities are recorded in other income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations. In addition, certain gains and losses represent one-time events.

We believe that providing transparency into core earnings enables our investors to consistently measure, evaluate and compare our operating performance to that of our peers over multiple reporting periods. However, we caution that core earnings should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), or as an indication of our cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), a measure of our liquidity, or as an indication of amounts available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.

The table below provides a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to core earnings for the following periods:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands, except per share data	2020	2019
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	96,859	77,896
Adjustments:
(Gain) loss on investments, net	(65,106)	(202,413)
Realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (1)	5,078	173,607
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (1)	(8,519)	15,352
TBA dollar roll income (2)	2,055	—
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net (3)	—	5,195
(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net (4)	—	14
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps(5)	(3,243)	(5,981)
Net (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt	(15,849)	—

Subtotal	(85,584)	(14,226)


Core earnings attributable to common stockholders	11,275	63,670
Basic income (loss) per common share	0.53	0.57
Core earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (6)	0.06	0.47

Table of Contents

(1)U.S. GAAP gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(5,078)	(173,607)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	8,519	(15,352)
Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps	(555)	11,715
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	2,886	(177,244)

(2)TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement. We include TBA dollar roll income in core earnings because it is the economic equivalent of interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied financing cost, over the forward settlement period. TBA dollar roll income is a component of gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(3)U.S. GAAP realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net	—	(5,195)
GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest	478	5,196
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	1

(4)U.S. GAAP other investment income (loss) net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Dividend income	402	1,019
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions, net	—	(14)
Other investment income (loss), net	402	1,005

(5)U.S. GAAP repurchase agreements interest expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Interest expense on repurchase agreements borrowings	1,530	118,832
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(3,243)	(5,981)
Repurchase agreements interest expense	(1,713)	112,851

Table of Contents

(6)Core earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is equal to core earnings divided by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding.

The components of core income for the following periods are:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2020	2019
Effective net interest income(1)	25,532	83,957
TBA dollar roll income	2,055	—
Dividend income	402	1,019
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures	332	403
Total expenses	(5,939)	(10,602)
Total core earnings	22,382	74,777
Dividends to preferred stockholders	(11,107)	(11,107)


Core earnings attributable to common stockholders	11,275	63,670

(1)See below for a reconciliation of net interest income to effective net interest income, a non-GAAP measure.

Core earnings decreased $52.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to a $58.4 million decrease in effective net interest income in the first quarter of 2020.

See below for a discussion of the decrease in effective net interest income in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019.

Effective Interest Income / Effective Yield / Effective Interest Expense / Effective Cost of Funds / Effective Net Interest Income / Effective Interest Rate Margin

We calculate effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield) as U.S. GAAP total interest income adjusted for GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. We include our GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest in effective interest income because GSE CRT coupon interest is not accounted for consistently under U.S. GAAP. We account for GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 as hybrid financial instruments, but we have elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Under U.S. GAAP, coupon interest on GSE CRTs accounted for using the fair value option is recorded as interest income, whereas coupon interest on GSE CRTs accounted for as hybrid financial instruments is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss). We add back GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest to our total interest income because we consider GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest a current component of our total interest income irrespective of whether we elected the fair value option for the GSE CRT or accounted for the GSE CRT as a hybrid financial instrument. We did not hold any GSE CRTs accounted for as hybrid financial instruments as of September 30, 2020.

We calculate effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds) as U.S. GAAP total interest expense adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on our interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net and the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreements interest expense. We view our interest rate swaps as an economic hedge against increases in future market interest rates on our floating rate borrowings. We add back the net payments we make on our interest rate swap agreements to our total U.S. GAAP interest expense because we use interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense. We exclude the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps from our calculation of effective interest expense because we do not consider the amortization a current component of our borrowing costs.

We calculate effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin) as U.S. GAAP net interest income adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on our interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net; amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreements interest expense and GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.

We believe the presentation of effective interest income, effective yield, effective interest expense, effective cost of funds, effective net interest income and effective interest rate margin measures, when considered together with U.S. GAAP financial measures, provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our borrowing costs and operating performance.

Table of Contents

The following tables reconcile total interest income to effective interest income and yield to effective yield for the following periods:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Yield/Effective Yield		Reconciliation	Yield/Effective Yield
Total interest income	27,436	2.62	%	196,291	3.75	%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	0.05	%	5,196	0.09	%
Effective interest income	27,914	2.67	%	201,487	3.84	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Yield/Effective Yield		Reconciliation	Yield/Effective Yield
Total interest income	244,308	4.09	%	585,586	3.84	%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	6,323	0.11	%	15,846	0.11	%
Effective interest income	250,631	4.20	%	601,432	3.95	%

Our effective interest income decreased $173.6 million and $350.8 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, versus the same period in 2019 primarily due to lower average earning assets. Our average earning assets decreased to $4.2 billion and $8.0 billion from $21.0 billion and $20.3 billion for three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, primarily because we sold a substantial portion of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio during the first half of 2020 due to disruption in the financial markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as previously discussed. Changes in our yields and effective yields in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 versus the same period in 2019 are primarily due to changes in our portfolio composition as discussed in Investment Activities above.

The following tables reconcile total interest expense to effective interest expense and cost of funds to effective cost of funds for the following periods.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds		Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense	(1,416)	(0.17)	%	123,264	2.55	%
Add (Less): Amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps	3,243	0.39	%	5,981	0.12	%
Add (Less): Contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	555	0.07	%	(11,715)	(0.24)	%
Effective interest expense	2,382	0.29	%	117,530	2.43	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds		Reconciliation	Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense	84,714	1.63	%	365,519	2.64	%
Add (Less): Amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps	17,813	0.34	%	17,748	0.13	%
Add (Less): Contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(11,369)	(0.22)	%	(23,749)	(0.17)	%
Effective interest expense	91,158	1.75	%	359,518	2.60	%

Table of Contents

Our effective interest expense and effective cost of funds decreased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to lower interest expense paid on our repurchase agreements. We recorded negative interest expense of $1.4 million and interest expense of $84.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to interest expense of $123.3 million and $365.5 million for the same periods in 2019 due to lower average borrowings and a lower Federal Funds target interest rate.

The following tables reconcile net interest income to effective net interest income and net interest rate margin to effective interest rate margin for the following periods.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin		Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income	28,852	2.79	%	73,027	1.20	%
Add (Less): Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(3,243)	(0.39)	%	(5,981)	(0.12)	%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	478	0.05	%	5,196	0.09	%
Add (Less): Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(555)	(0.07)	%	11,715	0.24	%
Effective net interest income	25,532	2.38	%	83,957	1.41	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
$ in thousands	Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin		Reconciliation	Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income	159,594	2.46	%	220,067	1.20	%
Add (Less): Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps	(17,813)	(0.34)	%	(17,748)	(0.13)	%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net	6,323	0.11	%	15,846	0.11	%
Add (Less): Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	11,369	0.22	%	23,749	0.17	%
Effective net interest income	159,473	2.45	%	241,914	1.35	%

Effective net interest income decreased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019 primarily due to lower average earning asset balances that were partially offset by lower average borrowings and a lower effective cost of funds driven by cuts in the Federal Funds interest rate.

Table of Contents

Economic Debt-to-Equity Ratio

The tables below show the allocation of our stockholders' equity to our target assets, our debt-to-equity ratio, and our economic debt-to-equity ratio as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Our debt-to-equity ratio is calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and is the ratio of total debt to total stockholders' equity. As of September 30, 2020, approximately 60% of our equity is allocated to Agency RMBS. We intend to increase our equity allocation to Agency RMBS in the fourth quarter of 2020.

We are also presenting an economic debt-to-equity ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure of leverage that considers the impact of the off-balance sheet financing of our new investments in TBAs. We include our TBAs at implied cost basis in our measure of leverage because a forward contract to acquire Agency MBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to Agency MBS purchased in the cash market and funded with on-balance sheet liabilities. Similarly, a contract for the forward sale of Agency MBS has substantially the same effect as selling the underlying Agency MBS and reducing our on-balance sheet funding commitments. We believe that presenting our economic debt-to-equity ratio, when considered together with our U.S. GAAP financial measure of debt-to-equity ratio, provides information that is useful to investors in understanding how management evaluates our at-risk leverage and gives investors a comparable statistic to those other mortgage REITs who also invest in TBAs and present a similar non-GAAP measure of leverage.

September 30, 2020


$ in thousands	Agency RMBS	Credit Portfolio (1)	Total
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	5,536,104	445,353	5,981,457
Cash and cash equivalents (2)	258,905	—	258,905
Restricted cash(3)	166,193	—	166,193
Derivative assets, at fair value (3)	8,234	168	8,402
Other assets	16,834	44,204	61,038
Total assets	5,986,270	489,725	6,475,995

Repurchase agreements	5,243,288	—	5,243,288



Derivative liabilities, at fair value (3)	391	—	391
Other liabilities	10,824	10,352	21,176
Total liabilities	5,254,503	10,352	5,264,855

Total stockholders' equity (allocated)	731,767	479,373	1,211,140





Debt-to-equity ratio (4)	7.2	—	4.3
Economic debt-to-equity ratio (5)	8.4	—	5.1

(1)Investments in non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT, commercial loans and unconsolidated joint ventures are included in credit portfolio.

(2)Cash and cash equivalents are allocated based on our financing strategy for each asset class.

(3)Restricted cash and derivative assets and liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.

(4)Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements to total stockholders' equity.

(5)Economic debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements and TBAs at implied cost basis ($932.3 million as of September 30, 2020) to total stockholders' equity.

Table of Contents

December 31, 2019


$ in thousands	Agency RMBS	Agency CMBS	Credit Portfolio (1)	Total
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities	11,301,037	4,767,930	5,702,819	21,771,786
Cash and cash equivalents (2)	73,927	27,881	70,699	172,507
Restricted cash	81,830	34,441	724	116,995
Derivative assets, at fair value (3)	13,034	5,499	—	18,533
Other assets	94,525	12,460	159,739	266,724
Total assets	11,564,353	4,848,211	5,933,981	22,346,545

Repurchase agreements	9,666,964	4,246,359	3,618,980	17,532,303
Secured loans (4)	540,299	—	1,109,701	1,650,000

Derivative liabilities, at fair value (3)	—	—	352	352
Other liabilities	65,353	124,305	42,333	231,991
Total liabilities	10,272,616	4,370,664	4,771,366	19,414,646

Total stockholders' equity (allocated)	1,291,737	477,547	1,162,615	2,931,899





Debt-to-equity ratio (5)	7.9	8.9	4.1	6.5
Economic debt-to-equity ratio (6)	7.9	8.9	4.1	6.5

(1)Investments in non-Agency RMBS, non-Agency CMBS, GSE CRT, commercial loans, unconsolidated joint ventures and loan participation interest are included in credit portfolio.

(2)Cash and cash equivalents are allocated based on a percentage of stockholders' equity for each asset class.

(3)Restricted cash, derivative assets and derivative liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each class.

(4)Secured loans are allocated based on amount of collateral pledged.

(5)Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements and secured loans) to total stockholders' equity.

(6)Economic debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total repurchase agreements, secured loans and TBAs at implied cost basis to total stockholders' equity.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments, repay borrowings and fund other general business needs. Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of the net proceeds from our common and preferred equity offerings, net cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements and future issuances of equity and/or debt securities.

The COVID-19 pandemic-driven disruptions in the real estate, mortgage and financial markets negatively affected our liquidity during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Under the terms of our repurchase agreements, our lenders have the contractual right to mark the underlying securities that we post as collateral to fair value as determined in their sole discretion. In addition, our lenders have the contractual right to increase the "haircut", or percentage amount by which collateral value must exceed the amount of borrowings, as market conditions become more volatile. As a result of significant spread widening in both Agency and non-Agency securities in the latter part of the first quarter of 2020, valuations of our portfolio assets declined sharply in a short period of time, leading to an exceptional increase in the frequency and magnitude of margin calls. We sold portfolio assets in order to generate liquidity, in many cases at significantly distressed market prices. Additionally, our lenders raised required haircuts on our collateral for new repurchase agreements, driving further liquidity needs. These events have led us to seek to maintain higher levels of cash and unencumbered assets. See Part I. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Part II. Other Information - Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Quarterly Report for more information on how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and may continue to impact our liquidity and capital resources.

We held cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $425.1 million at September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $206.0 million). As previously discussed, we increased our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances at September 30, 2020 to improve our liquidity in light of market disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our operating activities provided net cash of $143.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $217.9 million).

Table of Contents

Our investing activities provided net cash of $13.7 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to net cash used by investing activities of $4.9 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our primary source of cash from investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was proceeds from sales of MBS and GSE CRTs of $24.3 billion (September 30, 2019: $2.4 billion). We also generated $730.3 million from principal payments of MBS and GSE CRTs during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $1.4 billion). We invested $10.5 billion in MBS and GSE CRTs during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $8.0 billion). We used cash of $909.4 million to terminate derivative contracts in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $713.2 million) as we sold our Agency securities and our sensitivity to interest rates decreased.

Our financing activities used net cash of $13.7 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily because we reduced repurchase agreement borrowings with proceeds from asset sales (September 30, 2019: net cash provided by financing activities of $4.8 billion). During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we repaid net repurchase agreement borrowings of $12.3 billion (September 30, 2019: net proceeds provided $4.5 billion). In addition, we repaid $1.65 billion of secured loans from the FHLBI during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. We also used cash of $117.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $195.9 million) to pay dividends. Proceeds from issuance of common stock provided $347.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (September 30, 2019: $486.5 million).

As of September 30, 2020, the average margin requirement (weighted by borrowing amount), or the percentage amount by which the collateral value must exceed the loan amount (also refer to as the "haircut") under our repurchase agreements was 5.0% for Agency RMBS. Declines in the value of our securities portfolio can trigger margin calls by our lenders under our repurchase agreements. An event of default or termination event may give our counterparties the option to terminate all repurchase transactions outstanding with us and require any amount due from us to the counterparties to be payable immediately.

Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Liquidity

As of September 30, 2020, we hold $5.5 billion of Agency securities that are financed by repurchase agreements. We also have approximately $514.0 million of unencumbered investments and unrestricted cash of $258.9 million as of September 30, 2020.

Based upon our current portfolio and existing borrowing arrangements, we believe that cash flow from operations and available borrowing capacity will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term (one year or less) liquidity requirements to fund our investment activities, pay fees under our management agreement, fund our required distributions to stockholders and fund other general corporate expenses.

Our ability to meet our long-term (greater than one year) liquidity and capital resource requirements will be subject to obtaining additional debt financing. We may increase our capital resources by obtaining long-term credit facilities or through public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, possibly including classes of preferred stock, common stock, senior or subordinated notes and convertible notes. Such financing will depend on market conditions for capital raises and our ability to invest such offering proceeds. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, it may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Contractual Obligations

We have entered into an agreement with our Manager under which our Manager is entitled to receive a management fee and the reimbursement of certain operating expenses incurred on our behalf. The management fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears in an amount equal to 1.50% of our stockholders’ equity, per annum. Refer to Note 11 - "Related Party Transactions" of our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information on how our management fee is calculated. Our Manager uses the proceeds from its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of those individuals are also our officers, receive no cash compensation directly from us. We are required to reimburse our Manager for operating expenses related to us incurred by our Manager, including certain salary expenses and other expenses relating to legal, accounting, due diligence and other services. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Refer to Note 11 – "Related Party Transactions" of our condensed consolidated financial statements for details of our reimbursements to our Manager.

Table of Contents

As of September 30, 2020, we had the following contractual obligations:


	Payments Due by Period
$ in thousands	Total	Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	After 5 years
Obligations of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
Repurchase agreements	5,243,288	5,243,288	—	—	—

Interest expense on repurchase agreements	1,034	1,034	—	—	—

Total (1)	5,244,322	5,244,322	—	—	—

(1)Excluded from total contractual obligations are the amounts due to our Manager under the management agreement, as those obligations do not have fixed and determinable payments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2020, we held investments in two unconsolidated joint ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager. We are committed to invest $6.7 million in these unconsolidated joint ventures to fund future investments and cover future expenses should they occur.

Dividends

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income annually, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. We must pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our taxable income. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.

As discussed above, our distribution requirements are based on REIT taxable income rather than U.S. GAAP net income. The primary differences between our REIT taxable income and U.S. GAAP net income are: (i) unrealized gains and losses on investments that we have elected the fair value option for that are included in current U.S. GAAP income but are excluded from taxable income until realized or settled; (ii) gains and losses on derivative instruments that are included in current U.S. GAAP net income but are excluded from taxable income until realized; and (iii) temporary differences related to amortization of premiums and discounts on investments. For additional information regarding the characteristics of our dividends, refer to Note 12 – “Stockholders' Equity” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Unrelated Business Taxable Income

We have not engaged in transactions that would result in a portion of our income being treated as unrelated business taxable income.

Table of Contents

Exposure to Financial Counterparties

We finance a substantial portion of our investment portfolio through repurchase agreements. Under these agreements, we pledge assets from our investment portfolio as collateral. Additionally, certain counterparties may require us to provide cash collateral in the event the market value of the assets declines in order to maintain a contractual repurchase agreement collateral ratio. If a counterparty were to default on its obligations, we would be exposed to potential losses to the extent the fair value of collateral pledged by us to the counterparty including any accrued interest receivable on such collateral exceeded the amount loaned to us by the counterparty plus interest due to the counterparty.

As of September 30, 2020, one counterparty held collateral that exceeded the amounts borrowed under the related repurchase agreements by more than $60.6 million, or 5% of our stockholders' equity.

The following table summarizes our exposure to repurchase agreement counterparties by geographic concentration as of September 30, 2020.


$ in thousands	Number of Counterparties	Repurchase Agreement Financing	Exposure
North America	9	3,788,283	198,129
Europe (excluding United Kingdom)	1	168,585	9,135
Asia	3	1,286,420	67,399

Total	13	5,243,288	274,663

Other Matters

We believe that we satisfied each of the asset tests in Section 856(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for the period ended September 30, 2020, and that our proposed method of operation will permit us to satisfy the asset tests, gross income tests, and distribution and stock ownership requirements for our taxable year that will end on December 31, 2020.

At all times, we intend to conduct our business so that neither we nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were required to register as an investment company, then our use of leverage would be substantially reduced. Because we are a holding company that conducts our business through our Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of "investment company" under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage in through our subsidiaries. In addition, we believe neither we nor the Operating Partnership are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because they do not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, through the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and the Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries. IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries that we may form in the future rely upon the exclusion from the definition of "investment company" under the 1940 Act provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities "primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate." This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of each subsidiary’s portfolio be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). We calculate that as of September 30, 2020, we conducted our business so as not to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act.

Table of Contents

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

The primary components of our market risk are related to interest rate, principal prepayment and market value. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and we seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.

For additional discussion of market risk associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see Item Part II. Item 1A - Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and our repurchase agreements. Our repurchase agreements are typically short-term in nature and are periodically refinanced at current market rates. We typically mitigate this interest rate risk by utilizing derivative contracts, primarily interest rate swap agreements, futures, and TBAs.

We resumed purchasing 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS in July 2020 and financed these purchases with repurchase agreement borrowings. We entered into interest rate swaps to mitigate our interest rate risk associated with these borrowings.

Interest Rate Effect on Net Interest Income

Our operating results depend in large part upon differences between the yields earned on our investments and our cost of borrowing and interest rate hedging activities. During periods of rising interest rates, the borrowing costs associated with our investments tend to increase while the income earned on our fixed interest rate investments may remain substantially unchanged. This increase in borrowing costs results in the narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. Further, during this portion of the interest rate and credit cycles, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could adversely affect our liquidity and operating results. Such delinquencies or defaults could also have an adverse effect on the spread between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our RMBS. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the RMBS will be longer or shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are highly complex and may produce volatile returns.

Interest Rate Effects on Fair Value

Another component of interest rate risk is the effect that changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets that we acquire. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than those of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.

We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration values for the same securities.

The impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change materially. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly in the event interest rates change materially. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, changes in actual interest rates may have a material adverse effect on us.

Table of Contents

Spread Risk

We employ a variety of spread risk management techniques that seek to mitigate the influences of spread changes on our book value and our liquidity to help us achieve our investment objectives. We refer to the difference between interest rates on our investments and interest rates on risk free instruments as spreads. The yield on our investments changes over time due to the level of risk free interest rates, the creditworthiness of the security, and the price of the perceived risk. The change in the market yield of our interest rate hedges also changes primarily with the level of risk free interest rates. We manage spread risk through careful asset selection, sector allocation, regulating our portfolio value-at-risk, and maintaining adequate liquidity. Changes in spreads impact our book value and our liquidity and could cause us to sell assets and to change our investment strategy in order to maintain liquidity and preserve book value.

Uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused credit spreads to widen significantly in the second half of March 2020 and into April 2020. Unprecedented government responses, including fiscal stimulus, monetary policy actions, and various purchase and financing programs have had and will continue to impact credit spreads.

Prepayment Risk

As we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, premiums paid on these investments are amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments. Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the investments.

Historically low interest rates, high interest rate volatility, uncertainties related to government policies on mortgage finance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing, and other factors have made it more difficult to predict prepayment levels for the securities in our portfolio. As a result, it is possible that realized prepayment behavior will be materially different from our expectations.

Extension Risk

We compute the projected weighted average life of our investments based upon assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In general, when a fixed-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate security is acquired with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related target asset.

However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, then the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument, while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate assets would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate assets to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.

Market Risk

Market Value Risk

Our available-for-sale securities are reflected at their estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income pursuant to ASC Topic 320. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a falling interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related preventative measures have caused unprecedented volatility and illiquidity in fixed income markets. The amount of financing we receive under our repurchase agreements is directly related to our counterparties’ valuation of our assets that collateralize the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. As a result, if these market conditions persist, margin call risk remains elevated and our operating results and financial condition may be materially impacted.

The sensitivity analysis table presented below shows the estimated impact of an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down 50 and 100 basis points, on the market value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and net interest income, including net interest paid or received under interest rate swaps, at September 30, 2020, assuming a static portfolio and constant financing and credit spreads. When evaluating the impact of changes in interest rates, prepayment assumptions and

Table of Contents

principal reinvestment rates are adjusted based on our Manager’s expectations. The analysis presented utilized assumptions, models and estimates of our Manager based on our Manager’s judgment and experience.


Change in Interest Rates	Percentage Change in Projected Net Interest Income		Percentage Change in Projected Portfolio Value
+1.00%	16.89	%	(2.01)	%
+0.50%	10.99	%	(0.68)	%
-0.50%	(11.43)	%	(0.37)	%
-1.00%	(21.06)	%	(0.31)	%

Certain assumptions have been made in connection with the calculation of the information set forth in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates at September 30, 2020. Furthermore, while we generally expect to retain such assets and the associated interest rate risk to maturity, future purchases and sales of assets could materially change our interest rate risk profile.

Our scenario analysis assumes a floor of 0% for U.S. Treasury yields. Given the relatively low interest rates at September 30, 2020, to be consistent, we also applied a floor of 0% for all related funding costs. Due to this floor, we anticipate that declines in funding costs resulting from a significant interest rate decrease would be limited. At the same time, increases in prepayment speed forecasts resulting from lower rates are also limited by this assumption. For purposes of our calculations, the net interest income projections are determined for each specific security. In contrast, for the market value analysis, this floor may limit the gains in market values in scenarios where the interest rate drops significantly.

The information set forth in the interest rate sensitivity table above and all related disclosures constitutes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimated in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table.

Real Estate Risk

Residential and commercial property values are subject to volatility and may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to: national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions (such as the supply of housing stock); changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.

Credit Risk

We retain the risk of potential credit losses on all our residential and commercial mortgage investments. We seek to manage this risk through our pre-acquisition due diligence process. In addition, we re-evaluate the credit risk inherent in our investments on a regular basis pursuant to fundamental considerations such as GDP, unemployment, interest rates, retail sales, store closings/openings, corporate earnings, housing inventory, affordability and regional home price trends. We also review key loan credit metrics including, but not limited to, payment status, current loan-to-value ratios, current borrower credit scores and debt yields. These characteristics assist in determining the likelihood and severity of loan loss as well as prepayment and extension expectations. We then perform structural analysis under multiple scenarios to establish likely cash flow profiles and credit enhancement levels relative to collateral performance projections. This analysis allows us to quantify our opinions of credit quality and fundamental value, which are key drivers of portfolio management decisions.

The conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have adversely affected the fundamentals of many of our portfolio investments. The significant decrease in economic activity and/or resulting decline in the housing market could have an adverse effect on the value of our investments in mortgage real estate-related assets. Further, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the overall economy, such as rising unemployment levels or changes in consumer behavior related to loans as well as government policies and pronouncements, borrowers may experience difficulties meeting their obligations or seek to forbear or further forbear payment on or refinance their mortgage loans to avail themselves of lower rates. In addition to residential mortgage-related assets, the adverse economic conditions could negatively impact tenants underlying our commercial property assets resulting in potential delinquencies, defaults or declines in asset values. In many instances, tenants are foregoing rent payments or seeking forbearance. As a result, loans may experience increased delinquencies and defaults, which could impact the fundamental performance of our mortgage-backed securities. Further, we expect credit rating agencies to reassess transactions that are negatively impacted by these adverse changes. This may result in our investments being downgraded by credit rating agencies.

Table of Contents

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

We have an investment of €13.1 million in an unconsolidated joint venture whose net assets and results of operations are exposed to foreign currency translation risk when translated in U.S. dollars upon consolidation. We seek to hedge our foreign currency exposures by purchasing currency forward contracts.

Risk Management

To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we seek to manage risk exposure to protect our investment portfolio against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage this risk by:

•monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our target assets and our financings;

•attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods;

•exploring options to obtain financing arrangements that are not marked to market;

•using hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements but also financial futures, options, interest rate cap agreements, floors and forward sales to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our target assets and our borrowings; and

•actively managing, on an aggregate basis, the interest rate indices, interest rate adjustment periods, and gross reset margins of our target assets and the interest rate indices and adjustment periods of our financings.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act.

We have evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020. Based upon our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2020, we were not involved in any such legal proceedings.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

There were no material changes during the period covered by this Report to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, other than those risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic as described below. Additional risks not presently known, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and will likely continue to adversely affect, the U.S. economy, the mortgage REIT industry and our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the related preventative measures are causing significant disruptions to the U.S. and global economies and have contributed to volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. Many businesses, particularly smaller ones within the service-sector, have been forced to close, furlough and/or lay off employees. As a result, U.S. unemployment claims remain at elevated levels. Other economic activity, including retail sales and industrial production, while rebounding since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, also remain well below pre-COVID levels. After a meaningful contraction in the second quarter of 2020, economic activity recovered sharply during the third quarter. However, the pace, timing and strength of the economic recovery going forward is still unknown and difficult to predict as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2020, particularly in March, the COVID-19 pandemic began to adversely affect the mortgage REIT industry generally. In addition to negative general economic conditions, the impact of COVID-19 caused severe volatility across asset classes, including mortgage-related assets. Forced sales of the securities and other assets that secure repurchase and other financing arrangements due to drops in fair market value of such collateral have been, and may continue to be, on terms less favorable than might otherwise be available in a regularly functioning market and have, and may continue to generate higher than historical levels of margin calls.

The conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed above have also adversely affected our business and we expect these conditions to continue during 2020. The significant decrease in economic activity and/or resulting decline in the real estate market could have an adverse effect on the value of our investments in mortgage real estate-related assets. Further, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the overall economy, such as rising unemployment levels or changes in consumer behavior related to loans as well as government policies and pronouncements, borrowers may experience difficulties meeting their obligations or seek to forbear or further forbear payment on or refinance their mortgage loans to avail themselves of lower rates. Elevated levels of delinquency or default would have an adverse impact on the value of our mortgage related assets. In addition to residential mortgage-related assets, the adverse economic conditions could negatively impact tenants on our commercial property assets resulting in potential delinquencies, defaults or declines in asset values. To the extent current conditions persist or worsen, we expect there to be a negative effect on our results of operations, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders. The continued spread of COVID-19 could also negatively impact the availability of our Manager’s key personnel necessary to conduct our business.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government has taken various actions to support the economy and the continued functioning of the financial markets. The Federal Reserve has announced its commitment to purchase unlimited amounts of U.S. Treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds and other assets. In addition, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which will provide billions of dollars of relief to individuals, businesses, state and local governments, and the health care system suffering the impact of the pandemic, including mortgage loan forbearance and modification programs to qualifying borrowers who have difficulty making their loan payments. There can be no assurance as to how, in the long term, these and other actions by the U.S. government will affect the efficiency, liquidity and stability of the financial and mortgage markets. To the extent the financial or mortgage markets do not respond favorably to any of these actions, or such actions do not function as intended, our business, results of operations and financial condition may continue to be materially adversely affected.

Table of Contents

Our inability to access funding or the terms on which funding is available could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly in light of ongoing market dislocations resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our ability to fund our operations, meet financial obligations and finance asset acquisitions may be impacted by an inability to secure and maintain our repurchase agreements with counterparties. Because repurchase agreements are short-term commitments of capital, repurchase agreement counterparties may respond to market conditions in a manner that makes it more difficult for us to renew or replace on a continuous basis maturing short-term financings and have and may continue to impose less favorable conditions when rolling such financings. If we are not able to renew or roll our repurchase agreements or arrange for new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our financial covenants, are otherwise unable to access funds under our financing arrangements, or if we are required to post more collateral or face larger haircuts on our financings, we may have to dispose of assets at significantly lower prices and at inopportune times, which could cause significant losses, and may also force us to limit our asset acquisition activities.

Issues related to financing are heightened in times of significant volatility in the financial markets, such as those being experienced now in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. It is possible that our financing counterparties will become unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, and we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed or markets are illiquid, which could cause significant losses. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our financing counterparties change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us, or to increase the amounts of collateral they require as a condition to providing us with financing. Our financing counterparties also have revised, and may continue to revise, their eligibility requirements for the types of assets that they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, including increased haircuts and requiring additional cash collateral, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of actual and perceived risk. Moreover, the amount of financing that we receive under our repurchase agreements will be directly related to our counterparties’ valuation of our assets that collateralize the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. Typically, repurchase agreements grant the repurchase agreement counterparty the absolute right to reevaluate the fair market value of the assets that cover the amount financed under the repurchase agreement at any time. If a repurchase agreement counterparty determines in its sole discretion that the value of the assets subject to the repurchase agreement financing has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call. These valuations may be different than the values that we ascribe to these assets and may be influenced by recent asset sales at distressed levels by forced sellers. A margin call requires us to transfer additional assets to a repurchase agreement counterparty without any advance of funds from the counterparty for such transfer or to repay a portion of the outstanding repurchase agreement financing. We would also be required to post additional collateral if haircuts increase under a repurchase agreement. In these situations, we could be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls or increased haircuts and to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause significant losses.

As a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we observed a mark-down of a portion of our mortgage assets by the counterparties to our financing arrangements, resulting in us having to post cash or securities to satisfy higher than historical levels of margin calls. Significant margin calls had and could have in the future a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and caused and could cause in the future the value of our common stock to decline. We may be and have been forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity. If these trends continue, it will continue to have a negative adverse impact on our liquidity.

Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders has been and may continue to be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on shares of common stock will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. The payment of dividends may be more uncertain during severe market disruption in the mortgage, real estate or related sectors, such as those being experienced now as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service issued a revenue procedure permitting “publicly offered” REITs, such as us to pay dividends in a mixture of stock and cash, with at least 10% of the total distribution being paid in cash, to satisfy their REIT distribution requirements. Pursuant to this revenue procedure, we have elected and may elect again in the future to make distributions of our taxable income to common stockholders in a mixture of our common stock and cash. As a result, common stockholders may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the common stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sale proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we or the applicable withholding agent may be required to

Table of Contents

withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.

We have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant changes in our portfolio during times of severe market disruption in the mortgage, real estate or related sectors, such as those being experienced now as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Consistent with current market conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and our intention to enhance our liquidity and strengthen our cash position, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we have reduced leverage and taken other steps to manage our portfolio through unprecedented market volatility and preserve long-term stockholder value, including completing various transactions to reposition our portfolio. Stockholders may not agree with, nor are required to consent to, significant changes to our portfolio.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an uncertain and volatile interest rate environment, which could adversely affect our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an uncertain and volatile interest rate environment and general fixed income patterns have deviated widely from historical trends, which have and may continue to adversely affect our business. We have experienced historically larger spreads to benchmark rates in the repurchase markets and, in some cases, availability of repurchase financing has been limited or not available. Further, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant government programs, stimulus plans as well as government purchase and finance programs have had and will continue to have an impact on interest rates and fair values of fixed income assets. It is unclear what the impact of these actions will be and how long they will continue to drive the interest rate environment. With respect to prepayments, given the combination of low interest rates, government stimulus and high unemployment, and other disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become more difficult to predict prepayment levels for the securities in our portfolio. Actual prepayment results may be materially different than the assumptions we use. We use interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. However, there is no guarantee these interest rate swaps will cover all risk.

Market disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have made it more difficult for us to determine the fair value of our investments.

As discussed in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, market-based inputs are generally the preferred source of values for purposes of measuring the fair value of many of our assets under U.S. GAAP. The markets for our investments have experienced, and continue to experience, extreme volatility, reduced transaction volume and liquidity, and disruption as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has made it more difficult for us, and for the providers of third-party valuations that we use, to rely on market-based inputs in connection with the valuation of many of our assets under U.S. GAAP. In the absence of market inputs, U.S. GAAP permits the use of management assumptions to measure fair value. However, the considerable market volatility and disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the considerable uncertainty regarding the ultimate impact and duration of the pandemic have made it more difficult for our management to formulate assumptions to measure the fair value of certain of our assets.

The fair value of certain of our investments may fluctuate over short periods of time, and our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these investments existed. The value of our common stock and preferred stock could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.

We have experienced, and may experience in the future, a decline in the fair value of our investments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could materially and adversely affect us.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we experienced a significant amount of realized and unrealized losses on our assets. A future decline in the fair value of our investments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may require us to recognize an impairment under U.S. GAAP if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets to maturity or for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery to the original acquisition cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair value of such assets on the date

Table of Contents

they are considered to be impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition. The subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale. If we experience a decline in the fair value of our investments, it could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Measures intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 could disrupt our operations.

In response to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the federal and state mandates implemented to control its spread, the majority of our Manager’s employees are working remotely. If our Manager’s employees are unable to work effectively as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including because of illness, quarantines, office closures, ineffective remote work arrangements or technology failures or limitations, our operations would be adversely impacted. Further, remote work arrangements may increase the risk of cyber-security incidents and cyber-attacks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, due to, among other things, the loss of investor or proprietary data, interruptions or delays in the operation of our business and damage to our reputation.

We may incur losses as a result of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, terrorist attacks, extreme weather events or other natural disasters.

The occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, or other widespread health emergency (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), terrorist attacks or natural disasters, could create economic and financial disruptions, and could lead to material adverse declines in the market values of our assets, illiquidity in our investment and financing markets and negatively impact our ability to effectively conduct our business.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

A list of exhibits to this Form 10-Q is set forth on the Exhibit Index and is incorporated herein by reference.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC.

November 9, 2020	By:	/s/ John M. Anzalone
		John M. Anzalone
		Chief Executive Officer

November 9, 2020	By:	/s/ R. Lee Phegley, Jr.
		R. Lee Phegley, Jr.
		Chief Financial Officer

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Item 6. Exhibits


Exhibit No.						Description

3.1						Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on August 12, 2009).

3.2						Articles Supplementary of 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on July 23, 2012).

3.3						Articles Supplementary classifying 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock as additional Series A Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 19, 2019).

3.4						Articles Supplementary of 7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on September 8, 2014).

3.5						Articles Supplementary classifying 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock as additional Series B Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 19, 2019).

3.6						Articles Supplementary of 7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2017).

3.7						Articles Supplementary classifying 4,000,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock as additional Series C Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 19, 2019).

3.8						Amended and Restated Bylaws of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 17, 2017.



31.1						Certification of John M. Anzalone pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2						Certification of R. Lee Phegley, Jr. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1						Certification of John M. Anzalone pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2						Certification of R. Lee Phegley, Jr. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101						101.INS XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document

104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)