UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______.

Commission File Number: 001-38552

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware		81-5245912
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

55 Broad Street, 2nd Floor

Red Bank, New Jersey

07701

(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices)

(Zip code)

(908) 336-0360

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchanged on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share		PRVB		The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of the close of business on November 2, 2020, 56,487,891 common shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of the registrant were issued and outstanding.

Provention Bio, Inc.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2020

Table of Contents

Item		Page

PART I. Financial information

1.	Condensed Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	4
	Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	5
	Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	8
	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
4.	Controls and Procedures	36

PART II. Other Information
1.	Legal Proceedings	37
1A.	Risk Factors	37
2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	67
3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	67
4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	67
5.	Other Information	67
6.	Exhibits	68
	Signatures	69

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including, among others, statements regarding the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the timing progress and success of our ongoing and planned clinical trials, the expected timing of regulatory review of our product candidates, and our current expectations regarding the ability of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next 12 months, are forward-looking statements, which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

We may from time to time provide estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, the general business environment, and the markets for certain diseases, including estimates regarding the potential size of those markets and the estimated incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events, circumstances or numbers, including actual disease prevalence rates and market size, may differ materially from the information reflected in this Quarterly Report. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtain industry, business information, market data, prevalence information and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, and similar sources, in some cases applying our own assumptions and analysis that may, in the future, prove not to have been accurate.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	118,439		$	39,165
Marketable securities		28,719			46,208
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,173			623
Total current assets		151,331			85,996

Fixed assets, net		352			—
Other assets		120			—
Total assets	$	151,803		$	85,996
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	7,105		$	1,775
Accrued expenses		9,299			2,065
Total current liabilities		16,404			3,840

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 6)		-			-

Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 56,487,891 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020; 47,658,361 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019		6			5
Additional paid-in capital		280,439			161,212
Accumulated other comprehensive income		20			—
Accumulated deficit		(145,066	)		(79,061	)
Total stockholders’ equity		135,399			82,156
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	151,803		$	85,996

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	2020			2019			2020			2019
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	21,657		$	7,324		$	45,779		$	27,896
General and administrative		9,749			2,649			21,288			5,593
Total operating expenses		31,406			9,973			67,067			33,489

Loss from operations		(31,406	)		(9,973	)		(67,067	)		(33,489	)
Interest income		105			204			539			744
Loss before income tax benefit		(31,301	)		(9,769	)		(66,528	)		(32,745	)
Income tax benefit		—			—			523			—
Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)		(66,005	)		(32,745	)

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.56	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(1.29	)	$	(0.85	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		56,339			40,512			51,098			38,424

Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities		(78	)		—			20			—
Total comprehensive loss	$	(31,379	)	$	(9,769	)	$	(65,985	)	$	(32,745	)

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity

Balance at June 30, 2020		56,216	$	6	$	277,437	$	98		$	(113,765	)	$	163,776
Stock-based compensation		—		—		2,715		—			—			2,715
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		76		—		287		—			—			287
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises		196		—		—		—			—			—
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax		—		—		—		(78	)		—			(78	)
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs		-
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen		-
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs		-
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(31,301	)		(31,301	)
Balance at September 30, 2020		56,488	$	6	$	280,439	$	20		$	(145,066	)	$	135,399

	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity

Balance at June 30, 2019		37,370	$	4	$	96,156	$	—	$	(58,752	)	$	37,408
Stock-based compensation		—		—		923		—		—			923
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs		5,750		1		42,650		—		—			42,651
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen		2,500		—		20,000		—		—			20,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		51		—		198		—		—			198
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises		1,967		—		—		—		—			—
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(9,769	)		(9,769	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		47,638	$	5	$	159,927	$	—	$	(68,521	)	$	91,411

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity

Balance at December 31, 2019		47,658	$	5	$	161,212	$	—	$	(79,061	)	$	82,156
Stock-based compensation		—		—		5,228		—		—			5,228
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs		7,590		1		103,269		—		—			103,270
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs		725		—		9,869		—		—			9,869
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		189		—		861		—		—			861
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises		326		—		—		—		—			—
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax		—		—		—		20		—			20
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(66,005	)		(66,005	)
Balance at September 30, 2020		56,488	$	6	$	280,439	$	20	$	(145,066	)	$	135,399

	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit			Equity

Balance at December 31, 2018		37,362	$	4	$	95,430	$	—	$	(35,776	)	$	59,658
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,628		—		—			1,628
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs		5,750		1		42,650		—		—			42,651
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen		2,500		—		20,000		—		—			20,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		59		—		219		—		—			219
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises		1,967		—		—		—		—			—
Net loss		—		—		—		—		(32,745	)		(32,745	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		47,638	$	5	$	159,927	$	—	$	(68,521	)	$	91,411

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)

(in thousands)

	2020			2019
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		5,228			1,628
Amortization of premium and discounts on marketable securities		109			—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(3,550	)		1,707
Accounts payable		5,330			1,697
Accrued interest receivable		72			—
Accrued expenses		7,234			1,392
Other assets		(120	)		—
Net cash used in operating activities		(51,702	)		(26,321	)

Investing activities
Purchase of marketable securities		(24,672	)		—
Maturities of marketable securities		42,000			—
Purchase of fixed assets		(352	)		—
Net cash provided by investing activities		16,976			—

Financing activities
Proceeds from underwritten public offering, net		103,270			42,651
Proceeds from private placement with Amgen		—			20,000
Proceeds from at-the-market stock sales, net		9,869			—
Proceeds from stock option exercises		861			219
Net cash provided by financing activities		114,000			62,870

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		79,274			36,549
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		39,165			58,539
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	118,439		$	95,088

The accompanying unaudited notes are an integral part of the condensed financial statements.

PROVENTION BIO, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)

(tabular dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Provention Bio, Inc. (the “Company” or “Provention”) was incorporated on October 4, 2016 under the laws of the State of Delaware. The Company is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics and innovative approaches to intercept and prevent immune-mediated diseases. Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to business planning, research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets and raising capital. The Company’s business is subject to significant risks and uncertainties and will be dependent on raising substantial additional capital before it becomes profitable and it may never achieve profitability.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited financial information as of September 30, 2020 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 has been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The December 31, 2019 Condensed Balance Sheet was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for 2019, as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on April 8, 2020 and as further amended by Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A, and filed with the SEC on August 6, 2020.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information as of September 30, 2020 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, reflects all adjustments, which are normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or any future period.

2. LIQUIDITY

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception and as of September 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $145.1 million. To date, the Company has not generated any revenues and has financed its operations primarily through equity offerings.

In April 2017, the Company completed its private placement of 11,381,999 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock at $2.50 per share (the “Series A Offering”). The Company received net proceeds of $26.7 million.

In July 2018, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 15,969,563 shares of common stock in its initial public offering (“IPO”) at a public offering price of $4.00 per share. In connection with the IPO, the Company issued to MDB Capital Group, LLC (“MDB”), the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the IPO of $59.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.8 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all of the Company’s shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding at the time of the offering were automatically converted into 11,381,999 shares of common stock. In addition, the warrants issued in connection with the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock also converted to warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of the Company’s common stock.

In September 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering in which it sold 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $8.00 per share. The 5,750,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 750,000 shares at a price of $8.00 per share. Concurrent with the underwritten public offering, the Company sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock to Amgen, Inc. at the public offering price of $8.00 per share in a private placement, pursuant to the terms of the Company’s License and Collaboration Agreement with Amgen Inc, dated as of November 5, 2018. Aggregate net proceeds from the underwritten public offering and the concurrent private placement were $62.7 million, net of approximately $2.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.5 million.

In August 2019, the Company established an at-the-market (“ATM”) program through which the Company may sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, up to $50 million of shares of its common stock. The Company has sold 725,495 shares of common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $9.9 million, net of $0.3 million in sales commissions, under the ATM program, all of which occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020.

In June 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering in which it sold 7,590,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $14.50 per share. The 7,590,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 990,000 shares at a price of $14.50 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the underwritten public offering of $103.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $6.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.2 million.

The Company has devoted substantially all of its financial resources and efforts to research and development and expects to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses over the next several years due to, among other things, costs related to research funding, development of its product candidates and its preclinical programs, strategic alliances, the development of its administrative and commercial organization and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031. The Company’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

The Company will require substantial additional financing to fund its operations and to continue to execute its strategy. The Company may raise capital through public or private equity or debt financings. The sale of equity or other securities may result in dilution to the Company’s stockholders and certain of those securities may have rights senior to those of the Company’s existing shares. If the Company raises additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict the Company’s operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require the Company to relinquish valuable rights. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, and, more specifically, on the progress of the Company’s clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to the Company. Lack of necessary funds may require the Company, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of the Company’s planned operations.

The Company’s cash requirements for the rest of 2020 and into 2021 will be impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which are expenses related to PRV-031, including costs related to the Company’s BLA submission in the At-Risk indication, costs to build out the Company’s commercial infrastructure and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031, the PROTECT clinical trial, manufacturing activities for PRV-031 and any potential milestone payments that may become due upon a potential regulatory approval of PRV-031 by the FDA. Other factors include costs related to the Company’s recently initiated Phase 2b clinical study of PRV-015 and the Company’s continued development efforts for PRV-101.

Depending on the timing and outcome of the Company’s regulatory activities and the status of its plans to prepare for a potential regulatory approval of PRV-031 by the FDA in 2021, the Company may encounter near-term liquidity needs that could impact its cash runway over the next 12 months. If the Company does not obtain additional financing, or prudently manage its expenses, the Company’s financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Based on the Company’s current business plans, management believes that its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand at September 30, 2020 are sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the financial statements is as follows:

Use of estimates

The process of preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and changes in estimates may occur.

Segment and geographic information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating and reporting segment.

Cash, cash equivalents and concentration of credit risk

The Company considers only those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash, or that mature within 90 days from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Marketable securities are those investments with original maturities in excess of 90 days. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair value.

The Company has no off-balance-sheet concentration of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents in banks in excess of FDIC insurance limits. However, the Company believes risk of loss is minimal as the cash and cash equivalents are held by large, highly-rated financial institutions.

Marketable securities

The Company considers securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days to be available for sale securities. Available for sale securities are classified as either current or non-current assets based on the nature of the securities and their availability for use in current operations. Available for sale securities are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income. The estimated fair value of the available for sale securities is determined based on quoted market prices or rates for similar instruments. In addition, the cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity.

On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews the status of each security in an unrealized loss position, to evaluate the existence of potential credit losses. The Company first considers whether it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet this criteria, the Company considers a number of factors to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors, including but not limited to: (1) the extent of the decline; (2) changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; (3) any adverse conditions specific to the security; and (4) other market conditions that may affect the fair value of the security. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists and the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for credit losses is required for the credit loss. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has not recognized any impairment or credit losses on its available for sale securities.

Financial instruments

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are reflected in the accompanying financial statements at fair value. The carrying amount of accounts payable and accrued expenses, including accrued research and development expenses, approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments.

Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets, which consists primarily of leasehold improvements, furniture and fixtures, office equipment and certain clinical equipment, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to seven years, using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is recorded over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the related asset.

Foreign currency translation

The Company considers the U.S. dollar to be its functional currency. Expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate on the date the expense is incurred. The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on translating foreign currency assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars is included in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Foreign exchange transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations and are not material in the Company’s financial statements.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the preclinical and clinical development of the Company’s product candidate portfolio, including the following:

	●	external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations (“CROs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the production of drug substance and drug product; and

	●	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.

Research and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses and related technology rights where there is no alternative future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to certain of our collaborative partners.

All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic (“ASC”) 730, Research and Development. The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made.

Accrued research and development expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of the Company’s service providers invoice the Company monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. The Company periodically confirms the accuracy of its estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in the Company’s accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.

The Company bases its expense related to CROs and CMOs on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on the Company’s behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from its estimate, the Company adjusts the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, the Company’s understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.

Stock-based compensation expense

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and non-employees, including stock options. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718 and is generally recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. For grants containing performance-based vesting provisions, the grant-date fair value of the performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The Company accounts for actual forfeitures in the period the forfeiture occurs.

Stock Options

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Due to the lack of trading history, the Company’s computation of stock-price volatility is based on the volatility rates of comparable publicly held companies over a period equal to the expected term of the options granted by the Company. The Company’s computation of expected term is determined using the “simplified” method, which is the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. The Company believes that it does not have sufficient reliable exercise data in order to justify the use of a method other than the “simplified” method of estimating the expected exercise term of employee stock option grants. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends to stockholders and has no current intentions to pay cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant for a term equivalent to the expected term of the option.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Income taxes

The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes, as set forth in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”). ASUs not discussed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on their balance sheet. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures as the Company did not have any lease agreements at the time of adoption. In July 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to lease its new corporate headquarters in Red Bank, NJ, for which the initial lease term expires approximately 64 months from the rent commencement date, with base annual lease payments of approximately $0.2 million. Upon commencement of the lease, which occurred in October 2020, the lease will be accounted for as an operating lease. The Company currently estimates that the initial right-of-use asset (ROU) to be recorded on its balance sheets will be approximately $0.3 to $0.5 million.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 (Financial Instruments - Credit Losses), while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, including, among other changes, the consideration of costs and benefits when evaluating disclosure requirements. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-15. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808), which clarifies the interaction between the guidance for collaborative arrangements (Topic 808) and the new revenue recognition standard (Topic 606). Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-18. The adoption had no impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

4. CAPITALIZATION

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which 56,487,891 shares were issued and outstanding. In addition, as of September 30, 2020, the Company had authorized 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which, none were issued and outstanding.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which 47,658,361 shares were issued and outstanding. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, the Company had authorized 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of which, none were issued and outstanding.

5. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $118.4 million and $39.2 million, respectively, and included cash, investments in money market funds, and U.S. Treasury securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.

The Company considers securities with original maturities of greater than 90 days at the date of purchase to be available for sale securities. The Company held available for sale securities with a fair value totaling $28.7 million and $46.2 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. These available for sale securities consisted solely of U.S. Treasury securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities and had expected maturities of less than one year. The Company may sell certain of its marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for reasons including, but not limited to, managing liquidity, credit risk, duration and asset allocation.

The Company evaluates securities with unrealized losses, if any, to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has not recognized any impairment or credit losses on the Company’s available for sale securities. While the Company classifies these securities as available for sale, the Company does not currently intend to sell its investments and the Company currently believes it has the ability to hold these investments until maturity.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of the Company’s available for sale securities:

	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	13,112	$	27	$	—		$	13,139
Corporate debt securities		15,587		—		(7	)		15,580
Total	$	28,699	$	27	$	(7	)	$	28,719

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208
Total	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208

The Company’s available for sale securities are reported at fair value on the Company’s balance sheets. Unrealized gains (losses) are reported within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The cost of securities sold and any realized gains/losses from the sale of available for sale securities are based on the specific identification method. The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with the unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019		2020		2019

Beginning balance	$	98		$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax		(78	)		—		20		—
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(78	)		—		20		—
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	20		$	—	$	20	$	—

6. LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

In May 2018, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with MacroGenics (the “MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company acquired MacroGenics’ interest in teplizumab (renamed PRV-031), a humanized mAb for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (“T1D”). As partial consideration for the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company granted MacroGenics a warrant to purchase 2,162,389 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Company is obligated to pay MacroGenics contingent milestone payments totaling $170.0 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approval milestones, including $60.0 million payable within 90 days of an approval of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) in the United States, which could occur in 2021. In addition, the Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. The Company has also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. The Company has also agreed to pay third-party obligations, including low single-digit royalties, a portion of which is creditable against royalties payable to MacroGenics, aggregate milestone payments of up to approximately $1.3 million and other consideration, for certain third-party intellectual property under agreements the Company assumed pursuant to the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement. Further, the Company is required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent it is received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-031 by the Company to a third party. The Company is obligated to use reasonable commercial efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-031.

In May 2018, the Company entered into a License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (the “MacroGenics License Agreement”), pursuant to which MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”) granted the Company exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing MGD010 (renamed PRV-3279), a humanized protein and a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (“SLE”) and other similar diseases. As partial consideration for the MacroGenics License Agreement, the Company granted MacroGenics a warrant to purchase 270,299 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $42.5 million upon the achievement of certain developmental and approval milestones for the first indication, and an additional $22.5 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals for a second indication. In addition, the Company is obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. The Company has also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. Further, the Company is required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-3279 by the Company to a third party. The Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-3279. The license agreement may also be terminated by either party upon a material breach or bankruptcy of the other party, by Provention without cause upon prior notice to MacroGenics, and by MacroGenics in the event that the Company challenges the validity of any licensed patent under the agreement.

As of September 30, 2020, the Company has not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics.

The Company recorded the warrants issued under the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement and the MacroGenics License Agreement at an estimated fair value of $1.64 per share, approximately $4.0 million in the aggregate, as license fee expense included as part of Research & Development Expense during the second quarter of 2018.

In July 2019, MacroGenics elected to exercise its warrants for an aggregate of 2,432,688 shares on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 1,948,474 shares. Following the MacroGenics’ July 2019 warrant exercises, there were no additional warrants outstanding in connection with the MacroGenics License Agreement and the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement.

In November 2018, the Company entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Amgen Agreement”) with Amgen, Inc. (“Amgen”) for PRV-015 (formerly AMG 714), a novel anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody being developed for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD). Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will conduct and fund a Phase 2b trial in NRCD and lead the development and regulatory activities for the program. Amgen agreed to make an equity investment of up to $20.0 million in the Company, subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Amgen is also responsible for the manufacturing of PRV-015. Upon completion of the Phase 2b trial, a $150.0 million milestone payment is due from Amgen to the Company, plus an additional regulatory milestone payment, and single digit royalties on future sales; provided, however, that Amgen has the right to elect not to pay the $150.0 million milestone, in which case we will have an option to negotiate for the transfer to the Company of rights to AMG 714 pursuant to a termination license agreement between Amgen and the Company. The material terms of the termination license agreement have been negotiated and agreed and form part of the Amgen Agreement. Under the terms of the termination license agreement, the Company would be obligated to make certain contingent milestone payments to Amgen and other third parties totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and a low double-digit royalty on net sales of any approved product based on the IL-15 technology. The agreement may be terminated by either party upon a material breach or upon an insolvency event and by Amgen if we are not able to fund our clinical development obligations (among other termination triggers). The agreement expires upon the expiration of Amgen’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Provention. In September 2019, in a private placement completed concurrently with the Company’s underwritten public offering, Amgen purchased 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at the underwritten public offering price of $8.00 per share, for a total investment of $20.0 million.

In April 2017, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Vactech Ltd. (the “Vactech License Agreement”), pursuant to which Vactech Ltd. (“Vactech”) granted the Company exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing the group B coxsackie virus vaccine (CVB) platform technology. In consideration of the licenses and other rights granted by Vactech, the Company issued two million shares of its common stock to Vactech. The Company recorded the issuance of the shares at their estimated fair value of approximately $1.70 per share for a total of $3.4 million as a license fee expense included as part of Research & Development Expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. Provention paid Vactech a total of approximately $0.5 million for transition and advisory services during the first 18 months of the term of the agreement. In addition, Provention may be obligated to make a series of contingent milestone payments to Vactech totaling up to an additional $24.5 million upon the achievement of certain clinical development and regulatory filing milestones. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Vactech tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CVB platform technology and three additional payments totaling $19.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. The Vactech License Agreement may be terminated by the Company on a country by country basis without cause (in which case the exclusive global rights to the technology will transfer back to Vactech) and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. If the Company terminates the agreement with respect to two or more specified European countries, the agreement will be deemed terminated with respect to all of the EU, and if the Company terminates the agreement with respect to the United States, the agreement will be deemed terminated with respect to all of North America. The agreement expires upon the expiration of the Company’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Vactech. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to Vactech.

In March 2018, the Company entered into a Development Services Agreement with The Institute of Translational Vaccinology (the “Intravacc Development Services Agreement”), pursuant to which The Institute of Translational Vaccinology (“Intravacc”) will provide services related to process development, non-GMP and GMP manufacturing of the Company’s polyvalent CVB vaccine, including providing proprietary technology for manufacturing purposes. The Company will pay Intravacc approximately 10 million euros for their services over the development and manufacturing period. Each party retains its existing intellectual property and will share newly developed intellectual property via a fully-paid non-exclusive license between the parties for all development work through phase 1 clinical trials. Any future use, including commercial use, of Intravacc’s technology will be subject to a separate nonexclusive license agreement. The Intravacc Development Services Agreement may be terminated by us with ninety days’ notice without cause and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had paid Intravacc a total of approximately 9.0 million euros, or approximately $10.5 million, for services provided by Intravacc under the Intravacc Development Services Agreement.

In April 2017, the Company entered into the Janssen CSF-1R License Agreement, pursuant to which Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (“Janssen”) granted the Company exclusive global rights to technology owned or controlled by Janssen Pharmaceutica NV for the purpose of developing and commercializing a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor named JNJ-40346527 (renamed PRV-6527) for inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn’s disease and UC. The Company evaluated PRV-6527 for Crohn’s disease in a recently completed Phase 2a clinical trial (the PRINCE study). In December 2019, Janssen declined its option to buy back the rights to PRV-6527 and as such, all rights will remain with the Company. The Company will be obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Janssen totaling $35.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for the first indication and an additional $20.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for a second indication. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay Janssen tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CSF-1R technology and three additional payments totaling $100.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of September 30, 2020, no milestones have been achieved that would trigger payments to Janssen under the CSF-1R License Agreement. The Company is not actively developing PRV-6527.

7. NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share is determined by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. For the periods where there is a net loss, stock options and warrants have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per common share would be the same.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019

Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted		56,339			40,512			51,098			38,424
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.56	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(1.29	)	$	(0.85	)

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as they would be antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Stock options		9,452		5,934		9,452		5,934
Warrants		1,705		2,125		1,705		2,125

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019

Accrued research and development costs	$	5,725	$	1,700
Accrued pre-commercial costs		1,604		—
Accrued compensation		1,235		54
Accrued professional fees		637		221
Other accrued liabilities		98		90
Total accrued expenses	$	9,299	$	2,065

9. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value based on the short-term nature of these items.

In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 – Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 1 assets and liabilities generally include debt and equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Valuation is based on observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

The following is a summary of assets and their related classifications under the fair value hierarchy:

	September 30, 2020
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs(Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents¹	$	118,439	$	—	$	—	$	118,439
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities²		13,139		—		—		13,139
Investments in Corporate debt securities²		—		15,580		—		15,580

	December 31, 2019
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ¹	$	39,165	$	—	$	—	$	39,165
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities ²		46,208		—		—		46,208

¹	Cash and cash equivalents primarily include investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities with maturity dates within 90 days from the purchase date
²	Investments in U.S. Treasury and investment-grade corporate debt securities are classified as available for sale securities

10. STOCK OPTIONS

In 2017, the Company adopted the Provention Bio, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). Pursuant to the 2017 Plan, the Company’s Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and restricted stock to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. As of September 30, 2020, there were options to purchase an aggregate of 9,452,394 shares of common stock outstanding under the 2017 Plan. Options issued under the 2017 Plan are exercisable for up to 10 years from the date of issuance.

In 2018, the Company amended and restated its 2017 Plan to, among other things, include an evergreen provision, which would automatically increase the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan in an amount equal to (1) the difference between (x) 18% of the total shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, on a fully diluted basis, on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and (y) the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved under the 2017 Plan on December 31st of such preceding calendar year or (2) an amount less than this calculated increase as determined by the board of directors.

In connection with the evergreen provisions of the 2017 Plan, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan was increased by 3,000,000 shares, as determined by the board of directors under the provisions described above, effective as of January 1, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, there were 190,333 shares available for future grants.

Stock-based compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized for both employees and non-employees was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

General and administrative	$	1,841	$	545	$	3,402	$	874
Research and development		874		378		1,826		754
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,715	$	923	$	5,228	$	1,628

Option activity

The Company grants options with service-based vesting requirements as well as options with performance-based vesting requirements. Generally, the service-based requirements vest over a four-year period in multiple tranches. Each tranche of the performance-based component vests upon the achievement of a specific milestone. These milestones are related to the Company’s clinical trials, manufacturing activities, regulatory activities, commercial activities and certain other performance metrics.

A summary of option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are presented below:

SUMMARY OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY

						Weighted-
				Weighted-		Average
				Average		Remaining
	Underlying			Exercise		Contractual		Intrinsic
Stock Option Awards	Shares			Price		Term		Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2019		5,894		$	6.33		8.5 years	$	—
Granted		3,871		$	12.74
Exercised		(189	)	$	4.57
Forfeited or expired		(124	)	$	5.23
Outstanding at September 30, 2020		9,452		$	9.00		8.6 years	$	38,231
Exercisable at September 30, 2020		2,776		$	4.31		7.3 years	$	23,816

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $8.24 per share. As of September 30, 2020, there were approximately 2,720,000 unvested options subject to performance-based vesting criteria with approximately $20.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense. This expense will be recognized when each milestone becomes probable of occurring. In addition, as of September 30, 2020, there were approximately 3,956,000 unvested options outstanding subject to time-based vesting with approximately $25.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense which will be recognized over a period of 3.4 years.

Cash proceeds from, and the aggregate intrinsic value of, stock options exercised during the periods presented below were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Cash proceeds from options exercised	$	287	$	198	$	861	$	219
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised		526		292		1,480		373

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019

Exercise price	$	12.74	$	10.34
Expected volatility		74%		72%
Expected dividends		—		—
Expected term (in years)		6.2		6.3
Risk-free interest rate		0.59%		1.91%

The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

	●	Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time of grant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term.

	●	Expected annual dividends: The estimate for annual dividends is 0%, because the Company has not historically paid, and does not expect for the foreseeable future to pay, a dividend.

	●	Expected stock price volatility: The expected volatility used is based on historical volatilities of similar entities within the Company’s industry which were commensurate with the Company’s expected term assumption.

	●	Expected term of options: The expected term of options represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees is derived from the “simplified” method as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 relating to stock-based compensation, whereby the expected term is an average between the vesting period and contractual period due to the limited operating history.

11. WARRANTS

In connection with the April 2017 sale of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, the Company issued warrants to MDB, the Placement Agent, and its designees to purchase 558,740 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock with an exercise price of $2.50 per share with a seven-year term. Upon completion of the IPO in July 2018, the warrants automatically became warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of the Company’s common stock. During the three and nine month periods ending September 30, 2020, certain warrant holders from the Series A offering elected to exercise warrants for an aggregate of 159,689 and 312,689 shares, respectively, on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 129,822 and 259,542 shares, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, a total of 316,754 warrants have been exercised on a cashless basis and there were 241,986 warrants outstanding related to the Series A Offering.

In connection with the Company’s completion of its IPO, in July 2018, the Company issued to MDB, the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. These warrants have a five-year term. During the three and nine month periods ending September 30, 2020, certain warrant holders from the IPO elected to exercise warrants for an aggregate of 107,051 shares on a cashless basis, resulting in the Company’s net issuance of 66,316 shares. As of September 30, 2020, a total of 134,114 warrants have been exercised on a cashless basis and there were 1,462,842 warrants outstanding related to the IPO.

12. INCOME TAXES

In April 2020, the Company completed the sale of approximately $6.8 million of its New Jersey state net operating losses (“NOLs”) under the State of New Jersey’s Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program (the “Program”) for cash proceeds of $0.5 million. The Program allows qualified technology and biotechnology businesses in New Jersey to sell unused amounts of NOLs and defined research and development tax credits. The Company recorded a benefit from state income taxes of $0.5 million, which represents the reversal of valuation allowances previously recorded against the Company’s New Jersey NOLs, and which is reflected in the Statement of Comprehensive Loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

On March 27, 2020, the US government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) which includes numerous modifications to income tax provisions, including a limitation on business interest expense and net operating loss provisions and the acceleration of alternative minimum tax credits. Given the Company’s history of losses, the CARES Act is not expected to have a material impact on its income tax positions.

13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 29, 2020, the Company adopted the Provention Bio, Inc. 2020 Inducement Plan (the “2020 Inducement Plan”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2020 Inducement Plan, the Company may grant nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock unit awards and restricted stock for up to a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock to individuals that were not previously an employee or director of the Company or individuals returning to employment after a bona fide period of non-employment with the Company.

ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2020, as amended. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and should be read together with the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company, focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics and innovative approaches aimed at intercepting and preventing immune-mediated diseases. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to business planning, research and development, pre-commercial activities, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets, partnering and raising capital. We have not yet commenced any revenue-generating operations, do not have any positive cash flows from operations and we will need to raise additional capital to finance our operations. Our business is subject to significant risks and uncertainties and we will be dependent on raising substantial additional capital before we become profitable, if we never achieve profitability.

We have not generated any revenue to date and, through September 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $145.1 million. We have financed our operations primarily through equity offerings.

In April 2017, we completed a private placement of 11,381,999 shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock at $2.50 per share. We received net proceeds of $26.7 million.

In July 2018, we issued and sold an aggregate of 15,969,563 shares of common stock in our IPO at a public offering price of $4.00 per share. In connection with the IPO, we issued to MDB, the underwriter in the IPO, and its designees warrants to purchase 1,596,956 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the IPO of $59.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $3.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.8 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all of our shares of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock outstanding at the time of the IPO were automatically converted into 11,381,999 shares of common stock. In addition, the warrants issued in connection with the Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock also converted to warrants for the purchase of 558,740 shares of our common stock.

In September 2019, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $8.00 per share. The 5,750,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 750,000 shares at a price of $8.00 per share. Concurrent with the underwritten public offering, we sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock to Amgen, Inc. at the public offering price of $8.00 per share in a private placement pursuant to the terms of our License and Collaboration Agreement with Amgen Inc, dated as of November 5, 2018. Aggregate net proceeds from the underwritten public offering and the concurrent private placement were $62.7 million, net of approximately $2.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.5 million.

In August 2019, we established an ATM program through which we may sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock. We have sold 725,495 shares of our common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $9.9 million, net of $0.3 million in sales commissions, under the ATM program as of September 30, 2020, all of which occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. As a result, up to $39.8 million of shares of our common stock remain available for sale under the ATM program.

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we sold 7,590,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $14.50 per share. The 7,590,000 shares sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase 990,000 shares at a price of $14.50 per share. We received net proceeds from the underwritten public offering of $103.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $6.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.2 million.

We expect that over the next several years we will continue to incur losses from operations as we increase our expenditures in research and development in connection with our regulatory submissions, clinical trials and other development activities, as well as costs to support our commercialization efforts to launch PRV-031, if we receive regulatory approval in the U.S. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may be required to terminate or delay certain development activities.

Our Focus and Pipeline

Inflammation is a natural consequence of most infections, as it is the immune system’s first response to invading pathogens in the event of injury or acute illness. Most of the time, this response is beneficial and well-controlled; helping to repair tissue damage and clear pathogens from the body. In addition to directly damaging tissues and organs, an infection can sometimes result in the excessive release of toxic immune mediators leading to a potentially life-threatening acute pathological immune response. When patients have the requisite genetic predisposition, infections can also trigger chronic autoimmune responses that persist and progress long after the original insult has subsided. These sustained pathological responses have been linked to an increased susceptibility to chronic debilitating and potentially life-threatening diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cancer, and certain neurological disorders.

Our “predict” and “preempt” therapeutic development approach is to intercept the underlying pathological immune and inflammatory responses in susceptible individuals. Our pipeline includes:

	●	PRV-031: a humanized, anti-CD3 mAb for the interception of T1D in pediatric patients with newly-diagnosed T1D and for delaying and/or preventing disease progression in individuals at risk of developing clinical stage T1D. PRV-031 has been designated by the FDA as an orphan drug for the treatment of newly-diagnosed T1D. PRV-031 was also granted breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA in August 2019 and PRIME eligibility from the EMA in October 2019 for the delay or prevention of T1D;

	●	PRV-101: a CVB vaccine to prevent acute CVB infections and, in those patients at risk, preventing the CVB-triggered autoimmune damage to pancreatic beta cells that progresses to T1D and damage to intestinal cells that leads to celiac disease;

	●	PRV-3279: a humanized bispecific scaffold molecule targeting the B-cell surface proteins, CD32B and CD79B, for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (“SLE”) and for the prevention of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics such as those used in gene therapy;

	●	PRV-015: a human anti-interleukin 15 (IL-15), mAb for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease (“NRCD”), intercepting the effects of contaminating gluten in the most common autoimmune disorder without any approved medication; and

	●	PRV-6527: an oral small molecule CSF-1R inhibitor targeting the differentiation and activation of antigen-presenting cells, to prevent chronic inflammatory responses and progression or relapse in Crohn’s disease. We are not actively developing PRV-6527.

The table below summarizes the current status and anticipated milestones for our principal product candidates:

Product Candidate / Indication	Status	Next Expected Milestone
PRV-031 (teplizumab, anti-CD3 mAb) for the interception of T1D
*At-Risk Indication –* for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease	In June 2020, extended follow-up data from the At-Risk Study was announced which showed that a single 14-day course of teplizumab significantly delayed the onset of T1D in At-Risk patients by a median of approximately three years compared to the placebo. This data added one year to the two-year median delay that was previously reported at the American Diabetes Association meeting in June 2019 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine In August 2019, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to PRV-031 for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. In October 2019, the EMA granted PRIME eligibility to teplizumab to PRV-031 for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease.	In October 2020, we completed the rolling submission of our BLA to the FDA. The FDA has 60 days to review the final submission to determine if the BLA is complete. If deemed complete, the submission will be considered acceptable for filing and review, and the FDA will set a PDUFA goal date.
*Newly Diagnosed Indication –* for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals diagnosed with early onset T1D	We commenced a Phase 3 clinical trial (the PROTECT study) in approximately 300 pediatric and adolescent patients with newly diagnosed type one diabetes. The first patient was dosed in the second quarter of 2019. In March 2020, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into the PROTECT study. In June 2020, we resumed enrollment of the PROTECT study on a country by country, site by site basis. As of September 30, 2020, all sites have been activated, with a majority of sites actively enrolling patients.	We now expect to report top line results from the Phase 3 PROTECT study in mid-2023, subject to change for any potential COVID-19 related or other interruptions.
PRV-101 (polyvalent CVB vaccine) for the prevention of acute CVB and the prevention of CVB triggered T1D and celiac disease.	We are developing a polyvalent vaccine at Intravacc, our strategic partner in vaccine manufacturing process development.	We expect to commence a first-in-human safety study in the fourth quarter of 2020. We expect to report top-line first-in-human data in 2021.
PRV-3279 (humanized anti-CD32B and CD79B bispecific) for the treatment of SLE and for the prevention of immunogenicity biotherapeutics such as gene therapy.	We announced positive top-line results from our Phase 1b clinical trial (the PREVAIL study), which evaluated PRV-3279 in 16 healthy volunteers.	We expect to commence a Phase 2a study in second half of 2021.
PRV-015 (anti-IL-15 mAb) for the treatment of gluten-free diet non-responding celiac disease.	In August 2020, we initiated a Phase 2b clinical trial (the PROACTIVE trial) in approximately 220 adult celiac patients with gluten-free diet non-responsive celiac disease.	We expect to report top line results from the Phase 2b PROACTIVE study in 2022.
PRV-6527 (oral CSF-1R inhibitor) for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.	We are not actively developing PRV-6527.	We expect to engage with third parties for the potential sublicense of PRV-6527.

Recent Company Developments

Clinical Development & Safety

PRV-031 (teplizumab, anti-CD3 mAb)

Biologic License Application Update

In October 2020, we completed the rolling submission of our BLA to the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for teplizumab (PRV-031), an investigational anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in at-risk individuals with the submission of the chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) and administrative information modules. The FDA has 60 days to review the final submission to determine if the BLA is complete. If deemed complete, the application will be considered acceptable for filing and review, and the FDA will set a PDUFA goal date.

At-Risk Study Data / Indication

On June 15, 2020, we announced that new data from the “At-Risk” TN-10 Study, presented by TrialNet at the 2020 American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions on June 15, 2020, which demonstrated that a single 14-day course of our lead drug candidate, teplizumab (PRV-031), delayed the onset of clinical T1D, as compared to placebo, by a median of three years in at-risk patients. These new data from the “At-Risk” TN-10 Study added one year to the two-year median delay that was previously observed.

The “At-Risk” TN-10 Study, a pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial, conducted at TrialNet sites and sponsored by NIDDK, part of the National Institute of Health (“NIH”), evaluated teplizumab for the delay of clinical T1D in at-risk patients. At-risk was defined by the presence of two or more T1D-related autoantibodies and dysglycemia (abnormal glucose metabolism). Seventy-six subjects were enrolled, ages 8 to 49, with 72 percent under the age of 18, and randomized to receive a single course of either teplizumab or placebo. Subjects were followed in a blinded fashion until a minimum 40 subjects developed clinical T1D, and then indefinitely after the analysis of the primary data.

The trial results showed the median time to clinical diagnosis of T1D after one course of teplizumab was approximately five years (an improvement of 12 months from previously published data) compared to approximately two years for the placebo group (unchanged from previously published data). Nearly half of those treated with teplizumab are estimated to be free of clinical T1D at five years. The hazard ratio was 0.457 or a 54 percent reduction in risk of developing clinical T1D (p=0.01).

In addition, teplizumab treatment was associated with a greater on-study C-peptide (p=0.009), a measure of a persons’ own insulin production, compared to placebo. For both groups, C-peptide area under the curve (“AUC”) mean slopes preceding study entry were similar and declining. In the placebo group, this decline continued over the 6 months after study entry. By contrast, the teplizumab-treated group showed an increased C-peptide AUC over this period (p=0.02 relative to study entry).

Mechanistically, the association between the expansion of partially exhausted CD8 T cells and the delay of clinical T1D conferred by teplizumab, previously described in newly diagnosed T1D patients, was also confirmed in subjects at-risk. C-peptide levels at 3, 6 and 18 months post-teplizumab administration correlated with the levels of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the circulation (p=0.01 vs placebo). Subjects with the highest increase (top quartile) in exhausted CD8 T cells had no progression to clinical T1D in the period of observation of the study (p=0.005 vs placebo). Finally, inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were lower in the exhausted CD8 T cells in teplizumab vs placebo-treated subjects (p<0.0001).

In summary, while no additional safety signals have been noted, the results showed that teplizumab’s effect on delaying the onset of clinical T1D was not only consistent from previous analyses, but was durable and now extended to a median of at least three years.

In August 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted breakthrough therapy designation (“BTD”) to teplizumab for the delay or prevention of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. BTD is an FDA program designed to expedite the development and review of therapeutic candidates intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases.

In October 2019, the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) granted PRIority MEdicines (“PRIME”) eligibility to teplizumab for the prevention or delay of clinical T1D in individuals at-risk of developing the disease. The PRIME initiative is designed to expedite the development and review of promising therapies that target an unmet need and show potential clinical benefit so the medicine can reach patients earlier. The designation offers the opportunity for enhanced interaction and dialogue with the EMA to optimize development, as well as the potential for accelerated assessment at the time of application for a marketing authorization.

In March 2020 we initiated a Phase 2 open-label extension study of the NIH-sponsored At-Risk (TN-10) T1D study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single 12-day course of teplizumab treatment, administered intravenously to participants in the NIH-sponsored trial who have developed clinical type 1 diabetes and are able to start teplizumab treatment within 1 year of diagnosis.

PROTECT Study

In March 2020, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study of teplizumab. This pause was taken to protect patients, caregivers, clinical site staff, company employees and contractors as part of the collective global efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients that were undergoing study therapy were allowed to complete their course, as recommended by the PROTECT study’s Data Safety Monitoring Board, which was recently expanded to include infectious diseases expertise. In June 2020, we resumed enrollment on a country by country, site by site basis based upon review of local COVID-19 infection rates and the site’s ability to maintain the safety of participants. As of September 30, 2020, all sites for the PROTECT study have been activated, a majority of which are open for enrollment.

In October 2020, we initiated a Phase 3 extension study (42 months) of the PROTECT study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety profile of PROTECT study patients who received a 12-day course of teplizumab treatment upon T1D diagnosis and a second 12-day course of teplizumab treatment approximately six months later. The extension study will provide a total of 5-year safety data from the initiation of treatment for the participants in the PROTECT Study.

PRV-015 (anti-interleukin 15)

In August 2020, we, with our development partner Amgen, initiated the Phase 2b PROACTIVE (PROvention Amgen Celiac ProtecTIVE) study of PRV-015, an anti-interleukin-15 monoclonal antibody, in adult celiac patients not responding to a gluten-free diet, a condition known as “Non-Responsive Celiac Disease” (“NRCD”). The placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study will examine the efficacy and safety of three dose levels of PRV-015 compared to placebo, administered every two weeks for six months. The study does not require a gluten challenge and patients are asked to maintain their usual diet. The trial is expected to enroll approximately 220 adults with NRCD across approximately 40 sites in the United States, Canada and Europe. The primary endpoint of the study is the efficacy of PRV-015 as measured by the CeD-PRO (Celiac Disease Patient-Reported Outcome).

PRV-3279 (humanized anti-CD32B and CD79B bispecific)

In March 2020, we announced top-line results from the Phase 1b portion of the PREVAIL (PRV-3279 EVAluation In Lupus) study, which evaluated PRV-3279 in 16 healthy volunteers.

PRV-3279 was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events, and as expected, did not deplete B cells and demonstrated profound and sustained binding to circulating B lymphocytes, with reduction of circulating immunoglobulin M levels in a dose-proportional manner. While anti-drug antibody production was observed at both dose levels tested, immunogenicity was found not to affect exposure, safety or pharmacodynamic parameters.

Based on the results, we plan to commence the Phase 2a portion of the PREVAIL study in lupus patients in the second half of 2021.

Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

We are closely monitoring developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic and are making every effort to ensure we remain focused on the health and well-being of our patients and our employees while maintaining business continuity. At this time, it is too early to predict what the long-term impact of this pandemic, and the associated economic downturn, will have on our business. We have experienced some level of disruption to three of our current or planned clinical trials. In March 2020, we announced a temporary pause in the randomization of patients with newly diagnosed T1D into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study of teplizumab. During the second quarter of 2020, we began enrolling patients in the PROTECT study on a country by country and site by site basis and as of September 30, 2020, all sites have been activated, with a majority of the sites actively enrolling patients. As a result of the delay, we now expect to report top line results from the Phase 3 PROTECT study in mid-2023, subject to change for any further COVID-19-related or other interruptions. In addition, we, with our development partner Amgen, collectively decided that, to protect the integrity and quality of the PRV-015 Phase 2b trial in gluten free diet non-responsive celiac disease, we would stagger study startup throughout the third quarter of 2020 rather than initiating screening in the second quarter of 2020, as had originally been scheduled. We initiated the Phase 2b trial in August 2020. Additionally, our plans to initiate the Phase 2a portion of the PREVAIL study in lupus patients has been delayed from the first half to the second half of 2021, predominantly due to COVID-19 related impacts on our plans.

Financial operations overview

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of clinical studies, the cost of manufacturing our drug candidates for clinical study, regulatory costs, other internal operating expenses, and the cost of conducting preclinical activities. Expenses also include the cost of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving in our research and development functions. In addition, our research and development expenses include payments to third parties, as well as the fair value of equity issuances to third parties for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval). Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at CROs and other consultants that design, obtain regulatory approval, and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. Our expenses related to the production of drug substance or drug product for our clinical trials and development programs are primarily related to activities performed by licensors, strategic partners or CMOs and other consultants on our behalf. Our development efforts from inception through September 30, 2020 were principally related to the acquisition and development of our programs detailed in the pipeline description immediately above.

All research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development. We account for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment is made.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our personnel serving in our executive, business development, pre-commercial and finance and accounting functions. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees for marketing and other pre-commercial activities, legal, including patent-related expenses, consulting, insurance, board of director fees, tax and accounting services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase significantly in the future as a result of the build out of our commercial organization and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	21,657		$	7,324		$	14,333
General and administrative		9,749			2,649			7,100
Total operating expenses		31,406			9,973			21,433
Loss from operations		(31,406	)		(9,973	)		21,433
Interest income		105			204			(99	)
Loss before income tax benefit		(31,301	)		(9,769	)		21,532
Income tax benefit		—			—			—
Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)	$	21,532

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.56	)	$	(0.24	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		56,339			40,512

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $21.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $14.3 million, compared to $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase related primarily to increased costs for manufacturing, the PROTECT study, and BLA submission activities for our PRV-031 program and costs for the PROACTIVE study (PRV-015), which was initiated in August 2020. These costs were offset by a decrease in clinical development expenses for the PRINCE study (PRV-6527) and the PREVAIL study (PRV-3279), each of which were substantially completed in 2019. Specifically, during the three months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred $8.5 million in manufacturing costs for PRV-031, including production costs for GMP and process performance qualification (“PPQ”) batches of drug supply and drug product. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, manufacturing costs for PRV-031 were $1.0 million. Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 also included $2.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $9.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $7.1 million, compared to $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were comprised of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Pre-commercial expenses	$	6,045	$	—	$	6,045
General and administrative expenses		3,704		2,649		1,055
Total general and administrative expenses	$	9,749	$	2,649	$	7,100

Pre-commercial expenses were $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $4.2 million in costs of pre-commercial activities, including marketing and market access costs for PRV-031, and $1.8 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation. There were no pre-commercial expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

General and administrative expenses were $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $1.5 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $1.0 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.9 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. General and administrative expenses were $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and were primarily comprised of $0.8 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $1.1 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $0.7 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company.

Interest Income

Interest income was $0.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2020 primarily related to an overall reduction in interest rates in 2020, which is largely a result of changes in the economic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	45,779		$	27,896		$	17,883
General and administrative		21,288			5,593			15,695
Total operating expenses		67,067			33,489			33,578
Loss from operations		(67,067	)		(33,489	)		33,578
Interest income		539			744			(205	)
Loss before income tax benefit		(66,528	)		(32,745	)		33,783
Income tax benefit		523			—			523
Net loss	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)	$	33,260

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(1.29	)	$	(0.85	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		51,098			38,424

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $45.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $17.9 million, compared to $27.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase related primarily to increased costs for manufacturing, the PROTECT study, and BLA submission activities for our PRV-031 program and costs for the PROACTIVE study (PRV-015), which was initiated in August 2020. These costs were offset by a decrease in clinical development expenses for the PRINCE study (PRV-6527), the PULSE study (PRV-300) and the PREVAIL study (PRV-3279), all of which were substantially completed in 2019. Specifically, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred $18.3 million in manufacturing costs for PRV-031, including production costs for GMP and PPQ batches of drug supply and drug product. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, manufacturing costs for PRV-031 were $2.4 million. Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 also included $5.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $15.7 million, compared to $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were comprised of the following:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Pre-commercial expenses	$	12,050	$	—	$	12,050
General and administrative expenses		9,238		5,593		3,645
Total general and administrative expenses	$	21,288	$	5,593	$	15,695

Pre-commercial expenses were $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $9.1 million in costs of pre-commercial activities, including marketing and market access costs for PRV-031, and $3.0 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation. There were no pre-commercial expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

General and administrative expenses were $9.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of $3.4 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $2.7 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $2.5 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company. General and administrative expenses were $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and were primarily comprised of $1.9 million in personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, $1.9 million in professional fees and legal expenses and approximately $1.4 million in insurance and other costs associated with being a public company.

Interest Income

Interest income was $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily related to an overall reduction in interest rates in 2020, which is largely a result of changes in the economic environment related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income Tax Benefit

We recorded an income tax benefit of $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which related to proceeds from the sale of certain of our prior year New Jersey net operating losses. We did not record any income tax benefit or provision during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

There is considerable time and cost associated with developing a potential drug or pharmaceutical product to the point of regulatory approval and commercialization. We have funded our operations to date through offerings of equity securities. We expect to continue to incur losses, as we plan to continue to fund development activities.

As of September 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $147.2 million. We currently have invested our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities primarily in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt securities.

We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize PRV-031, PRV-015, PRV-3279 and PRV-101 and to develop, acquire, or in-license other products. We currently plan to raise additional capital through equity offerings, debt, or potential out-licensing transactions. Such additional funding will be necessary to continue to develop our potential product candidates, to pursue the license or purchase of other technologies, to commercialize our product candidates or to purchase other products. We may seek to sell common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, enter into a credit facility or another form of third-party funding, or seek other debt financing. In addition, we may consider raising additional capital to fund operating activities, to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities, or for other reasons. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and those securities may have rights senior to those of our common stock. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require us to relinquish valuable rights. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient additional funds when required, we may be forced to delay, restrict or eliminate all or a portion of our development programs, dispose of assets or technology or cease operations.

Our cash requirements for the rest of 2020 and into 2021 will be impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which are expenses related to PRV-031, including costs related to our BLA submission in the At-Risk indication, costs to build out our commercial infrastructure and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031, the PROTECT clinical trial, manufacturing activities for PRV-031 and any potential milestone payments that may become due upon a potential regulatory approval of PRV-031 by the FDA. Other factors include costs related to our recently initiated Phase 2b clinical study of PRV-015 and our continued development efforts for PRV-101.

Depending on the timing and outcome of our regulatory activities and the status of our plans to prepare for a potential regulatory approval of PRV-031 by the FDA in 2021, we may encounter near-term liquidity needs that could impact our cash runway over the next 12 months. If we do not obtain additional financing, or prudently manage our expenses, our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Based on our current business plans, management believes that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand at September 30, 2020 are sufficient to meet our obligations for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

Cash Flows

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(51,702	)	$	(26,321	)
Investing activities		16,976			—
Financing activities		114,000			62,870
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	79,274		$	36,549

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $51.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily related to cash used to fund clinical development, manufacturing, and pre-commercial activities for PRV-031, clinical development activities for PRV-015, development activities for PRV-101, and increased personnel costs to support our clinical programs and the build out of our corporate and commercial infrastructure. Our working capital was $134.9 million as of September 30, 2020.

Net cash used in operating activities was $26.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and primarily related to cash used to fund clinical development activities for PRV-031, PRV-6527, PRV-300, PRV-3279, development activities for PRV-101, as well as costs for our PRV-015 program. Our working capital was $91.4 million as of September 30, 2019.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $17.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily related to the proceeds received from the maturity of marketable securities totaling $42.0 million offset by purchases of marketable securities totaling $24.7 million and capital expenditures associated with the build out of our new corporate headquarters.

There was no cash used in or provided by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $114.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily related to net proceeds received from our underwritten public offering which closed in June 2020 of $103.3 million, net proceeds received from the sale of our common stock under our ATM program of $9.9 million, as well as cash received from stock option exercises during the period.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $62.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and primarily related to $62.7 million in aggregate net proceeds we received from the completion of our underwritten public offering and concurrent private placement in September 2019. We also received approximately $0.2 million from stock option exercises during the period.

Commitments and Contractual Obligations

In May 2018, we entered into the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement with MacroGenics pursuant to which we acquired MacroGenics’ interest in teplizumab (renamed PRV-031), a humanized mAb for the treatment of T1D. We are obligated to pay MacroGenics contingent milestone payments totaling $170.0 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approval milestones, including $60.0 million payable within 90 days of an approval of a BLA in the United States, which could occur in 2021. In addition, we are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. We have also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. We have also agreed to pay third-party obligations, including low single-digit royalties, a portion of which is creditable against royalties payable to MacroGenics, aggregate milestone payments of up to approximately $1.3 million and other consideration, for certain third-party intellectual property under agreements we assumed pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement. Further, we are required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent it is received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-031 by us to a third party. We are obligated to use reasonable commercial efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-031. As of September 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics under the MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement.

In April 2017, we entered into the Vactech License Agreement, pursuant to which Vactech Ltd. (“Vactech”) granted us exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing the group B coxsackie virus vaccine (“CVB”) platform technology. In consideration of the licenses and other rights granted by Vactech, we issued two million shares of common stock to Vactech. We paid Vactech a total of approximately $0.5 million for transition and advisory services during the first 18 months of the term of the agreement. In addition, we are obligated to make a series of contingent milestone payments to Vactech totaling up to an additional $24.5 million upon the achievement of certain clinical development and regulatory filing milestones. In addition, we have agreed to pay Vactech tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CVB platform technology and three additional payments totaling $19.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of September 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to Vactech.

In March 2018, we entered into the Intravacc Development Services Agreement with The Institute of Translational Vaccinology, pursuant to which Intravacc will provide services related to process development, non-GMP and GMP manufacturing of our polyvalent CVB vaccine, including providing proprietary technology for manufacturing purposes. We will pay Intravacc approximately 10 million euros for their services over the development and manufacturing period. Each party retains its existing intellectual property and will share newly developed intellectual property via a fully-paid non-exclusive license between the parties for all development work through phase 1 clinical trials. Any future use, including commercial use, of Intravacc’s technology will be subject to a separate nonexclusive license agreement. The Intravacc Development Services Agreement may be terminated by us with ninety-days’ notice without cause and by either party upon a material breach or insolvency of the other party. As of September 30, 2020, we have paid Intravacc a total of approximately 9.0 million euros, or approximately $10.5 million, for services provided by Intravacc under the Intravacc Development Services Agreement.

In May 2018, we entered into the MacroGenics License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc., pursuant to which MacroGenics granted us exclusive global rights for the purpose of developing and commercializing MGD010 (renamed PRV-3279), a humanized protein and a potential treatment for SLE and other similar diseases. We are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $42.5 million upon the achievement of certain developmental and approval milestones for the first indication, and an additional $22.5 million upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals for a second indication. In addition, we are obligated to make contingent milestone payments to MacroGenics totaling $225.0 million upon the achievement of certain sales milestones. We have also agreed to pay MacroGenics a single-digit royalty on net sales of the product. Further, we are required to pay MacroGenics a low double-digit percentage of certain consideration to the extent received in connection with a future grant of rights to PRV-3279 by us to a third party. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for PRV-3279. The license agreement may also be terminated by either party upon a material breach or bankruptcy of the other party, by Provention without cause upon prior notice to MacroGenics, and by MacroGenics in the event that we challenge the validity of any licensed patent under the agreement. As of September 30, 2020, we have not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics under the MacroGenics License Agreement.

In November 2018, we entered into the Amgen Agreement with Amgen for PRV-015 (formerly AMG 714), a novel anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody being developed for the treatment of gluten-free diet NRCD. Under the terms of the agreement, we will conduct and fund a Phase 2b trial in NRCD and lead the development and regulatory activities for the program. Amgen agreed to make an equity investment of up to $20.0 million in us, which was completed in September 2019. See Note 6 – License and Other Agreements for further details. Amgen is also responsible for the manufacturing of PRV-015. Upon completion of the Phase 2b trial, a $150.0 million milestone payment is due from Amgen to us, plus an additional regulatory milestone payment, and single digit royalties on future sales; provided, however, that Amgen has the right to elect not to pay the $150.0 million milestone, in which case we will have an option to negotiate for the transfer to us of rights to AMG 714 pursuant to a termination license agreement between Amgen and us. The material terms of the termination license agreement have been negotiated and agreed and form part of the Amgen Agreement. Under the terms of the termination license agreement, we would be obligated to make certain contingent milestone payments to Amgen and other third parties totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones and a low double-digit royalty on net sales of any approved product based on the IL-15 technology. The agreement may be terminated by either party upon a material breach or upon an insolvency event and by Amgen if we are not able to fund our clinical development obligations (among other termination triggers). The agreement expires upon the expiration of Amgen’s last obligation to make royalty payments to Provention.

In April 2017, we entered into the Janssen CSF-1R License Agreement, pursuant to which Janssen Pharmaceutica NV granted us exclusive global rights to technology owned or controlled by Janssen Pharmaceutica NV for the purpose of developing and commercializing a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor named JNJ-40346527 (renamed PRV-6527) for inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn’s disease and UC. We evaluated PRV-6527 for Crohn’s disease in a recently completed Phase 2a clinical trial (the PRINCE study). In December 2019, Janssen declined its option to buy back the rights to PRV-6527 and as such, all rights will remain with us. We will be obligated to make contingent milestone payments to Janssen totaling $35.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for the first indication and an additional $20.0 million upon the achievement of certain clinical and regulatory milestones for a second indication. In addition, we have agreed to pay Janssen tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of any approved product based on the CSF-1R technology and three additional payments totaling $100.0 million upon the achievement of certain annual net sales levels. As of September 30, 2020, no milestones have been achieved that would trigger payments to Janssen under the CSF-1R License Agreement.

In February 2019, we entered into a services agreement with AGC Biologics (“AGC”) to manufacture and supply teplizumab, PRV-031, for our anticipated clinical supply needs. We may terminate the agreement or any stage of services thereunder with 90 days’ prior written notice. If we provide less than 12 months’ notice of termination for the termination of a scheduled batch, we may incur a cancellation fee. The amount of the cancellation fee would depend on the timing of such notice. Each party also has the right to terminate the agreement for other customary reasons such as material breach and bankruptcy. The agreement contains provisions relating to compliance by AGC with current Good Manufacturing Practices, cooperation by AGC in connection with potential marketing applications for PRV-031, indemnification, confidentiality, dispute resolution and other customary matters for an agreement of this kind.

The table below presents a summary of our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2020:

	Payments Due By Period
			Within						More than
	Total		1 year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		5 years
	(In thousands)
Purchase obligations ⁽¹⁾	$	1,013	$	1,013	$	—	$	—	$	—
Operating lease obligations ⁽²⁾		1,144		131		445		568		—
Total ⁽³⁾	$	2,157	$	1,144	$	445	$	568	$	—

⁽¹⁾	Purchase obligations represent our commitments under binding forecasts, and purchase orders (inclusive of cancellation fees), including those provided under our agreement(s) with AGC. The actual amounts incurred will be determined based on the amount of goods purchased and the pricing then in effect under the applicable arrangement.

⁽²⁾	Operating lease obligations represent the gross minimum cash rent payments under our corporate headquarters lease in Red Bank, NJ.

⁽³⁾	This table does not include (a) any milestone payments which may become payable to third parties under license agreements as the timing and likelihood of such payments are not known with certainty, (b) any royalty payments to third parties as the amounts, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known, and (c) contracts that are entered into in the ordinary course of business that are not material in the aggregate in any period presented above.

In July 2020, we entered into an agreement to lease our new corporate headquarters in Red Bank, NJ, for which the initial lease term expires approximately 64 months from the rent commencement date, with base annual lease payments of approximately $0.2 million. Upon commencement of the lease, which occurred in October 2020, the lease will be accounted for as an operating lease.

In addition, in the course of normal business operations, we have agreements with contract service providers to assist in the performance of our research and development and manufacturing activities. Expenditures to CROs, CMOs and other clinical development related vendors represent significant costs in clinical development. Subject to required notice periods and our obligations under binding purchase orders, we can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. We could also enter into additional collaborative research, contract research, manufacturing, and supplier agreements in the future, which may require upfront payments and even long-term commitments of cash.

We also have employment agreements with certain employees which require the funding of a specific level of payments, if certain events, such as a change in control or termination without cause, occur.

Future Funding Requirements

To date, we have not generated revenue, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate revenue. We do not expect to generate revenue unless or until we obtain marketing approval of, secure reimbursement for, and commercialize, our product candidates. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize our product candidates, and to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products. Our future capital requirements may be substantial and will depend on many factors.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. We do not have any interest in special purpose entities, structured finance entities or other variable interest entities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the US requires us to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We use our historical experience and other relevant factors when developing our estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions. The amounts of assets and liabilities reported in our balance sheets and the amounts of expenses reported in our statements of comprehensive loss are affected by estimates and assumptions, which are used for, but not limited to, the accounting for research and development, stock-based compensation, accrued expenses and equity-classified warrants. The accounting policies discussed below are considered critical to an understanding of our financial statements because their application places the most significant demands on our judgment. Actual results could differ from our estimates. For additional accounting policies, see Note 3 to our Financial Statements—Significant Accounting Policies.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving our development functions, and other internal operating expenses, the cost of clinical studies, and the cost of our drug candidates for clinical study. In addition, research and development expenses include payments to third parties for the development and manufacturing of our product candidates and the estimated fair value for the issuance of equity for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval). Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at CROs that design, gain approval for and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. Such amounts are then recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of those awards. The grant-date fair value of the award is recognized as compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period, which generally equals the vesting period of the award. We also grant performance-based stock options. The grant-date fair value of the performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. We record actual forfeitures in the period the forfeiture occurs.

We used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019

Exercise price	$	12.74		$	10.34
Expected volatility		74	%		72	%
Expected dividends		—			—
Expected term (in years)		6.2			6.3
Risk-free interest rate		0.59	%		1.91	%

The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

	●	Risk-free interest rate: we base the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time of grant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term.
	●	Expected annual dividends: the estimate for annual dividends is 0%, because we have not historically paid, and do not expect for the foreseeable future to pay, a dividend.
	●	Expected stock price volatility: the expected volatility used is based on historical volatilities of similar entities within our industry which were commensurate with our expected term assumption.
	●	Expected term of options: the expected term of options represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees is derived from the “simplified” method as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 relating to stock-based compensation, whereby the expected term is an average between the vesting period and contractual period due to our limited operating history.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statement of Comprehensive Loss.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.

We base our expenses related to CROs and CMOs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3, “Significant Accounting Policies”, in the accompanying notes to financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. Other Information

ITEM 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and you should carefully consider them. Accordingly, in evaluating our business, we encourage you to consider the following discussion of risk factors in its entirety, in addition to other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our other public filings with the SEC. The risks and uncertainties described below are those we currently believe to be material, but they are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that we have not yet identified or that we currently consider not to be material, actually occur or become material risks, our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company formed in October 2016 and have a limited operating history. We do not lease or own any laboratory space and we have historically had a remote work environment for our employees. We outsource our manufacturing, clinical trial, information technology, payroll, legal and certain other functions.

We have acquired or in-licensed four clinical stage assets and a late stage preclinical enteroviral vaccine platform. Marketing approval of our product candidates will require extensive clinical testing data to support safety and efficacy requirements, as well as pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and preclinical data, all of which are needed for regulatory approval. The likelihood of success of our business plan must be considered in light of the challenges, substantial expenses, difficulties, complications and delays frequently encountered in connection with developing and expanding early-stage businesses and the regulatory and competitive environment in which we operate. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking, involves a substantial degree of risk, and is a capital-intensive business.

Accordingly, you should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in the early stages of development, especially clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies such as ours. Potential investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties that a company with a limited operating history will face. In particular, we may not be able to:

	●	successfully implement or execute our current business plan;
	●	successfully start and complete clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of our product candidates;
	●	successfully contract for the manufacture of our clinical drug products and establish a commercial drug supply;
	●	secure market exclusivity and/or adequate intellectual property protection for our product candidates;
	●	attract and retain an experienced management and advisory team;
	●	raise sufficient funds in the capital markets to effectuate our business plan, including clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization for our product candidates;
	●	successfully recruit and retain a sales and marketing organization;
	●	successfully launch PRV-031 in the U.S.;
	●	successfully execute our PRV-031 launch plan for the At-Risk indication, including raising awareness and expanding screening to identify patients At-Risk of developing clinical T1D; and
	●	successfully establish strategic partnerships to launch PRV-031 outside the U.S.

If we cannot successfully execute any one of the foregoing, our business may not succeed, and your investment will be adversely affected.

We expect to incur substantial expenses and may never become profitable or be able to sustain profitability.

We expect to incur substantial expenses without corresponding revenues unless and until we are able to obtain regulatory approval and successfully commercialize our product candidates. We expect to incur significant expense to complete our clinical programs for our product candidates in the United States and elsewhere. We may never be able to obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of our product candidates in any indication in the United States or internationally. Even if we are able to commercialize our product candidates, we may not be able to generate significant revenues or ever achieve profitability.

We expect to incur significant research and development expenses as we advance clinical trials for our product candidates as well as significant costs to build out our commercial infrastructure and conduct pre-commercial activities for PRV-031 as we prepare for potential commercialization in 2021. As a result, we expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and these losses will be increasing. We are uncertain when or if we will be able to achieve or sustain profitability. If we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Failure to become and remain profitable may impair our ability to sustain operations and adversely affect our business and our ability to raise capital.

We need to raise additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain or all of our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

We expect our operating costs to be substantial as we incur costs to support our commercialization efforts for PRV-031, including costs related to the buildout of an internal commercial infrastructure, and our ongoing and planned clinical trials for PRV-031 and our other product candidates. We will operate at a loss for the foreseeable future or until such time as we obtain regulatory approval for and execute a successful commercial launch of PRV-031, if ever. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we had a net loss of $66.0 million and $32.7 million, respectively, and as of September 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $145.1 million and $142.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We believe our current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund projected operating requirements for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. If we obtain regulatory approval for PRV-031, we have substantial milestone payments that will become payable to our partners. We will need substantial additional capital to fund these milestone payments, as well as to fund the clinical development programs for all of our product candidates.

We do not have any prospective financing arrangements or credit facilities as a source of future funds, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all. We may seek additional capital through a combination of private equity offerings, public equity offerings, debt financings and strategic collaborations. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders could be significantly diluted, and these newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if obtained, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, could increase our expenses and could require that our assets secure such debt. Moreover, any debt we incur must be repaid regardless of our operating results. If we choose to pursue additional indications and/or geographies for our product candidates, in-license or acquire additional development assets, or otherwise expand more rapidly than we presently anticipate, we may also need to raise additional capital sooner than expected.

If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may need to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or cease operations altogether, or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or any future product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will adequately support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including the factors discussed elsewhere in this Risk Factors section. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.

We may not be able to correctly estimate or control our future operating expenses, which could lead to cash shortfalls.

Our operating expenses may fluctuate significantly in the future as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. These factors include:

	●	the success of our development strategy;
	●	the time, resources, and expense required to develop and conduct clinical trials and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates;

	●	the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending, and enforcing patent claims and other patent related costs, including litigation costs and the results of such litigation;
	●	the cost of manufacturing and maintaining sufficient inventories of our products to meet anticipated demand;
	●	any product liability or other lawsuits related to our product candidates and the costs associated with defending them or the results of such lawsuits;
	●	the cost of growing our ongoing development operations and establishing commercialization operations;
	●	the cost to attract and retain personnel with the skills required for effective operations;
	●	the costs associated with being a public company; and
	●	the costs associated with commercialization.

Any material increases in our operating expenses will have a material impact on our financial condition and business operations. In addition, if we are unable to correctly estimate or control our future operating expenses, we may need to raise additional capital, delay or cease development of one or more of our product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval, Manufacturing and Commercialization

The results of the PRV-031 CMC comparability plan may be unacceptable to the regulatory authorities. This may require further CMC development activities and could affect the timing of BLA submission.

In November 2019, we completed a Type B multidisciplinary meeting with the FDA to discuss the proposed contents of a BLA for PRV-031 (teplizumab) for the prevention or delay of T1D in individuals at-risk of developing T1D. Based on official FDA meeting minutes, we do not anticipate the need to conduct any additional clinical trials in the at-risk population prior to BLA submission. However, for the CMC module, the FDA confirmed that it would require the demonstration of comparability between the study drug previously manufactured by MacroGenics and Eli Lilly and the to-be-commercialized drug substance and drug product scheduled for production by Provention and its contract manufacturing partners.

If we are unable to demonstrate the ability to manufacture drug substance and drug product that is comparable to the study drug previously manufactured by MacroGenics and Eli Lilly, the timing of the FDA’s review and decision on the PRV-031 BLA could be delayed, which could have a material impact on our business.

We may not be successful in our efforts to develop and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. If we are unable to obtain approval for or generate revenues from our product candidates, our ability to create stockholder value will be limited.

Our product candidates are in various stages of clinical development and late stages of preclinical development. Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates, which may never occur. For example, our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products impractical to manufacture, unmarketable, or unlikely to receive marketing approval. We currently generate no revenue from sales of any product, and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable product.

We will be required to submit our clinical trial protocols and receive approvals from the regulatory authorities before we can commence any clinical trials with PRV-101 and PRV-015, and any additional studies with PRV-3279. Nonclinical study results for our product candidates, including toxicology studies, may not support the filing of an IND or foreign equivalent for the product candidate.

Moreover, we may not be successful in obtaining acceptance from the regulatory authorities to start our clinical trials. Prior to commencing any clinical trials, we will also have to obtain approval from the Institutional Review Board (“IRB”), or ethics committee for each of the institutions at which we plan to conduct our clinical trials. If we do not obtain such acceptance, the time in which we expect to commence clinical programs for any product candidate will be extended and such extension will increase our expenses and increase our need for additional capital.

Further, there is no guarantee that our clinical trials will be successful or that we will continue clinical development in support of an approval from the regulatory authorities for any indication. For example, our clinical trial results may show our product candidates to be less effective than expected or have unacceptable side effects or toxicities. For example, our Phase 2a PRINCE trial did not achieve its primary endpoint of a change in Crohn’s Disease Activity Index Score at week 12 as compared to placebo. We note that most drug candidates never reach the clinical development stage and even those that do commence clinical development have only a small chance of successfully completing clinical development and gaining regulatory approval.

Our business currently depends entirely on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates. Our product candidates will require additional preclinical and clinical development, regulatory and marketing approval in multiple jurisdictions, obtaining sufficient manufacturing capacity and expertise for both clinical development and commercial production and substantial investment and significant commercialization efforts before we generate any revenue from product sales.

The success of our current and future product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

	●	successful completion of preclinical and clinical studies with positive results;
	●	sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials;
	●	entry into collaborations to further the development of our product candidates;
	●	Investigational new drug or clinical trial applications, being cleared such that our product candidates can commence clinical trials;
	●	successful initiation of, enrollment in and completion of clinical trials;
	●	successful data from our clinical programs that support a finding of safety and effectiveness and an acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates in the intended populations;
	●	receipt of regulatory and marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;
	●	establishment of arrangements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply and commercial manufacturing and, where applicable, commercial manufacturing capabilities;
	●	successful development of our internal manufacturing processes and transfer, where applicable, from our reliance on CMOs, to our own manufacturing facility, or from our own manufacturing facility to CMOs or the facilities of collaboration partners;
	●	establishment and maintenance of patent and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;
	●	commercial launch of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;
	●	acceptance of our product candidates and their therapeutic uses, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;
	●	effective competition with other therapies and treatment options;
	●	establishment and maintenance of healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors for any approved products;
	●	enforcement and defense of intellectual property rights and claims;
	●	maintenance of a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval; and
	●	achieving desirable medicinal properties for the intended indications.

If we do not succeed in one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. We cannot assure you that our product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized. If we are unable to develop, or obtain regulatory approval for, or, if approved, to successfully commercialize our product candidates, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused delays to our clinical trials. Moreover, the longer the pandemic persists, the more impact it will have on our clinical trial and other business plans and timelines. In addition, this pandemic has caused substantial disruption in the financial markets and may adversely impact economies worldwide, both of which could result in adverse effects on our business, operations and ability to raise capital.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to drive global uncertainty and has caused, and may continue to cause, delays to the development of certain of our product candidates. Delays in completing our clinical trials are expected to increase our costs, slow our development and approval process and could negatively impact our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Out of an abundance of caution to protect patients, caregivers, clinical site staff, company employees as well as due to facility closures, quarantine, travel restrictions and other governmental restrictions in March 2020 we temporarily paused the enrollment and randomization of new patients with newly diagnosed T1D into our global Phase 3 PROTECT study of teplizumab. During the second quarter of 2020, we began enrolling patients in the PROTECT study on a country by country and site by site basis and as of September 30, 2020, all sites have been activated, with a majority of the sites actively enrolling patients. As a result of the delay, we now expect to report top line results from the Phase 3 PROTECT study in mid-2023, subject to change for any further COVID-19-related or other interruptions. In addition, we, with our development partner Amgen, collectively decided that, to protect the integrity and quality of the PRV-015 Phase 2b trial in gluten free diet non-responsive celiac disease, we would stagger study startup throughout the third quarter of 2020 rather than initiating screening in the second quarter of 2020, as had originally been scheduled. We initiated the Phase 2b trial in August 2020. Additionally, our plans to initiate the Phase 2a portion of the PREVAIL study in lupus patients has been delayed from the first half to the second half of 2021 predominantly due to COVID-19 related impacts on our plans

Timely enrollment in our clinical trials is dependent upon global clinical trial sites which may be adversely affected by global health matters, such as pandemics. We are currently conducting clinical trials for our product candidates in many countries, including the United States, European Union, and Canada and may expand to other geographies. Many of these regions in which we operate are currently being or may in the future be affected by COVID-19. Some factors from the COVID-19 outbreak that may delay or otherwise adversely affect enrollment in the clinical trials of our product candidates, as well as adversely impact our business generally, include:

	●	delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff, and delays enrolling patients in our clinical trials or increased rates of patients withdrawing from our clinical trials following enrollment as a result of contracting COVID-19, being forced to quarantine, or not accepting home health visits, particularly for older patients with a higher risk of contracting COVID-19;
	●	limitations on travel that could interrupt key trial activities, such as clinical trial site initiations and monitoring, domestic and international travel by employees, contractors or patients to clinical trial sites, including any government-imposed travel restrictions or quarantines that may impact the ability or willingness of patients, employees or contractors to travel to our clinical trial sites or secure visas or entry permissions, any of which could delay or adversely impact the conduct or progress of our clinical trials;
	●	interruption or delays in the operations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and foreign regulatory authorities, which may impact review and approval timelines;
	●	interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of our product candidates from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems; and
	●	business disruptions caused by potential workplace, laboratory and office closures and an increased reliance on employees working from home, disruptions to or delays in ongoing laboratory experiments and operations, staffing shortages, travel.

The pandemic has already caused significant disruptions in the financial markets, and may continue to cause such disruptions, which could adversely impact our ability to raise additional funds through public offerings or private placements and may also impact the volatility of our stock price and trading in our stock. Moreover, it is possible the pandemic will significantly impact economies worldwide, which could result in adverse effects on our business and operations. The rapid development and fluidity of the pandemic precludes any prediction as to the ultimate impact of COVID-19. Additionally, the pandemic could negatively impact our ability to execute a successful launch of PRV-031 if we receive marketing approval, which could impact our revenue making potential and have other negative material adverse impacts on our business. The full extent of the impact and effects of COVID-19 on our business, operations, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations remain uncertain at this time.

Clinical drug development involves a risky, lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may encounter substantial delays in completing our clinical trials which in turn will require additional costs, or we may fail to demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.

It is impossible to predict if or when any of our product candidates will prove safe or effective in humans or will receive regulatory approval and the risk of failure through the development process is high. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain as to outcome. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:

●

delays in reaching, or failing to reach, a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design;

	●	delays in reaching, or failing to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with a sufficient number of prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;
	●	delays in obtaining required IRB or Ethics Committee (“EC”) approval at each clinical trial site;
	●	delays in recruiting a sufficient number of suitable patients to participate in our clinical trials;
	●	delays as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical trial recruitment;
	●	imposition of a clinical hold by regulatory agencies, IRBs, or ECs;
	●	failure by our CROs, other third parties or us to adhere to clinical trial, regulatory or legal requirements;
	●	failure to perform in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices (“GCP,” or current good clinical practices “cGCP”), or applicable regulatory guidelines in other countries;
	●	delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery of sufficient quantities of our product candidates to the clinical sites;
	●	delays in having patients’ complete participation in a study or return for post-treatment follow-up;
	●	subjects choosing an alternative treatment for the indications for which we are developing our product candidates, or participating in competing clinical trials;
	●	clinical study sites or patients dropping out of a study;
	●	delay or failure to address any patient safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial;
	●	unanticipated costs or increases in costs of clinical trials of our product candidates;
	●	occurrence of serious adverse events associated with the product candidate that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits; or
	●	changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs or ECs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by an independent Safety Review Board for such trial or by the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Product development costs for any of our product candidates will increase if we have delays in testing or approval or if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur and we may need to amend study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our study protocols to the FDA, comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of that study. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we, the FDA or other regulatory authorities, the IRB, or other reviewing entities, or any of our clinical trial sites suspend or terminate any of our clinical trials of any of our product candidates, its commercial prospects may be materially harmed and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed. Any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, termination or suspension of, or a delay in the commencement or completion of, clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. In addition, if one or more clinical trials are delayed, our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do, and the commercial viability of any of our product candidates could be significantly reduced.

Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. We cannot assure you that the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will view the results as we do or that any future trials of any of our product candidates will achieve positive results. Further, product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through pre-clinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier studies, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks.

Further, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to various interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval. If the results of our clinical trials are inconclusive, only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns or adverse events associated with our other product candidates, we may:

	●	be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates, if approved at all;
	●	obtain marketing approval in some countries and not in others;
	●	obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;
	●	obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings;
	●	be required to change the way the product is administered;
	●	be required to perform additional preclinical or clinical trials to support approval or be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements;
	●	have regulatory authorities withdraw their approval of a product or impose restrictions on its distribution in the form of a modified risk evaluation and mitigation strategy;
	●	be sued; or
	●	experience damage to our reputation.

Additionally, our product candidates could potentially cause other adverse events that have not yet been predicted. The inclusion of ill patients in our clinical trials may result in deaths or other adverse medical events due to other therapies or medications that such patients may be using. Furthermore, a competitor is currently in early-stage clinical testing of teplizumab as a combination therapy for the treatment of T1D. Any adverse events observed in such clinical testing by our competitor may delay or otherwise adversely impact regulatory approval for our PRV-031 product candidate. As described above, any of these events could prevent us from obtaining marketing approval or achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our product candidates and impair our ability to commercialize our products.

We have conducted and are conducting clinical trials outside the United States and anticipate conducting additional clinical trials outside the United States, and the FDA may not accept data from such trials.

We are currently conducting clinical trials for our product candidates in countries outside of the United States and we anticipate that we will conduct additional clinical trials in countries outside the United States. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of such study data by the FDA is subject to certain conditions. For example, the clinical trial must be conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA must be able to validate the data from the clinical trial through an onsite inspection if it deems such inspection necessary. Where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless those data are considered applicable to the U.S. patient population and U.S. medical practice, the clinical trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and the data is considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, such clinical trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the clinical trials are conducted. A description of any studies related to overdosage is also required, including information on dialysis, antidotes, or other treatments, if known. There can be no assurance the FDA will accept data from clinical trials conducted outside of the United States. If the FDA does not accept any such data, it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our development plan.

Risks inherent in conducting international clinical trials include, but are not limited to:

	●	foreign regulatory requirements that could burden or limit our ability to conduct our clinical trials;
	●	administrative burdens of conducting clinical trials under multiple foreign regulatory schema;
	●	foreign currency fluctuations which could negatively impact our financial condition since certain payments are paid in local currencies;
	●	manufacturing, customs, shipment and storage requirements;
	●	cultural differences in medical practice and clinical research; and
	●	diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries.

Biologics carry unique risks and uncertainties, which could have a negative impact on future results of operations.

The successful discovery, development, manufacturing and sale of biologics is a long, expensive and uncertain process. There are unique risks and uncertainties with biologics. For example, access to and supply of necessary biological materials, such as cell lines, may be limited and governmental regulations restrict access to and regulate the transport and use of such materials. In addition, the development, manufacturing and sale of biologics is subject to regulations that are often more complex and extensive than the regulations applicable to other pharmaceutical products. Manufacturing biologics, especially in large quantities, is often complex and may require the use of innovative technologies. Such manufacturing also requires facilities specifically designed and validated for this purpose and sophisticated quality assurance and quality control procedures. Biologics are also frequently costly to manufacture because production inputs are derived from living animal or plant material, and some biologics cannot be made synthetically. Failure to successfully discover, develop, manufacture and sell biologics could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

If we are not able to obtain any required regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be limited.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, approval, sale, marketing, advertising and promotion, pricing, export, import and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, EMA, and other regulatory authorities in the United States, European Union, and other countries, where regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates as prescription pharmaceutical products in the United States until we receive approval of a New Drug Application (“NDA”) or BLA from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from such countries. In the United States, the FDA generally requires the completion of clinical trials of each drug to establish its safety and efficacy and extensive pharmaceutical development to ensure its quality before an NDA or a BLA is approved. Regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions impose similar requirements. Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage result in the submission of an NDA or a BLA to the FDA or other regulatory authorities and even fewer are eventually approved for commercialization. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for a submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application.

We have only limited experience in filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on consultants and third party CROs with expertise in this area to assist us in this process. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. If our development efforts for our product candidates, including regulatory approval, are not successful for their planned indications, our business will be materially adversely affected.

Our success depends on the receipt of regulatory approval and the issuance of such regulatory approvals is uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the following:

	●	the results of our clinical trials may not be satisfactory or may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory agencies for marketing approval;
	●	the dosing of our product candidates in a particular clinical trial may not be at an optimal level;
	●	we may be required to provide additional analysis or data for already completed clinical studies, or conduct additional studies;
	●	the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to obtain clearance or approval of companion diagnostic tests;
	●	the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree on the design or implementation of our clinical trials, including the methodology used in our studies, our chosen endpoints, our statistical analysis, or our proposed product indication;
	●	our failure to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA, EMA, or comparable regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;
	●	we may fail to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical benefits outweigh its safety risks;

	●	immunogenicity might affect a product candidate efficacy and/or safety;
	●	the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from nonclinical studies or clinical trials;
	●	the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with whom we contract for clinical and commercial supplies;
	●	there may be changes in the approval policies or regulations that render our nonclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval; or

Additionally, even if we obtain regulatory approval for one indication, there is no guarantee we will be able to gain regulatory approval for additional indications. For example, we intend to initially seek regulatory approval for our CVB vaccine product candidate for the prevention of acute CVB infection. The results of longitudinal studies demonstrating the connection between CVB and T1D and T1D-associated celiac disease will be necessary to expand the indicated use of this vaccine to T1D. These studies must be completed and submitted to the FDA or EMA prior to receiving approval in the United States or European Union to market the CVB vaccine for additional indications such as prevention of T1D. Such studies will be costly and time consuming and may not demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the connection between the CVB virus and the onset of T1D

Failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates for the foregoing, or any other reasons, will prevent or delay us from commercializing our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. We cannot guarantee that regulators will agree with our assessment of the results of the clinical trials we have conducted or intend to conduct in the future or that such future trials will be successful. The FDA, EMA and other regulators have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional clinical trials, or pre-clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could require the clearance or approval of a companion diagnostic device as a condition of approval of PRV-031, which may require substantial financial resources and could delay regulatory approval of PRV-031.

Companion diagnostics, which provide information that is essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding therapeutic product, may be co-developed with a device manufacturer or with a laboratory, and generally require FDA clearance or approval as well. Given the availability of autoantibody tests commercially and the binary nature of these tests we do not believe a companion diagnostic should be required in connection with PRV-031. Should the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities disagree with us and require the use of a companion diagnostic, we may face delays or obstacles in obtaining approval of a BLA for PRV-031 as the FDA may take the position that a companion diagnostic device is required prior to granting approval of the BLA. In addition, if a companion diagnostic is required, we may be dependent on the cooperation and effort of third-party collaborators to develop companion diagnostics. We and our potential and future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing or validating such tests. Any delay or failure by us or our potential and future collaborators to develop or obtain regulatory clearance or approval of such tests, if necessary, could delay or prevent approval of PRV-031 or our other product candidate.

Even if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, our product candidates could be subject to labeling and other restrictions and withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates for an indication, the FDA, EMA, or foreign equivalent may still impose significant restrictions on their indicated uses or marketing or the conditions of approval or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly and time-consuming post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, post-market surveillance to monitor safety and efficacy and a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”). If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA or BLA must submit a proposed REMS; the FDA will not approve the NDA or BLA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. The FDA may also require a REMS for an approved product when new safety information emerges. Any such post-marketing requirements may negatively impact our commercialization plans or require us to raise additional capital to support the execution of such requirements. Additionally, if we face challenges or are unable to comply with post-marketing requirements, we may not be able to maintain marketing approval, or we may decide to abandon the program.

Our product candidates will also be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of adverse events and other post-market information. These requirements include registration with the FDA, as well as continued compliance with current GCP regulations for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP” or “GMP”) requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents.

With respect to sales and marketing activities by us or any future licensor, advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other applicable federal, state and local laws in the United States and similar legal requirements in other countries. In the United States, the distribution of product samples to physicians must comply with the requirements of the U.S. Prescription Drug Marketing Act. Application holders must obtain FDA approval for product and manufacturing changes, depending on the nature of the change. We may also be subject, directly or indirectly through our customers and licensors, to various fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act, and similar state laws, which impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs. If we participate in the U.S. Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, the Federal Supply Schedule of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or other government drug programs, we will be subject to complex laws and regulations regarding reporting and payment obligations. All of these activities are also potentially subject to U.S. federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. Similar requirements exist in many of these areas in other countries.

In addition, if any of our product candidates are approved for a particular indication, our product labeling, advertising and promotion would be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for our product candidates, physicians may nevertheless legally prescribe our products to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability and government fines. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant sanctions. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees of permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.

If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or we or our manufacturers fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, we may be subject to the following administrative or judicial sanctions:

	●	restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product;
	●	withdrawal of the product from the market;
	●	voluntary or mandatory product recalls;
	●	restrictions of the labeling of a product;
	●	restrictions on product distribution or use
	●	requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;
	●	issuance of warning letters or untitled letters;
	●	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines, restitution, or disgorgement of profit or revenues;
	●	suspension, withdrawal, or revocation of regulatory approval;
	●	suspension or termination of any ongoing clinical trials;
	●	refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us;
	●	suspension or imposition of restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or
	●	product seizure or detention or refusal to permit the import or export of product.

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenue. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. Adverse regulatory action, whether pre- or post-approval, can also potentially lead to product liability claims and increase our product liability exposure.

Even though we may obtain or apply for orphan drug designation for a product candidate, we may not be able to obtain orphan drug marketing exclusivity.

We have obtained orphan drug designation from the FDA for PRV-031 for the treatment of recent-onset T1D. Separately, some of the subsets of lupus erythematosus, which we may target with PRV-3279, are orphan indications (e.g., lupus nephritis).

However, there is no guarantee that the FDA, EMA or its foreign equivalents will grant any future application for orphan drug designation for any of our other product candidates, including PRV-031 in the At-Risk indication, which would make us ineligible for the additional exclusivity and other benefits of orphan drug designation.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of regulatory review and approval process. In addition to the potential period of exclusivity, orphan designation makes a company eligible for grant funding of up to $400,000 per year for four years to defray costs of clinical trial expenses, tax credits for clinical research expenses and potential exemption from the FDA application user fee.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as (i) the drug’s orphan designation is revoked; (ii) its marketing approval is withdrawn; (iii) the orphan exclusivity holder consents to the approval of another applicant’s product; (iv) the orphan exclusivity holder is unable to assure the availability of a sufficient quantity of drug; or (v) a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by a competitor product. If a drug designated as an orphan product receives marketing approval for an indication broader than what is designated, it may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. There can be no assurance that we will receive orphan drug designation for any of our product candidates in the indications for which we think they might qualify, if we elect to seek such applications.

As a result, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for PRV-031 for the treatment of recent-onset T1D in the United States, the FDA can still approve other drugs that have a different active ingredient for use in treating the same indication. Furthermore, the FDA can waive orphan drug exclusivity if we are unable to manufacture sufficient supply of PRV-031 or if the FDA finds that a subsequent applicant for recent-onset T1D demonstrates clinical superiority to PRV-031. Accordingly, orphan drug exclusivity for a product may not effectively protect the product from competition.

Although we may pursue expedited regulatory approval pathways for a product candidate, it may not qualify for expedited development or, if it does qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

Although we believe there may be an opportunity to accelerate the development of certain of our product candidates through one or more of the FDA’s expedited programs, such as fast track, breakthrough therapy, accelerated approval or priority review, we cannot be assured that any of our product candidates will qualify for such programs.

For example, a drug may be eligible for designation as a breakthrough therapy if the drug is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Although breakthrough designation or access to any other expedited program may expedite the development or approval process, it does not change the standards for approval. If we apply for breakthrough therapy designation or any other expedited program for our product candidates, the FDA may determine that our proposed target indication or other aspects of our clinical development plans do not qualify for such expedited program. Even if we are successful in obtaining a breakthrough therapy designation or access to any other expedited program, we may not experience faster development timelines or achieve faster review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. For example, the time required to identify and resolve issues relating to chemistry, manufacturing and controls, the acquisition of a sufficient supply of our product for clinical trial purposes or the need to conduct additional preclinical or clinical studies may delay approval by the FDA, even if the product candidate qualifies for a breakthrough therapy designation or access to any other expedited program. Access to an expedited program may also be withdrawn by the FDA if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Additionally, qualification for any expedited review procedure does not ensure that we will ultimately obtain regulatory approval for such product candidate.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and/ or to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval for our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell our product candidates. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We do not know whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress (“Congress”) of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

In the United States, the Medicare Modernization Act (“MMA”), changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for drugs. In addition, this legislation authorized Medicare Part D prescription drug plans to use formularies where they can limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. As a result of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for our product candidates and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Health Care Reform Law”), is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The Health Care Reform Law revised the definition of “average manufacturer price” for reporting purposes, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states. Further, the law imposed a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products.

The Health Care Reform Law remains subject to legislative efforts to repeal, modify or delay the implementation of the law. However, if the Health Care Reform Law is repealed or modified, or if implementation of certain aspects of the Health Care Reform Law are delayed, such repeal, modification or delay may materially adversely impact our business, strategies, prospects, operating results or financial condition. We are unable to predict the full impact of any repeal, modification or delay in the implementation of the Health Care Reform Law on us at this time. Due to the substantial regulatory changes that will need to be implemented by CMS and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Health Care Reform Law was enacted. We expect that additional federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce or eliminate our profitability.

The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature, or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from pending or future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability

If we fail to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates, we may need to acquire additional product candidates and our business will be adversely affected.

We have never developed and obtained approval for any product candidates or commercialized any product candidates. We have limited product candidates and do not have any other compounds in pre-clinical testing, lead optimization or lead identification stages beyond our product candidates. We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will prove to be sufficiently effective and safe to meet applicable regulatory standards for any indication. If we fail to successfully obtain regulatory approval or commercialize any of our product candidates for their targeted indications, whether as stand-alone therapies or in combination with other therapeutic agents, and if we are unable to acquire additional product candidates in the future, our business will be adversely affected.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we may not be able to successfully commercialize the product and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, may be limited.

If approved for marketing, the commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon each product’s acceptance by the medical community, including physicians, patients and health care payors. The degree of market acceptance for any of our product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

	●	demonstration of clinical safety and efficacy;
	●	relative convenience, dosing burden and ease of administration;
	●	the prevalence and severity of any adverse events and the overall safety profile;
	●	the clinical indications for which our products are approved;
	●	the acceptance of physicians to include T1D screening in routine patient medical care;
	●	the willingness of physicians to prescribe our product candidates, and the target patient population to try new therapies;
	●	efficacy of our product candidates compared to competing products or therapies;
	●	the introduction of any new products that may in the future become available targeting indications for which our product candidates may be approved;
	●	new procedures or therapies that may reduce the incidences of any of the indications in which our product candidates may show utility;
	●	pricing and cost-effectiveness;
	●	the inclusion or omission of our product candidates in applicable therapeutic and vaccine guidelines;
	●	the effectiveness of our own or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies;
	●	limitations or warnings contained in approved labeling from regulatory authorities, including any interactions of our products with other medicines patients are taking;
	●	our ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement from government health care programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors or to receive the necessary pricing approvals from government bodies regulating the pricing and usage of therapeutics; and
	●	the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage or reimbursement or government pricing approvals.

If any of our product candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, health care payors, and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

In addition, even if we obtain regulatory approvals, the timing or scope of any approvals may prohibit or reduce our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully. For example, if the approval process takes too long, we may miss market opportunities and give other companies the ability to develop competing products or establish market dominance. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render our product candidates not commercially viable. For example, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve any of our product candidates with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization for that indication. Further, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may place conditions on approvals or require risk management plans or a REMS, to assure the safe use of the drug. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of our product candidates. Moreover, product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following the initial marketing of the product. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial success of our product candidates.

We currently have a limited commercial organization. If we are unable to establish satisfactory sales capabilities or secure a sales partner, we may not successfully commercialize any of our product candidates.

We have just recently begun to build out our commercial infrastructure and at present, we have only limited sales personnel. In order to commercialize products that are approved for commercial sales, we must either develop our own sales infrastructure or collaborate with third parties that have such commercial infrastructure. If we are not successful entering into appropriate collaboration arrangements or recruiting sales personnel or in building a sales infrastructure, we will have difficulty successfully commercializing our product candidates, which would adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

If we are unable to establish a satisfactory sales infrastructure, we may not realize a positive return on this investment. In addition, we will have to compete with established and well-funded pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain sales personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product candidates without strategic partners or licensees include:

	●	our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales personnel;
	●	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any of our product candidates;
	●	the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and
	●	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales organization.

We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the research, development, and commercialization of certain of the product candidates we may develop. If any such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of those product candidates.

We may seek additional third-party collaborators for the research, development, and commercialization of certain of the product candidates we may develop. If we enter into any such arrangements with any third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of any product candidates we may seek to develop with them. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. We cannot predict the success of any collaboration that we enter into.

Collaborations pose numerous risks to us, including the following:

	●	collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;
	●	collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates we may develop or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborator’s strategic focus or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

	●	collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials, or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;
	●	collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our medicines or product candidates we may develop if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;
	●	collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;
	●	collaborators may not properly obtain, maintain, enforce, or defend our intellectual property or proprietary rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;
	●	disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development, or commercialization of our products or product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;
	●	we may lose certain valuable rights under circumstances identified in our collaborations, including if we undergo a change of control;
	●	collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates we may develop; and
	●	collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all. If a present or future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished, or terminated.

If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of product candidates, or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our development of product candidates could be delayed, and we may need additional resources to develop product candidates. In addition, if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to find a suitable replacement collaborator or attract new collaborators, and our development programs may be delayed or the perception of us in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval, and commercialization described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q apply to the activities of our collaborators.

These relationships, or those like them, may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders, or disrupt our management and business. In addition, we could face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Our ability to reach a definitive collaboration agreement will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration, and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of several factors. If we license rights to any product candidates, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture.

Amgen has the right to assume control over the activities of our anti-IL-15 mAb product candidate.

Pursuant to the Amgen Agreement, Amgen reserves the right, at any time until 120 days after the delivery of the final data package relating to the Phase 2b PROACTIVE study which we initiated in August 2020, to assume control over all activities with respect to our anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody (“mAb”), product candidate, including pricing and marketing decisions, after the payment of a $150.0 million milestone. There can be no assurance that Amgen’s strategic direction will be in line with ours should it assume control of activities, or that their decisions will have a positive impact on our results of operations. Moreover, we may not realize the full economic benefit of this agreement.

We face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We have existing competitors and will have potential new competitors in a number of jurisdictions, many of which have or will have substantially greater name recognition, commercial infrastructures and financial, technical and personnel resources than we have. Established competitors may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make any of our product candidates obsolete or uneconomical. Any new product that competes with an approved product may need to demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, cost, convenience, tolerability and safety to be commercially successful. Other competitive factors, including generic competition, could force us to lower prices or could result in reduced sales. In addition, new products developed by others could emerge as competitors to our product candidates. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow, and our financial condition and operations will suffer.

Our potential competitors both in the United States and throughout the world include companies developing and/or marketing drugs and therapeutic solutions for immune-mediated diseases, including oncological, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as companies working in our specific fields, including T1D, enteroviral and emerging viral diseases, lupus, and inflammatory bowel diseases, such as CD.

There can be no assurance that our product candidates will be more effective or achieve greater market acceptance than competitive products, or that our competitors will not succeed in developing products and technologies that are more effective than those being developed by us or that would render our products and technologies less competitive or obsolete. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the development by others of new or improved products will not make our product candidates superfluous or obsolete.

Our product candidates may face competition sooner than expected.

We intend to seek data exclusivity or market exclusivity for our monoclonal antibodies PRV-031 and PRV-015, our DART molecule PRV-3279 and our PRV-101 CVB vaccine product candidates provided under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), and similar laws in other countries. We believe that these product candidates will qualify for 12 years of data exclusivity under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCIA”), which was enacted as part of the Health Care Reform Law. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product or BLA cannot be submitted to the FDA until four years, or if approved by the FDA, until 12 years, after the original brand product identified as the reference product is approved under a BLA. The BPCIA provides an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The abbreviated regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an existing brand product. The law is complex and the processes the FDA establishes to implement the law could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological product candidates. There is also a risk that Congress could repeal or amend the BPCIA to shorten this exclusivity period, potentially creating the opportunity for biosimilar competition sooner than anticipated after the expiration of our patent protection. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any reference product in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

Our product candidates that are not, or are not considered, biologics that would qualify for exclusivity under the BPCIA may be eligible for market exclusivity as drugs under the FDCA. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the U.S. to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application (“ANDA”), or a 505(b)(2) NDA, submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, for new indications, dosages, or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent.

Even if, as we expect, our product candidates are considered to be reference products eligible for 12 years of exclusivity under the BPCIA or five years of exclusivity under the FDCA, another company could market competing products if the FDA approves a full BLA or full NDA for such product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of the products. Moreover, an amendment or repeal of the BPCIA could result in a shorter exclusivity period for our product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate international markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize our product candidates in international markets for which we intend to rely on collaborations with third parties. If we commercialize any of our product candidates in international markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:

	●	our customers’ ability to obtain reimbursement for our product candidates in international markets;
	●	our inability to directly control commercial activities because we are relying on third parties;
	●	the burden of complying with complex and changing international regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements;
	●	different medical practices and customs in foreign countries affecting acceptance in the marketplace;
	●	import or export licensing requirements;
	●	longer accounts receivable collection times;
	●	longer lead times for shipping;
	●	language barriers for technical training;
	●	reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries;
	●	foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and
	●	the interpretation of contractual provisions governed by foreign laws in the event of a contract dispute.

International sales of our product candidates could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economic instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs, any of which may adversely affect our results of operations.

If we market any of our product candidates in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price reporting laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA enforces laws and regulations which require that the promotion of pharmaceutical products be consistent with the approved prescribing information. While physicians may prescribe an approved product for a so-called “off label” use, it is unlawful for a pharmaceutical company to promote its products in a manner that is inconsistent with its approved label and any company which engages in such conduct can subject that company to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines and/or other penalties against companies for alleged improper promotion and has investigated and/or prosecuted several companies in relation to off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that certain companies enter consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed, curtailed or prohibited. Similarly, industry codes in the EU and other foreign jurisdictions prohibit companies from engaging in off-label promotion and regulatory agencies in various countries enforce violations of the code with civil penalties. While we intend to ensure that our promotional materials are consistent with our label, regulatory agencies may disagree with our assessment and may issue untitled letters, warning letters or may institute other civil or criminal enforcement proceedings. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal healthcare fraud and abuse laws have been applied in recent years to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry. These laws include the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act and similar state laws. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws.

The U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted broadly to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. Our practices may not, in all cases, meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability. Moreover, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the Health Care Reform Law, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal health care fraud statutes; a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Health Care Reform Law provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the U.S. False Claims Act. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Several other countries, including the United Kingdom, have enacted similar anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, and healthcare laws and regulations.

Over the past few years, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as: allegedly providing free trips, free goods, sham consulting fees and grants and other monetary benefits to prescribers; reporting to pricing services inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set reimbursement rates; engaging in off-label promotion that caused claims to be submitted to Medicare or Medicaid for non-covered, off-label uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program to reduce liability for Medicaid rebates. Most states also have statutes or regulations similar to the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute and the U.S. False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include substantial civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a manufacturer’s products from reimbursement under government programs, substantial criminal fines and imprisonment.

We are completely dependent on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and our commercialization of our product candidates could be halted, delayed or made less profitable if those third parties fail to obtain manufacturing approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of our product candidates or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.

We do not currently have, nor do we plan to acquire, the capability or infrastructure to manufacture the bulk drug substance or the active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”), in our product candidates for use in our clinical trials or for commercial products, if any. As a result, we are obligated to rely on contract manufacturers for clinical supplies of our product candidates and will be obligated, if and when any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, to rely on contract manufacturers for commercial supply. We have not entered into an agreement with any contract manufacturers for commercial supply and may not be able to engage a contract manufacturer for commercial supply of any of our product candidates on acceptable terms to us, or at all.

The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit an NDA or BLA to the FDA or equivalent applications to other relevant regulatory authorities. We will be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMPs for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. These cGMP regulations cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing, quality control and record keeping relating to our product candidates. If our contract manufacturers do not successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. If the FDA, EMA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Our contract manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies for compliance with cGMPs and similar regulatory requirements. Although we are responsible for oversight of manufacturing of our product candidates, we do not have control over our contract manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure by any of our contract manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure to grant approval to market any of our product candidates, delays, suspensions or withdrawals of approvals, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business. In addition, we do not have control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. Failure by our contract manufacturers to comply with or maintain any of these standards could adversely affect our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market any of our product candidates.

If, for any reason, these third parties are unable or unwilling to perform, we may not be able to terminate our agreements with them, to the extent applicable, and we may not be able to locate alternative manufacturers or formulators or enter into favorable agreements with them and we cannot be certain that any such third parties will have the manufacturing capacity to meet future requirements. If these manufacturers or any alternate manufacturer of finished drug product experiences any significant difficulties in its respective manufacturing processes for our API or finished products or should cease doing business with us, we could experience significant interruptions in the supply of any of our product candidates or may not be able to create a supply of our product candidates at all. Were we to encounter manufacturing issues, our ability to produce a sufficient supply of any of our product candidates might be negatively affected. Our inability to coordinate the efforts of our third-party manufacturers, or the lack of capacity available at our third-party manufacturers, could impair our ability to supply any of our product candidates at required levels. Because of the significant regulatory requirements that we would need to satisfy in order to qualify a new bulk or finished product manufacturer, if we face these or other difficulties with our current manufacturers, we could experience significant interruptions in the supply of any of our product candidates if we decided to transfer the manufacture of any of our product candidates to one or more alternative manufacturers in an effort to deal with the difficulties.

Any manufacturing problem or the loss of a contract manufacturer could be disruptive to our operations and result in lost sales. Additionally, we rely on third parties to supply the raw materials needed to manufacture our potential products. Any reliance on suppliers may involve several risks, including a potential inability to obtain critical materials and reduced control over production costs, delivery schedules, reliability and quality. Any unanticipated disruption to a contract manufacturer caused by problems at suppliers could delay shipment of any of our product candidates, increase our cost of goods sold and result in lost sales.

We cannot guarantee that our future manufacturers and suppliers will be able to reduce the costs of commercial scale manufacturing of any of our product candidates over time. If the commercial-scale manufacturing costs of any of our product candidates are higher than expected, these costs may significantly impact our operating results. In order to reduce costs, we may need to develop and implement process improvements. However, in order to do so, we will need, from time to time, to notify or make submissions with regulatory authorities, and the improvements may be subject to approval by such regulatory authorities. We cannot be sure that we will receive these necessary approvals or that these approvals will be granted in a timely fashion. We also cannot guarantee that we will be able to enhance and optimize output in our commercial manufacturing process. If we cannot enhance and optimize output, we may not be able to reduce our costs over time.

Our experience manufacturing PRV-031 is limited. As a result, if we encounter manufacturing issues, we may experience delays in commercialization, if approved, or in our ongoing and planned clinical trials, including the PROTECT study.

We have limited experience manufacturing PRV-031. We currently rely on a single third-party manufacturer to supply us with PRV-031 drug substance. In order to obtain regulatory approval for PRV-031, this third-party manufacturer will be required to consistently produce the active pharmaceutical ingredient used in PRV-031 in commercial quantities and of specified quality on a repeated basis and document its ability to do so. This is referred to as process validation. In addition, in November 2019 the FDA confirmed that it would require the demonstration of comparability between the PRV-031study drug previously manufactured by MacroGenics and Eli Lilly and the to-be-commercialized PRV-031 drug substance and drug product scheduled for production by Provention and its contract manufacturing partners. If we and our third-party manufacturer are unable to satisfy this requirement, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

The PROTECT study will need to include data from a sufficient number of subjects dosed with this new drug supply in this clinical trial to demonstrate safety and efficacy in order to obtain regulatory approval. If our third-party manufacturer is unable to produce a comparable new drug supply to that used in the At-Risk TN10 study in order to complete the PROTECT study in a timely manner, delays in FDA acceptance or review of our BLA submission may occur. Such delays would in turn delay the potential marketing and commercialization of PRV-031, which would materially and adversely affect our business.

The manufacturing processes for PRV-031 has only recently been tested at commercial scale, and the process validation requirement has not yet been satisfied. These manufacturing processes, their validation and our third-party manufacturers’ facilities will be subject to inspection by the FDA. Approval from the FDA will be required before we can introduce PRV-031 into commerce. If our third-party manufacturers are unable to pass such inspection and otherwise satisfactorily complete the FDA approval requirements, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Also, as we or any manufacturer we engage scales up manufacturing of any approved product, we may encounter unexpected issues relating to the manufacturing process or the quality, purity and stability of the product, and we may be required to refine or alter our manufacturing processes to address these issues. Resolving these issues could result in significant delays and may result in significantly increased costs. If we experience significant delays or other obstacles in producing any approved product for commercial scale, our ability to market and sell any approved products may be adversely affected and our business could suffer.

Changes in product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates are developed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. During the course of a development program, sponsors may also change the contract manufacturers used to produce the product candidates. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of clinical trials. Such changes may also require additional testing, notification or approval by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities. This could delay completion of clinical trials; require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or studies, or the repetition of one or more clinical trials; increase clinical trial costs; delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize any of our product candidates and our business would be substantially harmed.

We rely on third-party CROs and vendors to conduct and manage our clinical programs including contracting with clinical sites to perform our clinical trials. We plan to rely heavily on these parties for execution of clinical trials for our product candidates and will control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on CROs and clinical sites will not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with cGCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any products in clinical development. The FDA and its foreign equivalents enforce these cGCP regulations through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA or other regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with cGCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced under cGMP regulations and will require a large number of test subjects. Our failure or the failure of our CROs or clinical sites to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and could also subject us to enforcement action up to and including civil and criminal penalties.

Although we design the clinical trials for our product candidates in consultation with CROs, we expect that the CROs will manage all of the clinical trials conducted at contracted clinical sites. As a result, many important aspects of our drug development programs would be outside of our direct control. In addition, the CROs and clinical sites may not perform all of their obligations under arrangements with us or in compliance with regulatory requirements. If the CROs or clinical sites do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development and commercialization of any of our product candidates for the subject indication may be delayed or our development program materially and irreversibly harmed. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources these CROs and clinical sites will devote to our program or any of our product candidates. If we are unable to rely on clinical data collected by our CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of our clinical trials, which could significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.

If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs or clinical sites terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or clinical sites. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, any such clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for any of our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

The outcome of pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

We currently have no products approved for sale and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we or any future collaborators may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or pre-clinical studies. We will be required to demonstrate with substantial evidence through well-controlled clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek marketing approvals for their commercial sale. Success in pre-clinical studies and early-stage clinical trials does not mean that future larger registration clinical trials will be successful. This is because product candidates in later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities despite having progressed through pre-clinical studies and early-stage clinical trials.

From time to time, we may publish or report interim or preliminary data from our clinical trials. Interim or preliminary data from clinical trials that we may conduct may not be indicative of the final results of the trial and are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Interim or preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the interim or preliminary data. As a result, interim or preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in size and type of the patient populations, differences in and adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety sufficient to obtain marketing approval to market our product candidates.

Third-party coverage and reimbursement and health care cost containment initiatives and treatment guidelines may constrain our future revenues.

Our ability to successfully market our product candidates will depend in part on the level of reimbursement that government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other organizations provide for the cost of our products and related treatments. Countries in which any of our product candidates are sold through reimbursement schemes under national health insurance programs frequently require that manufacturers and sellers of pharmaceutical products obtain governmental approval of initial prices and any subsequent price changes. In certain countries, including the United States, government-funded and private medical care plans can exert significant indirect pressure on prices. We may not be able to sell our product candidates profitably if adequate prices are not approved or coverage and reimbursement is unavailable or limited in scope. Increasingly, third-party payors attempt to contain health care costs in ways that are likely to impact our development of products including:

	●	failing to approve or challenging the prices charged for health care products;
	●	introducing reimportation schemes from lower priced jurisdictions;
	●	limiting both coverage and the amount of reimbursement for new therapeutic products;
	●	denying or limiting coverage for products that are approved by the regulatory agencies but are considered to be experimental or investigational by third-party payors; and
	●	refusing to provide coverage when an approved product is used in a way that has not received regulatory marketing approval.

Moreover, recently there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their commercial products. There have been several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. While any proposed measures will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property Rights

We depend on rights to certain pharmaceutical compounds that are licensed to us. We do not control these pharmaceutical compounds and any loss of our rights to them could prevent us from selling our products.

We are dependent on licenses from third parties for all but one of our pharmaceutical compounds. We do not own the patents that underlie these licenses. Our rights to use the pharmaceutical compounds we license are subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of those licenses. Thus, the patents and patent applications applicable to our product candidates were not written by us or our attorneys, and we did not have control over the drafting and prosecution. The former patent owners and our licensors might not have given the same attention to the drafting and prosecution of these patents and applications as we would have if we had been the owners of the patents and applications and had control over the drafting. Moreover, under certain of our licenses, patent prosecution activities remain under the control of the licensor. We cannot be certain that drafting of the licensed patents and patent applications, or patent prosecution, by the licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights.

Our rights to develop and commercialize the product candidates we license are subject to the validity of the owner’s intellectual property rights. Enforcement of our licensed patents or defense or any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents is often subject to the control or cooperation of our licensors. Legal action could be initiated against the owners of the intellectual property that we license and an adverse outcome in such legal action could harm our business because it might prevent such companies or institutions from continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business. In addition, such licensors may resolve such litigation in a way that benefits them but adversely affects our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

In addition, our rights to practice the inventions claimed in the licensed patents and patent applications are subject to our licensors abiding by the terms of those licenses and not terminating them. Our licenses may be terminated by the licensor if we are in material breach of certain terms or conditions of the license agreement or in certain other circumstances. Certain of our licenses contained in our agreements with Janssen and Vactech contain provisions that allow the licensor to terminate the license if (i) we breach any payment obligation or other material provision under the agreement and fail to cure the breach within a fixed time following written notice of termination, (ii) we or any of our affiliates, licensees or sublicensees directly or indirectly challenge the validity, enforceability, or extension of any of the licensed patents, (iii) we declare bankruptcy or dissolve, (iv) we fail to maintain a licensed product in active development or fail to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop or commercialize a licensed product. Our rights under the licenses are subject to our continued compliance with the terms of the license, including the payment of royalties due under the license. Termination of these licenses could prevent us from marketing some or all of our products. Because of the complexity of our products and the patents we have licensed, determining the scope of the license and related royalty obligations can be difficult and can lead to disputes between us and the licensor. An unfavorable resolution of such a dispute could lead to an increase in the royalties payable pursuant to the license. If a licensor believed we were not paying the royalties due under the license or were otherwise not in compliance with the terms of the license, the licensor might attempt to revoke the license. If such an attempt were successful, we might be barred from producing and selling some or all of our products.

It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights.

Our commercial success will depend, in part, on obtaining and maintaining patent protection for our technologies, products and processes, successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges and successfully enforcing these patents against third party competitors. The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowable or enforceable in our patents. We currently own 24 issued patents and 6 pending patent applications, and license 290 issued patents and 57 pending patent applications related to our product candidates, in which the pending applications may never be approved by United States or foreign patent offices. The existing patents and patent applications relating to our product candidates and related technologies may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented by third parties and might not protect us against competitors with similar products or technologies.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights, permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage, or provide us with any competitive advantage at all. For example, others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products and technologies that are similar, identical or competitive to any of our product candidates, or important to our business. We cannot be certain that any patent application owned by a third party will not have priority over patent applications filed by us, or that we will not be involved in interference, opposition or invalidity proceedings before United States or foreign patent offices. Additionally, the composition of matter patents for PRV-031 have expired, and although we have filed method of use patents for PRV-031, these may not provide adequate protection from competitors.

In the future we may rely on know-how and trade secrets to protect technology, especially in cases when we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, know-how and trade secrets are difficult to protect. While we intend to require employees, academic collaborators, consultants and other contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary or licensed information. Typically, research collaborators and scientific advisors have rights to publish data and information in which we may have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, our ability to receive patent protection and our ability to protect valuable information owned by us may be imperiled. Enforcing a claim that a third-party entity illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets than patents. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.

If we fail to obtain or maintain patent protection or trade secret protection for our product candidates or our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary information, which could impair our ability to compete in the market and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and attain profitability.

We may also rely on the trademarks we may develop to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. We cannot guarantee that any trademark applications filed by us or our licensors will be approved. Third parties may also oppose such trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that the trademarks we use are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot provide assurance that competitors will not infringe the trademarks we use, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce these trademarks.

Our product candidates may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent our development and commercialization efforts.

Our success depends in part on avoiding infringement of the proprietary technologies of others. The pharmaceutical industry has been characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Identification of third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our proprietary technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. Additionally, because patent applications are maintained in secrecy until the application is published, we may be unaware of third-party patents that may be infringed by commercialization of any of our product candidates or any future product candidate. There may be certain issued patents and patent applications claiming subject matter that we may be required to license in order to research, develop or commercialize any of our product candidates, and we do not know if such patents and patent applications would be available to license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties would be time-consuming and may:

	●	result in costly litigation;
	●	divert the time and attention of our technical personnel and management;
	●	prevent us from commercializing a product until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court of law;
	●	require us to cease or modify our use of the technology and/or develop non-infringing technology; or
	●	require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements.

Third parties may hold proprietary rights that could prevent any of our product candidates from being marketed. Any patent-related legal action against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to any of our product candidates or our processes could subject us to potential liability for damages and require us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market any of our product candidates or any future product candidates. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, we cannot be sure that we could redesign our product candidates or any future product candidates or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and commercializing any of our product candidates or a future product candidate, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

A number of companies, including several major pharmaceutical companies, have conducted, or are conducting, research in immune-mediated diseases within the therapeutic fields in which we intend to operate, which has resulted, or may result, in the filing of many patent applications related to this research. If we were to challenge the validity of these or any issued United States patent in court, we would need to overcome a statutory presumption of validity that attaches to every issued United States patent. This means that, in order to prevail, we would have to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of the patent’s claims. If we were to challenge the validity of these or any issued United States patent in an administrative trial before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, we would have to prove that the claims are unpatentable by a preponderance of the evidence. There is no assurance that a jury and/or court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity or enforceability.

We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor or that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged confidential information or trade secrets of their former employers.

As is commonplace in our industry, we will employ individuals who were previously employed at other pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject in the future to claims that our employees or prospective employees are subject to a continuing obligation to their former employers (such as non-competition or non-solicitation obligations) and that such obligations has been breached or claims that our employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

General Company-Related Risks

We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As our development and commercialization plans and strategies continue to develop, we intend to expand the size of our employee and consultant/contractor base. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees. In addition, our management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. Our future financial performance and our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates and any other future product candidates and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our future growth.

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy. In addition, the loss of the services of our co-founders would adversely impact our business prospects.

Our management team has expertise in many different aspects of drug development and commercialization. However, our ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceuticals industry depends in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. We will need to hire additional personnel as we further develop our product candidates. Competition for skilled personnel in our market is intense and competition for experienced scientists may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific and medical teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. We have entered into employment agreements with certain of our executive officers. However, these employment arrangements will provide for at-will employment, which means that any of our employees could leave our employment at any time, with or without notice. Moreover, there can be no assurance that anyone we expect to employ in a key management position will be available to join our team when we expect them to, if at all. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees, or our inability to hire targeted executives, could potentially harm our business, operating results or financial condition. In particular, we believe that the loss of the services of our co-founders would have a material adverse effect on our business. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level, and senior managers as well as junior, mid-level, and senior scientific and medical personnel.

Other pharmaceutical companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize product candidates would be limited.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We face a potential risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any of our product candidates or any other future product. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop, including any of our product candidates, or any materials that we use in our products allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. In the US, claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

	●	decreased demand for any of our product candidates or any future products that we may develop;
	●	injury to our reputation;
	●	withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
	●	costs to defend the related litigation;
	●	a diversion of management’s time and our resources;
	●	substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
	●	product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
	●	the inability to commercialize some or all of our product candidates; and
	●	a decline in the value of our stock.

Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We maintain product liability insurance covering our clinical trials. Although we will maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

We may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.

We may acquire additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.

We are generally a virtual company and may be unable to adequately protect our information technology systems from cyber-attacks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential information, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.

We are a virtual company and may be unable to adequately protect our information technology systems from cyber-attacks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential information, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.

Cyber-attacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyber-attacks could include wrongful conduct by hostile foreign governments, industrial espionage, deployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service, and other means to threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability. A successful cyber-attack could cause serious negative consequences for our company, including the disruption of operations, the misappropriation of confidential business information and trade secrets, and the disclosure of corporate strategic plans. To date, we have not experienced threats to our data and information technology systems. However, although we devote resources to protect our information technology systems, we realize that cyber-attacks are a threat, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent information security breaches that would result in business, legal or reputational harm to us, or would have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We rely on the proper function, availability and security of our information technology systems to operate our business and a cyber-attack or other breach or disruption of these systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We rely on information technology systems to process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. The form and function of such systems may change over time as our business needs change. The nature of our business involves the receipt and storage of personal and financial information regarding our customers. We use our information technology systems to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including sales, procurement and supply chain, manufacturing and accounts payable. In addition, we use enterprise information technology systems to record, process, and summarize transactions and other financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal, and tax requirements. Our information technology systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors or catastrophic events. Any failure by us to maintain or protect our information technology systems and data integrity, including from cyber-attacks, intrusions, disruptions or shutdowns, could result in the unauthorized access to personally identifiable information, theft of intellectual property or other misappropriation of assets or the loss of key data and information, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations. If our information technology systems are breached or suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown and we are unable to effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

If our efforts to maintain the privacy and security of our patient, employee, supplier or Company information are not successful, we could incur substantial additional costs and become subject to litigation, enforcement actions and reputational damage.

Our business, like that of most biopharmaceutical companies, involves the receipt, storage and transmission of patient information, as well as confidential information about our employees, our suppliers and our Company. Our information systems are vulnerable to an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or information through fraud or other means of deceiving our employees or third-party service providers. Hardware, software or applications we develop or obtain from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information and device security. The methods used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems are also constantly changing and evolving, and may be difficult to anticipate or detect for long periods of time. The ever-evolving threats mean we must continually evaluate and adapt our systems and processes, and our efforts may not be adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches, misuse of data or sabotage of our systems. Any future significant compromise or breach of our data security, whether external or internal, or misuse of patient, employee, supplier or Company data, could result in additional significant costs, lost sales, fines, lawsuits and damage to our reputation. In addition, as the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security and changes in such laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to data privacy and protection laws and regulations that apply to the collection, transmission, storage and use of personally-identifying information, which among other things, impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of personal information, including comprehensive regulatory systems in the U.S. and EU. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve in jurisdictions worldwide, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business. Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

There are numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of personal information. In particular, regulations promulgated pursuant to HIPAA establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information, or protected health information, and require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether protected health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can be complex and may be subject to changing interpretation.

If we are unable to properly protect the privacy and security of protected health information, we could be found to have breached our contracts. Further, if we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws, we could face civil and criminal penalties. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, of HHS, has the discretion to impose penalties without attempting to resolve violations through informal means. HHS enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources. In addition, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. We cannot be sure how these regulations will be interpreted, enforced or applied to our operations. In addition to the risks associated with enforcement activities and potential contractual liabilities, our ongoing efforts to comply with evolving laws and regulations at the federal and state level may be costly and require ongoing modifications to our policies, procedures and systems.

In the EU, we are subject to the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018 and which imposes new obligations on companies that operate in our industry with respect to the processing of personal data and the cross-border transfer of such data. The GDPR imposes onerous accountability obligations requiring data controllers and processors to maintain a record of their data processing and policies. If our or our partners’ or service providers’ privacy or data security measures fail to comply with the GDPR requirements, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, enforcement notices requiring us to change the way we use personal data and/or fines of up to 20 million Euros or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, as well as compensation claims by affected individuals, negative publicity, reputational harm and a potential loss of business and goodwill. The GDPR places restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data from the EU to countries that have not been found by the European Commission to offer adequate data protection legislation, such as the United States. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework (“Privacy Shield”), one of the mechanisms used to legitimize the transfer of personal data from the EU to the U.S. The CJEU decision also drew into question the long-term viability of an alternative means of data transfer, the standard contractual clauses, for transfers of personal data from the EU to the U.S. While we were not self-certified under the Privacy Shield, this CJEU decision may lead to increased scrutiny on data transfers from the EU to the U.S. generally and increase our costs of compliance with data privacy legislation.

In 2018, California passed into law the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020 and imposed many requirements on businesses that process the personal information of California residents. Many of the CCPA’s requirements are similar to those found in the GDPR, including requiring businesses to provide notice to data subjects regarding the information collected about them and how such information is used and shared, and providing data subjects the right to request access to such

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for stockholders.

The market price of our common stock has been volatile and can be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, the reporting of results of our clinical trials or partner-sponsored clinical trials involving our programs. These factors include those discussed in this “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and others such as:

	●	our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing prospects;
	●	our intentions and our ability to establish collaborations and/or partnerships;
	●	the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals;
	●	our development, commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities;
	●	our expectations regarding the potential market size and the size of the patient populations for our product candidates;
	●	the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and technology;
	●	the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, along with any product modifications and improvements;
	●	estimates of our expenses, future revenue, capital requirements, our needs for additional financing and our ability to obtain additional capital;
	●	our financial performance; and
	●	developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry, including competing therapies and procedures.

In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biopharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that may have been unrelated to the operating performance of the issuer. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price or liquidity of our common stock. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of our stockholders were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our management would be diverted from the operation of our business.

An active, liquid and orderly market for our common stock may not develop, which could result in substantial losses for stockholders.

Prior to our IPO, there was no public market for shares of our common stock. Although our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”), the market for our shares has demonstrated varying levels of trading activity and an active public market for our shares may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair the ability to sell shares at the time a shareholder wish to sell them or at a price that a shareholder may consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses, applications, or technologies using our shares as consideration.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We only recently obtained research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If there are insufficient securities or industry analysts covering us, the market price for our stock would be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our clinical trials and operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Commencing January 1, 2021, we will no longer be an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will no longer apply to us.

We are currently an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). We will no longer qualify for such status commencing January 1, 2021. As a large-accelerated filer, we will be subject to certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that have not been applicable to us as an emerging growth company. These requirements include:

●

compliance with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting;

●

compliance with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

●

full disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and

●

compliance with the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We have incurred increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is now required to devote substantial time to additional compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly commencing January 1, 2021 when we will no longer be an “emerging growth company” or a “smaller reporting company,” we do and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”), commencing January 1, 2021, because we will no longer be an emerging growth company, we will be required to include with our annual report an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, engage outside consultants and potentially increase our efforts to assess and document the adequacy of our systems of internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal controls over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. We could also become subject to stockholder or other third-party litigation as well as investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources and could result in fines, trading suspensions or other remedies.

Future capital raises may dilute our existing stockholders’ ownership and/or have other adverse effects on our operations.

If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ percentage ownership will be reduced, and these stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may also issue equity securities that provide for rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights senior to those of our common stock and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations, including liens on our assets. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our technologies or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors, holders of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned approximately 17.4% of our voting stock as of September 30, 2020. Therefore, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline.

In addition, as of September 30, 2020, approximately 11,348,000 shares of common stock were subject to outstanding options, reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans or subject to outstanding warrants. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities may decrease.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on our internal control over financial reporting and, for the year ended December 31, 2020, requires attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm.

If we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective or if we are unable to provide an attestation report from our independent registered public accounting firm, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could decrease.

Provisions in our organizational documents and provisions under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contains provisions that could delay or prevent changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include the following:

	●	no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
	●	the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
	●	the ability of our board of directors to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;
	●	the ability of our board of directors to amend our bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;
	●	the required approval of at least 66 2/3% of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;
	●	the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president or the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and
	●	advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

In addition, these provisions would apply even if we were to receive an offer that some stockholders may consider beneficial.

We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions contained in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under Section 203, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other exceptions, the board of directors has approved the transaction.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our bylaws became effective immediately prior to the completion of the IPO and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

	●	we will indemnify our directors and officers for serving us in those capacities or for serving other business enterprises at our request, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that a corporation may indemnify such person if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the registrant and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful;
	●	we may, in our discretion, indemnify employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law;
	●	we are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification;
	●	we will not be obligated pursuant to our bylaws to indemnify a person with respect to proceedings initiated by that person against us or our other indemnitees, except with respect to proceedings authorized by our board of directors or brought to enforce a right to indemnification;

	●	the rights conferred in our bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons; and
	●	we may not retroactively amend our bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction.

The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and, consequently, the ability to achieve a return on investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, shareholders are not likely to receive any dividends on their common stock for the foreseeable future. Since we do not intend to pay dividends, the ability to receive a return on investment will depend on any future appreciation in the market value of our common stock. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate or even maintain the price at which our holders have purchased it.

ITEM 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 3.

DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.

OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6.

EXHIBITS

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) (filed herewith, Exhibit 31.1).

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15(d)-14(a) (filed herewith, Exhibit 31.2).

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith, Exhibit 32.1).

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (filed herewith, Exhibit 32.2).

101		The following materials from Provention Bio, Inc.’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Condensed Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, (ii) Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, (iii) Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (iv) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and (v) Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

104		The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (contained in Exhibit 101).

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		PROVENTION BIO, INC.

		November 5, 2020

		By:	/s/ Andrew Drechsler
			Andrew Drechsler
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Ashleigh Palmer, certify that:

I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Provention Bio, Inc.;

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)

designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)

designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)

evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)

disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)

any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 5, 2020

		/s/ Ashleigh Palmer
		Ashleigh Palmer
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Andrew Drechsler, certify that:

I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Provention Bio, Inc.;

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 5, 2020

		/s/ Andrew Drechsler
		Andrew Drechsler
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Provention Bio, Inc. (“Provention Bio”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Ashleigh Palmer, Chief Executive Officer of Provention Bio, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

	(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Provention Bio.

Date: November 5, 2020

	/s/ Ashleigh Palmer
	Ashleigh Palmer
	Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Provention Bio, Inc. (“Provention Bio”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Andrew Drechsler, Chief Financial Officer of Provention Bio, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Provention Bio.

Date: November 5, 2020

	/s/ Andrew Drechsler
	Andrew Drechsler
	Chief Financial Officer

Cover - shares	9 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Sep. 30, 2020	Nov. 02, 2020
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity File Number	001-38552
Entity Registrant Name	PROVENTION BIO, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0001695357
Entity Tax Identification Number	81-5245912
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	55 Broad Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	2nd Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	Red Bank
Entity Address, State or Province	NJ
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	07701
City Area Code	(908)
Local Phone Number	336-0360
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share
Trading Symbol	PRVB
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		56,487,891

Condensed Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 118,439	$ 39,165
Marketable securities	28,719	46,208
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,173	623
Total current assets	151,331	85,996
Fixed assets, net	352
Other assets	120
Total assets	151,803	85,996
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	7,105	1,775
Accrued expenses	9,299	2,065
Total current liabilities	16,404	3,840
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 56,487,891 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020; 47,658,361 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019	6	5
Additional paid-in capital	280,439	161,212
Accumulated other comprehensive income	20
Accumulated deficit	(145,066)	(79,061)
Total stockholders’ equity	135,399	82,156
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 151,803	$ 85,996

Condensed Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized	25,000,000	25,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	0	0
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	0	0
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	56,487,891	47,658,361
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	56,487,891	47,658,361

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 21,657	$ 7,324	$ 45,779	$ 27,896
General and administrative	9,749	2,649	21,288	5,593
Total operating expenses	31,406	9,973	67,067	33,489
Loss from operations	(31,406)	(9,973)	(67,067)	(33,489)
Interest income	105	204	539	744
Loss before income tax benefit	(31,301)	(9,769)	(66,528)	(32,745)
Income tax benefit			523
Net loss	$ (31,301)	$ (9,769)	$ (66,005)	$ (32,745)
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$ (0.56)	$ (0.24)	$ (1.29)	$ (0.85)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	56,339	40,512	51,098	38,424
Net loss	$ (31,301)	$ (9,769)	$ (66,005)	$ (32,745)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities	(78)		20
Total comprehensive loss	$ (31,379)	$ (9,769)	$ (65,985)	$ (32,745)

Condensed Statement of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 4	$ 95,430		$ (35,776)	$ 59,658
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018	37,362
Stock-based compensation		1,628			1,628
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		219			219
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises, shares	59
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares	1,967
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs	$ 1	42,650			42,651
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs, shares	5,750
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen		20,000			20,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen, shares	2,500
Net loss				(32,745)	(32,745)
Ending balance, value at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 5	159,927		(68,521)	91,411
Shares, Outstanding, Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	47,638
Beginning balance, value at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 4	96,156		(58,752)	37,408
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2019	37,370
Stock-based compensation		923			923
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		198			198
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises, shares	51
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares	1,967
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs	$ 1	42,650			42,651
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs, shares	5,750
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen		20,000			20,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen, shares	2,500
Net loss				(9,769)	(9,769)
Ending balance, value at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 5	159,927		(68,521)	91,411
Shares, Outstanding, Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	47,638
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 5	161,212		(79,061)	82,156
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019	47,658
Stock-based compensation		5,228			5,228
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		861			861
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises, shares	189
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares	326
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax			20		20
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs	$ 1	103,269			103,270
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs, shares	7,590
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs		9,869			9,869
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs, shares	725
Net loss				(66,005)	(66,005)
Ending balance, value at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 6	280,439	20	(145,066)	135,399
Shares, Outstanding, Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	56,488
Beginning balance, value at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 6	277,437	98	(113,765)	163,776
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2020	56,216
Stock-based compensation		2,715			2,715
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises		287			287
Issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises, shares	76
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises, shares	196
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax			(78)		$ (78)
Issuance of common stock in connection with underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with private placement with Amgen, shares
Issuance of common stock in connection with at-the-market stock sales, net of issuance costs, shares
Net loss				(31,301)	$ (31,301)
Ending balance, value at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 6	$ 280,439	$ 20	$ (145,066)	$ 135,399
Shares, Outstanding, Ending Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	56,488

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (66,005)	$ (32,745)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense	5,228	1,628
Amortization of premium and discounts on marketable securities	109
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3,550)	1,707
Accounts payable	5,330	1,697
Accrued interest receivable	72
Accrued expenses	7,234	1,392
Other assets	(120)
Net cash used in operating activities	(51,702)	(26,321)
Investing activities
Purchase of marketable securities	(24,672)
Maturities of marketable securities	42,000
Purchase of fixed assets	(352)
Net cash provided by investing activities	16,976
Financing activities
Proceeds from underwritten public offering, net	103,270	42,651
Proceeds from private placement with Amgen		20,000
Proceeds from at-the-market stock sales, net	9,869
Proceeds from stock option exercises	861	219
Net cash provided by financing activities	114,000	62,870
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	79,274	36,549
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	39,165	58,539
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$ 118,439	$ 95,088

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Basis of Presentation

LIQUIDITY

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Liquidity

LIQUIDITY

2. LIQUIDITY

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the financial statements is as follows:

Use of estimates

Segment and geographic information

Cash, cash equivalents and concentration of credit risk

Marketable securities

Financial instruments

Fixed assets, net

Foreign currency translation

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the preclinical and clinical development of the Company’s product candidate portfolio, including the following:

	●	external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations (“CROs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the production of drug substance and drug product; and

	●	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.

Accrued research and development expenses

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock Options

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Income taxes

Recent accounting pronouncements

CAPITALIZATION

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Capitalization

CAPITALIZATION

4. CAPITALIZATION

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

5. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of the Company’s available for sale securities:

	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	13,112	$	27	$	—		$	13,139
Corporate debt securities		15,587		—		(7	)		15,580
Total	$	28,699	$	27	$	(7	)	$	28,719

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208
Total	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019		2020		2019

Beginning balance	$	98		$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax		(78	)		—		20		—
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(78	)		—		20		—
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	20		$	—	$	20	$	—

LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

License And Other Agreements

LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

6. LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

As of September 30, 2020, the Company has not achieved any milestones that would trigger payments to MacroGenics.

NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

7. NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019

Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted		56,339			40,512			51,098			38,424
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.56	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(1.29	)	$	(0.85	)

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as they would be antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Stock options		9,452		5,934		9,452		5,934
Warrants		1,705		2,125		1,705		2,125

ACCRUED EXPENSES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

ACCRUED EXPENSES

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019

Accrued research and development costs	$	5,725	$	1,700
Accrued pre-commercial costs		1,604		—
Accrued compensation		1,235		54
Accrued professional fees		637		221
Other accrued liabilities		98		90
Total accrued expenses	$	9,299	$	2,065

FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

9. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value based on the short-term nature of these items.

The following is a summary of assets and their related classifications under the fair value hierarchy:

	September 30, 2020
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs(Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents¹	$	118,439	$	—	$	—	$	118,439
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities²		13,139		—		—		13,139
Investments in Corporate debt securities²		—		15,580		—		15,580

	December 31, 2019
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ¹	$	39,165	$	—	$	—	$	39,165
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities ²		46,208		—		—		46,208

¹	Cash and cash equivalents primarily include investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities with maturity dates within 90 days from the purchase date
²	Investments in U.S. Treasury and investment-grade corporate debt securities are classified as available for sale securities

STOCK OPTIONS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

STOCK OPTIONS

10. STOCK OPTIONS

Stock-based compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized for both employees and non-employees was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

General and administrative	$	1,841	$	545	$	3,402	$	874
Research and development		874		378		1,826		754
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,715	$	923	$	5,228	$	1,628

Option activity

A summary of option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are presented below:

SUMMARY OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY

						Weighted-
				Weighted-		Average
				Average		Remaining
	Underlying			Exercise		Contractual		Intrinsic
Stock Option Awards	Shares			Price		Term		Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2019		5,894		$	6.33		8.5 years	$	—
Granted		3,871		$	12.74
Exercised		(189	)	$	4.57
Forfeited or expired		(124	)	$	5.23
Outstanding at September 30, 2020		9,452		$	9.00		8.6 years	$	38,231
Exercisable at September 30, 2020		2,776		$	4.31		7.3 years	$	23,816

Cash proceeds from, and the aggregate intrinsic value of, stock options exercised during the periods presented below were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Cash proceeds from options exercised	$	287	$	198	$	861	$	219
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised		526		292		1,480		373

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019

Exercise price	$	12.74	$	10.34
Expected volatility		74%		72%
Expected dividends		—		—
Expected term (in years)		6.2		6.3
Risk-free interest rate		0.59%		1.91%

The weighted-average valuation assumptions were determined as follows:

	●	Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the interest rate payable on U.S. Treasury securities in effect at the time of grant for a period that is commensurate with the assumed expected option term.

	●	Expected annual dividends: The estimate for annual dividends is 0%, because the Company has not historically paid, and does not expect for the foreseeable future to pay, a dividend.

	●	Expected stock price volatility: The expected volatility used is based on historical volatilities of similar entities within the Company’s industry which were commensurate with the Company’s expected term assumption.

	●	Expected term of options: The expected term of options represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees is derived from the “simplified” method as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 relating to stock-based compensation, whereby the expected term is an average between the vesting period and contractual period due to the limited operating history.

WARRANTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]

WARRANTS

11. WARRANTS

INCOME TAXES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

12. INCOME TAXES

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

Segment and geographic information

Segment and geographic information

Cash, cash equivalents and concentration of credit risk

Cash, cash equivalents and concentration of credit risk

Marketable securities

Marketable securities

Financial instruments

Financial instruments

Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets, net

Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency translation

Accrued research and development expenses

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the preclinical and clinical development of the Company’s product candidate portfolio, including the following:

	●	external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations (“CROs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the production of drug substance and drug product; and

	●	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.

Accrued research and development expenses

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock Options

Stock-based compensation expense is included in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Income taxes

Income taxes

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of the Company’s available for sale securities:

	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	13,112	$	27	$	—		$	13,139
Corporate debt securities		15,587		—		(7	)		15,580
Total	$	28,699	$	27	$	(7	)	$	28,719

	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. Treasury securities	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208
Total	$	46,208	$	—	$	—	$	46,208

SCHEDULE OF ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019		2020		2019

Beginning balance	$	98		$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax		(78	)		—		20		—
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		—			—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(78	)		—		20		—
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	20		$	—	$	20	$	—

NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF COMPUTATION OF BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019

Net loss	$	(31,301	)	$	(9,769	)	$	(66,005	)	$	(32,745	)

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted		56,339			40,512			51,098			38,424
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.56	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(1.29	)	$	(0.85	)

SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as they would be antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Stock options		9,452		5,934		9,452		5,934
Warrants		1,705		2,125		1,705		2,125

ACCRUED EXPENSES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019

Accrued research and development costs	$	5,725	$	1,700
Accrued pre-commercial costs		1,604		—
Accrued compensation		1,235		54
Accrued professional fees		637		221
Other accrued liabilities		98		90
Total accrued expenses	$	9,299	$	2,065

FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE ON RECURRING BASIS

The following is a summary of assets and their related classifications under the fair value hierarchy:

	September 30, 2020
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs(Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents¹	$	118,439	$	—	$	—	$	118,439
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities²		13,139		—		—		13,139
Investments in Corporate debt securities²		—		15,580		—		15,580

	December 31, 2019
	Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical items (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ¹	$	39,165	$	—	$	—	$	39,165
Investments in U.S. Treasury securities ²		46,208		—		—		46,208

¹	Cash and cash equivalents primarily include investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities with maturity dates within 90 days from the purchase date
²	Investments in U.S. Treasury and investment-grade corporate debt securities are classified as available for sale securities

STOCK OPTIONS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized for both employees and non-employees was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

General and administrative	$	1,841	$	545	$	3,402	$	874
Research and development		874		378		1,826		754
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,715	$	923	$	5,228	$	1,628

SUMMARY OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY

A summary of option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are presented below:

SUMMARY OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY

						Weighted-
				Weighted-		Average
				Average		Remaining
	Underlying			Exercise		Contractual		Intrinsic
Stock Option Awards	Shares			Price		Term		Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2019		5,894		$	6.33		8.5 years	$	—
Granted		3,871		$	12.74
Exercised		(189	)	$	4.57
Forfeited or expired		(124	)	$	5.23
Outstanding at September 30, 2020		9,452		$	9.00		8.6 years	$	38,231
Exercisable at September 30, 2020		2,776		$	4.31		7.3 years	$	23,816

SCHEDULE OF AGGREGATED INTRINSIC VALUE OF STOCK OPTION EXERCISED

Cash proceeds from, and the aggregate intrinsic value of, stock options exercised during the periods presented below were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019

Cash proceeds from options exercised	$	287	$	198	$	861	$	219
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised		526		292		1,480		373

SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION VALUATION OF ASSUMPTIONS

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of option awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the period indicated:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019

Exercise price	$	12.74	$	10.34
Expected volatility		74%		72%
Expected dividends		—		—
Expected term (in years)		6.2		6.3
Risk-free interest rate		0.59%		1.91%

LIQUIDITY (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Aug. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Apr. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	$ 145,066						$ 145,066	$ 79,061
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction			5,750,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share			$ 8.00
Underwriting discounts and commissions			$ 2,800				6,600
Other offering expenses			500				200
Aggregate net proceeds from underwritten public offering and Amgen private placement			$ 62,700
Proceeds From Issuance Or Sale Of Equity Offering							103,300
At-the-market [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction		725,495
Sale of Stock, Consideration Received on Transaction						$ 9,900
Accrued Sales Commission	$ 300						$ 300
At-the-market [Member] \| Maximum [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Maximum number of shares of common stock sole		$ 50,000
Options Held [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction			750,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share			$ 8.00
IPO [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction				15,969,563
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share				$ 4.00
Proceeds from Issuance Initial Public Offering				$ 59,300
Underwriting discounts and commissions				3,700
Other offering expenses				$ 800
Conversion of Stock, Shares Converted				11,381,999
IPO [Member] \| MDB Capital Group, LLC [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right				1,596,956
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights				$ 5.00
Private Placement [Member] \| Amgen Inc [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction			2,500,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share			$ 8.00
Underwritten Public Offering [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction	7,590,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share	$ 14.50						$ 14.50
Underwriter's Option [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues	990,000
Shares Issued, Price Per Share	$ 14.50						$ 14.50
Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues					11,381,999
Shares Issued, Price Per Share					$ 2.50
Proceeds from Issuance of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock					$ 26,700
Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock [Member] \| IPO [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right				558,740

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details Narrative) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 Segment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Number of Operating Segments \| Segment		1
[custom:LesseeOperatingLeaseTermOfContractDescription]	approximately 64 months from the rent commencement date
Operating Lease, Payments	$ 0.2
Minimum [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Fixed assets estimated useful life years		three
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	0.3
Maximum [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Fixed assets estimated useful life years		seven
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	$ 0.5

CAPITALIZATION (Details Narrative) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Capitalization
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	56,487,891	47,658,361
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized	25,000,000	25,000,000
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	0	0

SCHEDULE OF AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 28,699	$ 46,208
Gross Unrealized Gains	27
Gross Unrealized Losses	(7)
Fair Value	28,719	46,208
US Treasury Securities [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	13,112	46,208
Gross Unrealized Gains	27
Gross Unrealized Losses
Fair Value	13,139	$ 46,208
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	15,587
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses	(7)
Fair Value	$ 15,580

SCHEDULE OF ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Beginning balance	$ 98
Current period changes in fair value before reclassifications, net of tax	(78)		20
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(78)		20
Ending balance	$ 20		$ 20

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	$ 118,439	$ 39,165
Available-for-sale Securities and Held-to-maturity Securities	$ 28,700	$ 46,200

LICENSE AND OTHER AGREEMENTS (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended					9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019	Nov. 30, 2018	May 31, 2018	Apr. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2020
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Exercised						316,754
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction	5,750,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share	$ 8.00
MacroGenics Asset Purchase Agreement and MacroGenics License Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Fair Value per share of each warrant				$ 1.64
Warrants issued during period, fair value				$ 4.0
Intravacc Development Services Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Payments made for develpoment and manufacturing services						$ 10.5
Intravacc Development Services Agreement [Member] \| Euro [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Payments made for develpoment and manufacturing services						$ 9.0
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				$ 225.0
Number of elected warrants exercise on a cashless basis		2,432,688
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Exercised		1,948,474
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| Asset Purchase Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right				2,162,389
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights				$ 2.50
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				$ 170.0
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| Asset Purchase Agreement [Member] \| Maximum [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				1.3
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| Asset Purchase Agreement [Member] \| Biologics License Application [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				$ 60.0
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| License Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right				270,299
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights				$ 2.50
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				$ 225.0
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| License Agreement [Member] \| First Indication [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				42.5
MacroGenics, Inc. [Member] \| License Agreement [Member] \| Second Indication [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones				$ 22.5
Amgen Inc [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones			$ 70.0
Amgen Inc [Member] \| Private Placement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction	2,500,000
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share	$ 8.00
Proceeds from Issuance of Private Placement	$ 20.0
Amgen Inc [Member] \| License And Collaboration Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Potential proceeds from investment by collaborator			20.0
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones			$ 150.0
Vactech [Member] \| License Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones					$ 24.5
Shares Issued, Price Per Share					$ 1.70
Payments made on tiered single-digit royalties					$ 19.0
Vactech [Member] \| License Agreement [Member] \| Research and Development Expense [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Warrants issued during period, fair value					3.4
Vactech [Member] \| License Agreement [Member] \| First 18 Months [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Payments made for develpoment and manufacturing services					0.5
Janssen Pharmaceutica NV [Member] \| License, Development and Commercialization Agreement [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Payments made on tiered single-digit royalties					100.0
Janssen Pharmaceutica NV [Member] \| License, Development and Commercialization Agreement [Member] \| First Indication [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones					35.0
Janssen Pharmaceutica NV [Member] \| License, Development and Commercialization Agreement [Member] \| Second Indication [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Amount payable by the entity on achievement of various milestones					$ 20.0

SCHEDULE OF COMPUTATION OF BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (31,301)	$ (9,769)	$ (66,005)	$ (32,745)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted	56,339	40,512	51,098	38,424
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$ (0.56)	$ (0.24)	$ (1.29)	$ (0.85)

SCHEDULE OF ANTIDILUTIVE SECURITIES EXCLUDED FROM COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Stock Options [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share	9,452	5,934	9,452	5,934
Warrants [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share	1,705	2,125	1,705	2,125

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued research and development costs	$ 5,725	$ 1,700
Accrued pre-commercial costs	1,604
Accrued compensation	1,235	54
Accrued professional fees	637	221
Other accrued liabilities	98	90
Total accrued expenses	$ 9,299	$ 2,065

SCHEDULE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE ON RECURRING BASIS (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands

Sep. 30, 2020

Dec. 31, 2019

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[1]

$ 118,439

$ 39,165

Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

13,139

46,208

Investments in Corporate Debt Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

15,580

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[1]

118,439

39,165

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

13,139

46,208

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Investments in Corporate Debt Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[1]

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Investments in Corporate Debt Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

15,580

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[1]

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Investments in Corporate Debt Securities [Member]

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair value of assets

^[2]

[1]	Cash and cash equivalents primarily include investments in money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities with maturity dates within 90 days from the purchase date
[2]	Investments in U.S. Treasury and investment-grade corporate debt securities are classified as available for sale securities

SCHEDULE OF STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,715	$ 923	$ 5,228	$ 1,628
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,841	545	3,402	874
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 874	$ 378	$ 1,826	$ 754

SUMMARY OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Outstanding beginning	5,894
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Outstanding beginning balance	$ 6.33
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term, Outstanding Ending	8 years 7 months 6 days	8 years 6 months
Intrinsic Value, Outstanding Beginning
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Granted	3,871
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Granted	$ 12.74
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Exercised	(189)
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Exercised	$ 4.57
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Forfeited or expired	(124)
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Forfeited or expired	$ 5.23
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Outstanding ending balance	9,452	5,894
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Outstanding ending balance	$ 9.00	$ 6.33
Intrinsic Value, Outstanding Ending	$ 38,231
Stock Options Underlying Shares, Exercisable	2,776
Weighted-Average Exercise Price, Exercisable	$ 4.31
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	7 years 3 months 18 days
Intrinsic Value, Exercisable	$ 23,816

SCHEDULE OF AGGREGATED INTRINSIC VALUE OF STOCK OPTION EXERCISED (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Cash proceeds from options exercised	$ 287	$ 198	$ 861	$ 219
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 526	$ 292	$ 1,480	$ 373

SCHEDULE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION VALUATION OF ASSUMPTIONS (Details) - $ / shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Exercise price	$ 12.74	$ 10.34
Expected volatility	74.00%	72.00%
Expected dividends	0.00%	0.00%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term	6 years 2 months 12 days	6 years 3 months 18 days
Risk-free interest rate	0.59%	1.91%

STOCK OPTIONS (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Jan. 02, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	9,452,000			5,894,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	7 years 3 months 18 days
Annual dividend percentage	0.00%	0.00%
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	$ 8.24
Stock Option One [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares	2,720,000
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount	$ 20.0
Stock Option Two [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares	3,956,000
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount	$ 25.3
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	3 years 4 months 24 days
2017 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	9,452,394
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	10 years
Number of shares, description	the number of shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan in an amount equal to (1) the difference between (x) 18% of the total shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, on a fully diluted basis, on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and (y) the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved under the 2017 Plan on December 31st of such preceding calendar year or (2) an amount less than this calculated increase as determined by the board of directors.
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant	190,333
2017 Plan [Member] \| Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant			3,000,000

WARRANTS (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Apr. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Jul. 31, 2018
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Warrant term, description				These warrants have a five-year term
Number of warrants issuance shares
Number of warrrant shares exercised				316,754
Series A Offering [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights	312,689		312,689	312,689
Number of warrants issuance shares			129,822	259,542
Warrants and Rights Outstanding	$ 241,986		$ 241,986	$ 241,986
Series A Offering [Member] \| Quarterly Period [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights	159,689		159,689	159,689
IPO [Member] \| MDB Capital Group, LLC [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights					1,596,956
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights					$ 5.00
IPO [Member] \| Warrant [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights					558,740
Warrants and Rights Outstanding	$ 1,462,842		$ 1,462,842	$ 1,462,842
IPO [Member] \| Warrant [Member] \| Cashless Basis [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights	107,051		107,051	107,051
Number of warrants issuance shares				66,316
Number of warrrant shares exercised	134,114
Number of warrants issuance shares			66,316
Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock [Member] \| Placement Agent [Member]
Schedule of Capitalization, Equity [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights		558,740
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights		$ 2.50
Warrant term, description		seven-year term

INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Current State and Local Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ 0.5
NEW JERSEY \| New Jersey's Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	6.8
Proceeds from Income Tax Refunds	$ 0.5

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Details Narrative) - shares		9 Months Ended
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Details Narrative) - shares	Oct. 29, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross		3,871,000
Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross	2,000,000