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Table of Contents



UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                 to              
Commission File Number: 001-35518
SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware20-2590184
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
9715 Key West Avenue
Rockville MD20850
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(301838-2500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes   No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
Accelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company 
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes   No
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act
Title of each classOutstanding at April 29, 2020Trading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share52,538,659SUPNThe Nasdaq Global Market




Table of Contents

SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
FORM 10-Q — QUARTERLY REPORT
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED March 31, 2020
Page No.


2

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share data)
March 31,December 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$225,767  $181,381  
Marketable securities175,104  165,692  
Accounts receivable, net119,195  87,332  
Inventories, net24,418  26,628  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets12,564  11,611  
Total current assets557,048  472,644  
Long term marketable securities534,712  591,773  
Property and equipment, net18,011  17,068  
Intangible assets, net23,579  24,840  
Lease assets21,911  21,279  
Deferred income taxes34,067  32,063  
Other assets538  615  
Total assets$1,189,866  $1,160,282  
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$3,124  $10,141  
Accrued product returns and rebates119,453  107,629  
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities33,003  37,130  
Income taxes payable9,097  2,443  
Nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties, current portion3,658  3,244  
Total current liabilities168,335  160,587  
Convertible notes, net349,232  345,170  
Nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties, long term18,369  19,248  
Lease liabilities, long term30,804  30,440  
Other liabilities9,743  9,409  
Total liabilities576,483  564,854  
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 130,000,000 shares authorized; 52,537,159 and 52,533,348 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
53  53  
Additional paid-in capital392,430  388,410  
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax(166) 7,417  
Retained earnings221,066  199,548  
Total stockholders’ equity613,383  595,428  
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$1,189,866  $1,160,282  


See accompanying notes.
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Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Revenues
Net product sales$92,490  $83,099  
Royalty revenues2,486  2,375  
Total revenues94,976  85,474  
Costs and expenses
Cost of goods sold4,152  3,684  
Research and development18,937  15,394  
Selling, general and administrative42,875  40,968  
Total costs and expenses65,964  60,046  
Operating earnings29,012  25,428  
Other income (expense)
Interest expense(5,755) (5,870) 
Interest income, net5,777  4,681  
Total other income (expense)22  (1,189) 
Earnings before income taxes29,034  24,239  
Income tax expense7,516  5,899  
Net earnings$21,518  $18,340  
Earnings per share
Basic$0.41  $0.35  
Diluted$0.40  $0.34  
Weighted-average shares outstanding
Basic52,534,787  52,336,443  
Diluted53,581,051  53,985,385  






See accompanying notes.
4

Table of Contents
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings
(in thousands)
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Net earnings$21,518  $18,340  
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net of tax(7,583) 4,585  
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings(7,583) 4,585  
Comprehensive earnings$13,935  $22,925  



































See accompanying notes.
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Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019
(unaudited, in thousands, except share data)
jCommon StockAdditional 
Paid-in Capital
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Earnings (Loss)
Retained
Earnings
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance, December 31, 201952,533,348  $53  $388,410  $7,417  $199,548  $595,428  
Share-based compensation—  —  3,988  —  —  3,988  
Exercise of stock options3,811  —  32  —  —  32  
Net earnings—  —  —  —  21,518  21,518  
Unrealized loss on marketable securities, net of tax—  —  —  (7,583) —  (7,583) 
Balance, March 31, 202052,537,159  $53  $392,430  $(166) $221,066  $613,383  


Common StockAdditional 
Paid-in Capital
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Earnings (Loss)
Retained
Earnings
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance, December 31, 201852,316,583  $52  $369,637  $(3,158) $86,492  $453,023  
Share-based compensation—  —  3,287  —  —  3,287  
Exercise of stock options57,665  —  783  —  —  783  
Net earnings—  —  —  —  18,340  18,340  
Unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax  —  —  —  4,585  —  4,585  
Balance, March 31, 201952,374,248  $52  $373,707  $1,427  $104,832  $480,018  




See accompanying notes.
6

Table of Contents

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net earnings$21,518  $18,340  
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Share-based compensation expense3,988  3,287  
Depreciation and amortization1,732  1,679  
Amortization of premium/discount on marketable securities(451) (1,102) 
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount4,061  3,848  
Noncash interest expense1,366  1,437  
Noncash royalty revenue(1,567) (1,576) 
Noncash operating lease cost991  879  
Deferred income tax benefit538  279  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(31,823) 23,013  
Inventories2,210  (859) 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets(454) (1,799) 
Other noncurrent assets  (196) 
Accounts payable(7,017) 4,045  
Accrued product returns and rebates11,824  (18,863) 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities(3,634) (3,177) 
Income taxes payable6,654  4,856  
Other liabilities(1,020) (1,098) 
Net cash provided by operating activities8,916  32,993  
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of marketable securities(15,382) (150,167) 
Sales and maturities of marketable securities53,357  47,143  
Purchases of property and equipment(2,537) (221) 
Deferred legal fees  (1) 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities35,438  (103,246) 
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock32  783  
Net cash provided by financing activities32  783  
Net change in cash and cash equivalents44,386  (69,470) 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year181,381  192,248  
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$225,767  $122,778  
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for interest on convertible notes$1,258  $1,258  
Income taxes paid$324  $800  
Noncash investing and financing activities
Deferred legal fees and fixed assets included in accounts payable and accrued expenses$708  $250  
Property and equipment additions from utilization of tenant improvement allowance$  $282  

See accompanying notes.
7

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Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
1. Organization and Business

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) was incorporated in Delaware and commenced operations in 2005. The Company is a pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The Company markets two products: Oxtellar XR for the treatment of epilepsy and Trokendi XR for the prophylaxis of migraine headache and the treatment of epilepsy. The Company is also developing multiple proprietary CNS product candidates to address significant unmet medical needs and market opportunities.

The Company launched Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR for the treatment of epilepsy in 2013, followed by the launch of Trokendi XR for the prophylaxis of migraine headache in adolescents and adults in 2017. The Company launched Oxtellar XR with an expanded indication to include monotherapy for partial seizures in January 2019.

COVID-19 Impact

The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business operations, and has assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2020. Since the situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic remains fluid, the long term duration, nature, and extent of the effects cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Supernus Europe Ltd.; Biscayne Neurotherapeutics, Inc.; and Biscayne Neurotherapeutics Australia Pty Ltd. These are collectively referred to herein as “Supernus” or “the Company.” All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. As permitted under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP), certain notes and other information have been omitted from the interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Therefore, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC.
In management’s opinion, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s future quarterly or annual results.
The Company, which is primarily located in the United States (U.S.), operates in one operating segment.
Use of Estimates

The Company bases its estimates on: historical experience; various forecasts; information received from its service providers; information from other sources; and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from the Company’s estimates. The Company evaluates the methodologies employed in making its estimates on an ongoing basis.

Inventories

Inventories, which are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, include materials, labor, direct costs and indirect costs. These are valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value. Expired inventory is disposed of, and the related costs are recognized as Cost of goods sold in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

Inventories Produced in Preparation of Product Launches

8

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The Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches when future commercialization of a product is probable and when future economic benefit is expected to be realized. The determination to capitalize is based on the particular facts and circumstances relating to the product. Capitalization of such inventory begins when the Company determines that (i) positive results have been obtained for the clinical trials that are necessary to support regulatory approval; (ii) uncertainties regarding regulatory approval have been significantly reduced; and (iii) it is probable that these capitalized costs will provide future economic benefit in excess of capitalized costs.
In evaluating whether these conditions are met, the Company considers the following factors: the product candidate’s current status in the regulatory approval process; results from the related pivotal clinical trials; results from meetings with relevant regulatory agencies prior to the filing of regulatory applications; compilation of the regulatory applications; consequent acceptance by the regulatory body; potential impediments to the approval process, such as product safety or efficacy concerns, potential labeling restrictions, and other impediments; historical experience with manufacturing and commercializing similar products as well as the relevant product candidate; and the resilience of the Company’s manufacturing environment, including its supply chain, in determining logistical constraints that could hamper approval or commercialization. In assessing the economic benefit that the Company is likely to realize, the Company considers: the shelf life of the product in relation to the expected timeline for approval; patent related or contract issues that may prevent or delay commercialization; product stability data of all pre-approval production to determine whether there is adequate expected shelf life; viability of commercialization, taking into account competitive dynamics in the marketplace and market acceptance; anticipated future sales; and anticipated reimbursement strategies that may prevail with respect to the product, if approved.

In applying the lower of cost or net realizable value to pre-launch inventory, the Company estimates a range of likely commercial prices based on comparable commercial products and pre-launch discussions with managed care providers.

The Company could be required to write down previously capitalized costs related to pre-launch inventories upon a change in such judgment(s), due to, among other potential factors, a denial or significant delay of approval by regulatory bodies, a delay in commercialization, or other adverse factors.

Revenue from Product Sales

The Company’s customers, who are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, purchase product to fulfill orders from retail pharmacy chains and independent pharmacies of varying size and purchasing power. The Company recognizes gross revenue when its products are physically received by its customers, upon shipment from a third party fulfillment center. Customers take control of our products, including title and ownership, upon physical receipt of our products at the customers' facilities. Customer orders are generally fulfilled within a few days of receipt, resulting in minimal order backlog. The Company does not adjust revenue for any financing effects, in transactions where the Company expects the period between the transfer of the goods or services and collection to be less than one year. There are no minimum product purchase requirements with customers.

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Product sales are recorded net of various forms of variable consideration, including: provision for estimated rebates; provision for estimated future product returns; and an estimated allowance for discounts. These are collectively considered "sales deductions."

As described below, variability in the net transaction price for the Company’s products arises primarily from the aforementioned sales deductions. Variable consideration on product sales is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Significant judgment is required in estimating certain sales deductions. In making these estimates, the Company considers: historical experience; product price increases; current contractual arrangements under applicable payor programs; unbilled claims; processing time lags; and inventory levels in the wholesale and retail distribution channel. The Company adjusts its estimates of revenue either when the most likely amount of consideration it expects to receive changes, or when the consideration becomes fixed.

If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates. These adjustments could materially affect net product sales and earnings in the period that such adjustments are recorded.
Sales Deductions
The Company records product sales net of the following sales deductions:
Rebates:  Rebates are discounts which the Company pays under either public sector or private sector health care programs. Public sector rebate programs encompass: various Medicaid drug rebate programs; Medicare gap coverage
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programs; programs covering public health service institutions; and government entities. All federal employees and agencies purchase drugs under the Federal Supply Schedule. Private sector rebate programs include: contractual agreements with managed care providers, under which the Company pays fees to gain access to that provider’s patient drug formulary; and Company sponsored programs, under which the Company defrays or eliminates patient co-payment charges that the patient would otherwise be obligated to pay to their managed care provider in order to fill their prescription.
Rebates paid under public sector programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private sector rebates are generally contractually negotiated by the Company with managed care providers. Both types of rebates vary over time.

Rebates are owed upon dispensing our product to a patient; i.e., filling a prescription. The accrual balance for rebates consists of the following three components. First, because rebates are generally invoiced and paid quarterly in arrears, the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for prescriptions dispensed in the current quarter. Second, the accrual balance also includes an estimate for known or estimated prior quarters’ unpaid rebates, to cover prescriptions dispensed in past quarters, but for which no invoice has yet been received. Third, the accrual balance includes an estimate for rebates that will be prospectively owed, for prescriptions filled in future quarters. This pertains to product that has been sold by the Company to wholesalers or distributors, and which resides either as wholesaler/distributor inventory or as inventory held at pharmacies, but as of the end of the reporting period, this product has not been dispensed to a patient.

The Company’s estimates of expected rebate claims vary by program and by type of customer, because the period from the date at which the prescription is filled and the date at which the Company receives and pays the invoice varies substantially. For each of its products, the Company bases its estimates of expected rebate claims on multiple factors, including: historical levels of deductions; contractual terms with managed care providers; actual and anticipated changes in product price; prospective changes in managed care fee for service contracts; prospective changes in co-pay assistance programs; and anticipated changes in program utilization rates i.e., patient participation rates under each specific program. The Company records an estimated liability for rebates at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at the time of sale to wholesalers/distributors), and records this liability as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The sensitivity of the Company’s estimates varies by program and by type of customer. If actual rebates vary from estimated amounts, the Company will adjust the balances of such accrued rebates to reflect actual experience with respect to these programs. These adjustments could materially affect the estimated liability balance, net product sales and earnings in the period in which the adjustment(s) is made.

Returns:  Sales of the Company’s products are not subject to a general right of return. Product that has been used to fill patient prescriptions is no longer subject to any right of return. However, the Company will accept return of product that is damaged or defective when shipped from its third party fulfillment center.
The Company will accept return of expired product six months prior to and up to 12 months subsequent to the product’s expiry date. Expired or defective returned product cannot be re-sold and is therefore destroyed.

The Company records an estimated liability for product returns at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at time of sale) as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the liability for returns based primarily on the actual returns experience for its two commercial products.

Because the Company’s products have a shelf life of 48 months from date of manufacture, and because the Company accepts return of product up to 12 months post expiry, there is a significant time lag of several years between the time when the product is sold and the time when the Company issues credit on expired product. The Company’s returns policy generally permits product returns to be processed at current wholesaler price rather than at historical acquisition price. Hence, the Company’s estimated liability for product returns is affected by price increases taken subsequent to the date of sale.

When the Company adjusts its estimates for product returns, the adjustment affects the estimated liability, product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment. Those adjustments may be material to our financial results.

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Sales discounts:  Distributors and wholesalers of the Company's pharmaceutical products are generally offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts for distributing our products. Distributor and wholesaler allowances and service fees arise from contractual agreements, and are estimated as a percentage of the price at which the Company sells product to them. In addition, distributors and wholesalers are offered a prompt pay discount for payment within a specified period. The Company accounts for these discounts at the time of sale, as a reduction to gross product sales, and records these discounts as a valuation allowance against Accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
License Revenues
License and Collaboration Agreements

The Company has entered into collaboration agreements to facilitate commercialization of both Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR outside of the U.S. Those agreements include the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license, and generally include an up-front license fee and ongoing milestone payments upon the achievement of certain specific events. These agreements may also require minimum royalty payments based on sales of products which use the applicable intellectual property.

Up-front license fees are recognized once the license has been executed between the Company and its licensee.

Milestones are a form of variable consideration that are recognized when either the underlying events have transpired (i.e., event-based milestone) or when the sales-based targets have been met by the collaborative partner (i.e., sales-based milestone). Both types of milestone payments are nonrefundable. The Company estimates the amount of the milestone to be included in the transaction price by using the most likely amount method. The Company includes in the transaction price some or all of the amount of variable consideration (i.e., the value of the associated milestone), but includes this only to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Assessing whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved requires management judgment, and may require assessing factors that are outside of the Company’s influence, such as: likelihood of regulatory success; availability of third party information; and expected time period until achievement of the event. These factors are evaluated based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Event-based milestones are recognized in the period that the related event, such as regulatory approval, occurs. Sales-based milestones are recognized as revenue only when the sales-based target is achieved.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to license and collaboration agreements.
Royalty Revenues

The Company recognizes noncash royalty revenue for amounts earned pursuant to its royalty agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation (United Therapeutics), based on estimated product sales by United Therapeutics (see Note 3). This agreement includes the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license. In 2014, the Company sold certain of these royalty rights to Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. (HC Royalty) (see Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies). Sales of Orenitram by United Therapeutics result in payments made by United Therapeutics to HC Royalty, in accordance with these agreements. Consequent to this agreement, the Company recorded a nonrecourse liability related to this transaction, and amortizes this amount as noncash royalty revenue.

The Company also recognizes noncash interest expense related to this liability, and accrues interest expense at an effective interest rate (see Note 16). The interest rate is determined based on projections of HC Royalty’s rate of return.

Royalty revenue also includes cash royalty amounts received from collaboration partners, including from Shire Plc (Shire, a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd), based on net product sales in the current period of Shire’s product, Mydayis. Royalty revenue is only recognized when the underlying product sale by Shire occurs. The Shire arrangement also includes Shire's right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to any of these royalty revenue agreements.

Research and Development Expense and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses

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Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. These expenses include: salaries, benefits and share-based compensation; contract research and development services provided by third parties; costs for conducting preclinical and clinical studies; cost of acquiring or manufacturing clinical trial materials; regulatory costs; facilities costs; depreciation expense and other allocated expenses; and license fees and milestone payments related to in-licensed products and technologies. Assets acquired that are used for research and development and that have no future alternative use are expensed as in-process research and development.

The Company estimates preclinical and clinical trial expenses based on services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical investigators, clinical research organizations (CROs) and other service providers that provide services on the Company’s behalf. In recording service fees, the Company estimates the cost of those services which have been performed on behalf of the Company during the current period, and compares those costs with the cumulative expenses recorded and cumulative payments made for such services. As appropriate, the Company accrues additional service fees, or defers nonrefundable advance payments, until the related services are performed. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company adjusts its accrued expenses, or its deferred advance payments, accordingly. If the Company subsequently determines that it no longer expects the services associated with a nonrefundable advance payment to be rendered, the remaining portion of that advance payment is charged to expense in the period in which such a determination is made.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of investments in: U.S. Treasury bills and notes; certificates of deposit; various U.S. governmental agency debt securities; corporate and municipal bonds; and other fixed income securities. The Company places all investments with governmental, industrial or financial institutions whose debt is rated as investment grade.

The Company classifies all available-for-sale marketable securities with maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date as non-current assets. The Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value.

Any unrealized holding gains or losses on debt securities are reported, net of any tax effects, as a component of other comprehensive earnings (loss) in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive earnings. Realized gains and losses are included in interest income, and are determined using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, using the allowance approach. Declines in fair value below amortized cost related to credit losses (i.e., impairment due to credit losses), if any, are included in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. A corresponding allowance is established. If the estimate of expected credit losses decreases in subsequent periods, the Company will reverse the credit losses through current period earnings, and adjust accordingly the allowance (see Note 2 - Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements).

Share-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense over the service period using the straight-line method. Employee share-based compensation for stock options is measured based on estimated fair value as of the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, in calculating the fair value of option grants as of the grant date. The Company uses the following assumptions for estimating fair value of option grants:

Fair Value of Common Stock—The fair value of common stock underlying the option grants is determined based on observable market prices of the Company’s common stock.

Expected Volatility—Volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s share price has historically fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate (i.e., expected volatility) during a period. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began using the historical volatility of its common stock to measure expected volatility. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, volatility was estimated using the observed volatility of the common stock of several public entities of similar size, complexity, and stage of development, as well as taking into consideration the Company’s actual volatility since the Company’s IPO in 2012.

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Dividend Yield—The Company has never declared or paid dividends, and has no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

Expected Term—This is the period of time during which options are expected to remain unexercised. Options have a maximum contractual term of ten years. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began estimating the average expected life of stock options using its historical experience. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, the Company determined the average expected life of stock options according to the “simplified method”, as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, which is the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—This is the observed U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week each option grant is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the option.

Expected Forfeiture Rate—Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

Compensation expense is recorded based on amortizing the fair market value as of the date of the grant over the implied service period. RSUs generally vest one year from the date of grant and are subject to continued service requirements.

Performance Stock Units (PSUs)

Performance-Based Awards

Compensation expense for performance-based awards is recognized based on amortizing the fair market value as of the grant date over the periods during which the achievement of the performance is probable. Performance-based PSU awards require certain performance targets to be achieved in order for these awards to vest. These awards vest on the date of achievement of the performance target.

Market-Based Awards

Compensation expense for market-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. Market-based PSU awards subject to market-based performance targets require achievement of the performance target in order for these units to vest. The Company estimates fair value as of the grant date and expected term using a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates option-pricing inputs covering the period from the grant date through the end of the derived requisite service period. The expected volatility as of grant date is estimated based historical daily volatility of the Company's common stock over the expected term of the award. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week the award is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the award.

Advertising Expense

Advertising expense includes the cost of promotional materials and activities, such as printed marketing materials, marketing programs and speaker programs. The cost of the Company's advertising efforts are expensed as incurred.
The Company incurred approximately $11.6 million and $9.9 million in advertising costs for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These expenses are recorded as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.
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Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. When appropriate, valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in its consolidated financial statements when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be estimated as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities, based on full knowledge of the position and relevant facts. The Company's policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to income taxes as income tax expense in the relevant period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) - The new standard, issued in July 2016, requires credit losses on financial assets to be measured as the net amount expected to be collected, rather than based on incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities, the new standard did not revise the definition of impairment; i.e., the investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its cost. It also did not revise the requirement under ASC 320, for an entity to recognize in net income only the impairment amount related to credit risk, and to recognize, in other comprehensive income, the noncredit impairment amount. The new standard made certain targeted changes to the impairment of available-for-sale debt securities, to eliminate the concept of "other than temporary" from the impairment model. Targeted changes to the impairment model included recognition of credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities using the allowance method, and limiting the allowance to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosure of credit risk associated with respective assets.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract - The new standard, issued in August 2018, aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or to obtain internal-use software. This includes hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license. This ASU also requires that the implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement, which includes reasonably certain renewals.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606 - The new standard, issued in November 2018, clarifies when transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement are within the scope of Topic 606.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-13, Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) - The new standard, issued in August 2018, improved the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes - The new standard, issued in December 2019, simplifies the accounting for income taxes. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted.
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The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2021.
3. Disaggregated Revenues
The following table summarizes the disaggregation of revenues by nature, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Net product sales
Trokendi XR$68,551  $63,693  
Oxtellar XR23,939  19,406  
Total net product sales$92,490  $83,099  
Royalty revenues2,486  2,375  
Total revenues$94,976  $85,474  

Trokendi XR accounted for 74% and 77% of the Company’s total net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company recognized noncash royalty revenue of $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, consequent to the Company's agreement with HC Royalty (see Note 2).

The Company ceased production and distribution of all blister pack configurations for Trokendi XR in 2017. Subsequent to ceasing blister pack production and distribution in 2017, the observed rate of product return for all blister pack configurations of Trokendi XR steadily declined over time. This return rate trend was firmly established over a multi-year period. However, in the first quarter of 2020, the return rate for the final blister pack lots of Trokendi XR produced in 2017 exhibited a return rate significantly higher than had been experienced with all previous lots. The lots for which a higher return rate was observed are the last lots which were produced and distributed.

As a result, the Company changed its estimate of the provision for product returns, based on the most recent experience. This change in estimate resulted in an increase to the provision for product returns of $8.0 million, decreased net product sales of $8.0 million and decreased net earnings of $5.9 million, or $0.11 per basic and per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of an asset or liability represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

The Company reports assets and liabilities measured at fair value using a three level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company has the ability to access these prices as of the measurement date.

Level 1 assets include: cash held at banks; certificates of deposit; money market funds; investment grade corporate debt securities and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities.

Level 2—Level 2 securities are valued using third-party pricing sources that apply relevant inputs and data in their models to estimate fair value. Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices but that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates; yield curves); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, by correlation, or by other means (i.e., market corroborated inputs).

Level 2 assets include: investment grade corporate debt securities, U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities; other fixed income securities; and SERP (Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan) assets. The fair
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value of the restricted marketable securities is recorded in Other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions. These are based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.

There were no level 3 assets as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Financial Assets
The Company’s financial assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2020 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at March 31,
2020
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$19,911  $19,911  $  
Money market funds205,856  205,856  
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities174,939    174,939  
Municipal debt securities165    165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities524,683  255  524,428  
U.S. government agency debt securities10,029    10,029  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)342  8  334  
Total assets at fair value$935,925  $226,030  $709,895  

Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at December 31,
2019
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$78,912  $78,912  $  
Money market funds102,469  102,469    
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities165,527    165,527  
Municipal debt securities165    165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities571,828  254  571,574  
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities19,945    19,945  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)418  3  415  
Total assets at fair value$939,264  $181,638  $757,626  

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The carrying amounts of other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.
        Unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Corporate and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities
Amortized cost$710,072  $747,598  
Gross unrealized gains5,362  10,031  
Gross unrealized losses(5,618) (164) 
Total fair value$709,816  $757,465  
The contractual maturities of the unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
(unaudited)
Less than 1 year$175,104  
1 year to 2 years181,141  
2 years to 3 years199,207  
3 years to 4 years154,364  
Greater than 4 years  
Total$709,816  
As of March 31, 2020, there was no impairment due to credit loss on any available-for-sale marketable securities.
Financial Liabilities
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value, (dollars in thousands):
March 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)
2023 Notes$349,232  $328,038  $345,170  $366,023  
The fair value is estimated based on actual trading information, as well as quoted prices provided by bond traders.
5. Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023
The 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 (2023 Notes), which were issued in March 2018, bear interest at an annual rate of 0.625%, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2023 Notes will mature on April 1, 2023, unless earlier converted or repurchased by the Company. The Notes are being amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate of 5.41% over the contractual term of the 2023 Notes. The Company may not redeem the 2023 Notes at its option before maturity. The total principal amount of 2023 Notes is $402.5 million.
The 2023 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. The Indenture includes customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default upon which the 2023 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The Indenture does not contain any financial or operating covenants or restrictions on the payment of dividends, the issuance of other indebtedness, or the issuance or repurchase of securities by the Company.
The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at its election, based on the applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 16.8545 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $59.33 per share, and is subject to adjustment as specified in the Indenture. In the event of conversion, if converted in cash, the holders would forgo all future interest payments, any unpaid accrued interest, and the possibility of further stock price appreciation.
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If a “make-whole fundamental change,” as defined in the Indenture, occurs, then the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time. If a “fundamental change,” as defined in the Indenture occurs, then noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their 2023 Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 2023 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.
Contemporaneous with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company also entered into separate privately negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (collectively, the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions) with each of the call spread counterparties. The Company issued 402,500 convertible note hedge options. In the event that shares or cash are deliverable to holders of the 2023 Notes upon conversion at limits defined in the Indenture, counterparties to the convertible note hedges will be required to deliver up to approximately 6.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock, or to pay cash to the Company in a similar amount as the value that the Company delivers to the holders of the 2023 Notes, based on a conversion price of $59.33 per share.
Concurrently with entering into the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions, the Company also entered into separate privately negotiated warrant transactions (collectively, the Warrant Transactions) with each of the call spread counterparties. The Company issued a total of 6,783,939 warrants. The warrants entitle the holder to one share per warrant. The strike price of the Warrant Transactions will initially be $80.9063 per share of the Company’s common stock, and is subject to adjustment.
The Convertible Note Hedge Transactions are expected to reduce the potential dilution of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the 2023 Notes, and/or offset any potential cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2023 Notes, as the case may be. The Warrant Transactions are intended to partially offset the cost to the Company of the purchased Convertible Note Hedge Transactions; however, the Warrant Transactions could have a dilutive effect with respect to the Company’s common stock to the extent that the market price per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the Warrant Transactions, exceeds the strike price of the warrants.
The liability component of the 2023 Notes consists of the following, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited) 
2023 Notes$402,500  $402,500  
Unamortized debt discount and deferred financing costs(53,268) (57,330) 
Total carrying value$349,232  $345,170  
No 2023 Notes were converted as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
6. Share-Based Payments
Share-based compensation expense is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Research and development$681  $574  
Selling, general and administrative3,307  2,713  
Total$3,988  $3,287  
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Stock Option and Stock Appreciation Rights
The following table summarizes stock option and stock appreciation rights (SAR) activities:
Number of
Options
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
(per share)
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)
Outstanding, December 31, 20194,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Granted 1,105,925  $23.99  
Exercised (3,811) $8.33  
Forfeited (25,275) $28.12  
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 (unaudited)5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
As of December 31, 2019:
Vested and expected to vest4,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Exercisable2,598,112  $15.68  5.48
As of March 31, 2020:
Vested and expected to vest5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
Exercisable 3,394,315  $18.71  5.75

Restricted Stock Units

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 26,055 RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.99, which generally vest one year from the date of grant.

Performance Stock Units

Performance-Based Awards

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 15,625 performance-based awards, with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.99, which require certain performance targets to be achieved in order for these awards to vest. Vesting is subject to continued service requirements through the date that the achievement of the performance target is certified.
Market-Based Awards
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 15,625 market-based awards, with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.41, which are subject to market-based performance targets in order for these awards to vest.
7. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, including the dilutive effect of the Company’s stock option grants, SARs, RSUs, PSUs, warrants, employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) awards and the 2023 Notes, as determined per the treasury stock method.

Effect of Convertible Notes and Related Convertible Note Hedges and Warrants

In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company entered into Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions as described further in Note 5, Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023. The expected collective impact of the Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions is to reduce the potential dilution that may occur between the conversion price of $59.33 per share and the strike price of the warrants of $80.9063 per share.
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The 2023 Notes and related Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions are excluded in the calculation of diluted EPS because inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Specifically, the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation excludes the additional shares related to the 2023 Notes and warrants, because the average price of the Company's common stock was less than the conversion price of the 2023 Notes of $59.33 per share, as well as less than the strike price of the warrants of $80.9063 per share. Prior to actual conversion, the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions are not considered in calculating diluted earnings per share, as their impact would be anti-dilutive.

In addition to the above described effect of the 2023 Notes and the related Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions, the Company also excluded the common stock equivalents of the following outstanding stock-based awards in the calculation of diluted EPS, because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Stock options, RSUs, PSUs3,034,099  608,948  

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Numerator, dollars in thousands:
Net earnings $21,518  $18,340  
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic52,534,787  52,336,443  
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options, PSU, RSU and SAR1,046,264  1,648,942  
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted53,581,051  53,985,385  
Earnings per share, basic$0.41  $0.35  
Earnings per share, diluted$0.40  $0.34  

8. Income Tax Expense
The following table provides information regarding the Company’s income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Income tax expense$7,516  $5,899  
Effective tax rate25.9 %24.3 %
The increases in income tax expense and the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in the prior year, are primarily attributable to higher income before taxes, increase in the number of states in which we owe taxes and an increase in non-deductible expenses.
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the U.S. economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the CARES Act provides sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the more significant provisions which are expected to impact the
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Company’s financial statements include removal of certain limitations on utilization of net operating losses and increasing the ability to deduct interest expense, as well as amending certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company expects that these provisions will not have a material impact as the Company does not have net operating losses that would fall under these provisions and does not expect interest expense to be limited. The ultimate impact of the CARES Act may differ from this estimate due to changes in interpretations and assumptions, guidance that may be issued and actions the Company may take in response to the CARES Act. The CARES Act is highly detailed and the Company will continue to assess the impact that various provisions will have on its business.
9. Leases

The Company has operating leases for its new headquarters office at 9715 Key West Ave, Rockville, MD; its former headquarters office and lab space at 1550 East Gude Drive in Rockville, MD; and for its fleet vehicles. The Company’s existing leases for its former headquarters office and lab space run through April 2020. With respect to the fleet vehicle leases, given the volume of individual leases involved in the overall arrangement, the Company applies a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease assets and liabilities.
New Headquarters Lease

The Company entered into a new lease agreement, effective January 31, 2019, with Advent Key West, LLC (Landlord), for its new headquarters office in Rockville, MD (Premises). The term of the new headquarters lease commenced on February 1, 2019 (the Commencement Date) and will continue until April 30, 2034, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the terms of the lease. The lease includes options to extend the lease for up to 10 years, beyond 2034. Fixed rent with respect to the Premises began on the Commencement Date. However, the Landlord agreed to a rent abatement from the Commencement Date through April 30, 2020.

The initial fixed rental rate is approximately $195,000 per month for the first 12 months, and will automatically increase by 2% on each anniversary of the Commencement Date. Under the terms of the Lease, the Company provided a security deposit of approximately $195,000, and be required to pay all utility charges for the Premises, in addition to its pro rata share of any operating expenses and real estate taxes.

The lease also provides for a tenant improvement allowance of approximately $10.2 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2019, the tenant improvement allowance was fully utilized and recorded as leasehold improvements within Property and equipment on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Assets
Lease assets$21,911  $21,279  
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Lease liabilities, current$3,456  $2,825  
Non-current
Lease liabilities, long term30,804  30,440  
Total lease liabilities$34,260  $33,265  
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)12.112.5
Weighted-average discount rate4.3 %4.4 %
Operating lease costs are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Fixed lease cost$1,497  $1,032  
Variable lease cost627  465  
Total operating lease cost$2,124  $1,497  

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Cash paid for operating leases$1,261  $1,313  
Lease assets and tenant receivables obtained for new operating leases$1,715  $17,136  

Future minimum lease payments under noncancellable operating leases, as of March 31, 2020, are as follows (dollars in thousands, unaudited):
2020 (remaining)$3,672  
20214,760  
20224,226  
20232,537  
20242,587  
Thereafter26,784  
Total future minimum lease payments$44,566  
Less: Imputed interest (1)
(10,306) 
Present value of lease liabilities$34,260  
________________________________________________________________
(1) Calculated using the interest rate for each lease.
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10. Accounts Receivable

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company recorded allowances of approximately $10.3 million and $11.0 million, respectively, for prompt pay discounts and contractual service fees paid to the Company’s customers.

11. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Raw materials$4,331  $4,582  
Work in process8,221  11,428  
Finished goods11,866  10,618  
Total$24,418  $26,628  

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not capitalize any pre-launch inventory costs.

12. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Lab equipment and furniture$11,538  $11,053  
Leasehold improvements14,974  14,217  
Software2,225  2,225  
Computer equipment2,013  1,839  
Construction-in-progress431  433  
31,181  29,767  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(13,170) (12,699) 
Total$18,011  $17,068  
Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As of March 31, 2020, there were no identified indicators of impairment.
13. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of patent defense costs, which are deferred legal fees incurred in conjunction with defending patents for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. The Company amortizes these costs over the useful life of the respective patents.
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The following sets forth the gross carrying amount and related accumulated amortization of the intangible assets (dollars in thousands):
Weighted-
Average Life
(Years)
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Capitalized patent defense costs
2.76 - 7.01 years
$43,375  $43,375  
Less accumulated amortization(19,796) (18,535) 
Total$23,579  $24,840  
U.S. patents covering Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR will expire no earlier than 2027. As regards Trokendi XR, the Company entered into settlement agreements that allow third parties to enter the market by January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances. Amortization expense on intangible assets was approximately $1.3 million for both three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As of March 31, 2020, there were no identified indicators of impairment.
14. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued clinical trial costs (1)
$11,224  $13,285  
Accrued compensation9,549  11,223  
Accrued professional fees4,706  3,936  
Lease liabilities, current3,456  2,825  
Other accrued expenses4,068  5,861  
Total$33,003  $37,130  
_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes preclinical and all clinical trial-related costs.
15. Accrued Product Returns and Rebates
Accrued product returns and rebates consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued product rebates$94,612  $88,811  
Accrued product returns24,841  18,818  
Total$119,453  $107,629  

16. Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Interest income$5,777  $4,681  
Interest expense(4,693) (4,710) 
Interest expense on nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties(1,062) (1,160) 
Total$22  $(1,189) 
Interest expense includes noncash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs and amortization of the debt discount on the 2023 Notes of $4.1 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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17. Commitments and Contingencies

Product Licenses

The Company has obtained exclusive licenses from third parties for proprietary rights to support the product candidates in the Company’s neurology and psychiatry portfolio. Under these license agreements, the Company may be required to pay certain amounts upon the achievement of defined milestones. If these products are ultimately commercialized, the Company is also obligated to pay royalties to third parties, as percentage of net product sales, for each respective product under a license agreement.

Royalty Agreement

In the third quarter of 2014, the Company received $30.0 million pursuant to a Royalty Interest Acquisition Agreement related to the purchase by HC Royalty of certain of the Company’s rights under the Company’s agreement with United Therapeutics, related to the commercialization of Orenitram (treprostinil) Extended-Release Tablets. Full ownership of the royalty rights will revert to the Company if and when a certain cumulative payment threshold is reached, per the terms of the agreement (see Note 2, Note 3 and Note 16).

18. Subsequent Events

Joint Development and Option Agreement with Navitor

On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into a Development and Option Agreement (Development Agreement) with Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Navitor). Under the terms of the Development Agreement, the Company and Navitor will jointly conduct a Phase II clinical program for NV-5138 in treatment-resistant depression. In addition, Navitor has granted the Company an exclusive option to license or acquire NV-5138 in all world territories, excluding Greater China, prior to initiation of a Phase III clinical program.

In consideration of the rights granted under the Development Agreement, the Company will acquire Series D Preferred Shares of Navitor for $15 million, representing approximately 13% ownership in Navitor. In addition, the Company will pay to Navitor a one time, non-refundable and non-creditable option issue fee of $10 million. Total payments, exclusive of royalty payments on net sales of NV-5138 and development costs under the Development Agreement, have the potential to reach $410 million to $475 million, which include the upfront cash payment of $25 million described above, an additional license or acquisition fee depending on whether the Company ultimately licenses or acquires NV-5138, and subsequent clinical, regulatory and sales milestone payments. The Company will bear all development costs incurred by either the Company or Navitor up to a maximum of $50 million. The Development Agreement provides Navitor an option to request that the Company pay certain development costs in excess of $50 million once expenses reach this threshold and grants the Company a right of first refusal to negotiate for rights to develop and commercialize any composition of matter that has a similar mechanism of action as NV-5138.

CNS Portfolio Acquisition from US WorldMeds

On April 28, 2020, the Company entered into a definitive Sales and Purchase Agreement with US WorldMeds Partners, LLC, pursuant to which the Company will purchase all of the outstanding equity of USWM Enterprises, LLC (USWM Enterprises), comprising the entire issued share capital of USWM Enterprises, for total consideration of $530 million, consisting of an upfront cash payment of $300 million and additional cash payments of up to $230 million upon the achievement of certain commercial milestones. With the acquisition, the Company will add three established, marketed products and one product candidate in late-stage development to its CNS portfolio. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2020, subject to certain conditions, including the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions.

Paragraph IV Filing for Oxtellar XR

On May 14, 2020, the Company received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter from Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp advising Supernus of the submission by Apotex of an Abbreviated New Drug Application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking approval for oxcarbazepine extended-release tablets. The Company is currently reviewing the details of this Notice Letter and intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Oxtellar XR.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and the financial condition of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company, we, us, or our). The interim financial statements included in this report and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, both of which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2020.
In addition to historical information, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created thereby. These forward-looking statements may include declarations regarding the Company’s belief or current expectations of management, such as statements including the words “budgeted,” “anticipate,” “project,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “believe,” “potential,” and similar statements or expressions, which are intended to be among the statements that are forward-looking statements, as such statements reflect the reality of risk and uncertainty that is inherent in our business. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are made as of the date this report was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this report as well as in other reports and documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Solely for convenience, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the trade names are referred to without the TM symbols and the trademark registrations are referred to without the circled R, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that the Company will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights thereto.

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Overview

We are a pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. We have a portfolio of commercial products and product candidates.

On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into a Development and Option Agreement (Development Agreement) with Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Navitor). Under the terms of the Development Agreement, the Company and Navitor will jointly conduct a Phase II clinical program for NV-5138 in treatment-resistant depression.

On April 28, 2020, the Company entered into a Sales and Purchase Agreement to acquire the CNS portfolio of US WorldMeds Partners, LLC. With the acquisition, the Company will add three established, marketed products and a product candidate in late-stage development to its portfolio.

COVID-19 Impact

The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business operations, and has assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has not significantly impacted our condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2020 and during the three month period then ended, it may have future impact, especially if the severity worsens, duration lengthens, or the nature of the impacts changes.

The full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. Such effects may vary significantly across different aspects of our business operations. The Company cannot yet know the full extent of potential delays, impacts on its business, financial conditions, the healthcare systems, or the economy. These effects could have material impact on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources, operations and business. See “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information on risk factors that could impact our business and results.

The risks and uncertainties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may affect our future earnings, cash flows and financial condition. These effects include: adverse impact on research and development activities as a result of temporarily halting additional enrollment in the SPN-812 adult trial; adverse impact on selling and marketing efforts as a result of temporarily halting in-person interactions by our sales force with healthcare providers; adverse impact on net product sales as a result of decreased new prescriptions due to fewer patient visits to physician’s offices to begin or to maintain treatment; potential changes in payer segment mix; and increased use of co-pay programs due to rising unemployment. Financial effects could include impairment of intangible and long-lived assets, increased reserves for sales deductions that could impact our net product sales; and adjustments for market volatility for items subject to fair value measurement, such as marketable securities.

For the three months ended March 31 2020, with the exception of effects already cited, we were able to largely maintain our normal operations. Because the COVID-19 pandemic has not materially impacted our operations or demand for our products, it has also not negatively impacted our liquidity position in a material way. We expect to continue to generate cash flows to meet our short-term liquidity needs and have access to liquidity.

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Products and Product Candidates

The table below summarizes our current portfolio of novel products and product candidates:
* Prophylaxis of migraine headache in adults and adolescents.
** SPN-820 = NV-5138 (Navitor Partnership)

        We devote significant resources to research and development of product candidates and proprietary drug technologies. We expect to incur significant expenses as we: invest in research and development related to the continued development of each of our product candidates through U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval or until the program terminates; expand product indications for approved products; invest in sales and marketing resources for existing and new products; enter into agreements to purchase products, product candidates or other companies; and invest in support of our business, technology, regulatory and intellectual property portfolio.
Our Neurology Portfolio
Our neurology portfolio includes two commercial products and one product candidate for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Commercial Products
Trokendi XR is a once-daily extended release topiramate product for the prophylaxis of migraine headache and for the treatment of epilepsy. We believe a once-daily dosing regimen improves compliance, making it more probable that patients take their medication and maintain sufficient levels of medication in their bloodstream. Trokendi XR's unique smooth pharmacokinetic profile results in lower peak plasma concentrations, higher trough plasma concentrations, and slower plasma uptake rates. This results in smoother and more consistent plasma concentrations than immediate release topiramate formulations. We believe that such a profile mitigates blood level fluctuations that are frequently associated with many side effects, thereby reducing the likelihood of breakthrough seizures or migraine headaches that patients can suffer when taking immediate release products. Side effects associated with immediate release products may lead patients to skip doses, which could place them at higher risk for breakthrough seizures or migraine headaches.
Oxtellar XR is a once-daily extended release oxcarbazepine product that was initially approved for adjunctive treatment of partial onset seizures of epilepsy. With its novel pharmacokinetic profile showing lower peak plasma concentrations, a slower rate of plasma input, and smoother and more consistent blood levels as compared to immediate release products, we believe Oxtellar XR improves the tolerability of oxcarbazepine and thereby reduces side effects. In addition, Oxtellar XR once-per-day dosing is designed to improve patient compliance compared to the current immediate release products that must be taken multiple times per day.

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Product Prescriptions
        The following table provides data regarding our prescriptions, as reported by IQVIA, during the periods indicated, including percentage changes in volume:
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019VolumePercent
Prescriptions
Trokendi XR160,315  160,940  (625) —%
Oxtellar XR43,089  38,580  4,509  12%
Total prescriptions203,404  199,520  3,884  2%
Product Candidate
SPN-817 (huperzine A)
SPN-817 will have new chemical entity status (NCE) in the U.S. market. We expect to develop intellectual property (IP) protecting this product candidate through our own research and development efforts, as well as through in-licensed IP. SPN-817 represents a novel mechanism of action for an anticonvulsant. Development will initially focus on the drug's anticonvulsant activity, which has been shown in preclinical models for treatment of partial seizures and Dravet Syndrome. SPN-817 is in clinical development, and has received an Orphan Drug designation for Dravet Syndrome from the FDA.
SPN-817 Development Program

We plan on studying SPN-817 initially in severe epilepsy disorders. A Phase I proof-of-concept trial is currently underway outside of the U.S. in adult patients with refractory complex partial seizures, studying the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of a new extended release formulation of non-synthetic huperzine A. The Company initiated preclinical Investigational New Drug (IND) enabling activities in the U.S.
We will focus on completing and optimizing the synthesis process of the synthetic drug and developing a novel dosage form. Given the potency of huperzine A, a novel extended release oral dosage form is critical to the success of this program, because initial studies with the immediate release formulations of non-synthetic huperzine A have shown dose-limiting, serious side effects.
Our Psychiatry Portfolio
Our psychiatry portfolio includes two product candidates, SPN-812 and SPN-820, for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Product Candidate
SPN-812 (extended release viloxazine hydrochloride)
SPN-812 is a serotonin norepinephrine modulating agent (SNMA), which we are developing as a novel non-stimulant for the treatment of ADHD. We believe SPN-812 could be well-differentiated as compared to other non-stimulant treatments due to its different pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile. The active ingredient in SPN-812, viloxazine hydrochloride, has an extensive safety record in Europe, where it was previously marketed for many years as an antidepressant, albeit at much higher dosage levels. Viloxazine hydrochloride is a structurally distinct, bicyclic, SNMA with NCE status in the U.S.
The FDA accepted the review of the NDA for SPN-812 for the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD in January 2020 and assigned a PDUFA target action date of November 8, 2020. We plan to launch it, pending FDA approval, in the fourth quarter of 2020. We expect SPN-812, if approved, to have five-year market exclusivity due to its NCE status in the U.S. Furthermore, we are pursuing IP covering the novel synthesis process for the active ingredient in SPN-812, its novel use in ADHD and its novel extended release product profile.

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SPN-812 Development Program
We continue to prepare for the commercial launch of SPN-812 at the end of 2020. The Company remains engaged with the FDA regarding the NDA for SPN-812 for the treatment of ADHD.
We initiated a Phase III program in adults in the third quarter of 2019. The SPN-812 adult trial reached approximately 75% of the targeted enrollment before additional enrollment was put on hold in March 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19. We are employing virtual efforts to ensure that currently enrolled subjects can progress to completion of treatment. This trial was ahead of schedule prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a potential data release in the second half of this year. Depending on when the Company can restart enrollment and complete the study, data from the trial may be pushed out into 2021.

Patents
We currently have ten U.S. patents that cover Trokendi XR. We have one patent issued for extended release topiramate in each of the following countries: Mexico; Australia; Japan; and Canada. We have two patents issued in Europe. The ten issued U.S. patents covering Trokendi XR will expire no earlier than 2027. We own all of the issued patents.
The Company has entered into settlement agreements with third parties, permitting sale of a generic version of Trokendi XR on January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances.
Our extended release oxcarbazepine patent portfolio currently includes twelve U.S. patents, nine of which cover Oxtellar XR. The nine issued U.S. patents covering Oxtellar XR will expire no earlier than 2027. We have two issued patents for extended release oxcarbazepine in both Europe and Australia, and one patent issued in each of the following countries: Canada; Japan; China and Mexico. In addition, we have a pending U.S. patent application that covers various extended release formulations containing oxcarbazepine. We own all of the issued patents and the pending U.S. patent application.
For our pipeline product, SPN-812, we have three families of pending U.S. non-provisional and foreign counterpart patent applications. Patents, if issued, could expire from 2029 to 2033. We have one patent issued each in Europe and Canada, covering a method of treating ADHD using viloxazine hydrochloride. In another family, covering the novel synthesis process of active ingredient, we have four patents issued in the U.S., five patents issued in Mexico, two patents issued in Japan, and one patent issued each in Europe, Canada and Australia. We have four patents issued in the U.S. covering modified release formulations of viloxazine hydrochloride, two patents issued in Japan and Australia and one patent issued in Mexico. We own all of the issued patents and the pending patent applications.
We continue to build our intellectual property portfolio to provide additional protection for our technologies, products and product candidates.
To protect our competitive position, it may be necessary to enforce our patent rights through litigation against infringing third parties. See Part II, Item 1—Legal Proceedings for additional information.
Critical Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates
The significant accounting policies and basis of presentation for our condensed consolidated financial statements are described in Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP), requiring us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and to disclose material contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates.
We believe the following accounting policies and estimates to be critical:
Revenue Recognition

Revenue from product sales is recognized when physical control of our products is transferred to our customers, who are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors. Product sales are recorded net of various forms of variable consideration, including: estimated rebates; sales discounts; and an estimated liability for future product returns (collectively, “sales deductions”). We adjust our estimates at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration we expect to receive changes, or when the consideration becomes fixed. For a complete description of our revenue recognition policy, see Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Revenue from Product Sales, in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, see Results of Operations, Sales deductions and related accruals for more information.

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Research and Development Expenses and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses
        
Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. We estimate preclinical and clinical trial expenses based on services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical investigators, clinical research organizations (CROs) and other service providers that conduct activities on the Company’s behalf. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust our accrued expenses or our deferred advance payments accordingly. For a complete description of our research and development expense, preclinical trial, and clinical trial accrual policies, see Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesResearch and Development Expense and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses, in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Preclinical and clinical trials are inherently complex and often involve multiple service providers. Because billing for services often lags by a month or several months, we are often required to estimate, and therefore accrue, a significant portion of the incurred expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and communicating with our subject matter expert personnel, as well as with the appropriate service provider personnel, to identify services that have been performed on our behalf but for which no invoice has been received. This includes services provided by CROs, as well as services provided by clinical investigators and other service providers. We accrue the cost for unbilled services performed, whether partially or fully completed.

Payments to service providers can either be based on hourly rates for service, or based on achievement of performance driven milestones. We work with each service provider to obtain an estimate for services provided but are unbilled as of the end of the calendar quarter, including estimates for payments to site investigators. When accruing clinical trial expenses, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed during the life of the entire clinical program, the total cost of the program, and the level of effort to be expended in each intervening period.

We work diligently to minimize, if not eliminate, estimates based solely on Company generated calculations by relying primarily on estimates provided by our vendors. If we and/or the service provider underestimates or overestimates the costs associated with a service at any given point in time, adjustments to research and development expenses would be necessary in the following periods. Historically, our estimated accrued clinical expenses have closely approximated the actual expenses incurred, with minimal adjustments to expense in the subsequent periods.

Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three Months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019
Revenues
Revenues consist of net product sales of Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR in the U.S., and royalty and licensing revenues from our collaborative licensing arrangements. The following table provides information regarding our revenues during the periods indicated, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Net product sales
Trokendi XR$68,551  $63,693  $4,858  8%
Oxtellar XR23,939  19,406  4,533  23%
Total net product sales$92,490  $83,099  $9,391  11%
Royalty revenues2,486  2,375  111  5%
Total revenues$94,976  $85,474  $9,502  11%
Net product sales
Net product sales are computed as gross revenue generated from our product shipments to our customers, which are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, less various forms of variable consideration, including: estimated liability
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for rebates; estimated liability for future product returns; and estimated allowance for discounts. These are collectively considered "sales deductions."
Total Net Product Sales
The increase in net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year, is primarily due to the favorable impact of the 8% price increase taken January 1, 2020, favorable unit prescription growth for Oxtellar XR and the adverse impact of the pipeline inventory reduction in 2019. These effects were partially offset by unfavorable changes in net sales deductions.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, wholesalers, distributors and pharmacies increased their inventory holdings, as compared to the prevailing inventory levels in the preceding quarter. This action was effectively reversed in the first quarter of 2019. As a result, both gross sales and net product sales in the first quarter of 2019 were adversely impacted, with the impact on net product sales of approximately $10 million.
As regards to sales deductions, patient reimbursement challenges and increased contracting pressure from managed care providers resulted in higher program participation rates, increased per patient costs for our co-pay programs and higher per patient rebate payments to managed care providers. As a result, this increased the provision for sales deductions and reduced net product sales.
Trokendi XR
Trokendi XR net product sales increased by $4.9 million, or 8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019. This increase was driven by the favorable impact of an 8% price increase in 2020. The adverse impact in sales deductions year over year was essentially offset by the negative impact in the first quarter of 2019 of the aforementioned channel inventory reduction.
Oxtellar XR
Oxtellar XR net product sales increased by $4.5 million, or 23%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to growth in prescription unit volume and the favorable impact from the 2020 price increase of 8%. These effects were partially offset by increased net product sales deductions due to higher per patient payments under both Medicaid and managed care programs, as well as higher co-payment program expenditures.
Sales deductions and related accruals
The Company records accrued product rebates and accrued product returns in Accrued product returns and rebates as current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We record sales discounts as a valuation allowance against Accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These outstanding amounts are generally affected by changes in the level of gross product sales, changes in the provision for net product sales deductions and timing of payments/credits.
The following table provides a summary of activities with respect to sales deductions and related accruals during the periods indicated, (dollars in thousands):
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates
Product
Rebates
Product
Returns
Allowance for
Sales Discounts
Total
Balance at December 31, 2019$88,811  $18,818  $11,013  $118,642  
Provision
Provision for sales in current year87,114  2,681  15,524  105,319  
Adjustments relating to prior year sales3,716  7,951  147  11,814  
Total provision$90,830  $10,632  $15,671  $117,133  
Less: Actual payments/credits(85,029) (4,609) (16,398) (106,036) 
Balance at March 31, 2020$94,612  $24,841  $10,286  $129,739  

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Balance at December 31, 2018$85,003  $22,060  $11,548  $118,611  
Provision
Provision for sales in current year63,941  1,724  11,214  76,879  
Adjustments relating to prior year sales(844) (42) (43) (929) 
Total provision$63,097  $1,682  $11,171  $75,950  
Less: Actual payments/credits(82,010) (1,632) (14,909) (98,551) 
Balance at March 31, 2019$66,090  $22,110  $7,810  $96,010  
The total provision for sales deductions on gross product sales increased by $41.2 million, from $76.0 million in 2019 to $117.1 million in 2020. Approximately 67% of this increase, or $27.7 million, was attributable to the year over year increase in the provision for product rebates, from $63.1 million in 2019 to $90.8 million in 2020.
        
        The year over year increase in the provision for product rebates is primarily attributable to greater utilization of our patient co-payment programs, as well as higher per patient payments under both Medicaid and managed care programs. Growth in prescriptions, and the impact of the 8% price increase taken in January 2020, also contributed to the increase in product rebates.
        The $9.0 million increase in the provision for product returns, from $1.7 million to $10.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, was due primarily to unfavorable actual returns experience in the first quarter of 2020 for discontinued blister pack Trokendi XR configurations.
The Company ceased production and distribution of all blister pack configurations for Trokendi XR in 2017. Subsequent to ceasing blister pack production and distribution in 2017, the observed rate of product return for all blister pack configurations of Trokendi XR steadily declined over time. This return rate trend was firmly established over a multi-year period. However, in the first quarter of 2020, the return rate for the final blister pack lots of Trokendi XR produced in 2017 exhibited a return rate significantly higher than had been experienced with all previous lots. The lots for which a higher return rate was observed are the last lots which were produced and distributed.
As a result, the Company changed its estimate of the provision for product returns, based on the most recent experience. This change in estimate resulted in an increase to the provision for product returns of $8.0 million, decreased net product sales of $8.0 million and decreased net earnings of $5.9 million, or $0.11 per basic and per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
        The provision for sales discounts increased by $4.5 million, from $11.2 million to $15.7 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2020. This increase was driven by prescription volume growth.
Royalty Revenues

Royalty revenue includes royalties from the following products (dollars in thousands):

Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Mydayis (1)
$919  $800  $119  15%
Orenitram (2)
1,567  1,575  (8) (1)%
Total$2,486  $2,375  $111  5%


(1) Royalty from net product sales of Mydayis, a product of Shire Plc, a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Company Ltd.
(2) Noncash royalty revenue pursuant to our agreement with Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. (HC Royalty). HC Royalty receives royalty payments from United Therapeutics Corporation (United Therapeutics) based on net product sales of United Therapeutics’ product Orenitram. Supernus records noncash royalty based on these product sales.
Royalty revenues were essentially flat for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019.
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Cost of Goods Sold
The following table provides information regarding our cost of goods sold during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Cost of goods sold$4,152  $3,684  $468  13%
Cost of goods sold during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $4.2 million, $0.5 million higher than the $3.7 million incurred for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to year over year increase in prescriptions, as well as the aforementioned reduction in channel level inventory which occurred in the first quarter of 2019.
Research and Development Expenses
The following table provides information regarding our research and development (R&D) expenses during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Research and development$18,937  $15,394  $3,543  23%
R&D expenses increased by $3.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019. The increase quarter over quarter was primarily driven by enrollment in the SPN-812 Phase III program for adults that was initiated in late 2019.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
The following table provides information regarding our selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Selling and marketing$29,041  $30,749  $(1,708) (6)%
General and administrative13,834  10,219  3,615  35%
Total$42,875  $40,968  $1,907  5%
Selling and Marketing. Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $1.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019. The change was due to decreased employee-related expenses of $0.5 million and marketing expense for commercial products of $2.3 million, partially offset by increased professional and consulting spending for SPN-812 pre-launch activities of $1.0 million.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $3.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019. The change was primarily due to the $1.4 million increase in employee-related expenses due to increased headcount and higher share-based compensation expense, $1.3 million increase in higher occupancy-related costs, and $0.9 million increase in professional and consulting fees.
Other Income (Expense)
The following table provides the components of other income (expense) during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
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Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Interest income$5,777  $4,681  $1,096  23%
Interest expense(4,693) (4,710) 17  —%
Interest expense on nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties(1,062) (1,160) 98  (8)%
Total$22  $(1,189) $1,211  (102)%
Interest income increased by $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to gains from sales and maturity of marketable securities.
        Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 remained essentially unchanged, compared to the same period in 2019.
Noncash interest expense related to our nonrecourse royalty liability for the three months ended March 31, 2020 remained unchanged as compared to the same period in 2019.
Income Tax Expense
The following table provides information regarding our income tax expense during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
Change
20202019AmountPercent
Income tax expense$7,516$5,899$1,61727%
Effective tax rate25.9%24.3%
The increases in income tax expense and the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in the prior year, was primarily attributable to higher income before taxes, increase in the number of states in which we owe taxes and an increase in non-deductible expenses.
Net Earnings

The following table provides information regarding our net earnings during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Three Months ended March 31,Change
20202019AmountPercent
Net earnings$21,518  $18,340  $3,178  17%

The increase in net earnings was primarily due to increased revenue generated from our two commercial products, Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations primarily with cash generated from product sales, supplemented by cash generated by revenue from royalty and licensing arrangements as well as proceeds from the sale of equity and debt securities. Continued cash generation is highly dependent on the commercial success of our two commercial products, Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR. We were cash flow positive and profitable from operations in 2019.

While we expect continued profitability for future years, we anticipate there may be significant variability from year to year in the level of our profits, particularly as we move forward with the anticipated commercial launch of SPN-812 late in 2020, assuming FDA approval.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and cash received from product sales will be sufficient to finance ongoing operations, develop our new products and fund label expansions for existing products. To continue to grow our business over the long-term, we plan to commit substantial resources to: product development and clinical trials of product candidates; product acquisition; and in-licensing; and supportive functions such as compliance, finance, management of
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our intellectual property portfolio, information technology systems and personnel. In each case, spending would be commensurate with the growth of the business.

We may, from time to time, consider raising additional capital through: new collaborative arrangements; strategic alliances; additional equity and/or debt financings; or financing from other sources, especially in conjunction with opportunistic business development initiatives. We will continue to actively manage our capital structure and to consider all financing opportunities that could strengthen our long-term financial profile. Any such capital raises may or may not be similar to transactions in which we have engaged in the past. There can be no assurance that any such financing opportunities will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Financial Condition

Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, long term marketable securities, working capital, convertible notes and total stockholder’s equity, as of the periods presented below, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

March 31December 31Change
20202019AmountPercent
Cash and cash equivalents$225,767  $181,381  $44,386  24%
Marketable securities175,104  165,692  9,412  6%
Long term marketable securities534,712  591,773  (57,061) (10)%
Total$935,583  $938,846  $(3,263) —%
Working capital 388,713  312,057  76,656  25%
Convertible notes, net (2023 Notes)349,232  345,170  4,062  1%
Total stockholder's equity 613,383  595,428  17,955  3%
The total cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and long term marketable securities decreased by $3.3 million in the first three months of 2020, primarily due to decreases in the valuation of long term marketable securities resultant from market volatility.
        Our working capital at March 31, 2020 was $388.7 million, an increase of $76.7 million, as compared to $312.1 million at December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased accounts receivable of $31.9 million and increased cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $53.8 million offset by increases in current liabilities of $7.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the outstanding principal on our 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 (2023 Notes) was $402.5 million. No 2023 Notes have been converted as of March 31, 2020. Contemporaneous with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company also entered into separate convertible note hedge transactions (collectively, the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions), issuing 402,500 convertible note hedge options. The Convertible Note Hedge Transactions are expected to reduce the potential dilution of the Company's common stock upon conversion of the 2023 Notes. Concurrently with entering into the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions, the Company also entered into separate warrant transactions, issuing a total of 6,783,939 warrants (the Warrant Transactions). See Part I, Item 1, Financial Statements, Note 5, Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023, in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, for further discussion of the 2023 Notes and our other indebtedness.
Stockholders’ equity increased by $18.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily as a result of net earnings of $21.5 million coupled with share-based compensation of $4.0 million. These increases were offset by unrealized losses on marketable securities, net of tax of $7.6 million.
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Summary of Cash Flows
The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below (summarized, dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,Change
20202019Amount
 Net cash provided by (used in):
 Operating activities
 Operating earnings $32,176  $27,071  $5,105  
 Working capital (23,260) 5,922  (29,182) 
 Total operating activities 8,916  32,993  (24,077) 
 Investing activities 35,438  (103,246) 138,684  
 Financing activities 32  783  (751) 
 Net change in cash and cash equivalents $44,386  $(69,470) $113,856  
Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities is comprised of two components: cash provided by operating earnings; and cash provided by (used in) changes in working capital. The net cash provided by operating activities, $8.9 million, was primarily driven by increased operating earnings, but reduced by increased working capital. Cash utilized in working capital primarily reflects the timing impacts of cash collections on receivables and settlement of payables, as described below.
The changes in certain operating assets and liabilities are as follows (dollars in thousands):
 Three Months ended March 31, 
 20202019Explanation of Change
(Increase) Decrease in:   
Accounts receivable $(31,823) $23,013  Receivables increase in 2020 is due to increase in prescription volume and timing of receivable collections. Receivables decreased in 2019 because of sequential decline in prescription volume, coupled with channel inventory reduction in first quarter 2019.
Inventories 2,210  (859) Decreased inventory due to increased product demand; timing of inventory production.
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets(454) (1,995) Timing differences related to deposits for equipment purchases in 2019 and prepaid clinical trial costs.
Increase (Decrease) in:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses and noncurrent liabilities(10,651) 868  Timing of vendor payments.
Accrued product returns and rebates 11,824  (18,863) Timing of rebate payments; increased provision for rebates due to growth in prescriptions; growth in Medicaid and managed care rebates; higher expenditures for patient co-pay programs; higher provision for returns in 2020; impact of channel inventory reduction in first quarter 2019.
Income taxes payable 6,654  4,856  Increased current tax provision due to higher taxable income.
Other(1,020) (1,098) Decreased employee-related costs.
 Total$(23,260) $5,922   
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Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $35.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $103.2 million for the same period in 2019. The change is primarily due to higher levels of purchases of marketable securities in 2019. These purchases reflect investment of excess cash in long term marketable securities.
Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 remained essentially unchanged as compared to the same period in 2019.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Refer to the “Contractual Obligations and Commitments” section in “Part II, Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Liquidity and Capital Resources” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, for a discussion of our contractual obligations.
On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into a Development and Option Agreement (Development Agreement) with Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Navitor). Under the terms of the Development Agreement, the Company and Navitor will jointly conduct a Phase II clinical program for NV-5138 in treatment-resistant depression. In addition, Navitor has granted the Company an exclusive option to license or acquire NV-5138 in all world territories, excluding Greater China, prior to initiation of a Phase III clinical program. In consideration of the rights granted under the Development Agreement, the Company will make a one time, non-refundable and non-creditable cash payment of $25 million to Navitor in the second quarter of 2020, comprised of an option fee of $10 million and $15 million for preferred equity shares, representing approximately 13% ownership in Navitor. The Company will also bear all development costs incurred up to a maximum of $50 million.

On April 28, 2020, the Company entered into a definitive Sales and Purchase Agreement with US WorldMeds Partners, LLC, pursuant to which the Company will purchase all of the outstanding equity of USWM Enterprises, LLC (USWM Enterprises), comprising the entire issued share capital of USWM Enterprises, for total consideration of $530 million, consisting of an upfront cash payment of $300 million and additional cash payments of up to $230 million upon the achievement of certain commercial milestones. With the acquisition, the Company will add three established, marketed products and a product candidate in late-stage development to its CNS portfolio. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2020, subject to certain conditions, including the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities. These would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or for other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are subject to certain risks that may affect our results of operations, cash flows and fair value of assets and liabilities, including market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital to fund operations and to facilitate business development activities. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant interest rate risk, liquidity risk or risk of default by investing in investment grade securities with maturities of four years or less. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Our exposure to market risk is confined to investments in cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and long term marketable securities. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and long term marketable securities of $935.6 million and $938.8 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash held at banks, certificates of deposit and money market funds, all of which have short-term maturities.
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Our marketable securities consist of investments in commercial paper, investment grade corporate debt securities and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities, all of which are reported at fair value. The fair value of our marketable securities is subject to change as a result of potential changes in market interest rates and liquidity conditions in the financial markets including volatility in trading prices resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition, we generally hold our marketable securities to maturity within four years. Because of the relatively short period that we hold our investments and because we generally hold these securities to maturity, we do not believe that an increase in interest rates would have significant impact on the realizable value of our investments.

In connection with the 2023 Notes, we have separately entered into Convertible Note Hedge Transactions and Warrant Transactions to reduce the potential dilution of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the 2023 Notes. Issuance of warrants was intended to partially offset the cost to purchase the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions.

We do not have any currency or other derivative financial instruments other than outstanding warrants to purchase common stock and the convertible note hedges.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The counterparties are various corporations, governmental institutions and financial institutions of high credit standing. Substantially all of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are maintained in U.S. government agency debt and debt of well-known, investment grade corporations. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of governmental insurance provided on such deposits. Generally,
these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, these bear minimal default risk.

Credit risk from our accounts receivable is related to our product sales. Three wholesale pharmaceutical distributors, AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc. and McKesson Corporation, each individually accounted for more than 20% of our total net product sales and accounts receivable, respectively. They also collectively accounted for more than 90% of our total net product sales and accounts receivable.

We monitor the financial performance and creditworthiness of our customers so that we can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. Weakness in economic conditions in the U.S., including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, can result in extended collection periods. We continue to monitor these conditions, including volatility of financial markets, and continually assess their possible impact on our business. To date, we have not experienced any significant losses with respect to the collection of our accounts receivable.

We may contract with CROs and investigational sites globally. Currently, we have only one ongoing trial, for SPN-817, outside the U.S. We do not hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, substantially all of our liabilities were denominated in the U.S. dollar.
Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and the cost of services provided by our vendors. We do not believe that inflation and changing prices over the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 had a significant impact on our condensed consolidated results of operations.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act has been appropriately recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Moreover, such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2020, the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2020.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, certain employees of the Company began working remotely in March 2020, but these changes to the working environment have not had a material impact on our internal controls over financial reporting. We are continually monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 situation for possible impact on our internal controls, in order to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time and in the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to various claims, charges and litigation. We may be required to file infringement claims against third parties for the infringement of our patents.

On May 14, 2020, the Company received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter from Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp advising Supernus of the submission by Apotex of an Abbreviated New Drug Application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking approval for oxcarbazepine extended-release tablets. The Company is currently reviewing the details of this Notice Letter and intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Oxtellar XR.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Any investment in our business involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes; the additional information in the other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission; and the risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. These risks may result in material harm to our business and our financial condition and results of operations. If a material, adverse event were to occur, the market price of our common stock may decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.
The risks described below reflect substantive changes from, or additions to, the risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The Company’s financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2020 and beyond may be materially and adversely affected by the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak.

The Company is currently following the recommendations of local and federal health authorities to minimize exposure risk for its various stakeholders, including employees. The full extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business and operating results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions required to contain COVID-19, or treat its impact, among others.

Although the Company currently continues to have uninterrupted wholesale and retail distribution of its products, and the Company does not anticipate a shortage of its commercial products due to COVID-19 at this time, disruptions may occur for the Company’s customers or suppliers that may materially affect the Company’s ability to obtain supplies or components for its products, manufacture additional product, or deliver inventory in a timely manner. This would result in lost sales, additional costs, penalties, or damage to the Company’s reputation.

Workforce limitations and travel restrictions resulting from related government actions taken to contain spread of the disease may impact many aspects of our business. If a significant percentage of our workforce is unable to work, including because of illness or travel or government restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 outbreak, our operations may be negatively impacted. As a result of government restrictions and social distancing guidelines in the United States, there is an increased reliance on working from home for our employees. For example, the Company’s sales force is currently functioning largely utilizing digital engagement tools, tactics and virtual detailing, which may be less effective than the Company’s ordinary course sales and marketing programs. In addition, patients may not be able to get their prescriptions, or visit their physicians which in turn could adversely impact the prescription volumes of our marketed products, Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. Similarly, investigative sites, subjects in clinical trials, and vendors that include our contract research organizations, may be
40

Table of Contents

subject to the same workforce limitations and travel restrictions. As a result, we may experience delays or disruptions in our preclinical studies, clinical studies, and non-clinical experiments due to unforeseen circumstances including but not limited to, interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site data monitoring, and interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures.

The Company may also experience other unknown impacts from COVID-19 that cannot be predicted. While there has been no specific notice of delay from the federal authorities, potential interruptions, delay or changes to the operations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration may impact the approval of SPN-812. We may also experience delays in receiving supplies of our product candidates from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns, stoppages, disruptions in delivery systems.

The Company may also require an increased level of working capital if it experiences extended billing and collection cycles as a result of displaced employees at the Company, payors, revenue cycle management contractors, or otherwise. In addition, the disease outbreak could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the U.S. economy and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect customers’ demand for our products and our ability to raise additional capital or obtain financing on favorable terms.

The Company may experience delays in receipt of financial information, which may preclude timely reporting of financial results to investors and to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Accordingly, disruptions to the Company’s business as a result of COVID-19 could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects in the near-term and beyond 2020.

While the Company has developed a comprehensive COVID-19 contingency plan designed to potentially address the challenges and risks presented by this pandemic, there can be no assurance that such plan will be effective in mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations and consequently the potential material adverse impact on our anticipated revenue, earnings and liquidity.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a)  Sales of Unregistered Securities.
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted options to employees to purchase an aggregate of 1,105,925 shares of common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $23.99 per share. Once vested, the options are exercisable for a period of ten years from the grant date. In addition, the Company granted restricted stock units of 26,055 shares at a weighted-average fair value grant date of $23.99 per share and performance stock units of 31,250 shares at a weighted-average fair value grant date of $23.70 per share. These issuances are exempt from registration in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving a public offering.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None
Item 5. Other Information
None
41

Table of Contents

Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:
31.1  Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).
31.2  Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).
32.1  Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2  Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101
The following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Cover Page, (ii) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets, (v) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Shareholders' Equity, (vi) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, tagged in summary and detail.
104
The cover page of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included with the Exhibit 101 attachments).
EXHIBIT INDEX
NumberDescription
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101
The following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Cover Page, (ii) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets, (v) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Shareholders' Equity, (vi) Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) the Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, tagged in summary and detail.



104
The cover page of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included with the Exhibit 101 attachments).


42

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
DATED: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Jack A. Khattar
Jack A. Khattar
President, Secretary and Chief Executive Officer
DATED: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Gregory S. Patrick
Gregory S. Patrick
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

43
Document

EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Jack A. Khattar, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Jack A. Khattar
Jack A. Khattar
President and Chief Executive Officer


Document

EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Gregory S. Patrick, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Gregory S. Patrick
Gregory S. Patrick
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer



Document

EXHIBIT 32.1
SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. sec. 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jack A. Khattar, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. sec. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Jack A. Khattar
Jack A. Khattar
President and Chief Executive Officer


Document

EXHIBIT 32.2
SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. sec. 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Gregory S. Patrick, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. sec. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: May 15, 2020By:/s/ Gregory S. Patrick
Gregory S. Patrick
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


v3.20.1
Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 - Summary of liability component of 2023 Notes (Details) - USD ($)
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Total carrying value $ 349,232,000 $ 345,170,000  
2023 Notes      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
2023 Notes 402,500,000 402,500,000 $ 402,500,000
Unamortized debt discount and deferred financing costs (53,268,000) (57,330,000)  
Total carrying value $ 349,232,000 $ 345,170,000  
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities    
Net earnings $ 21,518 $ 18,340
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:    
Share-based compensation expense 3,988 3,287
Depreciation and amortization 1,732 1,679
Amortization of premium/discount on marketable securities (451) (1,102)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount 4,061 3,848
Noncash interest expense 1,366 1,437
Noncash royalty revenue (1,567) (1,576)
Noncash operating lease cost 991 879
Deferred income tax benefit 538 279
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:    
Accounts receivable (31,823) 23,013
Inventories 2,210 (859)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (454) (1,799)
Other noncurrent assets 0 (196)
Accounts payable (7,017) 4,045
Accrued product returns and rebates 11,824 (18,863)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (3,634) (3,177)
Income taxes payable 6,654 4,856
Other liabilities (1,020) (1,098)
Net cash provided by operating activities 8,916 32,993
Cash flows from investing activities    
Purchases of marketable securities (15,382) (150,167)
Sales and maturities of marketable securities 53,357 47,143
Purchases of property and equipment (2,537) (221)
Deferred legal fees 0 (1)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 35,438 (103,246)
Cash flows from financing activities    
Proceeds from issuance of common stock 32 783
Net cash provided by financing activities 32 783
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 44,386 (69,470)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 181,381 192,248
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period 225,767 122,778
Supplemental cash flow information    
Cash paid for interest on convertible notes 1,258 1,258
Income taxes paid 324 800
Noncash investing and financing activities    
Deferred legal fees and fixed assets included in accounts payable and accrued expenses 708 250
Property and equipment additions from utilization of tenant improvement allowance $ 0 $ 282
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]    
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) $ 0.001 $ 0.001
Common stock shares authorized (in shares) 130,000,000 130,000,000
Common stock shares issued (in shares) 52,537,159 52,533,348
Common stock shares outstanding (in shares) 52,537,159 52,533,348
v3.20.1
Earnings per Share (Details) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Sep. 30, 2018
Mar. 31, 2018
Income per share        
Strike price of the warrant transactions (in dollars per share)     $ 80.9063 $ 80.9063
Common stock equivalents excluded in the calculation of diluted income per share (in shares) 3,034,099 608,948    
Numerator, dollars in thousands:        
Net earnings $ 21,518 $ 18,340    
Denominator:        
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic (in shares) 52,534,787 52,336,443    
Effect of dilutive securities:        
Stock options, PSU, RSU and SAR (in shares) 1,046,264 1,648,942    
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted (in shares) 53,581,051 53,985,385    
Earnings per share, basic (in dollars per share) $ 0.41 $ 0.35    
Earnings per share, diluted (in dollars per share) $ 0.40 $ 0.34    
2023 Notes        
Income per share        
Conversion price, per share of common stock (in dollars per share)     $ 59.33 $ 59.33
v3.20.1
Other Income (Expense) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]    
Interest income $ 5,777 $ 4,681
Interest expense (4,693) (4,710)
Interest expense on nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties (1,062) (1,160)
Total other income (expense) 22 (1,189)
Non-cash interest expense $ 4,061 $ 3,848
v3.20.1
Property and Equipment
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property and Equipment Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Lab equipment and furniture$11,538  $11,053  
Leasehold improvements14,974  14,217  
Software2,225  2,225  
Computer equipment2,013  1,839  
Construction-in-progress431  433  
31,181  29,767  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(13,170) (12,699) 
Total$18,011  $17,068  
Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As of March 31, 2020, there were no identified indicators of impairment.
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair value of an asset or liability represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

The Company reports assets and liabilities measured at fair value using a three level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company has the ability to access these prices as of the measurement date.

Level 1 assets include: cash held at banks; certificates of deposit; money market funds; investment grade corporate debt securities and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities.

Level 2—Level 2 securities are valued using third-party pricing sources that apply relevant inputs and data in their models to estimate fair value. Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices but that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates; yield curves); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, by correlation, or by other means (i.e., market corroborated inputs).

Level 2 assets include: investment grade corporate debt securities, U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities; other fixed income securities; and SERP (Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan) assets. The fair
value of the restricted marketable securities is recorded in Other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions. These are based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.

There were no level 3 assets as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Financial Assets
The Company’s financial assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2020 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at March 31,
2020
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$19,911  $19,911  $—  
Money market funds205,856  205,856  
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities174,939  —  174,939  
Municipal debt securities165  —  165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities524,683  255  524,428  
U.S. government agency debt securities10,029  —  10,029  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)342   334  
Total assets at fair value$935,925  $226,030  $709,895  

Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at December 31,
2019
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$78,912  $78,912  $—  
Money market funds102,469  102,469  —  
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities165,527  —  165,527  
Municipal debt securities165  —  165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities571,828  254  571,574  
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities19,945  —  19,945  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)418   415  
Total assets at fair value$939,264  $181,638  $757,626  
The carrying amounts of other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.
        Unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Corporate and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities
Amortized cost$710,072  $747,598  
Gross unrealized gains5,362  10,031  
Gross unrealized losses(5,618) (164) 
Total fair value$709,816  $757,465  
The contractual maturities of the unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
(unaudited)
Less than 1 year$175,104  
1 year to 2 years181,141  
2 years to 3 years199,207  
3 years to 4 years154,364  
Greater than 4 years—  
Total$709,816  
As of March 31, 2020, there was no impairment due to credit loss on any available-for-sale marketable securities.
Financial Liabilities
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value, (dollars in thousands):
March 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)
2023 Notes$349,232  $328,038  $345,170  $366,023  
The fair value is estimated based on actual trading information, as well as quoted prices provided by bond traders.
v3.20.1
Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Tax Expense
The following table provides information regarding the Company’s income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Income tax expense$7,516  $5,899  
Effective tax rate25.9 %24.3 %
The increases in income tax expense and the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in the prior year, are primarily attributable to higher income before taxes, increase in the number of states in which we owe taxes and an increase in non-deductible expenses.
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the U.S. economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the CARES Act provides sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the more significant provisions which are expected to impact the
Company’s financial statements include removal of certain limitations on utilization of net operating losses and increasing the ability to deduct interest expense, as well as amending certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

As of March 31, 2020, the Company expects that these provisions will not have a material impact as the Company does not have net operating losses that would fall under these provisions and does not expect interest expense to be limited. The ultimate impact of the CARES Act may differ from this estimate due to changes in interpretations and assumptions, guidance that may be issued and actions the Company may take in response to the CARES Act. The CARES Act is highly detailed and the Company will continue to assess the impact that various provisions will have on its business.
v3.20.1
Intangible Assets (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of gross carrying amount and related accumulated amortization of the intangible assets
The following sets forth the gross carrying amount and related accumulated amortization of the intangible assets (dollars in thousands):
Weighted-
Average Life
(Years)
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Capitalized patent defense costs
2.76 - 7.01 years
$43,375  $43,375  
Less accumulated amortization(19,796) (18,535) 
Total$23,579  $24,840  
v3.20.1
Income Taxes (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S Federal statutory income tax rate to the entity's effective income tax rate
The following table provides information regarding the Company’s income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Income tax expense$7,516  $5,899  
Effective tax rate25.9 %24.3 %
v3.20.1
Other Income (Expense)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other Income (Expense) Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Interest income$5,777  $4,681  
Interest expense(4,693) (4,710) 
Interest expense on nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties(1,062) (1,160) 
Total$22  $(1,189) 
Interest expense includes noncash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs and amortization of the debt discount on the 2023 Notes of $4.1 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
v3.20.1
Disaggregated Revenues (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]  
Summary of disaggregation of revenues by nature
The following table summarizes the disaggregation of revenues by nature, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Net product sales
Trokendi XR$68,551  $63,693  
Oxtellar XR23,939  19,406  
Total net product sales$92,490  $83,099  
Royalty revenues2,486  2,375  
Total revenues$94,976  $85,474  
v3.20.1
Disaggregated Revenues (Details) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Revenue Recognition    
Non-cash royalty revenue $ 1,567 $ 1,576
Net product sales (94,976) (85,474)
Net earnings (21,518) (18,340)
Trokendi XR    
Revenue Recognition    
Net product sales (68,551) $ (63,693)
Trokendi XR | Sales Returns    
Revenue Recognition    
Provision for product returns 8,000  
Net product sales 8,000  
Net earnings $ 5,900  
Earnings per basic and diluted share (in dollars per share) $ 0.11  
Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Trokendi XR    
Revenue Recognition    
Concentration risk percentage (more than) 74.00% 77.00%
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Revenue Recognition (Details)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
USD ($)
product
Revenue Recognition  
Sales return period prior to expiry date 6 months
Sales return period subsequent to expiry date 12 months
Number of commercial products | product 2
Maximum  
Revenue Recognition  
Product shelf life 48 months
License and collaboration agreements  
Revenue Recognition  
Guaranteed minimum amounts $ 0
Royalty revenue agreements  
Revenue Recognition  
Guaranteed minimum amounts $ 0
v3.20.1
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates    
Accrued product rebates $ 94,612 $ 88,811
Accrued product returns 24,841 18,818
Total $ 119,453 $ 107,629
v3.20.1
Leases - Lease Costs (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Operating leases cost    
Fixed lease cost $ 1,497 $ 1,032
Variable lease cost 627 465
Total operating lease cost $ 2,124 $ 1,497
v3.20.1
Inventories (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]    
Raw materials $ 4,331 $ 4,582
Work in process 8,221 11,428
Finished goods 11,866 10,618
Total inventories $ 24,418 $ 26,628
v3.20.1
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates  
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates Accrued Product Returns and Rebates
Accrued product returns and rebates consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued product rebates$94,612  $88,811  
Accrued product returns24,841  18,818  
Total$119,453  $107,629  
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Supernus Europe Ltd.; Biscayne Neurotherapeutics, Inc.; and Biscayne Neurotherapeutics Australia Pty Ltd. These are collectively referred to herein as “Supernus” or “the Company.” All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. As permitted under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP), certain notes and other information have been omitted from the interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Therefore, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC.
In management’s opinion, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s future quarterly or annual results.
The Company, which is primarily located in the United States (U.S.), operates in one operating segment.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates

The Company bases its estimates on: historical experience; various forecasts; information received from its service providers; information from other sources; and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from the Company’s estimates. The Company evaluates the methodologies employed in making its estimates on an ongoing basis.
Inventories
Inventories

Inventories, which are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, include materials, labor, direct costs and indirect costs. These are valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value. Expired inventory is disposed of, and the related costs are recognized as Cost of goods sold in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

Inventories Produced in Preparation of Product Launches
The Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches when future commercialization of a product is probable and when future economic benefit is expected to be realized. The determination to capitalize is based on the particular facts and circumstances relating to the product. Capitalization of such inventory begins when the Company determines that (i) positive results have been obtained for the clinical trials that are necessary to support regulatory approval; (ii) uncertainties regarding regulatory approval have been significantly reduced; and (iii) it is probable that these capitalized costs will provide future economic benefit in excess of capitalized costs.
In evaluating whether these conditions are met, the Company considers the following factors: the product candidate’s current status in the regulatory approval process; results from the related pivotal clinical trials; results from meetings with relevant regulatory agencies prior to the filing of regulatory applications; compilation of the regulatory applications; consequent acceptance by the regulatory body; potential impediments to the approval process, such as product safety or efficacy concerns, potential labeling restrictions, and other impediments; historical experience with manufacturing and commercializing similar products as well as the relevant product candidate; and the resilience of the Company’s manufacturing environment, including its supply chain, in determining logistical constraints that could hamper approval or commercialization. In assessing the economic benefit that the Company is likely to realize, the Company considers: the shelf life of the product in relation to the expected timeline for approval; patent related or contract issues that may prevent or delay commercialization; product stability data of all pre-approval production to determine whether there is adequate expected shelf life; viability of commercialization, taking into account competitive dynamics in the marketplace and market acceptance; anticipated future sales; and anticipated reimbursement strategies that may prevail with respect to the product, if approved.

In applying the lower of cost or net realizable value to pre-launch inventory, the Company estimates a range of likely commercial prices based on comparable commercial products and pre-launch discussions with managed care providers.

The Company could be required to write down previously capitalized costs related to pre-launch inventories upon a change in such judgment(s), due to, among other potential factors, a denial or significant delay of approval by regulatory bodies, a delay in commercialization, or other adverse factors.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue from Product Sales

The Company’s customers, who are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, purchase product to fulfill orders from retail pharmacy chains and independent pharmacies of varying size and purchasing power. The Company recognizes gross revenue when its products are physically received by its customers, upon shipment from a third party fulfillment center. Customers take control of our products, including title and ownership, upon physical receipt of our products at the customers' facilities. Customer orders are generally fulfilled within a few days of receipt, resulting in minimal order backlog. The Company does not adjust revenue for any financing effects, in transactions where the Company expects the period between the transfer of the goods or services and collection to be less than one year. There are no minimum product purchase requirements with customers.

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Product sales are recorded net of various forms of variable consideration, including: provision for estimated rebates; provision for estimated future product returns; and an estimated allowance for discounts. These are collectively considered "sales deductions."

As described below, variability in the net transaction price for the Company’s products arises primarily from the aforementioned sales deductions. Variable consideration on product sales is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Significant judgment is required in estimating certain sales deductions. In making these estimates, the Company considers: historical experience; product price increases; current contractual arrangements under applicable payor programs; unbilled claims; processing time lags; and inventory levels in the wholesale and retail distribution channel. The Company adjusts its estimates of revenue either when the most likely amount of consideration it expects to receive changes, or when the consideration becomes fixed.

If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates. These adjustments could materially affect net product sales and earnings in the period that such adjustments are recorded.
Sales Deductions
The Company records product sales net of the following sales deductions:
Rebates:  Rebates are discounts which the Company pays under either public sector or private sector health care programs. Public sector rebate programs encompass: various Medicaid drug rebate programs; Medicare gap coverage
programs; programs covering public health service institutions; and government entities. All federal employees and agencies purchase drugs under the Federal Supply Schedule. Private sector rebate programs include: contractual agreements with managed care providers, under which the Company pays fees to gain access to that provider’s patient drug formulary; and Company sponsored programs, under which the Company defrays or eliminates patient co-payment charges that the patient would otherwise be obligated to pay to their managed care provider in order to fill their prescription.
Rebates paid under public sector programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private sector rebates are generally contractually negotiated by the Company with managed care providers. Both types of rebates vary over time.

Rebates are owed upon dispensing our product to a patient; i.e., filling a prescription. The accrual balance for rebates consists of the following three components. First, because rebates are generally invoiced and paid quarterly in arrears, the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for prescriptions dispensed in the current quarter. Second, the accrual balance also includes an estimate for known or estimated prior quarters’ unpaid rebates, to cover prescriptions dispensed in past quarters, but for which no invoice has yet been received. Third, the accrual balance includes an estimate for rebates that will be prospectively owed, for prescriptions filled in future quarters. This pertains to product that has been sold by the Company to wholesalers or distributors, and which resides either as wholesaler/distributor inventory or as inventory held at pharmacies, but as of the end of the reporting period, this product has not been dispensed to a patient.

The Company’s estimates of expected rebate claims vary by program and by type of customer, because the period from the date at which the prescription is filled and the date at which the Company receives and pays the invoice varies substantially. For each of its products, the Company bases its estimates of expected rebate claims on multiple factors, including: historical levels of deductions; contractual terms with managed care providers; actual and anticipated changes in product price; prospective changes in managed care fee for service contracts; prospective changes in co-pay assistance programs; and anticipated changes in program utilization rates i.e., patient participation rates under each specific program. The Company records an estimated liability for rebates at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at the time of sale to wholesalers/distributors), and records this liability as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The sensitivity of the Company’s estimates varies by program and by type of customer. If actual rebates vary from estimated amounts, the Company will adjust the balances of such accrued rebates to reflect actual experience with respect to these programs. These adjustments could materially affect the estimated liability balance, net product sales and earnings in the period in which the adjustment(s) is made.

Returns:  Sales of the Company’s products are not subject to a general right of return. Product that has been used to fill patient prescriptions is no longer subject to any right of return. However, the Company will accept return of product that is damaged or defective when shipped from its third party fulfillment center.
The Company will accept return of expired product six months prior to and up to 12 months subsequent to the product’s expiry date. Expired or defective returned product cannot be re-sold and is therefore destroyed.

The Company records an estimated liability for product returns at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at time of sale) as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the liability for returns based primarily on the actual returns experience for its two commercial products.

Because the Company’s products have a shelf life of 48 months from date of manufacture, and because the Company accepts return of product up to 12 months post expiry, there is a significant time lag of several years between the time when the product is sold and the time when the Company issues credit on expired product. The Company’s returns policy generally permits product returns to be processed at current wholesaler price rather than at historical acquisition price. Hence, the Company’s estimated liability for product returns is affected by price increases taken subsequent to the date of sale.

When the Company adjusts its estimates for product returns, the adjustment affects the estimated liability, product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment. Those adjustments may be material to our financial results.
Sales discounts:  Distributors and wholesalers of the Company's pharmaceutical products are generally offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts for distributing our products. Distributor and wholesaler allowances and service fees arise from contractual agreements, and are estimated as a percentage of the price at which the Company sells product to them. In addition, distributors and wholesalers are offered a prompt pay discount for payment within a specified period. The Company accounts for these discounts at the time of sale, as a reduction to gross product sales, and records these discounts as a valuation allowance against Accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
License Revenues
License and Collaboration Agreements

The Company has entered into collaboration agreements to facilitate commercialization of both Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR outside of the U.S. Those agreements include the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license, and generally include an up-front license fee and ongoing milestone payments upon the achievement of certain specific events. These agreements may also require minimum royalty payments based on sales of products which use the applicable intellectual property.

Up-front license fees are recognized once the license has been executed between the Company and its licensee.

Milestones are a form of variable consideration that are recognized when either the underlying events have transpired (i.e., event-based milestone) or when the sales-based targets have been met by the collaborative partner (i.e., sales-based milestone). Both types of milestone payments are nonrefundable. The Company estimates the amount of the milestone to be included in the transaction price by using the most likely amount method. The Company includes in the transaction price some or all of the amount of variable consideration (i.e., the value of the associated milestone), but includes this only to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Assessing whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved requires management judgment, and may require assessing factors that are outside of the Company’s influence, such as: likelihood of regulatory success; availability of third party information; and expected time period until achievement of the event. These factors are evaluated based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Event-based milestones are recognized in the period that the related event, such as regulatory approval, occurs. Sales-based milestones are recognized as revenue only when the sales-based target is achieved.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to license and collaboration agreements.
Royalty Revenues

The Company recognizes noncash royalty revenue for amounts earned pursuant to its royalty agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation (United Therapeutics), based on estimated product sales by United Therapeutics (see Note 3). This agreement includes the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license. In 2014, the Company sold certain of these royalty rights to Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. (HC Royalty) (see Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies). Sales of Orenitram by United Therapeutics result in payments made by United Therapeutics to HC Royalty, in accordance with these agreements. Consequent to this agreement, the Company recorded a nonrecourse liability related to this transaction, and amortizes this amount as noncash royalty revenue.

The Company also recognizes noncash interest expense related to this liability, and accrues interest expense at an effective interest rate (see Note 16). The interest rate is determined based on projections of HC Royalty’s rate of return.

Royalty revenue also includes cash royalty amounts received from collaboration partners, including from Shire Plc (Shire, a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd), based on net product sales in the current period of Shire’s product, Mydayis. Royalty revenue is only recognized when the underlying product sale by Shire occurs. The Shire arrangement also includes Shire's right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to any of these royalty revenue agreements.
Research and Development Expense and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses Research and Development Expense and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. These expenses include: salaries, benefits and share-based compensation; contract research and development services provided by third parties; costs for conducting preclinical and clinical studies; cost of acquiring or manufacturing clinical trial materials; regulatory costs; facilities costs; depreciation expense and other allocated expenses; and license fees and milestone payments related to in-licensed products and technologies. Assets acquired that are used for research and development and that have no future alternative use are expensed as in-process research and development.

The Company estimates preclinical and clinical trial expenses based on services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical investigators, clinical research organizations (CROs) and other service providers that provide services on the Company’s behalf. In recording service fees, the Company estimates the cost of those services which have been performed on behalf of the Company during the current period, and compares those costs with the cumulative expenses recorded and cumulative payments made for such services. As appropriate, the Company accrues additional service fees, or defers nonrefundable advance payments, until the related services are performed. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company adjusts its accrued expenses, or its deferred advance payments, accordingly. If the Company subsequently determines that it no longer expects the services associated with a nonrefundable advance payment to be rendered, the remaining portion of that advance payment is charged to expense in the period in which such a determination is made.
Marketable Securities
Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of investments in: U.S. Treasury bills and notes; certificates of deposit; various U.S. governmental agency debt securities; corporate and municipal bonds; and other fixed income securities. The Company places all investments with governmental, industrial or financial institutions whose debt is rated as investment grade.

The Company classifies all available-for-sale marketable securities with maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date as non-current assets. The Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value.

Any unrealized holding gains or losses on debt securities are reported, net of any tax effects, as a component of other comprehensive earnings (loss) in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive earnings. Realized gains and losses are included in interest income, and are determined using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, using the allowance approach. Declines in fair value below amortized cost related to credit losses (i.e., impairment due to credit losses), if any, are included in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. A corresponding allowance is established. If the estimate of expected credit losses decreases in subsequent periods, the Company will reverse the credit losses through current period earnings, and adjust accordingly the allowance (see Note 2 - Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements).
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense over the service period using the straight-line method. Employee share-based compensation for stock options is measured based on estimated fair value as of the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, in calculating the fair value of option grants as of the grant date. The Company uses the following assumptions for estimating fair value of option grants:

Fair Value of Common Stock—The fair value of common stock underlying the option grants is determined based on observable market prices of the Company’s common stock.

Expected Volatility—Volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s share price has historically fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate (i.e., expected volatility) during a period. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began using the historical volatility of its common stock to measure expected volatility. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, volatility was estimated using the observed volatility of the common stock of several public entities of similar size, complexity, and stage of development, as well as taking into consideration the Company’s actual volatility since the Company’s IPO in 2012.
Dividend Yield—The Company has never declared or paid dividends, and has no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

Expected Term—This is the period of time during which options are expected to remain unexercised. Options have a maximum contractual term of ten years. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began estimating the average expected life of stock options using its historical experience. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, the Company determined the average expected life of stock options according to the “simplified method”, as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, which is the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—This is the observed U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week each option grant is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the option.

Expected Forfeiture Rate—Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

Compensation expense is recorded based on amortizing the fair market value as of the date of the grant over the implied service period. RSUs generally vest one year from the date of grant and are subject to continued service requirements.

Performance Stock Units (PSUs)

Performance-Based Awards

Compensation expense for performance-based awards is recognized based on amortizing the fair market value as of the grant date over the periods during which the achievement of the performance is probable. Performance-based PSU awards require certain performance targets to be achieved in order for these awards to vest. These awards vest on the date of achievement of the performance target.

Market-Based Awards
Compensation expense for market-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. Market-based PSU awards subject to market-based performance targets require achievement of the performance target in order for these units to vest. The Company estimates fair value as of the grant date and expected term using a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates option-pricing inputs covering the period from the grant date through the end of the derived requisite service period. The expected volatility as of grant date is estimated based historical daily volatility of the Company's common stock over the expected term of the award. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week the award is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the award.
Advertising Expense
Advertising Expense

Advertising expense includes the cost of promotional materials and activities, such as printed marketing materials, marketing programs and speaker programs. The cost of the Company's advertising efforts are expensed as incurred.
The Company incurred approximately $11.6 million and $9.9 million in advertising costs for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These expenses are recorded as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. When appropriate, valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in its consolidated financial statements when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be estimated as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities, based on full knowledge of the position and relevant facts. The Company's policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to income taxes as income tax expense in the relevant period.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) - The new standard, issued in July 2016, requires credit losses on financial assets to be measured as the net amount expected to be collected, rather than based on incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities, the new standard did not revise the definition of impairment; i.e., the investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its cost. It also did not revise the requirement under ASC 320, for an entity to recognize in net income only the impairment amount related to credit risk, and to recognize, in other comprehensive income, the noncredit impairment amount. The new standard made certain targeted changes to the impairment of available-for-sale debt securities, to eliminate the concept of "other than temporary" from the impairment model. Targeted changes to the impairment model included recognition of credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities using the allowance method, and limiting the allowance to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosure of credit risk associated with respective assets.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract - The new standard, issued in August 2018, aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or to obtain internal-use software. This includes hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license. This ASU also requires that the implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement, which includes reasonably certain renewals.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606 - The new standard, issued in November 2018, clarifies when transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement are within the scope of Topic 606.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-13, Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) - The new standard, issued in August 2018, improved the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes - The new standard, issued in December 2019, simplifies the accounting for income taxes. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted.
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2021.
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Fair value of financial instruments    
Impairment due to credit losses $ 0  
Recurring | Fair Value (Level 3)    
Fair value of financial instruments    
Total assets at fair value $ 0 $ 0
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Share-based Compensation (Details)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payments  
Maximum contractual term of share-based grants 10 years
RSUs  
Share-Based Payments  
Vesting period 1 year
v3.20.1
Leases - Leases Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Balance sheet information related to leases    
Lease assets $ 21,911 $ 21,279
Lease liabilities, current 3,456 2,825
Lease liabilities, long term 30,804 30,440
Total lease liabilities $ 34,260 $ 33,265
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 12 years 1 month 6 days 12 years 6 months
Weighted-average discount rate 4.30% 4.40%
v3.20.1
Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Receivables [Abstract]    
Allowance for expected sales discounts and allowances $ 10.3 $ 11.0
v3.20.1
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]    
Accrued clinical trial costs $ 11,224 $ 13,285
Accrued compensation 9,549 11,223
Accrued professional fees 4,706 3,936
Lease liabilities, current 3,456 2,825
Other accrued expenses 4,068 5,861
Total $ 33,003 $ 37,130
v3.20.1
Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 - Narrative (Details)
1 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
Mar. 31, 2020
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2019
USD ($)
Sep. 30, 2018
$ / shares
Notes payable        
Strike price of the warrant transactions (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 80.9063     $ 80.9063
2023 Notes        
Notes payable        
Interest rate 0.625%      
Effective interest rate 5.41%      
2023 Notes | $ $ 402,500,000 $ 402,500,000 $ 402,500,000  
Conversion rate for the notes (in shares per $1,000 principal amount) 0.0168545      
Conversion price, per share of common stock (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 59.33     $ 59.33
Convertible note hedge options issued (in shares) 402,500      
Common stock issued upon conversion of notes (in shares) 6,800,000      
Warrants issued (in shares) 6,783,939      
Number of shares per warrant entitled to holder (in shares) 1      
Conversion of debt to equity | $   $ 0 $ 0  
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder's Equity - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Total
Common Stock
Additional  Paid-in Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Loss)
Retained Earnings
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018   52,316,583      
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018 $ 453,023 $ 52 $ 369,637 $ (3,158) $ 86,492
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity          
Share-based compensation 3,287   3,287    
Exercise of stock options (in shares)   57,665      
Exercise of stock options 783   783    
Net earnings 18,340       18,340
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net of tax 4,585     4,585  
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019   52,374,248      
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019 480,018 $ 52 373,707 1,427 104,832
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019   52,533,348      
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019 595,428 $ 53 388,410 7,417 199,548
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity          
Share-based compensation 3,988   3,988    
Exercise of stock options (in shares)   3,811      
Exercise of stock options 32   32    
Net earnings 21,518       21,518
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net of tax (7,583)     (7,583)  
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020   52,537,159      
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020 $ 613,383 $ 53 $ 392,430 $ (166) $ 221,066
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 225,767 $ 181,381
Marketable securities 175,104 165,692
Accounts receivable, net 119,195 87,332
Inventories, net 24,418 26,628
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 12,564 11,611
Total current assets 557,048 472,644
Long term marketable securities 534,712 591,773
Property and equipment, net 18,011 17,068
Intangible assets, net 23,579 24,840
Lease assets 21,911 21,279
Deferred income taxes 34,067 32,063
Other assets 538 615
Total assets 1,189,866 1,160,282
Current liabilities    
Accounts payable 3,124 10,141
Accrued product returns and rebates 119,453 107,629
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 33,003 37,130
Income taxes payable 9,097 2,443
Nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties, current portion 3,658 3,244
Total current liabilities 168,335 160,587
Convertible notes, net 349,232 345,170
Nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties, long term 18,369 19,248
Lease liabilities, long term 30,804 30,440
Other liabilities 9,743 9,409
Total liabilities 576,483 564,854
Stockholders’ equity    
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 130,000,000 shares authorized; 52,537,159 and 52,533,348 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively 53 53
Additional paid-in capital 392,430 388,410
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax (166) 7,417
Retained earnings 221,066 199,548
Total stockholders’ equity 613,383 595,428
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,189,866 $ 1,160,282
v3.20.1
Share-Based Payments - Narrative (Details)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
$ / shares
shares
RSUs  
Share-Based Payments  
Granted (in shares) | shares 26,055
Weighted average fair value, grant date, (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 23.99
Performance-Based Awards  
Share-Based Payments  
Granted (in shares) | shares 15,625
Weighted average fair value, grant date, (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 23.99
Market-Based Awards  
Share-Based Payments  
Granted options (in shares) | shares 15,625
Weighted average fair value, grant date, options (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 23.41
v3.20.1
Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Sep. 30, 2014
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]      
Nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties, long term $ 18,369 $ 19,248 $ 30,000
v3.20.1
Disaggregated Revenues
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]  
Disaggregated Revenues Disaggregated Revenues
The following table summarizes the disaggregation of revenues by nature, (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Net product sales
Trokendi XR$68,551  $63,693  
Oxtellar XR23,939  19,406  
Total net product sales$92,490  $83,099  
Royalty revenues2,486  2,375  
Total revenues$94,976  $85,474  

Trokendi XR accounted for 74% and 77% of the Company’s total net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company recognized noncash royalty revenue of $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, consequent to the Company's agreement with HC Royalty (see Note 2).

The Company ceased production and distribution of all blister pack configurations for Trokendi XR in 2017. Subsequent to ceasing blister pack production and distribution in 2017, the observed rate of product return for all blister pack configurations of Trokendi XR steadily declined over time. This return rate trend was firmly established over a multi-year period. However, in the first quarter of 2020, the return rate for the final blister pack lots of Trokendi XR produced in 2017 exhibited a return rate significantly higher than had been experienced with all previous lots. The lots for which a higher return rate was observed are the last lots which were produced and distributed.
As a result, the Company changed its estimate of the provision for product returns, based on the most recent experience. This change in estimate resulted in an increase to the provision for product returns of $8.0 million, decreased net product sales of $8.0 million and decreased net earnings of $5.9 million, or $0.11 per basic and per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
v3.20.1
Earnings per Share
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Earnings per Share Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, including the dilutive effect of the Company’s stock option grants, SARs, RSUs, PSUs, warrants, employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) awards and the 2023 Notes, as determined per the treasury stock method.

Effect of Convertible Notes and Related Convertible Note Hedges and Warrants

In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company entered into Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions as described further in Note 5, Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023. The expected collective impact of the Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions is to reduce the potential dilution that may occur between the conversion price of $59.33 per share and the strike price of the warrants of $80.9063 per share.
The 2023 Notes and related Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions are excluded in the calculation of diluted EPS because inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Specifically, the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation excludes the additional shares related to the 2023 Notes and warrants, because the average price of the Company's common stock was less than the conversion price of the 2023 Notes of $59.33 per share, as well as less than the strike price of the warrants of $80.9063 per share. Prior to actual conversion, the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions are not considered in calculating diluted earnings per share, as their impact would be anti-dilutive.

In addition to the above described effect of the 2023 Notes and the related Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions, the Company also excluded the common stock equivalents of the following outstanding stock-based awards in the calculation of diluted EPS, because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Stock options, RSUs, PSUs3,034,099  608,948  

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Numerator, dollars in thousands:
Net earnings $21,518  $18,340  
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic52,534,787  52,336,443  
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options, PSU, RSU and SAR1,046,264  1,648,942  
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted53,581,051  53,985,385  
Earnings per share, basic$0.41  $0.35  
Earnings per share, diluted$0.40  $0.34  
v3.20.1
Inventories
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]  
Inventories Inventories
Inventories consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Raw materials$4,331  $4,582  
Work in process8,221  11,428  
Finished goods11,866  10,618  
Total$24,418  $26,628  

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not capitalize any pre-launch inventory costs.
v3.20.1
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]  
Schedule of accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued clinical trial costs (1)
$11,224  $13,285  
Accrued compensation9,549  11,223  
Accrued professional fees4,706  3,936  
Lease liabilities, current3,456  2,825  
Other accrued expenses4,068  5,861  
Total$33,003  $37,130  
_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes preclinical and all clinical trial-related costs.
v3.20.1
Leases (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Leases [Abstract]  
Schedule of balance sheet information related to leases
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Assets
Lease assets$21,911  $21,279  
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Lease liabilities, current$3,456  $2,825  
Non-current
Lease liabilities, long term30,804  30,440  
Total lease liabilities$34,260  $33,265  
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)12.112.5
Weighted-average discount rate4.3 %4.4 %
Schedule of lease costs and supplemental cash flow information
Operating lease costs are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Fixed lease cost$1,497  $1,032  
Variable lease cost627  465  
Total operating lease cost$2,124  $1,497  

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Cash paid for operating leases$1,261  $1,313  
Lease assets and tenant receivables obtained for new operating leases$1,715  $17,136  
Schedule of maturities of operating lease liabilities
Future minimum lease payments under noncancellable operating leases, as of March 31, 2020, are as follows (dollars in thousands, unaudited):
2020 (remaining)$3,672  
20214,760  
20224,226  
20232,537  
20242,587  
Thereafter26,784  
Total future minimum lease payments$44,566  
Less: Imputed interest (1)
(10,306) 
Present value of lease liabilities$34,260  
________________________________________________________________
(1) Calculated using the interest rate for each lease.
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of fair value of the financial assets and liabilities
The Company’s financial assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2020 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at March 31,
2020
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$19,911  $19,911  $—  
Money market funds205,856  205,856  
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities174,939  —  174,939  
Municipal debt securities165  —  165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities524,683  255  524,428  
U.S. government agency debt securities10,029  —  10,029  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)342   334  
Total assets at fair value$935,925  $226,030  $709,895  

Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 (unaudited)
Total Fair Value at December 31,
2019
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash$78,912  $78,912  $—  
Money market funds102,469  102,469  —  
Marketable securities
Corporate debt securities165,527  —  165,527  
Municipal debt securities165  —  165  
Long term marketable securities
Corporate debt securities571,828  254  571,574  
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities19,945  —  19,945  
Other noncurrent assets
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP)418   415  
Total assets at fair value$939,264  $181,638  $757,626  
Schedule of unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities Unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Corporate and U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities
Amortized cost$710,072  $747,598  
Gross unrealized gains5,362  10,031  
Gross unrealized losses(5,618) (164) 
Total fair value$709,816  $757,465  
Schedule of contractual maturities of the unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held
The contractual maturities of the unrestricted available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company are as follows, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
(unaudited)
Less than 1 year$175,104  
1 year to 2 years181,141  
2 years to 3 years199,207  
3 years to 4 years154,364  
Greater than 4 years—  
Total$709,816  
Schedule of financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value, (dollars in thousands):
March 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(unaudited)
Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)Carrying ValueFair Value (Level 2)
2023 Notes$349,232  $328,038  $345,170  $366,023  
v3.20.1
Intangible Assets
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets Intangible AssetsIntangible assets consist of patent defense costs, which are deferred legal fees incurred in conjunction with defending patents for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. The Company amortizes these costs over the useful life of the respective patents.
The following sets forth the gross carrying amount and related accumulated amortization of the intangible assets (dollars in thousands):
Weighted-
Average Life
(Years)
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Capitalized patent defense costs
2.76 - 7.01 years
$43,375  $43,375  
Less accumulated amortization(19,796) (18,535) 
Total$23,579  $24,840  
U.S. patents covering Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR will expire no earlier than 2027. As regards Trokendi XR, the Company entered into settlement agreements that allow third parties to enter the market by January 1, 2023, or earlier under certain circumstances. Amortization expense on intangible assets was approximately $1.3 million for both three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As of March 31, 2020, there were no identified indicators of impairment.
v3.20.1
Commitments and Contingencies
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]  
Commitments and Contingencies Commitments and Contingencies
Product Licenses

The Company has obtained exclusive licenses from third parties for proprietary rights to support the product candidates in the Company’s neurology and psychiatry portfolio. Under these license agreements, the Company may be required to pay certain amounts upon the achievement of defined milestones. If these products are ultimately commercialized, the Company is also obligated to pay royalties to third parties, as percentage of net product sales, for each respective product under a license agreement.

Royalty Agreement

In the third quarter of 2014, the Company received $30.0 million pursuant to a Royalty Interest Acquisition Agreement related to the purchase by HC Royalty of certain of the Company’s rights under the Company’s agreement with United Therapeutics, related to the commercialization of Orenitram (treprostinil) Extended-Release Tablets. Full ownership of the royalty rights will revert to the Company if and when a certain cumulative payment threshold is reached, per the terms of the agreement (see Note 2, Note 3 and Note 16).
v3.20.1
Leases - Supplemental Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Leases [Abstract]    
Cash paid for operating leases $ 1,261 $ 1,313
Lease assets and tenant receivables obtained for new operating leases $ 1,715 $ 17,136
v3.20.1
Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2019
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross $ 31,181   $ 29,767
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization (13,170)   (12,699)
Property and equipment, net 18,011   17,068
Depreciation and amortization expense 500 $ 400  
Lab equipment and furniture      
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross 11,538   11,053
Leasehold improvements      
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross 14,974   14,217
Software      
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross 2,225   2,225
Computer equipment      
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross 2,013   1,839
Construction-in-progress      
Property and equipment      
Property and equipment, gross $ 431   $ 433
v3.20.1
Disaggregated Revenues Summary of Revenues (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total revenues $ 94,976 $ 85,474
Trokendi XR    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total revenues 68,551 63,693
Oxtellar XR    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total revenues 23,939 19,406
Net product sales    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total revenues 92,490 83,099
Royalty revenues    
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]    
Total revenues $ 2,486 $ 2,375
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Basis of Presentation (Details)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
segment
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Number of operating segments 1
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Unrestricted Marketable Securities (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]    
Amortized cost $ 710,072 $ 747,598
Gross unrealized gains 5,362 10,031
Gross unrealized losses (5,618) (164)
Total fair value $ 709,816 $ 757,465
v3.20.1
Organization and Business
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Organization and Nature of Operations  
Organization and Business Organization and Business
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) was incorporated in Delaware and commenced operations in 2005. The Company is a pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The Company markets two products: Oxtellar XR for the treatment of epilepsy and Trokendi XR for the prophylaxis of migraine headache and the treatment of epilepsy. The Company is also developing multiple proprietary CNS product candidates to address significant unmet medical needs and market opportunities.

The Company launched Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR for the treatment of epilepsy in 2013, followed by the launch of Trokendi XR for the prophylaxis of migraine headache in adolescents and adults in 2017. The Company launched Oxtellar XR with an expanded indication to include monotherapy for partial seizures in January 2019.

COVID-19 Impact
The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business operations, and has assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2020. Since the situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic remains fluid, the long term duration, nature, and extent of the effects cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
v3.20.1
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]    
Income tax expense $ 7,516 $ 5,899
Effective tax rate 25.90% 24.30%
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Contractual Maturities (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]    
Less than 1 year $ 175,104  
1 year to 2 years 181,141  
2 years to 3 years 199,207  
3 years to 4 years 154,364  
Greater than 4 years 0  
Total $ 709,816 $ 757,465
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Revenues    
Total revenues $ 94,976 $ 85,474
Costs and expenses    
Cost of goods sold 4,152 3,684
Research and development 18,937 15,394
Selling, general and administrative 42,875 40,968
Total costs and expenses 65,964 60,046
Operating earnings 29,012 25,428
Other income (expense)    
Interest expense (5,755) (5,870)
Interest income, net 5,777 4,681
Total other income (expense) 22 (1,189)
Earnings before income taxes 29,034 24,239
Income tax expense 7,516 5,899
Net earnings $ 21,518 $ 18,340
Earnings per share    
Basic (in dollars per share) $ 0.41 $ 0.35
Diluted (in dollars per share) $ 0.40 $ 0.34
Weighted-average shares outstanding    
Basic (in shares) 52,534,787 52,336,443
Diluted (in shares) 53,581,051 53,985,385
Net product sales    
Revenues    
Total revenues $ 92,490 $ 83,099
Royalty revenues    
Revenues    
Total revenues $ 2,486 $ 2,375
v3.20.1
Share-Based Payments - Share-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Share-based payments    
Share-based compensation expense $ 3,988 $ 3,287
Research and development    
Share-based payments    
Share-based compensation expense 681 574
Selling, general and administrative    
Share-based payments    
Share-based compensation expense $ 3,307 $ 2,713
v3.20.1
Property and Equipment (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Schedule of property and equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Lab equipment and furniture$11,538  $11,053  
Leasehold improvements14,974  14,217  
Software2,225  2,225  
Computer equipment2,013  1,839  
Construction-in-progress431  433  
31,181  29,767  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(13,170) (12,699) 
Total$18,011  $17,068  
v3.20.1
Earnings per Share (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Schedule of common stock equivalents excluded in the calculation of diluted earnings per share
In addition to the above described effect of the 2023 Notes and the related Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions, the Company also excluded the common stock equivalents of the following outstanding stock-based awards in the calculation of diluted EPS, because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Stock options, RSUs, PSUs3,034,099  608,948  
Schedule of computation of basic and diluted earnings per share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Numerator, dollars in thousands:
Net earnings $21,518  $18,340  
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic52,534,787  52,336,443  
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options, PSU, RSU and SAR1,046,264  1,648,942  
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted53,581,051  53,985,385  
Earnings per share, basic$0.41  $0.35  
Earnings per share, diluted$0.40  $0.34  
v3.20.1
Other Income (Expense) (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Schedule of other income (expense)
Other income (expense) consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Interest income$5,777  $4,681  
Interest expense(4,693) (4,710) 
Interest expense on nonrecourse liability related to sale of future royalties(1,062) (1,160) 
Total$22  $(1,189) 
v3.20.1
Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023
The 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 (2023 Notes), which were issued in March 2018, bear interest at an annual rate of 0.625%, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2023 Notes will mature on April 1, 2023, unless earlier converted or repurchased by the Company. The Notes are being amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate of 5.41% over the contractual term of the 2023 Notes. The Company may not redeem the 2023 Notes at its option before maturity. The total principal amount of 2023 Notes is $402.5 million.
The 2023 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. The Indenture includes customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default upon which the 2023 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The Indenture does not contain any financial or operating covenants or restrictions on the payment of dividends, the issuance of other indebtedness, or the issuance or repurchase of securities by the Company.
The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at its election, based on the applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 16.8545 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $59.33 per share, and is subject to adjustment as specified in the Indenture. In the event of conversion, if converted in cash, the holders would forgo all future interest payments, any unpaid accrued interest, and the possibility of further stock price appreciation.
If a “make-whole fundamental change,” as defined in the Indenture, occurs, then the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time. If a “fundamental change,” as defined in the Indenture occurs, then noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their 2023 Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 2023 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.
Contemporaneous with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company also entered into separate privately negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (collectively, the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions) with each of the call spread counterparties. The Company issued 402,500 convertible note hedge options. In the event that shares or cash are deliverable to holders of the 2023 Notes upon conversion at limits defined in the Indenture, counterparties to the convertible note hedges will be required to deliver up to approximately 6.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock, or to pay cash to the Company in a similar amount as the value that the Company delivers to the holders of the 2023 Notes, based on a conversion price of $59.33 per share.
Concurrently with entering into the Convertible Note Hedge Transactions, the Company also entered into separate privately negotiated warrant transactions (collectively, the Warrant Transactions) with each of the call spread counterparties. The Company issued a total of 6,783,939 warrants. The warrants entitle the holder to one share per warrant. The strike price of the Warrant Transactions will initially be $80.9063 per share of the Company’s common stock, and is subject to adjustment.
The Convertible Note Hedge Transactions are expected to reduce the potential dilution of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the 2023 Notes, and/or offset any potential cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2023 Notes, as the case may be. The Warrant Transactions are intended to partially offset the cost to the Company of the purchased Convertible Note Hedge Transactions; however, the Warrant Transactions could have a dilutive effect with respect to the Company’s common stock to the extent that the market price per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the terms of the Warrant Transactions, exceeds the strike price of the warrants.
The liability component of the 2023 Notes consists of the following, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited) 
2023 Notes$402,500  $402,500  
Unamortized debt discount and deferred financing costs(53,268) (57,330) 
Total carrying value$349,232  $345,170  
No 2023 Notes were converted as of March 31, 2020
v3.20.1
Leases
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Leases [Abstract]  
Leases Leases
The Company has operating leases for its new headquarters office at 9715 Key West Ave, Rockville, MD; its former headquarters office and lab space at 1550 East Gude Drive in Rockville, MD; and for its fleet vehicles. The Company’s existing leases for its former headquarters office and lab space run through April 2020. With respect to the fleet vehicle leases, given the volume of individual leases involved in the overall arrangement, the Company applies a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease assets and liabilities.
New Headquarters Lease

The Company entered into a new lease agreement, effective January 31, 2019, with Advent Key West, LLC (Landlord), for its new headquarters office in Rockville, MD (Premises). The term of the new headquarters lease commenced on February 1, 2019 (the Commencement Date) and will continue until April 30, 2034, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the terms of the lease. The lease includes options to extend the lease for up to 10 years, beyond 2034. Fixed rent with respect to the Premises began on the Commencement Date. However, the Landlord agreed to a rent abatement from the Commencement Date through April 30, 2020.

The initial fixed rental rate is approximately $195,000 per month for the first 12 months, and will automatically increase by 2% on each anniversary of the Commencement Date. Under the terms of the Lease, the Company provided a security deposit of approximately $195,000, and be required to pay all utility charges for the Premises, in addition to its pro rata share of any operating expenses and real estate taxes.

The lease also provides for a tenant improvement allowance of approximately $10.2 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2019, the tenant improvement allowance was fully utilized and recorded as leasehold improvements within Property and equipment on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Assets
Lease assets$21,911  $21,279  
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Lease liabilities, current$3,456  $2,825  
Non-current
Lease liabilities, long term30,804  30,440  
Total lease liabilities$34,260  $33,265  
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)12.112.5
Weighted-average discount rate4.3 %4.4 %
Operating lease costs are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Fixed lease cost$1,497  $1,032  
Variable lease cost627  465  
Total operating lease cost$2,124  $1,497  

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Cash paid for operating leases$1,261  $1,313  
Lease assets and tenant receivables obtained for new operating leases$1,715  $17,136  

Future minimum lease payments under noncancellable operating leases, as of March 31, 2020, are as follows (dollars in thousands, unaudited):
2020 (remaining)$3,672  
20214,760  
20224,226  
20232,537  
20242,587  
Thereafter26,784  
Total future minimum lease payments$44,566  
Less: Imputed interest (1)
(10,306) 
Present value of lease liabilities$34,260  
________________________________________________________________
(1) Calculated using the interest rate for each lease.
v3.20.1
Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event
$ in Millions
Apr. 28, 2020
USD ($)
numberOfMarketProducts
numberOfProductsCandidates
Apr. 21, 2020
USD ($)
USWM Enterprises, LLC    
Subsequent Event [Line Items]    
Consideration transferred $ 530  
Upfront cash payment 300  
Additional cash payments upon milestone achievements $ 230  
Number of established marketed products | numberOfMarketProducts 3  
Number of product candidates | numberOfProductsCandidates 1  
Navitor | Development Agreement    
Subsequent Event [Line Items]    
Payments to acquire Series D Preferred Shares   $ 15
Payment for option issue fee   10
Upfront cash payment   25
Threshold for development costs payments   50
Navitor | Development Agreement | Minimum    
Subsequent Event [Line Items]    
Total potential payments   410
Navitor | Development Agreement | Maximum    
Subsequent Event [Line Items]    
Total potential payments   $ 475
Navitor | Development Agreement    
Subsequent Event [Line Items]    
Ownership percentage   13.00%
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Financial Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Fair value of financial instruments    
Carrying Value $ 349,232 $ 345,170
0.625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Fair value of financial instruments    
Carrying Value 349,232 345,170
Fair Value $ 328,038 $ 366,023
v3.20.1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]    
Net earnings $ 21,518 $ 18,340
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings    
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net of tax (7,583) 4,585
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings (7,583) 4,585
Comprehensive earnings $ 13,935 $ 22,925
v3.20.1
Cover Page - shares
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Apr. 29, 2020
Cover [Abstract]    
Document Type 10-Q  
Document Quarterly Report true  
Document Period End Date Mar. 31, 2020  
Document Transition Report false  
Entity File Number 001-35518  
Entity Registrant Name SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.  
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code DE  
Entity Tax Identification Number 20-2590184  
Entity Address, Address Line One 9715 Key West Avenue  
Entity Address, City or Town Rockville  
Entity Address, State or Province MD  
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 20850  
City Area Code 301  
Local Phone Number 838-2500  
Entity Current Reporting Status Yes  
Entity Interactive Data Current Yes  
Entity Filer Category Large Accelerated Filer  
Entity Small Business false  
Entity Emerging Growth Company false  
Entity Shell Company false  
Title of 12(b) Security Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share  
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   52,538,659
Trading Symbol SUPN  
Security Exchange Name NASDAQ  
Entity Central Index Key 0001356576  
Amendment Flag false  
Current Fiscal Year End Date --12-31  
Document Fiscal Year Focus 2020  
Document Fiscal Period Focus Q1  
v3.20.1
Share-Based Payments - Activity (Details) - Stock option and Stock Appreciation Rights - $ / shares
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Number of Options and SAR    
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares) 4,606,559  
Granted (in shares) 1,105,925  
Exercised (in shares) (3,811)  
Forfeited (in shares) (25,275)  
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares) 5,683,398 4,606,559
Vested and expected to vest (in shares) 5,683,398 4,606,559
Exercisable (in shares) 3,394,315 2,598,112
Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per share)    
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share) $ 23.05  
Granted (in dollars per share) 23.99  
Exercised (in dollars per share) 8.33  
Forfeited (in dollars per share) 28.12  
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share) 23.22 $ 23.05
Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share) 23.22 23.05
Exercisable (in dollars per share) $ 18.71 $ 15.68
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)    
Outstanding at the end of the period 7 years 29 days 6 years 7 months 28 days
Vested and expected to vest 7 years 29 days 6 years 7 months 28 days
Exercisable 5 years 9 months 5 years 5 months 23 days
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Supernus Europe Ltd.; Biscayne Neurotherapeutics, Inc.; and Biscayne Neurotherapeutics Australia Pty Ltd. These are collectively referred to herein as “Supernus” or “the Company.” All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. As permitted under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP), certain notes and other information have been omitted from the interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Therefore, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC.
In management’s opinion, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s future quarterly or annual results.
The Company, which is primarily located in the United States (U.S.), operates in one operating segment.
Use of Estimates

The Company bases its estimates on: historical experience; various forecasts; information received from its service providers; information from other sources; and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from the Company’s estimates. The Company evaluates the methodologies employed in making its estimates on an ongoing basis.

Inventories

Inventories, which are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, include materials, labor, direct costs and indirect costs. These are valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value. Expired inventory is disposed of, and the related costs are recognized as Cost of goods sold in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

Inventories Produced in Preparation of Product Launches
The Company capitalizes inventories produced in preparation for product launches when future commercialization of a product is probable and when future economic benefit is expected to be realized. The determination to capitalize is based on the particular facts and circumstances relating to the product. Capitalization of such inventory begins when the Company determines that (i) positive results have been obtained for the clinical trials that are necessary to support regulatory approval; (ii) uncertainties regarding regulatory approval have been significantly reduced; and (iii) it is probable that these capitalized costs will provide future economic benefit in excess of capitalized costs.
In evaluating whether these conditions are met, the Company considers the following factors: the product candidate’s current status in the regulatory approval process; results from the related pivotal clinical trials; results from meetings with relevant regulatory agencies prior to the filing of regulatory applications; compilation of the regulatory applications; consequent acceptance by the regulatory body; potential impediments to the approval process, such as product safety or efficacy concerns, potential labeling restrictions, and other impediments; historical experience with manufacturing and commercializing similar products as well as the relevant product candidate; and the resilience of the Company’s manufacturing environment, including its supply chain, in determining logistical constraints that could hamper approval or commercialization. In assessing the economic benefit that the Company is likely to realize, the Company considers: the shelf life of the product in relation to the expected timeline for approval; patent related or contract issues that may prevent or delay commercialization; product stability data of all pre-approval production to determine whether there is adequate expected shelf life; viability of commercialization, taking into account competitive dynamics in the marketplace and market acceptance; anticipated future sales; and anticipated reimbursement strategies that may prevail with respect to the product, if approved.

In applying the lower of cost or net realizable value to pre-launch inventory, the Company estimates a range of likely commercial prices based on comparable commercial products and pre-launch discussions with managed care providers.

The Company could be required to write down previously capitalized costs related to pre-launch inventories upon a change in such judgment(s), due to, among other potential factors, a denial or significant delay of approval by regulatory bodies, a delay in commercialization, or other adverse factors.

Revenue from Product Sales

The Company’s customers, who are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, purchase product to fulfill orders from retail pharmacy chains and independent pharmacies of varying size and purchasing power. The Company recognizes gross revenue when its products are physically received by its customers, upon shipment from a third party fulfillment center. Customers take control of our products, including title and ownership, upon physical receipt of our products at the customers' facilities. Customer orders are generally fulfilled within a few days of receipt, resulting in minimal order backlog. The Company does not adjust revenue for any financing effects, in transactions where the Company expects the period between the transfer of the goods or services and collection to be less than one year. There are no minimum product purchase requirements with customers.

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Product sales are recorded net of various forms of variable consideration, including: provision for estimated rebates; provision for estimated future product returns; and an estimated allowance for discounts. These are collectively considered "sales deductions."

As described below, variability in the net transaction price for the Company’s products arises primarily from the aforementioned sales deductions. Variable consideration on product sales is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Significant judgment is required in estimating certain sales deductions. In making these estimates, the Company considers: historical experience; product price increases; current contractual arrangements under applicable payor programs; unbilled claims; processing time lags; and inventory levels in the wholesale and retail distribution channel. The Company adjusts its estimates of revenue either when the most likely amount of consideration it expects to receive changes, or when the consideration becomes fixed.

If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, the Company adjusts these estimates. These adjustments could materially affect net product sales and earnings in the period that such adjustments are recorded.
Sales Deductions
The Company records product sales net of the following sales deductions:
Rebates:  Rebates are discounts which the Company pays under either public sector or private sector health care programs. Public sector rebate programs encompass: various Medicaid drug rebate programs; Medicare gap coverage
programs; programs covering public health service institutions; and government entities. All federal employees and agencies purchase drugs under the Federal Supply Schedule. Private sector rebate programs include: contractual agreements with managed care providers, under which the Company pays fees to gain access to that provider’s patient drug formulary; and Company sponsored programs, under which the Company defrays or eliminates patient co-payment charges that the patient would otherwise be obligated to pay to their managed care provider in order to fill their prescription.
Rebates paid under public sector programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private sector rebates are generally contractually negotiated by the Company with managed care providers. Both types of rebates vary over time.

Rebates are owed upon dispensing our product to a patient; i.e., filling a prescription. The accrual balance for rebates consists of the following three components. First, because rebates are generally invoiced and paid quarterly in arrears, the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for prescriptions dispensed in the current quarter. Second, the accrual balance also includes an estimate for known or estimated prior quarters’ unpaid rebates, to cover prescriptions dispensed in past quarters, but for which no invoice has yet been received. Third, the accrual balance includes an estimate for rebates that will be prospectively owed, for prescriptions filled in future quarters. This pertains to product that has been sold by the Company to wholesalers or distributors, and which resides either as wholesaler/distributor inventory or as inventory held at pharmacies, but as of the end of the reporting period, this product has not been dispensed to a patient.

The Company’s estimates of expected rebate claims vary by program and by type of customer, because the period from the date at which the prescription is filled and the date at which the Company receives and pays the invoice varies substantially. For each of its products, the Company bases its estimates of expected rebate claims on multiple factors, including: historical levels of deductions; contractual terms with managed care providers; actual and anticipated changes in product price; prospective changes in managed care fee for service contracts; prospective changes in co-pay assistance programs; and anticipated changes in program utilization rates i.e., patient participation rates under each specific program. The Company records an estimated liability for rebates at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at the time of sale to wholesalers/distributors), and records this liability as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The sensitivity of the Company’s estimates varies by program and by type of customer. If actual rebates vary from estimated amounts, the Company will adjust the balances of such accrued rebates to reflect actual experience with respect to these programs. These adjustments could materially affect the estimated liability balance, net product sales and earnings in the period in which the adjustment(s) is made.

Returns:  Sales of the Company’s products are not subject to a general right of return. Product that has been used to fill patient prescriptions is no longer subject to any right of return. However, the Company will accept return of product that is damaged or defective when shipped from its third party fulfillment center.
The Company will accept return of expired product six months prior to and up to 12 months subsequent to the product’s expiry date. Expired or defective returned product cannot be re-sold and is therefore destroyed.

The Company records an estimated liability for product returns at the time the customer takes title to the product (i.e., at time of sale) as a reduction to gross product sales. This liability is recorded as an increase in Accrued product returns and rebates, in current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the liability for returns based primarily on the actual returns experience for its two commercial products.

Because the Company’s products have a shelf life of 48 months from date of manufacture, and because the Company accepts return of product up to 12 months post expiry, there is a significant time lag of several years between the time when the product is sold and the time when the Company issues credit on expired product. The Company’s returns policy generally permits product returns to be processed at current wholesaler price rather than at historical acquisition price. Hence, the Company’s estimated liability for product returns is affected by price increases taken subsequent to the date of sale.

When the Company adjusts its estimates for product returns, the adjustment affects the estimated liability, product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment. Those adjustments may be material to our financial results.
Sales discounts:  Distributors and wholesalers of the Company's pharmaceutical products are generally offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts for distributing our products. Distributor and wholesaler allowances and service fees arise from contractual agreements, and are estimated as a percentage of the price at which the Company sells product to them. In addition, distributors and wholesalers are offered a prompt pay discount for payment within a specified period. The Company accounts for these discounts at the time of sale, as a reduction to gross product sales, and records these discounts as a valuation allowance against Accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
License Revenues
License and Collaboration Agreements

The Company has entered into collaboration agreements to facilitate commercialization of both Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR outside of the U.S. Those agreements include the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license, and generally include an up-front license fee and ongoing milestone payments upon the achievement of certain specific events. These agreements may also require minimum royalty payments based on sales of products which use the applicable intellectual property.

Up-front license fees are recognized once the license has been executed between the Company and its licensee.

Milestones are a form of variable consideration that are recognized when either the underlying events have transpired (i.e., event-based milestone) or when the sales-based targets have been met by the collaborative partner (i.e., sales-based milestone). Both types of milestone payments are nonrefundable. The Company estimates the amount of the milestone to be included in the transaction price by using the most likely amount method. The Company includes in the transaction price some or all of the amount of variable consideration (i.e., the value of the associated milestone), but includes this only to the extent that it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Assessing whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved requires management judgment, and may require assessing factors that are outside of the Company’s influence, such as: likelihood of regulatory success; availability of third party information; and expected time period until achievement of the event. These factors are evaluated based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Event-based milestones are recognized in the period that the related event, such as regulatory approval, occurs. Sales-based milestones are recognized as revenue only when the sales-based target is achieved.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to license and collaboration agreements.
Royalty Revenues

The Company recognizes noncash royalty revenue for amounts earned pursuant to its royalty agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation (United Therapeutics), based on estimated product sales by United Therapeutics (see Note 3). This agreement includes the right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license. In 2014, the Company sold certain of these royalty rights to Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. (HC Royalty) (see Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies). Sales of Orenitram by United Therapeutics result in payments made by United Therapeutics to HC Royalty, in accordance with these agreements. Consequent to this agreement, the Company recorded a nonrecourse liability related to this transaction, and amortizes this amount as noncash royalty revenue.

The Company also recognizes noncash interest expense related to this liability, and accrues interest expense at an effective interest rate (see Note 16). The interest rate is determined based on projections of HC Royalty’s rate of return.

Royalty revenue also includes cash royalty amounts received from collaboration partners, including from Shire Plc (Shire, a subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd), based on net product sales in the current period of Shire’s product, Mydayis. Royalty revenue is only recognized when the underlying product sale by Shire occurs. The Shire arrangement also includes Shire's right to use the Company’s intellectual property as a functional license.

There are no guaranteed minimum amounts owed to the Company related to any of these royalty revenue agreements.

Research and Development Expense and Related Accrued Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. These expenses include: salaries, benefits and share-based compensation; contract research and development services provided by third parties; costs for conducting preclinical and clinical studies; cost of acquiring or manufacturing clinical trial materials; regulatory costs; facilities costs; depreciation expense and other allocated expenses; and license fees and milestone payments related to in-licensed products and technologies. Assets acquired that are used for research and development and that have no future alternative use are expensed as in-process research and development.

The Company estimates preclinical and clinical trial expenses based on services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical investigators, clinical research organizations (CROs) and other service providers that provide services on the Company’s behalf. In recording service fees, the Company estimates the cost of those services which have been performed on behalf of the Company during the current period, and compares those costs with the cumulative expenses recorded and cumulative payments made for such services. As appropriate, the Company accrues additional service fees, or defers nonrefundable advance payments, until the related services are performed. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company adjusts its accrued expenses, or its deferred advance payments, accordingly. If the Company subsequently determines that it no longer expects the services associated with a nonrefundable advance payment to be rendered, the remaining portion of that advance payment is charged to expense in the period in which such a determination is made.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of investments in: U.S. Treasury bills and notes; certificates of deposit; various U.S. governmental agency debt securities; corporate and municipal bonds; and other fixed income securities. The Company places all investments with governmental, industrial or financial institutions whose debt is rated as investment grade.

The Company classifies all available-for-sale marketable securities with maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date as non-current assets. The Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value.

Any unrealized holding gains or losses on debt securities are reported, net of any tax effects, as a component of other comprehensive earnings (loss) in the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive earnings. Realized gains and losses are included in interest income, and are determined using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, using the allowance approach. Declines in fair value below amortized cost related to credit losses (i.e., impairment due to credit losses), if any, are included in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. A corresponding allowance is established. If the estimate of expected credit losses decreases in subsequent periods, the Company will reverse the credit losses through current period earnings, and adjust accordingly the allowance (see Note 2 - Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements).

Share-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense over the service period using the straight-line method. Employee share-based compensation for stock options is measured based on estimated fair value as of the grant date, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, in calculating the fair value of option grants as of the grant date. The Company uses the following assumptions for estimating fair value of option grants:

Fair Value of Common Stock—The fair value of common stock underlying the option grants is determined based on observable market prices of the Company’s common stock.

Expected Volatility—Volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s share price has historically fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate (i.e., expected volatility) during a period. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began using the historical volatility of its common stock to measure expected volatility. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, volatility was estimated using the observed volatility of the common stock of several public entities of similar size, complexity, and stage of development, as well as taking into consideration the Company’s actual volatility since the Company’s IPO in 2012.
Dividend Yield—The Company has never declared or paid dividends, and has no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

Expected Term—This is the period of time during which options are expected to remain unexercised. Options have a maximum contractual term of ten years. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company began estimating the average expected life of stock options using its historical experience. Prior to the first quarter of 2019, the Company determined the average expected life of stock options according to the “simplified method”, as described in Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, which is the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—This is the observed U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week each option grant is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the option.

Expected Forfeiture Rate—Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

Compensation expense is recorded based on amortizing the fair market value as of the date of the grant over the implied service period. RSUs generally vest one year from the date of grant and are subject to continued service requirements.

Performance Stock Units (PSUs)

Performance-Based Awards

Compensation expense for performance-based awards is recognized based on amortizing the fair market value as of the grant date over the periods during which the achievement of the performance is probable. Performance-based PSU awards require certain performance targets to be achieved in order for these awards to vest. These awards vest on the date of achievement of the performance target.

Market-Based Awards

Compensation expense for market-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. Market-based PSU awards subject to market-based performance targets require achievement of the performance target in order for these units to vest. The Company estimates fair value as of the grant date and expected term using a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates option-pricing inputs covering the period from the grant date through the end of the derived requisite service period. The expected volatility as of grant date is estimated based historical daily volatility of the Company's common stock over the expected term of the award. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Note rate, as of the week the award is issued, with a term that most closely resembles the expected term of the award.

Advertising Expense

Advertising expense includes the cost of promotional materials and activities, such as printed marketing materials, marketing programs and speaker programs. The cost of the Company's advertising efforts are expensed as incurred.
The Company incurred approximately $11.6 million and $9.9 million in advertising costs for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These expenses are recorded as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities, and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. When appropriate, valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in its consolidated financial statements when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be estimated as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities, based on full knowledge of the position and relevant facts. The Company's policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to income taxes as income tax expense in the relevant period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) - The new standard, issued in July 2016, requires credit losses on financial assets to be measured as the net amount expected to be collected, rather than based on incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities, the new standard did not revise the definition of impairment; i.e., the investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its cost. It also did not revise the requirement under ASC 320, for an entity to recognize in net income only the impairment amount related to credit risk, and to recognize, in other comprehensive income, the noncredit impairment amount. The new standard made certain targeted changes to the impairment of available-for-sale debt securities, to eliminate the concept of "other than temporary" from the impairment model. Targeted changes to the impairment model included recognition of credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities using the allowance method, and limiting the allowance to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosure of credit risk associated with respective assets.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract - The new standard, issued in August 2018, aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or to obtain internal-use software. This includes hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license. This ASU also requires that the implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement, which includes reasonably certain renewals.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606 - The new standard, issued in November 2018, clarifies when transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement are within the scope of Topic 606.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2018-13, Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) - The new standard, issued in August 2018, improved the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes - The new standard, issued in December 2019, simplifies the accounting for income taxes. This guidance will be effective on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted.
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2021.
v3.20.1
Leases - New Headquarters Lease (Details) - Advent Key West, LLC (Landlord)
$ in Thousands
Feb. 01, 2019
USD ($)
Leases  
Optional lease renewal term 10 years
Initial fixed monthly rental rate $ 195
Increase in fixed monthly rental payments 2.00%
Required security deposit $ 195
Tenant improvement allowance $ 10,200
v3.20.1
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Accrued Product Returns and Rebates  
Schedule of accrued product returns and rebates
Accrued product returns and rebates consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued product rebates$94,612  $88,811  
Accrued product returns24,841  18,818  
Total$119,453  $107,629  
v3.20.1
Inventories (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of inventories
Inventories consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Raw materials$4,331  $4,582  
Work in process8,221  11,428  
Finished goods11,866  10,618  
Total$24,418  $26,628  
v3.20.1
Share-Based Payments (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Schedule of share-based compensation expense
Share-based compensation expense is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Research and development$681  $574  
Selling, general and administrative3,307  2,713  
Total$3,988  $3,287  
Summary of stock options and SAR activities
The following table summarizes stock option and stock appreciation rights (SAR) activities:
Number of
Options
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
(per share)
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)
Outstanding, December 31, 20194,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Granted 1,105,925  $23.99  
Exercised (3,811) $8.33  
Forfeited (25,275) $28.12  
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 (unaudited)5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
As of December 31, 2019:
Vested and expected to vest4,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Exercisable2,598,112  $15.68  5.48
As of March 31, 2020:
Vested and expected to vest5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
Exercisable 3,394,315  $18.71  5.75
v3.20.1
Share-Based Payments
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-Based Payments Share-Based Payments
Share-based compensation expense is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months ended
March 31,
20202019
(unaudited)
Research and development$681  $574  
Selling, general and administrative3,307  2,713  
Total$3,988  $3,287  
Stock Option and Stock Appreciation Rights
The following table summarizes stock option and stock appreciation rights (SAR) activities:
Number of
Options
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
(per share)
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)
Outstanding, December 31, 20194,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Granted 1,105,925  $23.99  
Exercised (3,811) $8.33  
Forfeited (25,275) $28.12  
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 (unaudited)5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
As of December 31, 2019:
Vested and expected to vest4,606,559  $23.05  6.66
Exercisable2,598,112  $15.68  5.48
As of March 31, 2020:
Vested and expected to vest5,683,398  $23.22  7.08
Exercisable 3,394,315  $18.71  5.75

Restricted Stock Units

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 26,055 RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.99, which generally vest one year from the date of grant.

Performance Stock Units

Performance-Based Awards

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 15,625 performance-based awards, with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.99, which require certain performance targets to be achieved in order for these awards to vest. Vesting is subject to continued service requirements through the date that the achievement of the performance target is certified.
Market-Based Awards
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company granted 15,625 market-based awards, with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $23.41, which are subject to market-based performance targets in order for these awards to vest.
v3.20.1
Accounts Receivable
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Receivables [Abstract]  
Accounts Receivable Accounts ReceivableAs of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company recorded allowances of approximately $10.3 million and $11.0 million, respectively, for prompt pay discounts and contractual service fees paid to the Company’s customers.
v3.20.1
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]  
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited)
Accrued clinical trial costs (1)
$11,224  $13,285  
Accrued compensation9,549  11,223  
Accrued professional fees4,706  3,936  
Lease liabilities, current3,456  2,825  
Other accrued expenses4,068  5,861  
Total$33,003  $37,130  
_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes preclinical and all clinical trial-related costs.
v3.20.1
Subsequent Events
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Subsequent Events [Abstract]  
Subsequent Events Subsequent Events
Joint Development and Option Agreement with Navitor

On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into a Development and Option Agreement (Development Agreement) with Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Navitor). Under the terms of the Development Agreement, the Company and Navitor will jointly conduct a Phase II clinical program for NV-5138 in treatment-resistant depression. In addition, Navitor has granted the Company an exclusive option to license or acquire NV-5138 in all world territories, excluding Greater China, prior to initiation of a Phase III clinical program.

In consideration of the rights granted under the Development Agreement, the Company will acquire Series D Preferred Shares of Navitor for $15 million, representing approximately 13% ownership in Navitor. In addition, the Company will pay to Navitor a one time, non-refundable and non-creditable option issue fee of $10 million. Total payments, exclusive of royalty payments on net sales of NV-5138 and development costs under the Development Agreement, have the potential to reach $410 million to $475 million, which include the upfront cash payment of $25 million described above, an additional license or acquisition fee depending on whether the Company ultimately licenses or acquires NV-5138, and subsequent clinical, regulatory and sales milestone payments. The Company will bear all development costs incurred by either the Company or Navitor up to a maximum of $50 million. The Development Agreement provides Navitor an option to request that the Company pay certain development costs in excess of $50 million once expenses reach this threshold and grants the Company a right of first refusal to negotiate for rights to develop and commercialize any composition of matter that has a similar mechanism of action as NV-5138.

CNS Portfolio Acquisition from US WorldMeds

On April 28, 2020, the Company entered into a definitive Sales and Purchase Agreement with US WorldMeds Partners, LLC, pursuant to which the Company will purchase all of the outstanding equity of USWM Enterprises, LLC (USWM Enterprises), comprising the entire issued share capital of USWM Enterprises, for total consideration of $530 million, consisting of an upfront cash payment of $300 million and additional cash payments of up to $230 million upon the achievement of certain commercial milestones. With the acquisition, the Company will add three established, marketed products and one product candidate in late-stage development to its CNS portfolio. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2020, subject to certain conditions, including the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions.

Paragraph IV Filing for Oxtellar XR

On May 14, 2020, the Company received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter from Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp advising Supernus of the submission by Apotex of an Abbreviated New Drug Application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking approval for oxcarbazepine extended-release tablets. The Company is currently reviewing the details of this Notice Letter and intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Oxtellar XR.
v3.20.1
Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Summary of liability component of 2023 Notes
The liability component of the 2023 Notes consists of the following, (dollars in thousands):
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
(unaudited) 
2023 Notes$402,500  $402,500  
Unamortized debt discount and deferred financing costs(53,268) (57,330) 
Total carrying value$349,232  $345,170  
v3.20.1
Leases - Schedule of Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Operating leases    
2020 (remaining) $ 3,672  
2021 4,760  
2022 4,226  
2023 2,537  
2024 2,587  
Thereafter 26,784  
Total future minimum lease payments 44,566  
Less: Imputed interest (10,306)  
Present value of lease liabilities $ 34,260 $ 33,265
v3.20.1
Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2019
Intangible Assets      
Less accumulated amortization $ (19,796)   $ (18,535)
Total 23,579   24,840
Additional disclosures      
Amortization expense 1,300 $ 1,300  
Capitalized patent defense costs      
Intangible Assets      
Capitalized patent defense costs $ 43,375   $ 43,375
Capitalized patent defense costs | Minimum      
Intangible Assets      
Weighted- Average Life (Years) 2 years 9 months 3 days    
Capitalized patent defense costs | Maximum      
Intangible Assets      
Weighted- Average Life (Years) 7 years 3 days    
v3.20.1
Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Carrying Value (Details) - Recurring - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Other noncurrent assets    
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP) $ 8 $ 3
Total assets at fair value 226,030 181,638
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Other noncurrent assets    
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP) 334 415
Total assets at fair value 709,895 757,626
Total Fair Value    
Other noncurrent assets    
Marketable securities - restricted (SERP) 342 418
Total assets at fair value 935,925 939,264
Corporate debt securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 0 0
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 255 254
Corporate debt securities | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 174,939 165,527
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 524,428 571,574
Corporate debt securities | Total Fair Value    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 174,939 165,527
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 524,683 571,828
Municipal debt securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 0 0
Municipal debt securities | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 165 165
Municipal debt securities | Total Fair Value    
Marketable securities    
Marketable securities 165 165
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 0 0
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 10,029 19,945
U.S. government agency and municipal debt securities | Total Fair Value    
Long term marketable securities    
Long term marketable securities 10,029 19,945
Cash | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents 19,911 78,912
Cash | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents 0 0
Cash | Total Fair Value    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents 19,911 78,912
Money market funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents 205,856 102,469
Money market funds | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents 0
Money market funds | Total Fair Value    
Assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 205,856 $ 102,469
v3.20.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Advertising Expense (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Mar. 31, 2019
Selling, general and administrative    
Advertising Expense    
Advertising costs $ 11.6 $ 9.9
v3.20.1
Organization and Business (Details)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
product
Organization and Nature of Operations  
Number of commercial products 2