UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2019

OR

For the Transition Period From to

Commission File Number 001-36462

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc.

2600 McCormick Drive, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33759

(727) 362-7200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $398,540,308 on June 30, 2019, computed on the basis on the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.

As of March 9, 2020, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock was 28,926,048.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, provided that if such Proxy Statement is not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed no later than the end of such 120-day period.

HERITAGE INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019

Table of Contents

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: our core strategy and ability to fully execute our business plan; our growth, including by geographic expansion, new lines of business, additional policies and new products and services, competitive strengths, proprietary capabilities, processes and technology, results of operations and liquidity; statements concerning projections, predictions, expectations, estimates or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results and future economic performance; management’s efforts; statements of management’s goals and objectives, including intentions to pursue certain business and handling of certain claims; projections of revenue, earnings, capital structure, reserves and other financial items; assumptions underlying our critical accounting policies and estimates; assumptions underlying statements regarding us and our business; and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ. A detailed discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included throughout this filing and particularly in Item 1A: "Risk Factors" and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or publicly release any revision to any such forward-looking statement, except as may otherwise be required by law.

These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management’s beliefs and assumptions. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

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Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrences of anticipated events. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Consequently, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

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PART I

Our Business

Established in 2012, Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., (“we”, “our”, “us” and “Heritage Insurance”) is a super-regional property and casualty insurance holding company that primarily provides personal and commercial residential insurance through our insurance company subsidiaries (see Part II, Item 8, Note 25, "Geographical Information" for a breakdown of our in-force premiums and policies by state). We are vertically integrated and control or manage substantially all aspects of insurance underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting. We are led by an experienced senior management team with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience.

Our financial strength ratings are important to the Company in establishing our competitive position and can impact our ability to write policies. We are rated by both Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”) and Kroll Bond Rating Agency (“KBRA”). Demotech, a rating agency specializing in evaluating the financial stability of insurers, maintains a letter-scale financial stability rating system (“FSR”) from A’’ (A double prime) to L (licensed by insurance regulatory authorities). KBRA’s ratings assigned to insurance companies ranges from AAA (extremely strong operations to no risk) to R (operating under regulatory supervision).

Demotech and KBRA have assigned the following insurance financial strength ratings (“IFSR”) to our key operating subsidiaries. Additionally, KBRA has assigned an investment grade issuer rating to us. The outlook for all ratings is stable.

Our operating subsidiaries include: Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance as well as an artisan contractor (commercial general liability) insurance; Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”), which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance; Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance; Zephyr, which provides residential wind-only property and multi-peril property insurance within the State of Hawaii; Osprey Re Ltd. (“Osprey”), our captive reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Heritage MGA, LLC, our managing general agent; NBIC Service Company, which provides services to NBIC; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC (“CAN”), our vendor network manager for claims and provider of restoration, emergency and recovery services; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; and First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency and reinsurance intermediary.

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The following chart depicts our organizational structure:

Our Company

Our primary products are personal and commercial residential property insurance. As of December 31, 2019, our personal residential products were offered in twelve states and our commercial residential products were offered in two of those states, Florida and New Jersey (see Part II, Item 8, Note 25, "Geographical Information" for a breakdown of our in-force premiums and policies by state). Additionally, Heritage P&C, is authorized in Alabama, Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, but has not commenced writing business in those states as of December 31, 2019.

We conduct our operations under one business segment.

As of December 31, 2019, we had 522,442 personal residential policies in force, representing $861.2 million of annualized premium, 2,533 commercial residential policies in force, representing $73.2 million of annualized premium, and 6,970 commercial general liability policies in force, representing $6.2 million of annualized premium, for a total number of policies and annualized premium of 531,945 and $940.6 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we had gross premiums written of $937.9 million, $923.3 million, and $625.6 million, respectively and operating income of $49.6 million, $69.5 million, and $49.5 million respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had total assets of $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, and total stockholders’ equity of $448.8 million and $425.3 million, respectively.

Our Strategy

Our strategy is to grow and geographically diversify our property insurance operations to achieve consistent positive results for our shareholders, while mitigating risk from a single or series of catastrophic weather events. We believe this diversification also increases our supply of risk transfer partners and optimizes reinsurance pricing. We began insurance operations in Florida through selective assumptions of business from Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”), Florida’s governmental insurer of last resort, following which we added voluntary distribution and, through a combination of mergers and acquisitions as well as organic growth, expanded into additional states. We have also added commercial residential and artisan contractor (commercial general liability) insurance to our product portfolio. We intend to continue to grow profitably by undertaking the following:

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Improve the Profitability of our Florida Portfolio

While we have significantly expanded our Florida marketing efforts exclusive of South Florida, our goal is to improve the profitability of our Florida personal lines business through disciplined underwriting. Due largely to high property insurance litigation rates in Florida, claim frequency and severity for certain perils has increased over the last several years. We have taken underwriting and rate actions to improve the profitability of our Florida business. Our total insured value for personal lines business in Dade and Broward counties decreased by 32.2% from 2017-2019.

Optimize Our Reinsurance Program

We continue to strategically evaluate our reinsurance program to obtain what we believe to be the most appropriate levels and sources of reinsurance. Our reinsurance program includes excess loss, quota share, per risk and facultative coverage. We believe there is sufficient capital to support our reinsurance program and that we have an opportunity to obtain favorable pricing and contract terms and conditions, including multi-year commitments on our catastrophe bond program. We entered into fully collateralized multi-year catastrophe reinsurance agreements funded through the issuance of catastrophe bonds by Citrus Re in years 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. We will continue to evaluate cost-efficient alternatives to traditional reinsurance. Each year we evaluate whether to meet a portion of our reinsurance needs through the use of our reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey, which helps to manage our reinsurance expense and reduces our reliance on third-party reinsurance. Osprey Re did not absorb any losses from Hurricane Irma because we used third party reinsurers to cover catastrophe losses beyond the insurance companies’ retentions for the 2017 hurricane season. During 2019 and 2018, Osprey Re absorbed approximately $16 million and $20 million, respectively, of combined losses from catastrophic and non-catastrophic weather related events.

Efficiently Manage Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

We are committed to proactively managing our loss costs through prudent underwriting and in-source critical aspects of claims adjusting and repair services. While CAN’s initial operations were in Florida only, it has expanded to our northeastern and southeastern states and Hawaii. We have additional contracted claims adjusting and loss mitigation resources in all states in which we conduct business and have deployed those additional resources as needed after catastrophic events. We believe our significant internal and external resources allow us to deliver timely service to our policyholders and better manage claims costs.

Develop IT Solutions to More Effectively Service our Customers

We continuously work to enhance our technology in order to better serve our agents and policyholders, streamline our processes, and improve efficiency.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that our growth to date and our ability to capitalize on our future growth prospects are a result of the following competitive strengths of our business:

Experienced Management Team With a Long History in the Residential Property Insurance Market

We have an experienced executive management team led by Bruce Lucas, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Richard Widdicombe, President, Kirk Lusk, Chief Financial Officer and Ernesto Garateix, Chief Operating Officer. Our senior management team includes twelve insurance professionals, with 25 years of average insurance industry experience and longstanding relationships with key industry participants.

Strong, Conservative Capital Structure

As of December 31, 2019, we had stockholders’ equity of $448.8 million and Heritage P&C, NBIC, and Zephyr, had policyholder surplus, as defined by statutory accounting principles, of $158.6 million, $102.2 million, and $86.8 million, respectively. The surplus for each of our insurance subsidiaries is in excess of the minimum capital levels required by our insurance regulators and Demotech.

Selective Underwriting and Policy Acquisition Criteria

We believe our proprietary data analytics capabilities and underwriting processes allow us to make better risk selections leading to profitability and high levels of policy retention. Our data analytics are embedded in the underwriting process and are used for strategic expansion into new product lines and states.

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Unique Claims Servicing Model and Superior Customer Service

We believe that the vertical integration of our claims adjusting, water mitigation, and repair services provides us with a competitive advantage. Through our management of both claims adjusting and repair services, we are generally able to begin the adjustment and mitigation process in a timely manner, benefitting loss costs. We also believe our unique model provides a superior level of customer service for our policyholders, enhancing our reputation and increasing the likelihood that our policyholders will renew their policies with us.

Relationships with Highly Rated Reinsurers

We manage our exposure to catastrophic events through, among other things, the purchase of reinsurance. Our relationships with highly rated reinsurers have been developed as a result of our management team’s industry experience and our reputation for selective underwriting and effective claims management. Our financial strength, underwriting results and the long-term relationships between our management team and our reinsurance partners help improve the cost-effectiveness of our reinsurance program.

Relationships with Independent Agents and National Underwriters

We have developed relationships with a large network of independent insurance agents. We have partnerships with certain large retail agencies which amplify our production. We believe we have been able to build this network due to our financial stability, disciplined underwriting, claims and mitigation capabilities, customer service, and robust reinsurance program. We have forged strategic relationships with national insurers and agencies that provides us access to their agent and production networks.

Our Competition

The market for residential property insurance is highly competitive in the states in which we conduct business. We compete to varying degrees with insurers including large national carriers, state-sponsored homeowners’ insurance entities, and single state or regional carriers. We believe Heritage differentiates itself from many competitors with our service levels, financial resources, streamlined processes, and vertical integration of loss mitigation and repair services.

Products, Distribution, and Catastrophe Loss Management

Heritage P&C writes voluntary personal insurance policies through a network of independent agents in each of the states in which it is licensed. We have more than 2,400 actively writing independent agents in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Approximately 27.0% of our new premium is written by agents that are affiliated with eight large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements. We market and write commercial residential policies through a network of approximately 400 independent agents in Florida. Additionally, we have expanded our commercial residential product to New Jersey, and we intend to expand to other strategically targeted states.

NBIC writes personal lines policies through a network of retail independent agents, wholesale agents and a partnership with a large direct agency. We maintain master agency agreements with approximately 225 retail independent agents, representing over 600 agency locations, including several large agency networks. We also distribute indirectly to over 1,500 retail locations through 8 wholesale agency relationships. Our three largest independent agency relationships represent approximately $70.0 million, or 19.5% annualized premiums.

Zephyr writes personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of approximately 70 independent agencies in Hawaii. Approximately 52.0% of our voluntary premium is written by agents that are affiliated with three large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements.

In order to limit our potential exposure to individual risks and catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers. Purchasing reinsurance is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums ceded to reinsurers is one of our largest costs. We have strong relationships with reinsurers, which we attribute to our management’s industry experience, disciplined underwriting, and claims management capabilities. For each of the twelve months beginning June 1, 2018 and 2019, we purchased reinsurance from the following sources: (i) the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, a state-mandated catastrophe fund (“FHCF”) for Florida policies only, (ii) private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) or were fully collateralized, (iii) sponsorship of multiple catastrophe bonds that provide principal limit, which does not include reinstatements, that can be drawn upon over a three year period, and (iv) our wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey. In addition to purchasing excess of loss catastrophe reinsurance, we also purchased quota share, property per risk and facultative reinsurance. Our quota share programs limit our exposure on catastrophe and non-catastrophe losses and provides ceding commission income. Our per risk program limits our net exposure in the event of a severe non-catastrophe loss impacting a single location or risk. We also utilize facultative reinsurance to supplement our per risk reinsurance program where our capacity needs dictate. See “-Reinsurance – 2019 – 2020 Reinsurance Program” of this report for additional information.

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Our insurance regulators and ratings agency require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital reserves and reinsurance coverage to cover losses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our reinsurance programs provide reinsurance in excess of regulatory requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year.

We closely manage all aspects of our claim’s adjustment process. Claims are initially reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who determine the extent of the loss and the resources needed to adjust each claim. In the case of a catastrophic event, we have contracted with multiple large national claims adjusting firms to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. Our CAN subsidiary performs both catastrophe and non-catastrophe related services. We deployed our extensive resources at CAN to perform emergency claim services and repairs in the aftermath of Hurricanes Irma, Florence and Michael. Our CAN network has been expanded to other states in which we conduct business. We believe our approach to claims handling results in a higher level of customer service and reduces our losses and loss adjustment expense.

Seasonality of our Business

Our insurance business is seasonal; hurricanes typically occur during the period from June 1 through November 30 and winter storms generally impact the first and fourth quarters. Because our catastrophe reinsurance program incepts on June 1 annually, any variation in the cost of our reinsurance, whether due to changes to reinsurance rates or changes in the total insured value of our policy base, will be incurred over the twelve month period beginning with that date subject to certain adjustments.

Our Market

The following charts depict the distribution of our in-force premium as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Underwriting

Our underwriters evaluate and accept only those risks that they believe will enable us to achieve an underwriting profit. To achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis, we focus on (1) the suitability of the risk to be assumed or written, (2) the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written and (3) the geographic distribution of existing risk relative to the risk to be assumed or written.

All of our underwriting is performed internally. The underwriting team includes actuarial staff, underwriters, our risk management team, and product development personnel. Our underwriting team leverages our proprietary data analytics, which include a number of automated processes, to analyze a number of risk evaluation factors, including the age, construction, location and value of the residence as well as premiums to be received from insuring the residence. New technological advances in computer generated geographical mapping afford us an enhanced perspective as to geographic concentrations of policyholders. When considering the geographic distribution of existing policies, our underwriters may consider the number of other properties we insure within the same region, county, city and zip code. We also consider the cost of reinsurance when assessing the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written. The underwriting criteria that we consider will continue to evolve as our business grows.

We also review our expiring policies to determine if those risks continue to meet our underwriting guidelines. If a given policy no longer meets our criteria, we will take appropriate action, including raising premium rates, or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, not offering to renew the policy.

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Policy Administration

We have engaged providers of web-based software solutions and insurance personnel, to provide us with policy administration services for our business, including processing, billing and policy maintenance. The software is able to adapt to a variety of forms and rates, handle the administration of an increasing number of policies as our Company grows and expands, and provide detailed information about our book of business to our internal underwriters so that they can adjust our underwriting criteria as necessary. The software provides us with daily updates regarding the insurance policies that we have issued. The systems also allow us to provide renewal notices, late payment notices, cancellation notices, endorsements and policies to our customers on a timely basis.

Claims Administration

We closely manage all aspects of the claims process, from processing the initial claim submission to providing remediation services for claims through our wholly-owned subsidiary, CAN, or preferred vendors. When a policyholder contacts us to report a claim, members of our claims department create a claim file and aggregate the appropriate supporting documentation. Claims are then reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who assess the extent of the loss, which may include a thorough on-site investigations, and determine the resources needed to adjust each claim. Our claims are generally adjusted by our staff claims professionals, except in the case of a catastrophic event for which we have contracted with several large national claims adjusting firms and experienced independent contractors to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. We currently leverage our CAN vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to our policyholders.

We perform or supervise the services rendered to our policyholders at all stages of the claims process, which we believe allows us to reduce cost and provide a high level of customer service to our policyholders. We have in-house resources as well as outsourced vendor relationships for water mitigation and rebuilding after a loss. To encourage our Florida policyholders to allow us to manage their claims from beginning to end, we developed the Platinum Program, which provides participating customers with a 10% discount on their claim deductible, and we gives us control over inspection, claims adjusting and repair services.

Liability For Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Our liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses represents our preliminary estimated liability of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid (case reserves), (ii) claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to us (“IBNR”), and (iii) loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) which are intended to cover the ultimate cost of settling claims, including investigation and defense of lawsuits resulting from such claims.

Considerable time can pass between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss and the payment of that loss. Our liability for losses and LAE, which we believe represents the best estimate at a given point in time based on facts, circumstances and historical trends then known, may necessarily be adjusted to reflect additional facts that become available during the loss settlement period. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, evolving claims experience and new information obtained.

For a discussion and summary of the activity in the liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, see Note 13 — “Reserve for Unpaid Losses” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Technology

Our business depends upon the use, development and implementation of integrated technology systems. These systems enable us to provide a high level of service to agents and policyholders by processing business efficiently, communicating and sharing data with agents, providing a variety of methods for the payment of premiums and allowing for the accumulation and analysis of information for our management. We believe the availability and use of these technology systems has resulted in improved service to agents and customers, increased efficiencies in processing our multi-state insurance business and lower operating costs.

We license policy and claims administration and catastrophe modeling software from third parties. We also own, or license other technology systems used by our insurance company affiliates. These technology systems consist primarily of an integrated central processing computer, a series of server-based computer networks, a back-up server and various Internet-based communications systems.

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Reinsurance

2019-2020 Reinsurance Programs

In order to limit our potential exposure to catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers and have sponsored catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re. The catastrophe reinsurance may be on an excess of loss or quota share basis. We also purchase reinsurance for non-catastrophe losses on a quota share, per risk or facultative basis. Purchasing a sufficient amount of reinsurance to cover catastrophic losses from single or multiple events or significant non-catastrophe losses is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums ceded to reinsurers is one of our largest costs. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss.

Our reinsurance agreements are prospective contracts. We record an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of our new reinsurance agreements. We generally amortize our catastrophe reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period beginning on June 1 on a straight-line basis. Our quota share reinsurance is amortized over the 12-month contract period and may be purchased on a calendar or fiscal year basis.

In the event that we incur losses and loss adjustment expenses recoverable under our reinsurance program, we record amounts recoverable from our reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of our liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to our estimate of unpaid losses. As a result, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly in the near term from the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements.

Our insurance regulators require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital and reinsurance coverage in order to cover losses and loss adjustment expenses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our 2019-2020 reinsurance program provides reinsurance in excess of our state regulator requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once in every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. The nature, severity and location of the event giving rise to such a probable maximum loss differs for each insurer depending on the insurer’s portfolio of insured risks, including, among other things, the geographic concentration of insured value within such portfolio. As a result, a particular catastrophic event could be a one-in-100-year loss event for one insurance company while having a greater or lesser probability of occurrence for another insurance company. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year. We share portions of our reinsurance program coverage among our insurance company affiliates.

Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance

Effective June 1, 2019, we entered into catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance agreements covering Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”) and Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”). The catastrophe reinsurance programs are allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”), the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”) and Osprey Re Ltd, our captive reinsurer. The FHCF covers Florida risks only and we participate at 90%. Our third-party reinsurers are either rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or are fully collateralized, to reduce credit risk.

The reinsurance program, which is segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The 2019-2020 reinsurance program provides first event coverage up to $1.5 billion for Heritage P&C, first event coverage up to $708.0 million for Zephyr, and first event coverage up to $936.0 million for NBIC. Our first event retention for each insurance company subsidiary follows: Heritage P&C - $20.0 million; Zephyr - $20.0 million; NBIC – $13.8 million.

Our program was placed on a cascading basis which provides greater horizontal protection in a multiple small events scenario and features additional coverage enhancements. This coverage exceeds the requirements established by the ratings agency of our insurance company affiliates, Demotech, Inc., the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, the Hawaii Insurance Division, and the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation.

We are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our reinsurance program. For second or subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $2.6 billion of limit purchased in 2019 includes reinstatement through the purchase of reinstatement premium protection. In total, we have purchased $2.6 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events.

The Company's estimated net cost for the 2019-2020 catastrophe reinsurance programs is approximately $249.2 million.

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Gross Quota Share Reinsurance

NBIC did not enter into a gross quota share reinsurance program for its fiscal year beginning June 1, 2019. For its previous fiscal year, NBIC purchased an 8% gross quota share reinsurance treaty effective June 1, 2018 which provided ground up loss recoveries of up to $1.0 billion.

Net Quota Share Reinsurance

NBIC’s Net Quota Share coverage is proportional reinsurance for which certain of our other reinsurance inures to the quota share (property catastrophe excess of loss and reinstatement premium protection and the second layer of the general excess of loss). An occurrence limit of $20.0 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of ceding commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. The Net Quota Share program was renewed on December 31, 2019 ceding 56% of the net premiums and losses and 5% of the prior year quota share will run off.

Aggregate Coverage

A $931.0 million of limit is structured on an aggregate basis (Top and Aggregate, Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4, Layer 5, Stub layers, Multi-Zonal and 2017-1 Notes). To the extent that this coverage is not fully exhausted in the first catastrophic event, it provides coverage commencing at its reduced retention for second and subsequent events where underlying coverage has been previously exhausted. The Company purchased reinstatement premium protection for $627.0 million of this coverage, which can be reinstated one time. Layers (with exception to FHCF) are “net” of a $40.0 million attachment point. Layers inure to the subsequent layers if the aggregate limit of the preceding layer(s) is exhausted, and the subsequent layer cascades down in its place.

NBIC placed 42.5% of an aggregate contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 1, 2019, expiring March 31, 2020. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million, with a retention of $20.0 million and franchise deductible of $1.0 million.

NBIC placed 100% of an occurrence contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2019, expiring December 31, 2020. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million with a retention of $20.0 million and has one reinstatement available.

Per Risk Coverage

For southeast losses and northeast commercial residential losses, excluding losses from named storms, the Company purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1.0 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9.0 million and total limit for all losses is $27.0 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. For Northeast commercial residential losses only, the Company purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustments expenses in excess of $750,000 per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $250,000 and total limit for all losses is $750,000. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted.

In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance for losses in excess of $10.0 million for any properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10.0 million. This coverage applies to Southeast losses and Northeast commercial residential losses, excluding losses from named storms.

General Excess of Loss

NBIC’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, both property and casualty. The casualty coverage provided by this reinsurance contract also responds on a “Clash” basis, meaning that multiple policies involved in a single loss occurrence can be aggregated into one loss and applied to the reinsurance contract. The coverage is in two layers in excess of NBIC’s retention of the first $400,000 of loss. The first layer is $350,000 excess $400,000 and the second layer is $2.75 million excess $750,000 (Casualty second layer is $1.25 million excess $750,000). Both layers are 100% placed.

Semi-Automatic Facultative Excess of Loss

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $3.75 million, or higher, subject to special acceptance.

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The following graphics depict our reinsurance program structure for the 2019 - 2020 hurricane season:

2019 - 2020 Reinsurance Tower

For the twelve months ending May 31, 2020, we purchased catastrophe XOL reinsurance from the following sources: (i) FHCF (i.e. Florida risks only), (ii) Citrus Re Ltd, and (iii) over 50 third-party private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or which were fully collateralized. There is no single reinsurer representing more than 10% of the limit purchased for our program, excluding Citrus Re catastrophe bonds and FHCF. The chart below lists our third-party reinsurers with A.M. Best and S&P ratings for all Heritage insurance company subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019.

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2018 – 2019 Reinsurance Program

Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance

Effective June 1, 2018, we entered into catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance agreements covering Heritage P&C, Zephyr and NBIC. The catastrophe reinsurance programs are allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”) and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). The FHCF covers Florida risks only and we participate at 45%. Citrus Re, which provides fully collateralized multi-year coverage, covers catastrophe losses incurred by Heritage P&C only through the 2016 Class D and 2017-1 Notes, and covers catastrophe losses incurred by Heritage P&C, Zephyr and NBIC through the 2016 Class E Note. Our third-party reinsurers are either rated “A- “or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or are fully collateralized, to reduce credit risk.

The reinsurance program, which is segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The 2018-2019 reinsurance program provides first event coverage up to $1.6 billion for Heritage P&C, first event coverage up to $801 million for Zephyr, and first event coverage up to $1.0 billion for NBIC. Our first event retention for each insurance company subsidiary follows: Heritage P&C - $20.0 million; Zephyr - $20.0 million; NBIC – $12.8 million. Our second and third event retentions for each insurance company subsidiary follows: Heritage P&C - $16.0 million; Zephyr - $16 million; NBIC – $8.8 million.

Our program was placed on a cascading basis which provides greater horizontal protection in a multiple small events scenario and features additional coverage enhancements. This coverage exceeds the requirements established by the Companies’ rating agency, Demotech, Inc., the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, the Hawaii Insurance Division, and the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2019, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage.

We are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our reinsurance program. For second or subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $3.4 billion of limit purchased in 2018 includes reinstatement through the purchase of reinsurance reinstatement premium. In total, we have purchased $3.5 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events.

The Company's estimated net cost for the 2018-2019 catastrophe reinsurance programs is approximately $252.0 million.

Gross Quota Share Reinsurance

NBIC purchased an 8% gross quota share reinsurance treaty effective June 1, 2018 which provides ground up loss recoveries of up to $1.0 billion. Prior to this treaty, NBIC’s gross quota share treaty was 18.75%.

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Net Quota Share Reinsurance

NBIC’s Net Quota Share coverage is proportional reinsurance for which certain of our other reinsurance inures to the quota share (property catastrophe excess of loss and reinstatement premium protection and the second layer of the general excess of loss.) An occurrence limit of $20.0 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of reinsurance commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. NBIC ceded 49.5% of net premiums and losses during 2018 to the Net Quota Share and 8% of the 2017 Net Quota Share was runoff. The Net Quota Share program was renewed on December 31, 2018 ceding 52.0% of the net premiums and losses and 10% of the prior year quota share will runoff.

Aggregate Coverage Heritage P&C and Zephyr

$1.1 billion of limit is structured on an aggregate basis (Top and Aggregate, Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4, Stub layers, Multi-Zonal, 2017-1 Notes and 2016 Class E Notes). To the extent that this coverage is not fully exhausted in the first catastrophic event, it provides coverage commencing at its reduced retention for second and subsequent events where underlying coverage has been previously exhausted. The Company paid a reinsurance reinstatement premium for $669.0 million of this coverage, which can be reinstated one time. Layers (with exception to FHCF and 2016 Class D Notes) are “net” of a $40.0 million attachment point. Layers inure to the subsequent layers if the aggregate limit of the preceding layer(s) is exhausted, and the subsequent layer cascades down in its place.

NBIC placed 42.50% of an aggregate contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on May 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2018. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million, retention of $3.0 million and franchise deductible of $1.5 million.

NBIC placed 92.00% of an occurrence contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on May 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2018. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million with a retention of $20.0 million.

NBIC placed 40.00% of an aggregate contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2018, expiring May 31, 2019. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million, retention of $20.0 million and franchise deductible of $1.0 million.

NBIC placed 100.00% of an occurrence contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2019. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million with a retention of $20.0 million and has 1 reinstatement available.

Per Risk Coverage

The Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1.0 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9.0 million and total limit for all losses is $27.0 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance in excess of $10.0 million for any commercial properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10.0 million.

General Excess of Loss

NBIC’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, both property and casualty. The casualty coverage provided by this contract also responds on a “Clash” basis, meaning that multiple policies involved in a single loss occurrence can be aggregated into one loss and applied to the reinsurance contract. The coverage is in two layers in excess of NBIC’s retention of the first $300,000 of loss. The first layer is $450,000 excess $300,000 and the second layer is $2.75 million excess $750,000 (Casualty second layer is $1.25 million excess $750,000). Both layers are 92% placed with the gross quota share providing the additional 8% coverage.

Semi-Automatic Facultative Excess of Loss

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $3.75 million.

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Investments

Our investments are managed by three third-party asset managers. We have designed our investment policy to provide a balance between current yield, conservation of capital and the liquidity requirements of our operations. As such, our invested assets are primarily held in cash and bonds of high credit quality with relatively short durations. Our investment policy sets guidelines that provide for a well-diversified investment portfolio that is compliant with insurance regulations applicable to the states in which we operate. Our investment objectives include liquidity, safety and security of principal, and returns. The investment policy limits investments in common and preferred stocks and requires a minimum weighted average portfolio quality of A for our bond portfolio with an overall duration of 2-5 years. No more than 2% of admitted assets can be invested in any one issuer, with slightly higher limits for highly rated securities, excluding government-related securities. Investments in commercial mortgages cannot exceed 10% of admitted assets. Prohibited investments include short sales and margin purchases, oil, gas, mineral or other types of leases, speculative uses of futures and options, unrated corporate securities, non-US denominated securities, convertible securities, high risk CMO instruments, repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions and speculative foreign currency valuation transactions. Our investment policy, which may change from time to time, is approved by our Investment Committee and is reviewed on a regular basis in order to ensure that our investment policy evolves in response to changes in the financial markets. See Note 3 “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2019, we held $268.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $595.2 million in securities, which were comprised of $587.3 million in fixed maturities, $1.6 million in common stock and $6.4 million other invested assets. From the $587.3 million of fixed maturities, $22.0 million of U.S. government agency securities were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) in connection with a FHLB loan to Heritage P&C. See Note 14. Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Government Regulation

The insurance industry is extensively regulated. Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to the laws and regulations of the states in which they conduct business. The insurance regulatory statutes and rules provide for regulation of virtually all aspects of the business of insurance companies. The states in which we conduct business, like many states, have adopted several model laws and regulations as promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). State statutes and administrative rules generally require each insurance company that is part of a holding company group to register with the department of insurance in its state of domicile and to furnish information concerning the operations of the companies within the holding company system which may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the group. As part of its registration, each insurance company must identify material agreements, relationships and transactions with affiliates, including without limitation loans, investments, asset transfers, transactions outside of the ordinary course of business, certain management, service, and cost sharing agreements, reinsurance transactions, dividends and consolidated tax allocation agreements. In some instances, individual state insurance laws and regulations are even more stringent that those promulgated by the NAIC or other states.

We are subject to regulations administered by a department of insurance in each state in which we do business. These regulations relate to, among other things:

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Over the past several years, various regulatory and legislative bodies have adopted or proposed new laws or regulations to address the cyclical nature of the insurance industry, catastrophic events and insurance capacity and pricing. These regulations include (i) the creation of “market assistance plans” under which insurers are induced to provide certain coverages, (ii) restrictions on the ability of insurers to rescind or otherwise cancel certain policies in mid-term or to nonrenew policies at their scheduled expirations, (iii) advance notice requirements or limitations imposed for certain policy non-renewals, (iv) limitations upon or decreases in rates permitted to be charged, (v) expansion of governmental involvement in the insurance market and (vi) increased regulation of insurers’ policy administration and claims handling practices. Further regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under applicable state laws. The risk-based capital standards, based upon the Risk-Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance subsidiaries to report the results of risk-based capital calculations to state regulators and the NAIC. These risk-based capital standards provide for different levels of regulatory attention depending upon the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital, as calculated in accordance with NAIC guidelines, to its authorized control level risk-based capital. Authorized control level risk-based capital is determined using the NAIC’s risk-based capital formula, which measures the minimum amount of capital that an insurance company needs to support its overall business operations.

The State of Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (“FLOIR”) imposed certain additional solvency related requirements as a condition of receiving a certificate of authority for our Florida insurance company subsidiary. Finally, our insurance company affiliates are subject to state regulations or consent orders setting conditions related to various transactions, including intercompany transactions. We are in full compliance with all consent orders.

State regulators where we are and may become licensed and offer insurance products conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports related to financial condition, holding company issues and other matters. These regulatory authorities also conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. Additionally, we are subject to assessments levied by governmental and quasi-governmental entities from the states in which we conduct business.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had 530 employees. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreement and have not experienced any work stoppages or strikes as a result of labor disputes. We consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.

Available Information

We make available free of charge on our website, www.heritagepci.com, all materials that we file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such materials with, or furnishing them to, the SEC. During the period covered by this Form 10-K, we made all such materials available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such materials with the SEC. To access these filings, go to the Company’s website at https://investors.heritagepci.com/  and under the “Investors” heading, click on “Financial Information” then “SEC Filings”.

The SEC maintains an Internet website, www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC. Our principal executive offices are located at 2600 McCormick Drive, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33759.

Financial Information by Geographical Area

For financial information by geographic area, see Part II, Item 8, Note 25, "Geographical Information – (unaudited)".

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Set forth below are certain risk factors that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. You should carefully read the following risk factors, together with the financial statements, related notes and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer if any of the following risks are realized. If any of these risks or uncertainties occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that contain risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the discussion of “Forward-Looking Statements” of this Annual Report in connection with your consideration of the risk factors and other important factors that may affect future results described herein.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our loss reserves are estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual liability for losses, causing our results of operations to be adversely affected.

We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves. Our current loss reserves are based primarily on our historical data and statistical projections of what we believe the resolution and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances then known to us. Our claims experience and our experience with the risks related to certain claims is inherently limited. We use company historical data to the extent it is available and rely on industry historical data which may not be indicative of future periods. As a result, our projections and our estimates may be inaccurate, which in turn may cause our actual losses to exceed our loss reserves. If our actual losses exceed our loss reserves, our financial results, our ability to expand our business and to compete in the property and casualty insurance industry may be negatively affected.

Factors that affect unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include the estimates made on a claim-by-claim basis known as “case reserves” coupled with bulk estimates known as “incurred but not yet reported” (or “IBNR”). Periodic estimates by management of the ultimate costs required to resolve all claims are based on our analysis of historical data and estimations of the impact of numerous factors such as (i) per claim information, (ii) industry and company historical loss experience and development patterns, (iii) legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in the awarding of damages and changes in political attitudes, and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Management revises its estimates based on the results of its analysis. This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for estimating the ultimate resolution of all claims. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of the reserves because the eventual redundancy or deficiency is affected by multiple factors.

Because of the inherent uncertainties in the reserving process, we cannot be certain that our reserves will be adequate to cover our actual losses and loss adjustment expenses. If our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are less than actual losses and loss adjustment expenses, we will be required to increase our reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Future loss experience substantially in excess of our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses could substantially harm our results of operations and financial condition.

We have exposure to unpredictable catastrophes, which can materially and adversely affect our financial results, which are more pronounced because a large portion of our insurance business is conducted in coastal states.

We write insurance policies that cover homeowners, condominium owners and commercial residential buildings for losses that result from, among other things, catastrophes. We are therefore subject to losses, including claims under policies we have assumed or written, arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. A significant catastrophe, or a series of catastrophes, could also have an adverse effect on our reinsurers. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, snowstorms, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, power outages, fires and by man-made events, such as terrorist attacks. Climate change, to the extent it produces extreme changes in temperatures and changes in weather patterns could affect the frequency or severity of weather-related catastrophes. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected and the severity of the event. As of December 31, 2019, all of our premium in force related to business in coastal states, which are especially subject to adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and winter storms. A single catastrophic event, or a series of such events, destructive weather patterns, general economic trend, regulatory development or other condition specifically affecting the states in which we conduct business, particularly the more densely populated areas of those states, could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Therefore, although we attempt to manage our exposure to catastrophes through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance protection, an especially severe catastrophe or series of catastrophes could exceed our reinsurance protection and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In total, for the period from June 1, 2019 through May 31, 2020, we have purchased up approximately $3.5 billion of catastrophe reinsurance coverage for Heritage P&C, Zephyr, and NBIC, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, is subject to the severity and frequency of such events. We may experience significant losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our retention.

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The inherent uncertainty of models and our reliance on such models as a tool to evaluate risk may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

We license analytic and modeling software from third parties to facilitate our pricing, assess our risk exposure and determine our reinsurance needs. Given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might impact our exposure to losses. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming, and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.

Our results of operations may fluctuate significantly based on industry factors.

The insurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted an increase in pricing. As premium levels increase, there may be new entrants to the market, which could then lead to increased competition, a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms and fewer opportunities to underwrite insurance risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers, including changes resulting from multiple and/or catastrophic weather events, may affect the cycles of the insurance business significantly. We cannot predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Negative market conditions may impair our ability to write insurance at rates that we consider appropriate relative to the risk assumed. If we cannot write insurance at appropriate rates, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, the uncertainties inherent in the reserving process, together with the potential for unforeseen developments, including changes in laws and the prevailing interpretation of policy terms, may result in losses and loss adjustment expenses materially different from the reserves initially established. Changes to prior year reserves will affect current underwriting results by increasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be redundant or by decreasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be insufficient. We are not allowed to record contingency reserves to account for expected future losses. As a result, we expect volatility in operating results in periods in which significant loss events occur because generally accepted accounting principles do not permit insurers or reinsurers to reserve for loss events until they have occurred and are expected to give rise to a claim. We anticipate that claims arising from future events may require the establishment of substantial reserves from time to time.

We may not be able to collect reinsurance amounts due to us from the reinsurers with which we have contracted.

Reinsurance is a method of transferring part of an insurance company’s risk under an insurance policy to another insurance company. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss. We use reinsurance arrangements to limit and manage the amount of risk we retain, to stabilize our underwriting results and to increase our underwriting capacity. Our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers under the reinsurance treaties we currently have in effect is subject to the reinsurance company’s ability and willingness to pay and to meet its obligations to us. We attempt to select financially strong reinsurers with an A.M. Best or S&P rating of “A-” or better or we require the reinsurer to fully collateralize its exposure. While we monitor from time to time their financial condition, we also rely on our reinsurance broker and rating agencies in evaluating our reinsurers’ ability to meet their obligations to us.

Our reinsurance coverage in any given year may be concentrated with one or a limited group of reinsurers. No single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage. Any failure on the part of any one reinsurance company to meet its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

All residential insurance companies that write business in Florida, including Heritage P&C, are required to obtain reinsurance through the FHCF, and this coverage comprises a substantial portion of the Heritage P&C reinsurance program for our Florida insured properties. The limit and retention of the FHCF coverage is subject to upward or downward adjustment based on, among other things, submitted exposures to FHCF by all participants. We have purchased private reinsurance alongside our FHCF layer to fill in gaps in coverage that may result from the adjustment of the limit or retention of our FHCF coverage; however, such reinsurance would not cover any losses we may incur as a result of FHCF’s inability to pay the full amount of our claims. If a catastrophic event occurs in Florida, the FHCF may not have sufficient funds to pay all of its claims from insurance companies in full or in a timely manner. This could result in significant financial, legal and operational challenges to our Company. In the event of a catastrophic loss, FHCF’s ability to pay may be dependent upon its ability to issue bonds in amounts that would be required to meet its reinsurance obligations. There can be no assurance that FHCF will be able to do this. While we believe FHCF currently has adequate capital and financing capacity to meet its reinsurance obligations, there can be no assurance that it will be able to meet its obligations in the future, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

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Reinsurance coverage may not be available to us in the future at commercially reasonable rates or at all.

The cost of reinsurance is subject to prevailing market conditions beyond our control such as the amount of capital in the reinsurance market, as well as the frequency and magnitude of natural and man-made catastrophes. We cannot be assured that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us in the amounts we consider sufficient and at prices acceptable to us. As a result, we may determine to increase the amount of risk we retain or look for other alternatives to reinsurance, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Increased competition, competitive pressures, industry developments and market conditions could affect the growth of our business and adversely impact our financial results.

The property and casualty insurance industry in the states in which we do business is cyclical and, during times of increased capacity, highly competitive. We compete not only with other stock companies, but also with state governmental insurance entities, mutual companies, other underwriting organizations and alternative risk sharing mechanisms. Our principal lines of business are written by numerous other insurance companies. Competition for any one account may come from very large, well-established national companies, smaller regional companies, other specialty insurers in our field and other companies that write insurance. Some of these competitors have greater financial resources, larger agency networks and greater name recognition than we do. We compete for business not only on the basis of price, but also on the basis of financial strength, types of coverages offered, and availability of coverage desired by customers, commission structure and quality of service. We may have difficulty continuing to compete successfully on any of these bases in the future. Competitive pressures coupled with market conditions may affect our rate of premium growth and financial results.

In addition, industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments could include:

These developments and others could make the property and casualty insurance marketplace more competitive by increasing the supply of insurance available. If competition limits our ability to write new business at adequate rates, our future results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance costs and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. In order to price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to successfully perform these tasks, and as a result price our products accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

In addition, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our profit margins. We could also overprice risks, which could reduce the number of policies we write and our competitiveness. In either event, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

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We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates, effectively integrate newly acquired businesses or achieve expected profitability from acquisitions.

Part of our growth strategy is to expand through the acquisition of complementary businesses. There can be no assurance that suitable candidates for acquisitions can be identified or, if suitable candidates are identified, that acquisitions can be completed on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if suitable candidates are identified, any future acquisitions may entail a number of risks that could adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock, including the integration of the acquired operations and information systems, diversion of management's attention, risks of entering new market regions in which we have limited experience, adverse short-term effects on our reported operating results, the potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses and risks associated with unanticipated liabilities.

We may use our common stock to pay for acquisitions. If the owners of potential acquisition candidates are not willing to receive our common stock in exchange for their businesses, our acquisition prospects could be limited. Future acquisitions could also result in accounting charges, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and increased debt and contingent liabilities, including liabilities related to unknown or undisclosed circumstances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our common stock.

We may not be able to effectively execute our growth and diversification strategy.

We have and intend to continue to invest significant time and resources to develop and market geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or products and services and we may not achieve the return on our investment that we expect. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting customer preferences may also impact the successful implementation of our business plan. Such external factors and requirements may increase our costs and potentially affect the speed with which we will be able to pursue new market opportunities. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in bringing new insurance products or geographic expansion to our marketplace. Additionally, any geographic expansion, new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our growth and diversification strategy involves expansion of our business to states outside of our existing markets. Geographic diversification may be hindered by the fact that our operating history is less than the operating history of our competitors, and we may be unable to satisfy requirements imposed by state regulators and other third parties.

We rely on independent agents to write voluntary insurance policies for us, and if we are not able to attract and retain independent agents, our revenues would be negatively affected.

We write personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents. Of our network of 2,400 southeast US independent agents, approximately 27.0% of new business is affiliated with eight large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements, which are generally terminable with notice. Of our network of approximately 225 retail independent agents for business in the northeastern United States, our eight largest relationships represent approximately $70.0 million in annualized premiums. Of our network of approximately 70 Hawaiian independent agencies, approximately 52.0% are affiliated with three large multi-producer agencies.

Our strategic focus is to grow the number of policies written, which meet our underwriting criteria, throughout the states in which we are licensed, which will further increase our reliance on our network of independent agents. If any of our independent agents cease writing policies for us, or if any of our master agency agreements are terminated, we may suffer a reduction in the amount of products we are able to sell, which would negatively impact our results.

Many of our competitors also rely on independent agents. As a result, we must compete with other insurers for independent agents’ business. Our competitors may offer a greater variety of insurance products, lower premiums for insurance coverage, or higher commissions to their agents. If our products, pricing and commissions do not remain competitive, we may find it more difficult to attract business from independent agents to sell our products.

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The failure of our claims department to effectively manage or remediate claims could adversely affect our insurance business, financial results and capital requirements.

We rely on our claims department and any outsourced claims resources to facilitate and oversee the claims adjustment process for our policyholders. Many factors could affect the ability of our claims department to effectively manage claims by our policyholders, including:

Any failure to effectively manage the claims adjustment process, including failure to pay claims accurately, could lead to material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace, impair our corporate image and negatively affect our financial results.

Additionally, in the final stage of the claims process, we leverage CAN’s vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to the policyholder. If such services are not performed properly, we may face liability. Although we maintain professional liability insurance to cover losses arising from our repair and remediation services, there can be no assurances that such coverage is adequate. In addition, our failure to timely and properly remediate claims, or the perception of such failure, may damage our reputation and adversely affect our ability to renew existing policies or write new policies.

If actual renewals of our existing contracts do not meet expectations, our premiums written in future years and our future results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our insurance policies are written for a one-year term. We make assumptions about the renewal of our prior year’s contracts, including for purposes of determining the amount of reinsurance we purchase. If actual renewals do not meet expectations or if we choose not to write on a renewal basis because of pricing conditions, our premiums written in future years and our future operations would be materially adversely affected, and we may purchase reinsurance beyond what we believe is the most appropriate level.

Our inability to maintain our financial stability rating may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings, and our liquidity, operating results and financial condition.

Financial stability ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and can have a significant effect on an insurance company’s business. Many insurance buyers, agents, brokers and secured lenders use the ratings assigned by rating agencies to assist them in assessing the financial stability and overall quality of the companies from which they are considering purchasing insurance or in determining the financial stability of the company that provides insurance. Each of our insurance company affiliates currently maintain a Demotech rating of “A” (“Exceptional”) or higher. Our insurance company subsidiaries and our parent company are also rated BBB- or better by KBRA. These financial stability ratings provide an objective baseline for assessing solvency and should not be interpreted as (and are not intended to serve as) an assessment of, a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold, any securities of an insurance company or its parent holding company, including shares of our common stock.

On an ongoing basis, rating agencies review the financial performance and condition of insurers and can downgrade or change the outlook on an insurer’s ratings due to, for example, a change in an insurer’s statutory capital, a reduced confidence in management or a host of other considerations that may or may not be under the insurer’s control. All ratings are subject to continuous review; therefore, the retention of these ratings cannot be assured. A downgrade in any of these ratings could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings and our ability to grow in the marketplace.

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If we are unable to expand our business because our capital must be used to pay greater than anticipated claims, our financial results may suffer. Further, we may require additional capital in the future which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

Our future growth and future capital requirements will depend on our ability to expand the number of insurance policies we write, to expand the kinds of insurance products we offer and to expand the geographic markets in which we do business, all balanced by the business risks we choose to assume and cede. These growth initiatives require capital. Our existing sources of funds include possible sales of common or preferred stock, incurring debt and our earnings from operations and investments. Unexpected catastrophic events in our coverage areas, such as the hurricanes, may result in greater claims losses than anticipated, which could require us to limit or halt our growth while we redeploy our capital to pay these unanticipated claims unless we are able to raise additional capital.

To the extent that our present capital is insufficient to meet future operating requirements or to cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through financing or curtail our growth. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current capital together with our anticipated retained income will support our operations. However, we cannot provide any assurance in that regard, since many factors will affect the amount and timing of our capital needs, including our growth and profitability, the availability and cost of reinsurance, as well as possible acquisition opportunities, market disruptions and other unforeseeable developments. If we require additional capital, it is possible that equity or debt financing may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our stockholders could result, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of existing stockholders. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our information technology systems, or those of our key service providers, may fail or suffer a loss of security which could adversely affect our business.

Our insurance business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our computer and data processing systems. We rely on these systems to perform actuarial and other modeling functions necessary for writing business, as well as to handle our policy administration process (i.e., handling and adjusting claims, the billing, printing and mailing of our policies, endorsements, renewal notices, etc.). The successful operation of our systems depends on a continuous supply of electricity. The failure of these systems or disruption in the supply of electricity could interrupt our operations and result in a material adverse effect on our business.

The development and expansion of our insurance business is dependent upon the successful development and implementation of advanced technology, including modeling, underwriting and information technology systems. Because we intend to expand our business by writing additional voluntary policies, expanding to new geographic areas and entering into new lines of business, we are enhancing our information technology systems to handle and process an increased volume of policies. Additionally, we have engaged service providers to provide us with policy and other administration services for certain policies and we intend to continue to utilize third party systems as our policy count grows. The failure of any of these systems to function as planned could slow our growth and adversely affect our future business volume and results of operations. In addition, we have licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable systems, or that our technology or applications will continue to operate as intended. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace these systems without slowing our underwriting response time. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology systems could result in management distraction, harm to our reputation, a loss or delay of revenues or increased expense.

We may be subject to information technology failures, including data protection breaches and cyber-attacks, that could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

We rely on our information technology systems for the effective operation of our business and for the secure maintenance and storage of confidential data relating to our business and for our policyholders. We have implemented security controls to protect our information technology systems, but experienced programmers or hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls, and develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that compromise our confidential information or that of third parties and cause a disruption or failure of our information technology systems. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future be subject to "phishing" attacks in which third parties send emails purporting to be from reputable companies in order to obtain personal information and infiltrate our systems to initiate wire transfers or otherwise obtain proprietary or confidential information.

The Company’s customers provide personal information that we store and maintain in our data warehouse and policy and claims systems. The Company has implemented systems and processes to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such personal information, but there is no guarantee that these procedures are adequate to safeguard against all security breaches or misuse of the information. Furthermore, the Company relies on encryption and authentication technology to provide security and authentication to effectively secure transmission of confidential information, including customer bank account, credit card information and other personal information. However, there is no guarantee that these systems or processes will address all of the cyber threats that continue to evolve in addition, many of the third parties who provide products, services, or support to the Company could also experience any of the above cyber risks or security breaches, which could impact the Company’s policyholders and its business and could result in a loss of customers, suppliers or revenue.

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Any compromise of our information technology systems could result in the unauthorized publication of our confidential business or proprietary information, result in the unauthorized release of customer, supplier or employee data, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, expose us to a risk of litigation, cause us to incur direct losses if attackers access our actuarial and other models, bank or investment accounts. Any breach in our information systems could result in interruptions to our operations and damage to our reputation, and the misappropriation of confidential information could result in regulatory enforcement actions, substantial fines and penalties, litigation or other liability or actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Any interruption to the use or access of our information systems at critical points in time could adversely affect the timely and efficient operation of our business. Any delay in our business growth, significant costs or lost policyholders resulting from such information technology failures could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results.

The cost and operational consequences of implementing additional data protection measures either as a response to specific breaches or as a result of evolving changes in technology or risks, could be significant and negatively affect our business.

The development and implementation of new technologies will require an additional investment of our capital resources in the future.

Frequent technological changes, new products and services and evolving industry standards are all influencing the insurance business. We believe that the development and implementation of new technologies will require additional investment of our capital resources in the future. We have not determined, however, the amount of resources and the time that this development and implementation may require, which may result in short-term, unexpected interruptions to our business, or may result in a competitive disadvantage in price and/or efficiency, as we endeavor to develop or implement new technologies.

We do not have significant redundancy in our operations.

Despite system redundancy, our security measures and disaster recovery plan for our internal information technology may not be effective. Our systems are vulnerable to damage from a number of sources, including energy blackouts, natural disasters and other catastrophic events, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures and malicious software programs or cyber security attacks. We conduct our business primarily from offices located in Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island where catastrophic weather events could damage our facilities or interrupt our power supply. The loss or significant impairment of functionality in these facilities for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, as we do not have significant redundancies to replace our facilities if functionality is impaired. We contract with a third-party vendor to maintain complete daily backups of our systems; however, we have not fully tested our plan to recover data in the event of a disaster.

Furthermore, our disaster recovery and business continuity plans involve arrangements with our off-site, secure data centers. In the event of a catastrophic weather event or cyber security attack, we cannot assure that we will be able to access our systems from these facilities in the event that our primary systems are unavailable. While we have established infrastructure and geographic redundancy for our critical systems, our ability to utilize these redundant systems requires further testing and we cannot be assured that such systems are fully functional.  

We depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to generate and transfer funds to meet debt obligations.

We do not have significant revenue generating operations of its own. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations and dividends depends on the financial condition and operating performance of our subsidiaries. If the funds we receive from our subsidiaries, some of which are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions, are insufficient to meet our debt obligations, we may be required to raise funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, reduce or suspend dividend payments, or sell assets.

We are dependent on our executives, key employees and the ability to hire and retain a qualified workforce

Our future success depends on the efforts of our executives and senior management.

Currently, we maintain key man life insurance with respect to Bruce Lucas, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. If any other member of senior management dies or becomes incapacitated, or leaves the company to pursue employment opportunities elsewhere, we would be solely responsible for locating an adequate replacement for such senior management and for bearing any related cost. To the extent that we are unable to locate an adequate replacement or are unable to do so within a reasonable period of time, our business may be significantly and negatively affected.

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Additionally, our future success is also based on our ability to develop the talent and skills of our human resources and attract and retain experienced and qualified employees. For example, if the quality of our underwriters, claims or other personnel decreases, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the specialized markets in which we operate and be unable to expand our operations, which could adversely affect our results. There is strong competition within the insurance industry and from businesses outside the insurance industry for qualified employees. The unexpected loss of key employees in any of our could have a material adverse impact on our business because of the loss of such skills, knowledge of our products and years of industry experience.

Our financial results may be negatively affected by the fact that a portion of our income is generated by the investment of our company’s capital, premiums and loss reserves.

A portion of our income is, and likely will continue to be, generated by the investment of our capital, premiums and loss reserves. The amount of income so generated is a function of our investment policy, available investment opportunities and the amount of available cash invested. We are also constrained by investment limitations required by our state insurance regulators. At December 31, 2019, approximately 68.0% of our total investments, cash and cash equivalents was invested in fixed-maturity securities. We may, under certain circumstances, be required to liquidate our investments in securities at prices below book value, which may adversely affect our financial results. We currently hold all of our cash in accounts with four financial institutions and, as a result of this concentration, a portion of the balances in such accounts exceeds the FDIC insurance limits. While we monitor and adjust the balances in our accounts as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if any of these financial institutions fail and could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets.

We may alter our investment policy to accept higher levels of risk with the expectation of higher returns. Fluctuating interest rates and other economic factors make it impossible to estimate accurately the amount of investment income that will be realized. In fact, we may realize losses on our investments.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.

Loss frequency and severity in the property and casualty insurance industry in general and for our multi-peril personal lines business has continued to increase in recent years, principally driven by litigation and assignment of benefits (“AOB”) in the State of Florida. For example, in recent years, Florida homeowners have been assigning the benefit of their insurance recovery to third parties, which has resulted in increases in the size and number of claims and the amount of litigation, interference in the adjustment of claims, the assertion of bad faith actions and one-way rights to claim attorney fees. However, in July 2019, the Florida legislature enacted an AOB reform bill that intends to limit AOB litigation by creating requirements for the execution of an AOB and allowing an insurance policy to prohibit any AOB. There can be no assurance that this new legislation will reduce the future impact of AOB practices.

Many legal actions and proceedings have been brought on behalf of classes of complainants, which can increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third-party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards may render the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries inadequate for current and future losses. In addition, as industry practices and social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not be known at the time such policies are issued or renewed, and our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The failure of the risk mitigation strategies we utilize could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We utilize a number of strategies to mitigate our risk exposure including:

However, there are inherent limitations in these tactics. No assurance can be given that an event or series of unanticipated events will not result in loss levels which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

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Lack of effectiveness of exclusions and other loss limitation methods in the insurance policies we assume or write could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations.

Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage which are designed to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. In addition, the policies we issue contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims to us and our right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While our insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the loss exposure to us and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect our loss experience, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our annual debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our 2019 Senior Credit Facility are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If the rates on which our borrowings are based were to increase from current levels, our debt service obligations on our variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash available to service our other obligations would decrease.

Our financing costs may be adversely affected by changes in LIBOR.

LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, is the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the London interbank market and is widely used as a reference for setting the interest rate on loans globally. We use LIBOR as a reference rate in our revolving credit facility to calculate interest due to our lender. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. It is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist at that time or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established such that it continues to exist after 2021. If LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to renegotiate our credit agreement with our lender. This could have an adverse effect on our financing costs.

Risks Related to Regulation of our Insurance Operations

We are subject to extensive regulation which may reduce our profitability or limit our growth. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to extensive state regulation. The National Association of Insurance Carriers (“NAIC”) and state insurance regulators regularly examine existing laws and regulations, generally focusing on modifications to holding company regulations, interpretations of existing laws and the formation of new laws. Our insurance company affiliates are subject to supervision and regulation that is primarily designed to protect our policyholders rather than our stockholders, and such regulation is imposed by the states in which we are domiciled and the states in which our insurance subsidiaries do business. These regulations relate to, among other things, the approval of policy forms and premium rates, our conduct in the marketplace, our compliance with solvency and financial reporting requirements, transactions with our affiliates, and limitations on the amount of business we can write, the amount of dividends we can pay to stockholders, and the types of investments we can make. Insurance holding company regulations generally provide that transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates must be fair and reasonable and must be clearly and accurately disclosed in the records of the respective parties, with expenses and payments allocated between the parties in accordance with customary accounting practices. Many types of transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates, such as transfers of assets, loans, reinsurance agreements, service agreements, certain dividend payments by the insurance company and certain other material transactions, may be subject to prior approval by, or prior notice to, state regulatory authorities. If we are unable to obtain the requisite prior approval for a specific transaction, we would be precluded from taking the action, which could adversely affect our operations. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. In addition, regulatory authorities also may conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. These reviews may reveal deficiencies in our insurance operations or differences between our interpretations of regulatory requirements and those of the regulators.

State insurance regulations also frequently impose notice or approval requirements for the acquisition of specified levels of ownership in the insurance company or insurance holding company. Additionally, state legislation can impact our results of operations. For example, in 2007, Florida enacted legislation that led to rate levels in the private insurance market that we believe, in many instances in the past, were inadequate to cover the related underwriting risk. This same legislation required Citizens Property Insurance (“Citizens”) to reduce its premium rates and begin competing against private insurers in the Florida residential property insurance market. Florida lawmakers may continue to enact or retain legislation that suppresses the rates of Citizens, further adversely impacting the private insurance market and increasing the likelihood that it must levy assessments on private insurance companies and ultimately on Florida consumers. These and other aspects of the political environment in jurisdictions where we operate may reduce our profitability, limit our growth, or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

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During the past several years, various regulatory and legislative bodies have adopted or proposed new laws or regulations to address the cyclical nature of the insurance industry, catastrophic events and insurance capacity and pricing. These regulations include (i) the creation of “market assistance plans” under which insurers are induced to provide certain coverages, (ii) restrictions on the ability of insurers to rescind or otherwise cancel certain policies in mid-term or to nonrenew policies at their scheduled expirations, (iii) advance notice requirements or limitations imposed for certain policy non-renewals, (iv) limitations upon or decreases in rates permitted to be charged, (v) expansion of governmental involvement in the insurance market and (vi) increased regulation of insurers’ policy administration and claims handling practices. Further, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

We cannot predict with certainty the effect any enacted, proposed or future state or federal legislation or NAIC initiatives may have on the conduct of our business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the regulatory requirements applicable to our business will not become more stringent in the future or result in materially higher costs than current requirements, or that creation of a federal insurance regulatory system will not adversely affect our business or disproportionately benefit our competitors. Changes in the regulation of our business may reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under applicable state laws. The risk-based capital standards, based upon the Risk-Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance subsidiaries to report the results of risk-based capital calculations to state regulators and the NAIC. These risk-based capital standards provide for different levels of regulatory attention depending upon the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital, as calculated in accordance with NAIC guidelines, to its authorized control level risk-based capital. Authorized control level risk-based capital is determined using the NAIC’s risk-based capital formula, which measures the minimum amount of capital that an insurance company needs to support its overall business operations.

An insurance company with total adjusted capital that is less than 200% of its authorized control level risk-based capital is at a company action level, which would require the insurance company to file a risk-based capital plan that, among other things, contains proposals of corrective actions the company intends to take that are reasonably expected to result in the elimination of the company action level event. Additional action level events occur when the insurer’s total adjusted capital falls below 150%, 100%, and 70% of its authorized control level risk-based capital. The lower the percentage, the more severe the regulatory response, including, in the event of a mandatory control level event (total adjusted capital falls below 70% of the insurer’s authorized control level risk-based capital), placing the insurance company into receivership. As of December 31, 2019, our insurance subsidiaries each maintained a risk-based capital ratio of over 300%. Our Florida subsidiary, HPCI, has agreed to maintain a risk-based capital ratio of at least 300%. In connection with our acquisition of NBIC, we agreed to maintain a risk-based capital ratio of 375%.

In addition, our insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus and to limit its written premiums to specified multiples of its capital and surplus. Our insurance subsidiaries could exceed these ratios if their volume increases faster than anticipated or if their surplus declines due to catastrophe or non-catastrophe losses or excessive underwriting and operational expenses.

Any failure by our insurance subsidiaries to meet the applicable risk-based capital or minimum statutory capital requirements or the writings ratio limitations imposed by state law could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on our writing of additional business, state supervision or liquidation.

Any changes in existing risk-based capital requirements, minimum statutory capital requirements, or applicable writings ratios may require us to increase our statutory capital levels, which we may be unable to do.

Litigation or regulatory actions could have a material adverse impact on us

From time to time, we are subject to civil or administrative actions and litigation. Civil litigation frequently results when we do not pay insurance claims in the amounts or at the times demanded by policyholders or their representatives. We also may be subject to litigation or administrative actions arising from the conduct of our business and the regulatory authority of state insurance departments. Further, we are subject to other types of litigation inherent in operating our businesses, employing personnel, contracting with vendors and otherwise carrying out our affairs. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental

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conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may arise, including judicial expansion of policy coverage and the impact of new theories of liability, plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers in purported class-action litigation relating to claims-handling and other practices, and adverse changes in loss cost trends, including inflationary pressures in home repair costs. Multiparty or class action claims may present additional exposure to substantial economic, non-economic or punitive damage awards. Current and future litigation or regulatory matters may negatively affect us by resulting in the payment of substantial awards or settlements, increasing legal and compliance costs, requiring us to change certain aspects of our business operations, diverting management attention from other business issues, harming our reputation with agents and customers or making it more difficult to retain current customers and to recruit and retain employees or agents.

Regulation limiting rate increases and requiring us to participate in loss sharing may decrease our profitability.

From time to time, political dispositions affect the insurance market, including efforts to effectively suppress rates at a level that may not allow us to reach targeted levels of profitability. Despite efforts to remove politics from insurance regulation, facts and history demonstrate that public policymakers, when faced with untoward events and adverse public sentiment, can act in ways that impede a satisfactory correlation between rates and risk. Such acts may affect our ability to obtain approval for rate changes that may be required to attain rate adequacy along with targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. Our ability to afford reinsurance required to reduce our catastrophe risk may be dependent upon the ability to adjust rates for our cost.

Additionally, we are required to participate in guaranty funds for insolvent insurance companies. The funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. Our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.

Our revenues and operating performance will fluctuate due to statutorily approved assessments that support property and casualty insurance pools and associations

We operate in a regulatory environment where certain entities and organizations have the authority to require us to participate in assessments. Currently these entities and organizations include, but are not limited to, state guaranty funds, state joint underwriting associations, fair plans, wind pools, or the FHCF.

Insurance companies currently pass these assessments on to holders of insurance policies in the form of a policy surcharge and reflect the collection of these assessments as fully earned credits to operations in the period collected. The collection of these fees, however, may adversely affect our overall marketing strategy due to the competitive landscape of our business. As a result, the impact of possible future assessments on our balance sheet, results of operations or cash flow are indeterminable at this time.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors determines that such changes in control are not in the best interests of us and our stockholders. The provisions in such certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following:

We have elected in our certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with a person or group owning 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, we will not be subject to any anti-takeover effects of Section 203.

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While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests, including an acquisition that would result in a price per share at a premium over the market price, and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors determines that such changes in control are not in the best interests of us and our stockholders. The provisions in such certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following:

We have elected in our certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with a person or group owning 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, we will not be subject to any anti-takeover effects of Section 203.

While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests, including an acquisition that would result in a price per share at a premium over the market price, and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company.

State insurance holding company laws require prior approval by the state insurance department of any change of control of an insurer that is domiciled in that respective state. “Control” is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Control is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of us, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

None

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The following is a summary of our offices and locations:

Approximately 44% of the building in Clearwater is leased to unaffiliated tenants.

We are subject to routine legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Not applicable

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PART II

Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRTG” since May 2014.

Holders of Record

As of March 4, 2020, we had 28,978,952 shares of common stock outstanding, including 320,534 shares of restricted stock for which restrictions have not lapsed, and by a total of approximately 30 stockholders of record.

Dividends

In 2019, we declared dividends in the amount of $7.1 million, while we have historically declared dividends the declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on profits, financial requirements and other factors, such as legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends, overall business condition and other elements the Board of Directors considers relevant. See Note 22. Equity to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan.

For information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, refer to “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters” included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report.

Stock Repurchase Program

In November 2019, the Company acquired 225,000 shares for a total cost of $3.3 million that were not part of the publicly announced share repurchase program authorization. These shares were delivered to the Company by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards.

Shares repurchased for during the three months ended December 31, 2019 are summarized in the table below (in thousands, except per share data). Average price paid per share excludes fees and commissions.

Refer to Note 22 Equity to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for future discussions on the Share Repurchase Program.

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Stock Performance Graph

The following five year graph and table compare the cumulative total stockholder return of our common stock for the quarterly periods of December 31, 2015 through 2019, assuming an initial investment of $100 and reinvestment of dividends with the performance among Heritage Insurance Holdings Inc of, NASDAQ Insurance Index and Russell 2000 Index. We are a component of the Russell 2000 index and it provides small and mid-cap benchmark index. The NASDAQ Insurance Index consists of all publicly traded insurance underwriters in the property and casualty sector in the United States.

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The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.

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Please read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., is a super-regional property and casualty insurance holding company that primarily provides personal and commercial residential insurance products across its multi-state footprint. We provide personal residential insurance in twelve states and commercial residential insurance in two of those states, while maintaining licenses in four additional states. As a vertically integrated insurer, we control or manage substantially all aspects of underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting. Our financial strength ratings are important to the Company in establishing our competitive position and can impact our ability to write policies. We are rated by both Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”) and Kroll Bond Rating Agency (“KBRA”).

Demotech and KBRA have assigned the following insurance financial strength rating (“IFSR”) to our key operating subsidiaries. Additionally, KBRA has assigned an investment grade issuer rating to the parent company, Heritage Insurance Holdings. The outlook for all ratings is stable. Demotech maintains a letter-scale financial stability rating system (“FSR”) from A’’ (A double prime) to L (licensed by insurance regulatory authorities). KBRA’s ratings assigned to insurance companies ranges from AAA (extremely strong operations to no risk) to R (operating under regulatory supervision).

The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations that follows provides information that will assist the reader in understanding our consolidated financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting principles, policies and estimates affect our consolidated financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this document.

Acquisitions and Financings

On December 14, 2018, we entered into a five-year, $125 million credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a banking syndicate. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the participating Lenders agreed to provide (1) a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $75 million and (2) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a $5 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $10 million sublimit for swingline loans) (the “Credit Facilities”).

At our option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to LIBOR (based on one, two, three or six-month interest periods), adjusted for statutory reserve requirements, plus an applicable margin (equal to 3.25% as of the Closing Date) or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the greatest of (a) the “prime rate” of Regions Bank, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the LIBOR index rate applicable for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin (equal to 2.25%). The applicable margin for loans under the Credit Facilities varies from 3.25% per annum to 3.75% per annum (for LIBOR loans) and 2.25% to 2.75% per annum (for base rate loans) based on our consolidated leverage ratio.

We used the net proceeds of the 2018 Credit Facilities (1) to redeem all $79.5 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2023, (2) to purchase $72.7 million of our outstanding 5.875% Convertible Notes due 2037, and (3) for general corporate purposes.

In the fourth quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019, we exchanged $81.6 million of principal of Convertible Notes for a combination of cash and the issuance of 3,880,653 shares of common stock.

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Key Components of our Results of Operations

Revenue

Gross premiums written represent, with respect to a period, the sum of direct premiums written (premiums from policies written during the period, net of any midterm cancellations and renewals of voluntary policies) and assumed premiums written (primarily premiums from state fair plan policies), in each case prior to ceding premiums to reinsurers.

Gross premiums earned represent the total premiums earned during a period from policies written. Premiums associated with voluntary and renewed policies are earned ratably over the twelve-month term of the policy and premiums associated with assumed policies are earned ratably over the remaining term of the policy.

Ceded premiums represent the cost of our reinsurance during a period. We recognize the cost of our reinsurance program ratably over the twelve-month term of the arrangement. Our catastrophe XOL reinsurance generally incepts June 1 and runs through May 31 of the following year. Our net quota share treaty incepts December 31. Our other reinsurance programs may be purchased on a calendar or fiscal year basis.

Net premiums earned reflect gross premiums earned less ceded premiums during the period.

Net investment income represents interest earned on fixed maturity securities, short term securities and other investments, dividends on equity securities, realized gains or losses on investment sales and unrealized gains or losses on equity securities.

Other revenue includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property in Clearwater, Florida, and all policy and pay-plan fees. Our regulators have approved a policy fee on each policy written for certain states; these fees are not subject to refund, and the Company recognizes the income immediately when collected. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay premiums in more than one installment and record the fees as income when collected.

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) reflect losses paid, expenses paid to resolve claims, such as fees paid to adjusters, attorneys and investigators, and changes in our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period, in each case net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of resolving all reported claims plus all losses we incurred related to insured events that we assume have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to us (which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”). We estimate our reserves for unpaid losses using individual case-based estimates for reported claims and actuarial estimates for IBNR losses. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on our evolving claims experience, new information obtained and industry development trends. If our unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are considered deficient or redundant, we increase or decrease the liability in the period in which we identify the difference and reflect the change in our current period results of operations.

Policy acquisition costs (“PAC”) consist of: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We recognize policy acquisition costs ratably over the term of the underlying policy or, for policies assumed, over the term of the unearned premium acquired. We also earn ceding commissions on NBIC’s net quota share reinsurance contract and certain other reinsurance contracts, which are reported as a reduction to policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. See Note 11 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10K. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

General and administrative expenses (“G&A”) include compensation and related benefits, professional fees, office lease and related expenses, information system expenses, corporate insurance, and other general and administrative costs. As noted above, a certain portion of our ceding commissions are allocated to general and administrative expenses.

Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state corporate level income taxes, with a 30.1% effective tax rate for the current year. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the quarterly tax provision are updated with additional information throughout the year. The effective tax rate can vary from the 26.5% statutory federal and state blended rate depending on the amount of pretax income in proportion to permanent tax differences as well as state tax apportionment.

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Ratios

Ceded premium ratio represents ceded premiums earned as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net loss ratio represents net losses and LAE as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Net expense ratio represents PAC and G&A expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned. Ceding commission income is reported as a reduction of policy acquisition costs and G&A expenses.

Net combined ratio represents the sum the net loss and expense ratio. The net combined ratio is a key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance industry. A net combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results.

Financial Results Highlights for the Year Ended December 31, 2019

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share amounts):

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NM – not meaningful

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018

Revenue

Gross premiums written

Gross premiums written were $937.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 1.6% compared to $923.3 million for the prior year. The increase relates to growth in all states other than Florida, partly offset by an exposure management driven decline in Florida during the first nine months of 2019.

Gross premiums earned

Gross premiums earned were $924.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, down 0.2% compared to $926.3 million in the prior year.

Ceded premiums

Ceded premiums were $445.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, down 5.6% compared to $472.1 million in the prior year. The decrease is primarily attributable to a continued reduction in our Florida total insured value (“TIV”), which benefited the cost of our 2019-2020 catastrophe reinsurance program, reinsurance synergies associated with the 2019 renewal of remaining legacy NBIC reinsurance coverage on a consolidated basis, and an overall reduction to our gross quota share reinsurance coverage in the northeast.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned were $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 5.4% compared to $454.2 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from lower ceded premiums earned.

Net investment income

Net investment income, inclusive of realized investment gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, was $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 72.1% compared to $10.8 million in the prior year. The increase relates primarily to improved pricing on invested assets, a higher average invested asset balance and higher realized gains, partly offset by a lower yield on invested assets, a function of the low interest rate environment.

Other revenue

Other revenue was $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, down 7.8% compared to $15.2 million in the prior year. The decline primarily stems from premium adjustments.

Total revenue

Total revenue was $511.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 6.5% compared to $480.2 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from higher net premiums earned and net investment income, as described above.

Expenses

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Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Losses and LAE were $273.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 15.1% compared to $237.4 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from lower income from vertically integrated operations and reduced overall quota share reinsurance coverage, partly offset by better prior year reserve development and lower current accident year weather losses.

Policy acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs were $107.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 27.4% compared to $84.7 million in the prior year. The increase primarily reflects the favorable impact of NBIC-related purchase accounting on the prior year period. The favorable purchase accounting impact occurred predominantly in the first two quarters of 2018 and was limited thereafter, as acquisition costs increased with new business. Policy acquisition costs also increased due to reduced ceding commission income in the current year period associated with a reduction to our gross quota share reinsurance program in the northeast. The gross quota share reinsurance program was reduced from 18.75% to 8.0% effective June 1, 2018 and was eliminated effective June 1, 2019, while the net quota share reinsurance program increased from 49.5% to 52.0% effective December 31, 2018 and was increased to 56% effective December 31, 2019.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $80.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, down 9.0% compared to $88.5 million in the prior year. The decrease is primarily attributable to the prior year’s inclusion of non-core business acquisition related expenses, costs associated with infrastructure growth and post-acquisition costs associated with NBIC-related systems implementation, partly offset by reduced ceding commission income in the current year, as described above.

Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs

Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs were $8.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, down 28.7% from $20.0 million in the prior year. The decrease primarily reflects a significant reduction in long-term debt and a lower blended interest rate on outstanding debt associated with 2018 debt refinancing transactions.

Other non-operating expense, net

Other non-operating expense was down meaningfully for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, as the prior year period included $9.8 million associated with debt refinancing, described in Note 14 – Long-Term Debt to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. In 2018, these non-core costs included a pre-payment penalty, the write off of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with retired senior notes, fees associated with debt refinancing and a loss on early debt extinguishment. Additionally, we recorded a permanent decline in the value of real estate during the year

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes was $12.4 million and $11.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The effective tax rate for the current year is 30.1% compared to 30.4% for the prior year. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the quarterly tax provision are updated with additional information throughout the year.

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Net income

Net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was $28.6 million ($0.98 per diluted share), up 5.5% from $27.2 million ($1.04 per diluted share) in the prior year. The increase primarily reflects higher net premiums earned and net investment income and lower interest expense, partly offset by higher net loss and expense ratios.

Ratios

Ceded premium ratio

The ceded premium ratio was 48.2% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, down 2.8 points from 51.0% in the prior year. The decrease primarily stems from lower ceded premiums, as described above.

Net loss ratio

The net loss and LAE ratio was 57.1% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, up 4.8 points from 52.3% in the prior year. The increase relates to lower income from vertically integrated operations, partly offset by better prior year reserve development, lower weather-related losses and a lower attritional loss ratio.

Net expense ratio

The net expense ratio was 39.4% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, up 1.3 points from 38.1% in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from the favorable impact of NBIC-related purchase accounting on the prior year period, partly offset by non-core business acquisition related expenses in the prior year period.

Net combined ratio

The net combined ratio was 96.5% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, up 6.1 points from 90.4% in the prior year. The increase stems from higher net loss and expense ratios, as described above.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

For a comparison of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, see “Part II, Item 7. Managements’ Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for the fiscal 2018 with the SEC on March 12, 2019.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity include cash flows generated from operations, our cash, cash equivalents, our marketable securities balances and borrowings available under our credit facilities. As of December 31, 2019, we held $268.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $595.2 million in investments, compared to $250.1 million and $528.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and $153.7 million and $567.0 million as of December 31, 2017. The increase in cash and cash equivalents in 2019 was due primarily to timing of cash flow for premiums and loss payments as well as funds allocated for our investment portfolio.

In 2019, we completed the following activities related to our debt structure:

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We believe that our sources of cash are adequate to meet our cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.

We may continue to pursue the acquisition of complementary businesses and make strategic investments. We may increase capital expenditures consistent with our investment plans and anticipated growth strategy. Cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund such expenditures. As such, in addition to the use of our existing Credit Facility, we may need to utilize additional debt to secure funds for such purposes.

Statement of Cash Flows

The net increases (decreases) in cash and cash equivalents are summarized in the following table:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for December 31, 2019 was $119.7 million as compared to net cash provided of $96.3 million during the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a reduction in the cost of our reinsurance program as well as timing of cash flow from receipt of premiums and payment of claims.

Investing Activities

Net cash used by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $53.6 million as compared to net cash provided of $23.5 million in the prior year. The variance relates primarily to an increase in our investment portfolio.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $45.4 million, as compared net cash used to $32.0 million in the prior year. The cash outflows in 2019 resulted from repayments of long-term debt, purchase of treasury stock and payment of cash dividends.

Credit Facilities

On December 14, 2018, Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), as borrower, entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company from time to time party thereto as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”), Regions Bank, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as Syndication Agent, Hancock Whitney Bank and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, as Co-Documentation Agents, and Regions Capital Markets and BMO Capital Markets Corp., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the participating Lenders agreed to provide (1) a five-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $75 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (2) a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a $5 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $10 million sublimit for swingline loans) (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). As of December 31, 2019, the Company had in aggregate $69.4 million principal outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and $10.0 million of borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.

At our option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to LIBOR (based on one, two, three or six-month interest periods), adjusted for statutory reserve requirements, plus an applicable margin (equal to 3.25% as of the Closing Date) or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the greatest of (a) the “prime rate” of Regions Bank, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the LIBOR index rate applicable for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin (equal to 2.25%).

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The applicable margin for loans under the Credit Facilities varies from 3.25% per annum to 3.75% per annum (for LIBOR loans) and 2.25% to 2.75% per annum (for base rate loans) based on our consolidated leverage ratio. Interest payments with respect to the Credit Facilities are required either on a quarterly basis (for base rate loans) or at the end of each interest period (for LIBOR loans) or, if the duration of the applicable interest period exceeds three months, then every three months. As of December 31, 2019, the borrowing under our Credit Facilities were accruing interest at a rate of 5.0625% per annum.

In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, which is determined by our consolidated leverage ratio.

Each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility mature on December 14, 2023. The principal amount of the Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments, which began with the close of the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2019, in an amount equal to $1,875,000 per quarter, payable monthly or quarterly, with the balance payable at maturity.

The Company may prepay the loans under the Credit Facilities, in whole or in part, at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain conditions including minimum amounts and reimbursement of certain costs in the case of prepayments of LIBOR loans. In addition, the Company is required to prepay the loan under the Term Loan Facility with the proceeds from certain financing transactions, involuntary dispositions or asset sales (subject, in the case of asset sales, to reinvestment rights).

All obligations under the Credit Facilities are or will be guaranteed by each existing and future direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiary of the Company, other than all of the Company’s current and future regulated insurance subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”).

The Company and the Guarantors entered into a Pledge and Security Agreement, on December 14, 2018 (the “Security Agreement”), in favor of Regions Bank, as collateral agent. Pursuant to the Security Agreement, amounts borrowed under the Credit Facilities are secured on a first priority basis by a perfected security interest in substantially all of the present and future assets of the Company and each Guarantor (subject to certain exceptions), including all of the capital stock of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries, other than its regulated insurance subsidiaries.

The Credit Agreement contains, among other things, covenants, representations and warranties and events of default customary for facilities of this type. The Company is required to maintain, as of each fiscal quarter (1) a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.25 to 1.00 for each fiscal quarter ending on or before December 31, 2019, stepping down on each of the three anniversaries thereafter; (2) a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1.00 and (3) a minimum consolidated net worth for the Company and its subsidiaries. Events of default include, among other events, (i) nonpayment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts; (ii) failure to perform or observe certain covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement; (iii) breach of any representation or warranty; (iv) cross-default to other indebtedness; (v) bankruptcy and insolvency defaults; (vi) monetary judgment defaults and material nonmonetary judgment defaults; (vii) customary ERISA defaults; (viii) a change of control of the Company; and (ix) failure to maintain specified catastrophe retentions in each of the Company’s regulated insurance subsidiaries.

Convertible Notes

On August 10, 2017, the Company and Heritage MGA, LLC (the “Guarantor”) entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as the initial purchaser (the “Initial Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, and the Initial Purchaser agreed to purchase, $125.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2037 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement transaction pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, as amended (the “Securities Act”) (the “Offering”). The Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties and agreements of the Company and the Guarantor and customary conditions to closing, indemnification rights and obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The net proceeds from the Offering, after deducting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, were approximately $120.5 million. The Offering was completed on August 16, 2017.

The Company issued the Convertible Notes under an Indenture (the “Convertible Note Indenture”), dated August 16, 2017, by and among the Company, as issuer, the Guarantor, as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”).

The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.875% per year. Interest began accruing on August 16, 2017 and is payable semi-annually in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year, starting on February 1, 2018. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; equal in right of payment to the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness or other liabilities incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries other than the Guarantor, which fully and unconditionally guarantee the Convertible Notes on a senior unsecured basis.

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The Convertible Notes mature on August 1, 2037, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2037, other than during the period from, and including, February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2017, if the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter immediately preceding the calendar quarter in which the conversion occurs, is more than 130% of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes in effect on each applicable trading day; (2) during the ten consecutive business-day period following any five consecutive trading-day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes for each such trading day was less than 98% of the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on such date multiplied by the then-current conversion rate; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

During the period from and including February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, and on or after February 1, 2037 until the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 1, 2037, holders may surrender their Convertible Notes for conversion at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances.

The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes was initially 67.0264 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $14.92 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances and is subject to increase for holders that elect to convert their Convertible Notes in connection with certain corporate transactions (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture) that occur prior to August 5, 2022.

Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture) (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture), holders of the Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or a portion of their Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

Except as described below, the Company may not redeem the Convertible Notes prior to August 5, 2022. On or after August 5, 2022 but prior to February 1, 2037, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes, at the Company’s option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the Convertible Notes periodically. Holders of the Convertible Notes are able to cause the Company to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash on any of August 1, 2022, August 1, 2027 and August 1, 2032, in each case at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date.

The Convertible Note Indenture contains customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an Event of Default (as defined in the Indenture) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, all the Convertible Notes to be immediately due and payable. In the case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization (as set forth in the Convertible Note Indenture) with respect to the Company, 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, the Notes automatically become immediately due and payable.

In the second quarter of 2018, the Company repurchased $10.6 million principal amount of Convertible Notes for cash. In the fourth quarter of 2018 and first quarter of 2019, the Company repurchased Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $81.6 million for a combination of cash and the issuance of an aggregate of 3,880,653 shares of the Company’s common stock, leaving $23.4 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding. There were no repurchases of Convertible Notes in the third and fourth quarters of 2019.

FHLB Loan Agreements

In December 2018, a subsidiary of the Company pledged U.S. government and agency fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $31.0 million as collateral and received $19.2 million in a cash loan under an advance agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Atlanta. The loan originated on December 12, 2018 and bears a fixed interest rate of 3.094% with interest payments due quarterly commencing in March 2019. The principal balance on the loan has a maturity date of December 13, 2023. In connection with the agreement, the subsidiary became a member of FHLB. Membership in the FHLB required an investment in FHLB’s common stock which was purchased on December 31, 2018 and valued at $1.4 million. The subsidiary is permitted to withdraw any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum collateral requirement at any time, other than in the event of a default by the subsidiary. The proceeds from the loan was used to prepay the Company’s Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (“Senior Notes”) in 2018.

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Registration Statements

On February 2, 2018, we filed with the SEC a shelf registration statement on amended Form S-3. This registration statement enables us to issue shares of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units as well as stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units that include any of these securities. Under the rules governing shelf registration statements, we will file a prospectus supplement and advise the SEC of the amount and type of securities each time we issue securities under this registration statement.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2019:

The expected timing of payments of the obligations in the preceding table is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different due to changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following discussion and analysis presents the more significant factors that affected our financial conditions as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and results of operations for each of the years then ended. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles of generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates.

We consider accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and (ii) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimates in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.